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-rw-r--r--docs/HOWTO: Parsing email using Python part1–Skupiny Google.html449
-rw-r--r--docs/RFC 1036 - Standard for interchange of USENET messages.html1137
-rw-r--r--docs/RFC 2821 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.html4495
-rw-r--r--docs/RFC 3977 - Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).html7068
-rw-r--r--docs/djb-envelope.html98
5 files changed, 13247 insertions, 0 deletions
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); }
+}
+#gb#gb a.gb_e, #gb#gb a.gb_f { color: rgb(64, 64, 64); text-decoration: none; }
+.gb_B .gb_C { background-position: 0px -735px; opacity: 0.55; }
+.gb_o { border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 98px; width: 86px; }
+.gb_o:hover:not(.gb_p) { border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); }
+.gb_o.gb_q:not(.gb_p) { border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); }
+.gb_e { display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; margin: 8px 2px; text-align: center; outline: medium none; }
+.gb_e .gb_s, .gb_e .gb_c { display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 64px; width: 64px; }
+.gb_t { display: block; line-height: 20px; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; width: 84px; text-overflow: ellipsis; }
+.gb_o:hover .gb_e { z-index: 1; }
+.gb_o:hover .gb_t { background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; }
+.gb_e .gb_s { background-image: url("urn:not-loaded:https://ssl.gstatic.com/gb/images/v1_376447c3.png"); background-size: 112px 2011px; }
+@media (min-resolution: 1.25dppx), not all, not all {
+ .gb_e .gb_s { background-image: 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); }
+}
+ul.gb_z li.gb_w:not(:first-child) .gb_x, ul.gb_z li.gb_w .gb_y, ul.gb_A li.gb_w .gb_x, ul.gb_A li.gb_w:not(:last-child) .gb_y { visibility: visible; }
+.gb_B .gb_C:hover, .gb_B .gb_C:focus { opacity: 0.85; }
+.gb_B .gb_F { min-height: 196px; overflow-y: auto; width: 320px; }
+.gb_I { background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; min-height: 100px; padding: 28px 27px 28px 28px; text-align: left; white-space: normal; width: 265px; }
+.gb_E { background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(245, 245, 245); cursor: pointer; height: 40px; overflow: hidden; }
+.gb_J { position: relative; }
+.gb_E { display: block; line-height: 40px; text-align: center; width: 320px; }
+.gb_J { display: block; line-height: 40px; text-align: center; }
+#gb a.gb_E, #gb a.gb_E:visited, #gb a.gb_E:active, #gb a.gb_J, #gb a.gb_J:visited { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); text-decoration: none; }
+#gb a.gb_J:active { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); }
+.gb_J, .gb_I { display: none; }
+.gb_z, .gb_z + .gb_J, .gb_L .gb_J, .gb_L .gb_I { display: block; }
+#gb a.gb_J:hover, #gb a.gb_J:active { text-decoration: underline; }
+.gb_J { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); left: 28px; width: 264px; }
+.gb_J:last-child { border-bottom-width: 0px; }
+.gb_P .gb_E { margin-top: 0px; position: static; }
+.gb_X { background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 198); display: inline-block; line-height: 28px; padding: 0px 12px; border-radius: 2px; }
+#gb a.gb_X.gb_X { color: rgb(102, 102, 102); cursor: default; text-decoration: none; }
+.gb_Z { border: 1px solid rgb(66, 133, 244); font-weight: bold; outline: medium none; background: -moz-linear-gradient(center top , rgb(67, 135, 253), rgb(70, 131, 234)) repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; }
+#gb a.gb_Z.gb_Z { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
+.gb_Z:hover { box-shadow: 0px 1px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); }
+.gb_Z:active { box-shadow: 0px 2px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) inset; background: -moz-linear-gradient(center top , rgb(60, 122, 228), rgb(63, 118, 211)) repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; }
+.gb_7:not(.gb_d) .gb_6:before, .gb_7:not(.gb_d) .gb_8:before { content: none; }
+#gbsfw { min-width: 400px; overflow: visible; }
+.gb_Na { min-width: 152px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 987; }
+.gb_Oa { position: absolute; padding: 0px 30px; }
+.gb_Qa { display: inline-block; outline: medium none; vertical-align: middle; }
+.gb_Ra .gb_Qa { position: relative; top: 2px; }
+.gb_Qa .gb_Sa, .gb_Ta { display: block; }
+.gb_Qa .gb_Sa { background-position: 0px -1943px; height: 33px; width: 92px; }
+@keyframes gb__nb {
+ 0% { transform: scale(0, 0); }
+ 20% { transform: scale(1.4, 1.4); }
+ 50% { transform: scale(0.8, 0.8); }
+ 85% { transform: scale(1.1, 1.1); }
+ 100% { transform: scale(1, 1); }
+}
+@keyframes gb__nb {
+ 0% { transform: scale(0, 0); }
+ 20% { transform: scale(1.4, 1.4); }
+ 50% { transform: scale(0.8, 0.8); }
+ 85% { transform: scale(1.1, 1.1); }
+ 100% { transform: scale(1, 1); }
+}
+.gb_Wa:not(.gb_5a) .gb_ja, .gb_Wa:not(.gb_5a) .gb_ia { left: 3px; }
+.gbqfb, .gbqfba, .gbqfbb { cursor: default ! important; display: inline-block; font-weight: bold; height: 29px; line-height: 29px; min-width: 54px; padding: 0px 8px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none ! important; border-radius: 2px; -moz-user-select: none; }
+.gbqfb::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0px none; }
+.gbqfba::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0px none; }
+.gb_Cb { position: relative; width: 650px; z-index: 986; }
+#gbq2 { padding-top: 15px; }
+.gb_Db .gb_Cb { min-width: 200px; flex: 0 2 auto; }
+.gb_Db #gbqf { margin-right: 0px; display: flex; }
+.gb_Db .gbqff { min-width: 0px; flex: 1 1 auto; }
+#gbq2 { display: block; }
+#gbqf { display: block; margin: 0px 60px 0px 0px; white-space: nowrap; }
+.gbqff { border: medium none; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; }
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+/* Script removed by snapshot save */
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header to &lt;b&gt;email&lt;/b&gt; msg in correct position?" data-title="Předchozí: Add &amp;quot;&lt;b&gt;Received&lt;/b&gt;:&amp;quot; header to &lt;b&gt;email&lt;/b&gt; msg in correct position?" aria-disabled="false" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADKY GJHURADIY" role="button" tabindex="0"><img aria-hidden="true" class="gwt-Image GJHURADGY" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAAVCAYAAACpF6WWAAAAPklEQVR42mNgGAUDDQyA+D6UppqB74H4P9Rgqhr4nhouHYEGMkAj4z8UJ9Aitt/TKhmNGkzdHEWzvD8KiAMADwElnjD/qFAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" height="21" width="21"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"></span></div><div aria-label="Další: The &lt;b&gt;email&lt;/b&gt; package and KLEZ mails." data-title="Další: The &lt;b&gt;email&lt;/b&gt; package and KLEZ mails." aria-disabled="false" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADKY GJHURADLY" role="button" tabindex="0"><img aria-hidden="true" class="gwt-Image GJHURADGY" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAAVCAYAAACpF6WWAAAAO0lEQVR42mNgGAX0BgZAfB9KUw2ADPwPxO+pabAB1MBRg2lncALU0P/QSBx8Lh2BBtI0R1E9748C0gEA4Rolnov8+TgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" height="21" width="21"><input style="opacity: 0; 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height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"></span></div><span class="GJHURADCHB GJHURADPGB"><div id="b_action_H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" aria-label="Další akce zpráv" aria-haspopup="true" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADM3 GJHURADEHB GJHURADLY GJHURADKY" role="button" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"><span></span></span><span class="GJHURADK3"><span role="menu" class="GJHURADL3"></span></span></div></span></div> <div class="GJHURADFJB GJHURADHJB"> <span title="neděle, 3. července 2011 13:51:50 UTC+2" class="GJHURADEJB GJHURADJUC">03.07.11</span> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADEKB"></div> <div class="GJHURADJ5D"><div class="GJHURADGJB" style="display:none;"> <div class="GJHURADNHB" style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"> <span class="GJHURADLHB"> Další příjemci: </span> <span class="GJHURADKHB"> <span></span> </span> </div> </div> <div style=""><div><div class="GJHURADJKB"><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-c"><div><a style="" class="GJHURADATC">Přeložit zprávu do jazyka: čeština
+</a> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Překládá se...</span> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Přeloženo pomocí Google – angličtina ≫ čeština - </span> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC">Zobrazit původní</a>   </div></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div></div></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADCKB GJHURADIKB" style="display:none;"> <span class="GJHURADDKB">Hi I have written an article about parsing email using Python. The article is at http://blog.magiksys.net/Parsing-email-using-python-header and the full content is here. Hope this help someone. Regards. A lot of programs and libraries commonly used</span> </div> <div class="GJHURADDJB" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div><div style="overflow: auto">Hi<br>I have written an article about parsing email using Python.<br>The article is at <a href="http://blog.magiksys.net/Parsing-email-using-python-header" target="_blank" onmousedown="" onclick="">http://blog.magiksys.net/<wbr>Parsing-email-using-python-<wbr>header</wbr></wbr></a><br>and the full content is here.<p>Hope this help someone.</p><p>Regards.</p><p><br>A lot of programs and libraries commonly used to send emails<br>don't comply with RFC. Ignore such kind of email is not an option<br>because all<br>mails are important. It is important to do it best when parsing<br>emails, like<br>does most popular MUA.</p><p>Python's has one of the best library to parse emails: the<br>email package.<br>First part, how to decode mails header</p><p>Regarding RFC 2047<br>non ascii text in the header must be encoded.<br>RFC 2822 make the difference<br>between different kind of header. *text field like<br>Subject: or address fields like<br>To:, each with different encoding rules.<br>This is because RFC 822<br>forbids the use of some ascii characters at some place because<br>they have some meaning, but these ascii characters can be used when<br>they are encoded<br>because the encoded version don't disturb the parsing of string.</p><p>Python provides email.Header.decode_header() for decoding header.<br>The function decode each atom and return a list of tuples<br>( text, encoding ) that you still have to decode and join to get<br>the full text. This is done in my getmailheader() function.</p><p>For addresses, Python provides email.utils.getaddresses()<br>that split addresses in a list of tuple ( display-name, address ).<br>display-name need to be decoded too and addresses must match<br>the RFC2822 syntax. The function getmailaddresses() does<br>all the job.</p><p>Here are the functions in actions.</p><p>import re<br>import email<br>from email.Utils import parseaddr<br>from email.Header import decode_header</p><p># email address REGEX matching the RFC 2822 spec<br># from perlfaq9<br>#    my $atom       = qr{[a-zA-Z0-9_!#\$\%&amp;'*+/=?\^`<wbr>{}~|\-]+};<br>#    my $dot_atom   = qr{$atom(?:\.$atom)*};<br>#    my $quoted     = qr{"(?:\\[^\r\n]|[^\\"])*"};<br>#    my $local      = qr{(?:$dot_atom|$quoted)};<br>#    my $domain_lit = qr{\[(?:\\\S|[\x21-\x5a\x5e-\<wbr>x7e])*\]};<br>#    my $domain     = qr{(?:$dot_atom|$domain_lit)};<br>#    my $addr_spec  = qr{$local\@$domain};<br>#<br># Python translation</wbr></wbr></p><p>atom_rfc2822=r"[a-zA-Z0-9_!#\$<wbr>\%&amp;'*+/=?\^`{}~|\-]+"<br>atom_posfix_restricted=r"[a-<wbr>zA-Z0-9_#\$&amp;'*+/=?\^`{}~|\-]+" # without<br>'!' and '%'<br>atom=atom_rfc2822<br>dot_atom=atom  +  r"(?:\."  +  atom  +  ")*"<br>quoted=r'"(?:\\[^\r\n]|[^\\"])<wbr>*"'<br>local="(?:"  +  dot_atom  +  "|"  +  quoted  +  ")"<br>domain_lit=r"\[(?:\\\S|[\x21-\<wbr>x5a\x5e-\x7e])*\]"<br>domain="(?:"  +  dot_atom  +  "|"  +  domain_lit  +  ")"<br>addr_spec=local  +  "\@"  +  domain</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p><p>email_address_re=re.compile('^<wbr>'+addr_spec+'$')</wbr></p><p>raw="""MIME-Version: 1.0<br>Received: by 10.229.233.76 with HTTP; Sat, 2 Jul 2011 04:30:31 -0700<br>(PDT)<br>Date: Sat, 2 Jul 2011 13:30:31 +0200<br>Delivered-To: <a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">alain....@gmail.com</a><br>Message-ID: &lt;CAAJL_=kPAJZ=fryb21wBOALp8-<wbr>XOEL-<br><a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">h9j84s3Sj...@mail.<wbr>gmail.com</wbr></a>&gt;<br>Subject: =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Dr.=<wbr>20Pointcarr=E9?=<br>From: Alain Spineux &lt;<a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">alain....@gmail.com</a>&gt;<br>To: =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Dr=2E_<wbr>Pointcarr=E9?= &lt;<a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">alain....@gmail.com</a>&gt;<br>Content-Type: multipart/alternative;<br>boundary=<wbr>000e0cd68f223dea3904a714768b</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p><p>--000e0cd68f223dea3904a714768b<br>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1</p><p>--<br>Alain Spineux</p><p>--000e0cd68f223dea3904a714768b<br>Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1</p><p></p><p>--<br>Alain Spineux</p><p><br>--<wbr>000e0cd68f223dea3904a714768b--<br>"""</wbr></p><p>def getmailheader(header_text, default="ascii"):<br>    """Decode header_text if needed"""<br>    try:<br>        headers=decode_header(header_<wbr>text)<br>    except email.Errors.HeaderParseError:<br>        # This already append in email.base64mime.decode()<br>        # instead return a sanitized ascii string<br>        return header_text.encode('ascii', 'replace').decode('ascii')<br>    else:<br>        for i, (text, charset) in enumerate(headers):<br>            try:<br>                headers[i]=unicode(text, charset or default,<br>errors='replace')<br>            except LookupError:<br>                # if the charset is unknown, force default<br>                headers[i]=unicode(text, default, errors='replace')<br>        return u"".join(headers)</wbr></p><p>def getmailaddresses(msg, name):<br>    """retrieve From:, To: and Cc: addresses"""<br>    addrs=email.utils.<wbr>getaddresses(msg.get_all(name, []))<br>    for i, (name, addr) in enumerate(addrs):<br>        if not name and addr:<br>            # only one string! Is it the address or is it the name ?<br>            # use the same for both and see later<br>            name=addr</wbr></p><p>        try:<br>            # address must be ascii only<br>            addr=addr.encode('ascii')<br>        except UnicodeError:<br>            addr=''<br>        else:<br>            # address must match adress regex<br>            if not email_address_re.match(addr):<br>                addr=''<br>        addrs[i]=(getmailheader(name), addr)<br>    return addrs</p><p>msg=email.message_from_string(<wbr>raw)<br>subject=getmailheader(msg.get(<wbr>'Subject', ''))<br>from_=getmailaddresses(msg, 'from')<br>from_=('', '') if not from_ else from_[0]<br>tos=getmailaddresses(msg, 'to')</wbr></wbr></p><p>print 'Subject: %r' % subject<br>print 'From: %r' % (from_, )<br>print 'To: %r' % (tos, )</p><p>And the ouput:</p><p>Subject: u'Dr. Pointcarr\xe9'<br>From: (u'Alain Spineux', '<a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">alain....@gmail.com</a>')<br>To: [(u'Dr. Pointcarr\xe9', '<a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" gdf-obfuscated-mailto="H-iZ2wvyGmAJ" onmousedown="" onclick="">alain....@gmail.com</a>')]<br></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div></div> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-Anchor">Zobrazit oříznutý obsah</a> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADDJB" style="display:none;"><div></div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div></div> <div style=""><div class="GJHURADJ5D"></div></div> <div class="GJHURADLGB"> <div class="GJHURADKGB GJHURADAKB" style=""> <div> <div style="display:inline-block;"> <div style="display:none;"></div> </div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC GJHURADOTC GJHURADIJB"></span> </div> </div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADFHB"></div> <div class="GJHURADKGB" style="display:none;"> <div></div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="GJHURADKJB GJHURADEFC GJHURADMJB" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div class="GJHURADKJB"><div class="GJHURADJIB"><div class="GJHURADBIB"><div tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div><table class="GJHURADCJB" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td class="GJHURADJHB" valign="top"> <div aria-label="Profilová fotka uživatele pyt...@bdurham.com"><img style="width: 34px; height: 34px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" class="gwt-Image" height="34" width="34"></div></td> <td class="GJHURADFJB" align="left" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="GJHURADA0B">pyt...@bdurham.com</span></span> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADASC"></span> <span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GJHURADOGB"><div aria-label="Přihlásit se a odpovědět" aria-disabled="false" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADIY GJHURADCHB GJHURADEIB" role="button" tabindex="0"><img aria-hidden="true" class="gwt-Image GJHURADGY" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAAVCAYAAACpF6WWAAAAdklEQVR42mNgGAVDHswnwCfLwP94+CSDBqgBCWh8sg1NgGruR+PD8HogLgBiBVINXI/DQHQ8nxjDYYoV0Pj48HsgNqCmS0k2GFeY7ofi+2ji94kNW1js9+OIfQGomvto6qmSTgWgQXae2jlKgJggIDeNjwIaAQBDo0wVdvRN2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" height="21" width="21"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"></span></div><span class="GJHURADCHB GJHURADPGB"><div id="b_action_vtPVM366usMJ" aria-label="Další akce zpráv" aria-haspopup="true" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADM3 GJHURADEHB GJHURADLY GJHURADKY" role="button" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"><span></span></span><span class="GJHURADK3"><span role="menu" class="GJHURADL3"></span></span></div></span></div> <div class="GJHURADFJB GJHURADHJB"> <span title="neděle, 3. července 2011 15:18:23 UTC+2" class="GJHURADEJB GJHURADJUC">03.07.11</span> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADEKB"></div> <div class="GJHURADJ5D"><div class="GJHURADGJB" style=""> <div class="GJHURADNHB" style="display:none;"></div> <div style=""> <span class="GJHURADLHB"> Další příjemci: </span> <span class="GJHURADKHB"> <span>aspi...@gmail.com, pytho...@python.org</span> </span> </div> </div> <div style=""><div><div class="GJHURADJKB"><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-c"><div><a style="" class="GJHURADATC">Přeložit zprávu do jazyka: čeština
+</a> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Překládá se...</span> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Přeloženo pomocí Google – angličtina ≫ čeština - </span> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC">Zobrazit původní</a>   </div></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div></div></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADCKB GJHURADIKB" style="display:none;"> <span class="GJHURADDKB">Alain,</span> </div> <div class="GJHURADDJB" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div><div style="overflow: auto">Alain,<p></p><div class="GJHURADPKB">&gt; I have written an article about parsing email using Python. The article is at <a href="http://blog.magiksys.net/Parsing-email-using-python-header" target="_blank" onmousedown="" onclick="">http://blog.magiksys.net/<wbr>Parsing-email-using-python-<wbr>header</wbr></wbr></a><br>and the full content is here.</div><p>Very helpful - thank you!</p><p>Regards,<br>Malcolm<br></p><p></p><p></p></div></div></div> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-Anchor">Zobrazit oříznutý obsah</a> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADDJB" style="display:none;"><div></div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div></div> <div style=""><div class="GJHURADJ5D"></div></div> <div class="GJHURADLGB"> <div class="GJHURADKGB GJHURADAKB" style=""> <div> <div style="display:inline-block;"> <div style="display:none;"></div> </div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC GJHURADOTC GJHURADIJB"></span> </div> </div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADFHB"></div> <div class="GJHURADKGB" style="display:none;"> <div></div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="GJHURADKJB GJHURADEFC GJHURADBFC GJHURADMJB" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div class="GJHURADKJB"><div class="GJHURADJIB"><div class="GJHURADBIB"><div tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div><table class="GJHURADCJB" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td class="GJHURADJHB" valign="top"> <div aria-label="Profilová fotka uživatele TheSaint"><img style="width: 34px; height: 34px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" class="gwt-Image" height="34" width="34"></div></td> <td class="GJHURADFJB" align="left" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="GJHURADA0B">TheSaint</span></span> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADASC"></span> <span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GJHURADOGB"><div aria-label="Přihlásit se a odpovědět" aria-disabled="false" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADIY GJHURADCHB GJHURADEIB" role="button" tabindex="0"><img aria-hidden="true" class="gwt-Image GJHURADGY" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAAVCAYAAACpF6WWAAAAdklEQVR42mNgGAVDHswnwCfLwP94+CSDBqgBCWh8sg1NgGruR+PD8HogLgBiBVINXI/DQHQ8nxjDYYoV0Pj48HsgNqCmS0k2GFeY7ofi+2ji94kNW1js9+OIfQGomvto6qmSTgWgQXae2jlKgJggIDeNjwIaAQBDo0wVdvRN2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" height="21" width="21"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"></span></div><span class="GJHURADCHB GJHURADPGB"><div id="b_action_n08-uYlz8ucJ" aria-label="Další akce zpráv" aria-haspopup="true" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADM3 GJHURADEHB GJHURADLY GJHURADKY" role="button" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"><span></span></span><span class="GJHURADK3"><span role="menu" class="GJHURADL3"></span></span></div></span></div> <div class="GJHURADFJB GJHURADHJB"> <span title="neděle, 3. července 2011 16:45:33 UTC+2" class="GJHURADEJB GJHURADJUC">03.07.11</span> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADEKB"></div> <div class="GJHURADJ5D"><div class="GJHURADGJB" style="display:none;"> <div class="GJHURADNHB" style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"> <span class="GJHURADLHB"> Další příjemci: </span> <span class="GJHURADKHB"> <span></span> </span> </div> </div> <div style=""><div><div class="GJHURADJKB"><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-c"><div><a style="" class="GJHURADATC">Přeložit zprávu do jazyka: čeština
+</a> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Překládá se...</span> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-InlineLabel">Přeloženo pomocí Google – angličtina ≫ čeština - </span> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC">Zobrazit původní</a>   </div></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r2"></div><div class="gux-confirm-panel-r1"></div></div></div></div> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADCKB GJHURADIKB" style="display:none;"> <span class="GJHURADDKB">Yeah I will learn alot and surely applying to my code. Merci Beaucoup -- goto /dev/null</span> </div> <div class="GJHURADDJB" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><div><div style="overflow: auto">aspineux wrote:<p>&gt; Hope this help someone.<br>&gt; <br>Yeah<br>I will learn alot and surely applying to my code.</p><p>Merci Beaucoup<br>-- <br>goto /dev/null<br></p><p></p></div></div></div> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-Anchor">Zobrazit oříznutý obsah</a> <div aria-hidden="true" class="GJHURADDJB" style="display:none;"><div></div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <div style="display:none;"></div></div> <div style=""><div class="GJHURADJ5D"></div></div> <div class="GJHURADLGB"> <div class="GJHURADKGB GJHURADAKB" style=""> <div> <div style="display:inline-block;"> <div style="display:none;"></div> </div> <div style="display:none;"></div> <span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADATC GJHURADOTC GJHURADIJB"></span> </div> </div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="GJHURADFHB"></div> <div class="GJHURADKGB" style="display:none;"> <div></div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GJHURADIFC"><div aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"><span class="GJHURADBYC">Předchozí</span> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-Anchor">Předchozí</a>   <div aria-disabled="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="GJHURADDY jfk-button-standard GJHURADM3 GJHURADFYC GJHURADJY GJHURADDY-disabled GJHURADEY" role="button" tabindex="0"><input style="opacity: 0; height: 1px; width: 1px; z-index: -1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute;" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" type="text"><span class="GJHURADHY"><span>Stránka <b>1</b></span></span><span class="GJHURADK3"><span role="menu" class="GJHURADL3"></span></span></div>   <span class="GJHURADBYC">Další</span> <a aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;" class="gwt-Anchor">Další</a></div></div></div></div><div style="opacity: 103.333;" class="GJHURADGYC"></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="GJHURADFFC" style="display:none;"></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="urn:ietf:rfc:1036">
+<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="December, 1987">
+<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Adams, R.">
+<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Horton, M.R.">
+<meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" content="This RFC defines the standard format for the interchange of network
+News messages among USENET hosts. It updates and replaces RFC-850,
+reflecting version B2.11 of the News program. This memo is distributed
+as an RFC to make this information easily accessible to the Internet
+community. It does not specify an Internet standard.">
+<meta name="DC.Title" content="Standard for interchange of USENET messages">
+
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+ <title>RFC 1036 - Standard for interchange of USENET messages</title>
+
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+<span class="pre noprint docinfo top">[<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/" title="Document search and retrieval page">Docs</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1036.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc1036" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>] [<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=1036">Errata</a>] </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo">Obsoleted by: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536">5536</a>, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5537">5537</a> </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> <span style="color: #C00;">Errata Exist</span></span><br>
+<pre>Network Working Group M. Horton
+Request for Comments: 1036 AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories
+Obsoletes: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc850">RFC-850</a> R. Adams
+ Center for Seismic Studies
+ December 1987
+
+
+ <span class="h1"><h1>Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages</h1></span>
+
+
+
+STATUS OF THIS MEMO
+
+ This document defines the standard format for the interchange of
+ network News messages among USENET hosts. It updates and replaces
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc850">RFC-850</a>, reflecting version B2.11 of the News program. This memo is
+ disributed as an RFC to make this information easily accessible to
+ the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard.
+ Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</h2></span>
+
+ This document defines the standard format for the interchange of
+ network News messages among USENET hosts. It describes the format
+ for messages themselves and gives partial standards for transmission
+ of news. The news transmission is not entirely in order to give a
+ good deal of flexibility to the hosts to choose transmission
+ hardware and software, to batch news, and so on.
+
+ There are five sections to this document. Section two defines the
+ format. Section three defines the valid control messages. Section
+ four specifies some valid transmission methods. Section five
+ describes the overall news propagation algorithm.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Message Format</h2></span>
+
+ The primary consideration in choosing a message format is that it
+ fit in with existing tools as well as possible. Existing tools
+ include implementations of both mail and news. (The notesfiles
+ system from the University of Illinois is considered a news
+ implementation.) A standard format for mail messages has existed
+ for many years on the Internet, and this format meets most of the
+ needs of USENET. Since the Internet format is extensible,
+ extensions to meet the additional needs of USENET are easily made
+ within the Internet standard. Therefore, the rule is adopted that
+ all USENET news messages must be formatted as valid Internet mail
+ messages, according to the Internet standard <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a>. The USENET
+ News standard is more restrictive than the Internet standard,
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 1]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ placing additional requirements on each message and forbidding use
+ of certain Internet features. However, it should always be possible
+ to use a tool expecting an Internet message to process a news
+ message. In any situation where this standard conflicts with the
+ Internet standard, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a> should be considered correct and this
+ standard in error.
+
+ Here is an example USENET message to illustrate the fields.
+
+ From: jerry@eagle.ATT.COM (Jerry Schwarz)
+ Path: cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt!eagle!jerry
+ Newsgroups: news.announce
+ Subject: Usenet Etiquette -- Please Read
+ Message-ID: &lt;642@eagle.ATT.COM&gt;
+ Date: Fri, 19 Nov 82 16:14:55 GMT
+ Followup-To: news.misc
+ Expires: Sat, 1 Jan 83 00:00:00 -0500
+ Organization: AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill
+
+ The body of the message comes here, after a blank line.
+
+ Here is an example of a message in the old format (before the
+ existence of this standard). It is recommended that
+ implementations also accept messages in this format to ease upward
+ conversion.
+
+ From: cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt!eagle!jerry (Jerry Schwarz)
+ Newsgroups: news.misc
+ Title: Usenet Etiquette -- Please Read
+ Article-I.D.: eagle.642
+ Posted: Fri Nov 19 16:14:55 1982
+ Received: Fri Nov 19 16:59:30 1982
+ Expires: Mon Jan 1 00:00:00 1990
+
+ The body of the message comes here, after a blank line.
+
+ Some news systems transmit news in the A format, which looks like
+ this:
+
+ Aeagle.642
+ news.misc
+ cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt!eagle!jerry
+ Fri Nov 19 16:14:55 1982
+ Usenet Etiquette - Please Read
+ The body of the message comes here, with no blank line.
+
+ A standard USENET message consists of several header lines, followed
+ by a blank line, followed by the body of the message. Each header
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 2]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ line consist of a keyword, a colon, a blank, and some additional
+ information. This is a subset of the Internet standard, simplified
+ to allow simpler software to handle it. The "From" line may
+ optionally include a full name, in the format above, or use the
+ Internet angle bracket syntax. To keep the implementations simple,
+ other formats (for example, with part of the machine address after
+ the close parenthesis) are not allowed. The Internet convention of
+ continuation header lines (beginning with a blank or tab) is
+ allowed.
+
+ Certain headers are required, and certain other headers are
+ optional. Any unrecognized headers are allowed, and will be passed
+ through unchanged. The required header lines are "From", "Date",
+ "Newsgroups", "Subject", "Message-ID", and "Path". The optional
+ header lines are "Followup-To", "Expires", "Reply-To", "Sender",
+ "References", "Control", "Distribution", "Keywords", "Summary",
+ "Approved", "Lines", "Xref", and "Organization". Each of these
+ header lines will be described below.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a>. Required Header lines</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.1" href="#section-2.1.1">2.1.1</a>. From</h4></span>
+
+ The "From" line contains the electronic mailing address of the
+ person who sent the message, in the Internet syntax. It may
+ optionally also contain the full name of the person, in parentheses,
+ after the electronic address. The electronic address is the same as
+ the entity responsible for originating the message, unless the
+ "Sender" header is present, in which case the "From" header might
+ not be verified. Note that in all host and domain names, upper and
+ lower case are considered the same, thus "mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM",
+ "mark@cbosgd.att.com", and "mark@CBosgD.ATt.COm" are all equivalent.
+ User names may or may not be case sensitive, for example,
+ "Billy@cbosgd.ATT.COM" might be different from
+ "BillY@cbosgd.ATT.COM". Programs should avoid changing the case of
+ electronic addresses when forwarding news or mail.
+
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a> specifies that all text in parentheses is to be interpreted
+ as a comment. It is common in Internet mail to place the full name
+ of the user in a comment at the end of the "From" line. This
+ standard specifies a more rigid syntax. The full name is not
+ considered a comment, but an optional part of the header line.
+ Either the full name is omitted, or it appears in parentheses after
+ the electronic address of the person posting the message, or it
+ appears before an electronic address which is enclosed in angle
+ brackets. Thus, the three permissible forms are:
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 3]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ From: mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM
+ From: mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM (Mark Horton)
+ From: Mark Horton &lt;mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM&gt;
+
+ Full names may contain any printing ASCII characters from space
+ through tilde, except that they may not contain "(" (left
+ parenthesis), ")" (right parenthesis), "&lt;" (left angle bracket), or
+ "&gt;" (right angle bracket). Additional restrictions may be placed on
+ full names by the mail standard, in particular, the characters ","
+ (comma), ":" (colon), "@" (at), "!" (bang), "/" (slash), "="
+ (equal), and ";" (semicolon) are inadvisable in full names.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.2" href="#section-2.1.2">2.1.2</a>. Date</h4></span>
+
+ The "Date" line (formerly "Posted") is the date that the message was
+ originally posted to the network. Its format must be acceptable
+ both in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a> and to the getdate(3) routine that is provided with
+ the Usenet software. This date remains unchanged as the message is
+ propagated throughout the network. One format that is acceptable to
+ both is:
+
+ Wdy, DD Mon YY HH:MM:SS TIMEZONE
+
+ Several examples of valid dates appear in the sample message above.
+ Note in particular that ctime(3) format:
+
+ Wdy Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY
+
+ is not acceptable because it is not a valid <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a> date. However,
+ since older software still generates this format, news
+ implementations are encouraged to accept this format and translate
+ it into an acceptable format.
+
+ There is no hope of having a complete list of timezones. Universal
+ Time (GMT), the North American timezones (PST, PDT, MST, MDT, CST,
+ CDT, EST, EDT) and the +/-hhmm offset specifed in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a> should be
+ supported. It is recommended that times in message headers be
+ transmitted in GMT and displayed in the local time zone.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.3" href="#section-2.1.3">2.1.3</a>. Newsgroups</h4></span>
+
+ The "Newsgroups" line specifies the newsgroup or newsgroups in which
+ the message belongs. Multiple newsgroups may be specified,
+ separated by a comma. Newsgroups specified must all be the names of
+ existing newsgroups, as no new newsgroups will be created by simply
+ posting to them.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 4]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ Wildcards (e.g., the word "all") are never allowed in a "News-
+ groups" line. For example, a newsgroup comp.all is illegal,
+ although a newsgroup rec.sport.football is permitted.
+
+ If a message is received with a "Newsgroups" line listing some valid
+ newsgroups and some invalid newsgroups, a host should not remove
+ invalid newsgroups from the list. Instead, the invalid newsgroups
+ should be ignored. For example, suppose host A subscribes to the
+ classes btl.all and comp.all, and exchanges news messages with host
+ B, which subscribes to comp.all but not btl.all. Suppose A receives
+ a message with Newsgroups: comp.unix,btl.general.
+
+ This message is passed on to B because B receives comp.unix, but B
+ does not receive btl.general. A must leave the "Newsgroups" line
+ unchanged. If it were to remove btl.general, the edited header
+ could eventually re-enter the btl.all class, resulting in a message
+ that is not shown to users subscribing to btl.general. Also,
+ follow-ups from outside btl.all would not be shown to such users.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.4" href="#section-2.1.4">2.1.4</a>. Subject</h4></span>
+
+ The "Subject" line (formerly "Title") tells what the message is
+ about. It should be suggestive enough of the contents of the
+ message to enable a reader to make a decision whether to read the
+ message based on the subject alone. If the message is submitted in
+ response to another message (e.g., is a follow-up) the default
+ subject should begin with the four characters "Re:", and the
+ "References" line is required. For follow-ups, the use of the
+ "Summary" line is encouraged.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.5" href="#section-2.1.5">2.1.5</a>. Message-ID</h4></span>
+
+ The "Message-ID" line gives the message a unique identifier. The
+ Message-ID may not be reused during the lifetime of any previous
+ message with the same Message-ID. (It is recommended that no
+ Message-ID be reused for at least two years.) Message-ID's have the
+ syntax:
+
+ &lt;string not containing blank or "&gt;"&gt;
+
+ In order to conform to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC-822</a>, the Message-ID must have the format:
+
+ &lt;unique@full_domain_name&gt;
+
+ where full_domain_name is the full name of the host at which the
+ message entered the network, including a domain that host is in, and
+ unique is any string of printing ASCII characters, not including "&lt;"
+ (left angle bracket), "&gt;" (right angle bracket), or "@" (at sign).
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 5]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-6" id="page-6" href="#page-6" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ For example, the unique part could be an integer representing a
+ sequence number for messages submitted to the network, or a short
+ string derived from the date and time the message was created. For
+ example, a valid Message-ID for a message submitted from host ucbvax
+ in domain "Berkeley.EDU" would be "&lt;4123@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU&gt;".
+ Programmers are urged not to make assumptions about the content of
+ Message-ID fields from other hosts, but to treat them as unknown
+ character strings. It is not safe, for example, to assume that a
+ Message-ID will be under 14 characters, that it is unique in the
+ first 14 characters, nor that is does not contain a "/".
+
+ The angle brackets are considered part of the Message-ID. Thus, in
+ references to the Message-ID, such as the ihave/sendme and cancel
+ control messages, the angle brackets are included. White space
+ characters (e.g., blank and tab) are not allowed in a Message-ID.
+ Slashes ("/") are strongly discouraged. All characters between the
+ angle brackets must be printing ASCII characters.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1.6" href="#section-2.1.6">2.1.6</a>. Path</h4></span>
+
+ This line shows the path the message took to reach the current
+ system. When a system forwards the message, it should add its own
+ name to the list of systems in the "Path" line. The names may be
+ separated by any punctuation character or characters (except "."
+ which is considered part of the hostname). Thus, the following are
+ valid entries:
+
+ cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt
+ cbosgd, mhuxj, mhuxt
+ @cbosgd.ATT.COM,@mhuxj.ATT.COM,@mhuxt.ATT.COM
+ teklabs, zehntel, sri-unix@cca!decvax
+
+ (The latter path indicates a message that passed through decvax,
+ cca, sri-unix, zehntel, and teklabs, in that order.) Additional
+ names should be added from the left. For example, the most recently
+ added name in the fourth example was teklabs. Letters, digits,
+ periods and hyphens are considered part of host names; other
+ punctuation, including blanks, are considered separators.
+
+ Normally, the rightmost name will be the name of the originating
+ system. However, it is also permissible to include an extra entry
+ on the right, which is the name of the sender. This is for upward
+ compatibility with older systems.
+
+ The "Path" line is not used for replies, and should not be taken as
+ a mailing address. It is intended to show the route the message
+ traveled to reach the local host. There are several uses for this
+ information. One is to monitor USENET routing for performance
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 6]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ reasons. Another is to establish a path to reach new hosts.
+ Perhaps the most important use is to cut down on redundant USENET
+ traffic by failing to forward a message to a host that is known to
+ have already received it. In particular, when host A sends a
+ message to host B, the "Path" line includes A, so that host B will
+ not immediately send the message back to host A. The name each host
+ uses to identify itself should be the same as the name by which its
+ neighbors know it, in order to make this optimization possible.
+
+ A host adds its own name to the front of a path when it receives a
+ message from another host. Thus, if a message with path "A!X!Y!Z"
+ is passed from host A to host B, B will add its own name to the path
+ when it receives the message from A, e.g., "B!A!X!Y!Z". If B then
+ passes the message on to C, the message sent to C will contain the
+ path "B!A!X!Y!Z", and when C receives it, C will change it to
+ "C!B!A!X!Y!Z".
+
+ Special upward compatibility note: Since the "From", "Sender", and
+ "Reply-To" lines are in Internet format, and since many USENET hosts
+ do not yet have mailers capable of understanding Internet format, it
+ would break the reply capability to completely sever the connection
+ between the "Path" header and the reply function. It is recognized
+ that the path is not always a valid reply string in older
+ implementations, and no requirement to fix this problem is placed on
+ implementations. However, the existing convention of placing the
+ host name and an "!" at the front of the path, and of starting the
+ path with the host name, an "!", and the user name, should be
+ maintained when possible.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. Optional Headers</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.1" href="#section-2.2.1">2.2.1</a>. Reply-To</h4></span>
+
+ This line has the same format as "From". If present, mailed replies
+ to the author should be sent to the name given here. Otherwise,
+ replies are mailed to the name on the "From" line. (This does not
+ prevent additional copies from being sent to recipients named by the
+ replier, or on "To" or "Cc" lines.) The full name may be optionally
+ given, in parentheses, as in the "From" line.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.2" href="#section-2.2.2">2.2.2</a>. Sender</h4></span>
+
+ This field is present only if the submitter manually enters a "From"
+ line. It is intended to record the entity responsible for
+ submitting the message to the network. It should be verified by the
+ software at the submitting host.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 7]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ For example, if John Smith is visiting CCA and wishes to post a
+ message to the network, using friend Sarah Jones' account, the
+ message might read:
+
+ From: smith@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (John Smith)
+ Sender: jones@cca.COM (Sarah Jones)
+
+ If a gateway program enters a mail message into the network at host
+ unix.SRI.COM, the lines might read:
+
+ From: John.Doe@A.CS.CMU.EDU
+ Sender: network@unix.SRI.COM
+
+ The primary purpose of this field is to be able to track down
+ messages to determine how they were entered into the network. The
+ full name may be optionally given, in parentheses, as in the "From"
+ line.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.3" href="#section-2.2.3">2.2.3</a>. Followup-To</h4></span>
+
+ This line has the same format as "Newsgroups". If present, follow-
+ up messages are to be posted to the newsgroup or newsgroups listed
+ here. If this line is not present, follow-ups are posted to the
+ newsgroup or newsgroups listed in the "Newsgroups" line.
+
+ If the keyword poster is present, follow-up messages are not
+ permitted. The message should be mailed to the submitter of the
+ message via mail.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.4" href="#section-2.2.4">2.2.4</a>. Expires</h4></span>
+
+ This line, if present, is in a legal USENET date format. It
+ specifies a suggested expiration date for the message. If not
+ present, the local default expiration date is used. This field is
+ intended to be used to clean up messages with a limited usefulness,
+ or to keep important messages around for longer than usual. For
+ example, a message announcing an upcoming seminar could have an
+ expiration date the day after the seminar, since the message is not
+ useful after the seminar is over. Since local hosts have local
+ policies for expiration of news (depending on available disk space,
+ for instance), users are discouraged from providing expiration dates
+ for messages unless there is a natural expiration date associated
+ with the topic. System software should almost never provide a
+ default "Expires" line. Leave it out and allow local policies to be
+ used unless there is a good reason not to.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 8]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-9" id="page-9" href="#page-9" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.5" href="#section-2.2.5">2.2.5</a>. References</h4></span>
+
+ This field lists the Message-ID's of any messages prompting the
+ submission of this message. It is required for all follow-up
+ messages, and forbidden when a new subject is raised.
+ Implementations should provide a follow-up command, which allows a
+ user to post a follow-up message. This command should generate a
+ "Subject" line which is the same as the original message, except
+ that if the original subject does not begin with "Re:" or "re:", the
+ four characters "Re:" are inserted before the subject. If there is
+ no "References" line on the original header, the "References" line
+ should contain the Message-ID of the original message (including the
+ angle brackets). If the original message does have a "References"
+ line, the follow-up message should have a "References" line
+ containing the text of the original "References" line, a blank, and
+ the Message-ID of the original message.
+
+ The purpose of the "References" header is to allow messages to be
+ grouped into conversations by the user interface program. This
+ allows conversations within a newsgroup to be kept together, and
+ potentially users might shut off entire conversations without
+ unsubscribing to a newsgroup. User interfaces need not make use of
+ this header, but all automatically generated follow-ups should
+ generate the "References" line for the benefit of systems that do
+ use it, and manually generated follow-ups (e.g., typed in well after
+ the original message has been printed by the machine) should be
+ encouraged to include them as well.
+
+ It is permissible to not include the entire previous "References"
+ line if it is too long. An attempt should be made to include a
+ reasonable number of backwards references.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.6" href="#section-2.2.6">2.2.6</a>. Control</h4></span>
+
+ If a message contains a "Control" line, the message is a control
+ message. Control messages are used for communication among USENET
+ host machines, not to be read by users. Control messages are
+ distributed by the same newsgroup mechanism as ordinary messages.
+ The body of the "Control" header line is the message to the host.
+
+ For upward compatibility, messages that match the newsgroup pattern
+ "all.all.ctl" should also be interpreted as control messages. If no
+ "Control" header is present on such messages, the subject is used as
+ the control message. However, messages on newsgroups matching this
+ pattern do not conform to this standard.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 9]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ Also for upward compatibility, if the first 4 characters of the
+ "Subject:" line are "cmsg", the rest of the "Subject:" line should
+ be interpreted as a control message.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.7" href="#section-2.2.7">2.2.7</a>. Distribution</h4></span>
+
+ This line is used to alter the distribution scope of the message.
+ It is a comma separated list similar to the "Newsgroups" line. User
+ subscriptions are still controlled by "Newsgroups", but the message
+ is sent to all systems subscribing to the newsgroups on the
+ "Distribution" line in addition to the "Newsgroups" line. For the
+ message to be transmitted, the receiving site must normally receive
+ one of the specified newsgroups AND must receive one of the
+ specified distributions. Thus, a message concerning a car for sale
+ in New Jersey might have headers including:
+
+ Newsgroups: rec.auto,misc.forsale
+ Distribution: nj,ny
+
+ so that it would only go to persons subscribing to rec.auto or misc.
+ for sale within New Jersey or New York. The intent of this header
+ is to restrict the distribution of a newsgroup further, not to
+ increase it. A local newsgroup, such as nj.crazy-eddie, will
+ probably not be propagated by hosts outside New Jersey that do not
+ show such a newsgroup as valid. A follow-up message should default
+ to the same "Distribution" line as the original message, but the
+ user can change it to a more limited one, or escalate the
+ distribution if it was originally restricted and a more widely
+ distributed reply is appropriate.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.8" href="#section-2.2.8">2.2.8</a>. Organization</h4></span>
+
+ The text of this line is a short phrase describing the organization
+ to which the sender belongs, or to which the machine belongs. The
+ intent of this line is to help identify the person posting the
+ message, since host names are often cryptic enough to make it hard
+ to recognize the organization by the electronic address.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.9" href="#section-2.2.9">2.2.9</a>. Keywords</h4></span>
+
+ A few well-selected keywords identifying the message should be on
+ this line. This is used as an aid in determining if this message is
+ interesting to the reader.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.10" href="#section-2.2.10">2.2.10</a>. Summary</h4></span>
+
+ This line should contain a brief summary of the message. It is
+ usually used as part of a follow-up to another message. Again, it
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 10]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-11" id="page-11" href="#page-11" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ is very useful to the reader in determining whether to read the
+ message.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.11" href="#section-2.2.11">2.2.11</a>. Approved</h4></span>
+
+ This line is required for any message posted to a moderated
+ newsgroup. It should be added by the moderator and consist of his
+ mail address. It is also required with certain control messages.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.12" href="#section-2.2.12">2.2.12</a>. Lines</h4></span>
+
+ This contains a count of the number of lines in the body of the
+ message.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.13" href="#section-2.2.13">2.2.13</a>. Xref</h4></span>
+
+ This line contains the name of the host (with domains omitted) and a
+ white space separated list of colon-separated pairs of newsgroup
+ names and message numbers. These are the newsgroups listed in the
+ "Newsgroups" line and the corresponding message numbers from the
+ spool directory.
+
+ This is only of value to the local system, so it should not be
+ transmitted. For example, in:
+
+ Path: seismo!lll-crg!lll-lcc!pyramid!decwrl!reid
+ From: reid@decwrl.DEC.COM (Brian Reid)
+ Newsgroups: news.lists,news.groups
+ Subject: USENET READERSHIP SUMMARY REPORT FOR SEP 86
+ Message-ID: &lt;5658@decwrl.DEC.COM&gt;
+ Date: 1 Oct 86 11:26:15 GMT
+ Organization: DEC Western Research Laboratory
+ Lines: 441
+ Approved: reid@decwrl.UUCP
+ Xref: seismo news.lists:461 news.groups:6378
+
+ the "Xref" line shows that the message is message number 461 in the
+ newsgroup news.lists, and message number 6378 in the newsgroup
+ news.groups, on host seismo. This information may be used by
+ certain user interfaces.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Control Messages</h2></span>
+
+ This section lists the control messages currently defined. The body
+ of the "Control" header line is the control message. Messages are a
+ sequence of zero or more words, separated by white space (blanks or
+ tabs). The first word is the name of the control message, remaining
+ words are parameters to the message. The remainder of the header
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 11]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-12" id="page-12" href="#page-12" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ and the body of the message are also potential parameters; for
+ example, the "From" line might suggest an address to which a
+ response is to be mailed.
+
+ Implementors and administrators may choose to allow control messages
+ to be carried out automatically, or to queue them for annual
+ processing. However, manually processed messages should be dealt
+ with promptly.
+
+ Failed control messages should NOT be mailed to the originator of
+ the message, but to the local "usenet" account.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Cancel</h3></span>
+
+ cancel &lt;Message-ID&gt;
+
+
+ If a message with the given Message-ID is present on the local
+ system, the message is cancelled. This mechanism allows a user to
+ cancel a message after the message has been distributed over the
+ network.
+
+ If the system is unable to cancel the message as requested, it
+ should not forward the cancellation request to its neighbor systems.
+
+ Only the author of the message or the local news administrator is
+ allowed to send this message. The verified sender of a message is
+ the "Sender" line, or if no "Sender" line is present, the "From"
+ line. The verified sender of the cancel message must be the same as
+ either the "Sender" or "From" field of the original message. A
+ verified sender in the cancel message is allowed to match an
+ unverified "From" in the original message.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Ihave/Sendme</h3></span>
+
+ ihave &lt;Message-ID list&gt; [&lt;remotesys&gt;]
+ sendme &lt;Message-ID list&gt; [&lt;remotesys&gt;]
+
+ This message is part of the ihave/sendme protocol, which allows one
+ host (say A) to tell another host (B) that a particular message has
+ been received on A. Suppose that host A receives message
+ "&lt;1234@ucbvax.Berkeley.edu&gt;", and wishes to transmit the message to
+ host B.
+
+ A sends the control message "ihave &lt;1234@ucbvax.Berkeley.edu&gt; A" to
+ host B (by posting it to newsgroup to.B). B responds with the
+ control message "sendme &lt;1234@ucbvax.Berkeley.edu&gt; B" (on newsgroup
+ to.A), if it has not already received the message. Upon receiving
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 12]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-13" id="page-13" href="#page-13" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ the sendme message, A sends the message to B.
+
+ This protocol can be used to cut down on redundant traffic between
+ hosts. It is optional and should be used only if the particular
+ situation makes it worthwhile. Frequently, the outcome is that,
+ since most original messages are short, and since there is a high
+ overhead to start sending a new message with UUCP, it costs as much
+ to send the ihave as it would cost to send the message itself.
+
+ One possible solution to this overhead problem is to batch requests.
+ Several Message-ID's may be announced or requested in one message.
+ If no Message-ID's are listed in the control message, the body of
+ the message should be scanned for Message-ID's, one per line.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Newgroup</h3></span>
+
+ newgroup &lt;groupname&gt; [moderated]
+
+ This control message creates a new newsgroup with the given name.
+ Since no messages may be posted or forwarded until a newsgroup is
+ created, this message is required before a newsgroup can be used.
+ The body of the message is expected to be a short paragraph
+ describing the intended use of the newsgroup.
+
+ If the second argument is present and it is the keyword moderated,
+ the group should be created moderated instead of the default of
+ unmoderated. The newgroup message should be ignored unless there is
+ an "Approved" line in the same message header.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Rmgroup</h3></span>
+
+ rmgroup &lt;groupname&gt;
+
+ This message removes a newsgroup with the given name. Since the
+ newsgroup is removed from every host on the network, this command
+ should be used carefully by a responsible administrator. The
+ rmgroup message should be ignored unless there is an "Approved:"
+ line in the same message header.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 13]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-14" id="page-14" href="#page-14" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5" href="#section-3.5">3.5</a>. Sendsys</h3></span>
+<span class="h3"><h3> sendsys (no arguments)</h3></span>
+
+ The sys file, listing all neighbors and the newsgroups to be sent to
+ each neighbor, will be mailed to the author of the control message
+ ("Reply-To", if present, otherwise "From"). This information is
+ considered public information, and it is a requirement of membership
+ in USENET that this information be provided on request, either
+ automatically in response to this control message, or manually, by
+ mailing the requested information to the author of the message.
+ This information is used to keep the map of USENET up to date, and
+ to determine where netnews is sent.
+
+ The format of the file mailed back to the author should be the same
+ as that of the sys file. This format has one line per neighboring
+ host (plus one line for the local host), containing four colon
+ separated fields. The first field has the host name of the
+ neighbor, the second field has a newsgroup pattern describing the
+ newsgroups sent to the neighbor. The third and fourth fields are
+ not defined by this standard. The sys file is not the same as the
+ UUCP L.sys file. A sample response is:
+
+ From: cbosgd!mark (Mark Horton)
+ Date: Sun, 27 Mar 83 20:39:37 -0500
+ Subject: response to your sendsys request
+ To: mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM
+
+ Responding-System: cbosgd.ATT.COM
+ cbosgd:osg,cb,btl,bell,world,comp,sci,rec,talk,misc,news,soc,to,
+ test
+ ucbvax:world,comp,to.ucbvax:L:
+ cbosg:world,comp,bell,btl,cb,osg,to.cbosg:F:/usr/spool/outnews
+ /cbosg
+ cbosgb:osg,to.cbosgb:F:/usr/spool/outnews/cbosgb
+ sescent:world,comp,bell,btl,cb,to.sescent:F:/usr/spool/outnews
+ /sescent
+ npois:world,comp,bell,btl,ug,to.npois:F:/usr/spool/outnews/npois
+ mhuxi:world,comp,bell,btl,ug,to.mhuxi:F:/usr/spool/outnews/mhuxi
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.6" href="#section-3.6">3.6</a>. Version</h3></span>
+
+ version (no arguments)
+
+ The name and version of the software running on the local system is
+ to be mailed back to the author of the message ("Reply-to" if
+ present, otherwise "From").
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.7" href="#section-3.7">3.7</a>. Checkgroups</h3></span>
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 14]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-15" id="page-15" href="#page-15" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ The message body is a list of "official" newsgroups and their
+ description, one group per line. They are compared against the list
+ of active newsgroups on the current host. The names of any obsolete
+ or new newsgroups are mailed to the user "usenet" and descriptions
+ of the new newsgroups are added to the help file used when posting
+ news.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Transmission Methods</h2></span>
+
+ USENET is not a physical network, but rather a logical network
+ resting on top of several existing physical networks. These
+ networks include, but are not limited to, UUCP, the Internet, an
+ Ethernet, the BLICN network, an NSC Hyperchannel, and a BERKNET.
+ What is important is that two neighboring systems on USENET have
+ some method to get a new message, in the format listed here, from
+ one system to the other, and once on the receiving system, processed
+ by the netnews software on that system. (On UNIX systems, this
+ usually means the rnews program being run with the message on the
+ standard input. &lt;1&gt;)
+
+ It is not a requirement that USENET hosts have mail systems capable
+ of understanding the Internet mail syntax, but it is strongly
+ recommended. Since "From", "Reply-To", and "Sender" lines use the
+ Internet syntax, replies will be difficult or impossible without an
+ Internet mailer. A host without an Internet mailer can attempt to
+ use the "Path" header line for replies, but this field is not
+ guaranteed to be a working path for replies. In any event, any host
+ generating or forwarding news messages must have an Internet address
+ that allows them to receive mail from hosts with Internet mailers,
+ and they must include their Internet address on their From line.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. Remote Execution</h3></span>
+
+ Some networks permit direct remote command execution. On these
+ networks, news may be forwarded by spooling the rnews command with
+ the message on the standard input. For example, if the remote
+ system is called remote, news would be sent over a UUCP link
+ with the command:
+
+ uux - remote!rnews
+
+ and on a Berknet:
+
+ net -mremote rnews
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 15]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-16" id="page-16" href="#page-16" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ It is important that the message be sent via a reliable mechanism,
+ normally involving the possibility of spooling, rather than direct
+ real-time remote execution. This is because, if the remote system
+ is down, a direct execution command will fail, and the message will
+ never be delivered. If the message is spooled, it will eventually
+ be delivered when both systems are up.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. Transfer by Mail</h3></span>
+
+ On some systems, direct remote spooled execution is not possible.
+ However, most systems support electronic mail, and a news message
+ can be sent as mail. One approach is to send a mail message which
+ is identical to the news message: the mail headers are the news
+ headers, and the mail body is the news body. By convention, this
+ mail is sent to the user newsmail on the remote machine.
+
+ One problem with this method is that it may not be possible to
+ convince the mail system that the "From" line of the message is
+ valid, since the mail message was generated by a program on a
+ system different from the source of the news message. Another
+ problem is that error messages caused by the mail transmission
+ would be sent to the originator of the news message, who has no
+ control over news transmission between two cooperating hosts
+ and does not know whom to contact. Transmission error messages
+ should be directed to a responsible contact person on the
+ sending machine.
+
+ A solution to this problem is to encapsulate the news message into a
+ mail message, such that the entire message (headers and body) are
+ part of the body of the mail message. The convention here is that
+ such mail is sent to user rnews on the remote system. A mail
+ message body is generated by prepending the letter N to each line of
+ the news message, and then attaching whatever mail headers are
+ convenient to generate. The N's are attached to prevent any special
+ lines in the news message from interfering with mail transmission,
+ and to prevent any extra lines inserted by the mailer (headers,
+ blank lines, etc.) from becoming part of the news message. A
+ program on the receiving machine receives mail to rnews, extracting
+ the message itself and invoking the rnews program. An example in
+ this format might look like this:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 16]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ Date: Mon, 3 Jan 83 08:33:47 MST
+ From: news@cbosgd.ATT.COM
+ Subject: network news message
+ To: rnews@npois.ATT.COM
+
+ NPath: cbosgd!mhuxj!harpo!utah-cs!sask!derek
+ NFrom: derek@sask.UUCP (Derek Andrew)
+ NNewsgroups: misc.test
+ NSubject: necessary test
+ NMessage-ID: &lt;176@sask.UUCP&gt;
+ NDate: Mon, 3 Jan 83 00:59:15 MST
+ N
+ NThis really is a test. If anyone out there more than 6
+ Nhops away would kindly confirm this note I would
+ Nappreciate it. We suspect that our news postings
+ Nare not getting out into the world.
+ N
+
+ Using mail solves the spooling problem, since mail must always be
+ spooled if the destination host is down. However, it adds more
+ overhead to the transmission process (to encapsulate and extract the
+ message) and makes it harder for software to give different
+ priorities to news and mail.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>. Batching</h3></span>
+
+ Since news messages are usually short, and since a large number of
+ messages are often sent between two hosts in a day, it may make
+ sense to batch news messages. Several messages can be combined into
+ one large message, using conventions agreed upon in advance by the
+ two hosts. One such batching scheme is described here; its use is
+ highly recommended.
+
+ News messages are combined into a script, separated by a header of
+ the form:
+
+
+ #! rnews 1234
+
+ where 1234 is the length of the message in bytes. Each such line is
+ followed by a message containing the given number of bytes. (The
+ newline at the end of each line of the message is counted as one
+ byte, for purposes of this count, even if it is stored as &lt;CARRIAGE
+ RETURN&gt;&lt;LINE FEED&gt;.) For example, a batch of message might look
+ like this:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 17]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ #! rnews 239
+ From: jerry@eagle.ATT.COM (Jerry Schwarz)
+ Path: cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt!eagle!jerry
+ Newsgroups: news.announce
+ Subject: Usenet Etiquette -- Please Read
+ Message-ID: &lt;642@eagle.ATT.COM&gt;
+ Date: Fri, 19 Nov 82 16:14:55 EST
+ Approved: mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM
+
+ Here is an important message about USENET Etiquette.
+ #! rnews 234
+ From: jerry@eagle.ATT.COM (Jerry Schwarz)
+ Path: cbosgd!mhuxj!mhuxt!eagle!jerry
+ Newsgroups: news.announce
+ Subject: Notes on Etiquette message
+ Message-ID: &lt;643@eagle.ATT.COM&gt;
+ Date: Fri, 19 Nov 82 17:24:12 EST
+ Approved: mark@cbosgd.ATT.COM
+
+ There was something I forgot to mention in the last
+ message.
+
+ Batched news is recognized because the first character in the
+ message is #. The message is then passed to the unbatcher for
+ interpretation.
+
+ The second argument (in this example rnews) determines which
+ batching scheme is being used. Cooperating hosts may use whatever
+ scheme is appropriate for them.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. The News Propagation Algorithm</h2></span>
+
+ This section describes the overall scheme of USENET and the
+ algorithm followed by hosts in propagating news to the entire
+ logical network. Since all hosts are affected by incorrectly
+ formatted messages and by propagation errors, it is important
+ for the method to be standardized.
+
+ USENET is a directed graph. Each node in the graph is a host
+ computer, and each arc in the graph is a transmission path from
+ one host to another host. Each arc is labeled with a newsgroup
+ pattern, specifying which newsgroup classes are forwarded along
+ that link. Most arcs are bidirectional, that is, if host A
+ sends a class of newsgroups to host B, then host B usually sends
+ the same class of newsgroups to host A. This bidirectionality
+ is not, however, required.
+
+ USENET is made up of many subnetworks. Each subnet has a name, such
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Horton &amp; Adams [Page 18]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 1036</a> Standard for USENET Messages December 1987</span>
+
+
+ as comp or btl. Each subnet is a connected graph, that is, a path
+ exists from every node to every other node in the subnet. In
+ addition, the entire graph is (theoretically) connected. (In
+ practice, some political considerations have caused some hosts to be
+ unable to post messages reaching the rest of the network.)
+
+ A message is posted on one machine to a list of newsgroups. That
+ machine accepts it locally, then forwards it to all its neighbors
+ that are interested in at least one of the newsgroups of the
+ message. (Site A deems host B to be "interested" in a newsgroup if
+ the newsgroup matches the pattern on the arc from A to B. This
+ pattern is stored in a file on the A machine.) The hosts receiving
+ the incoming message examine it to make sure they really want the
+ message, accept it locally, and then in turn forward the message to
+ all their interested neighbors. This process continues until the
+ entire network has seen the message.
+
+ An important part of the algorithm is the prevention of loops. The
+ above process would cause a message to loop along a cycle forever.
+ In particular, when host A sends a message to host B, host B will
+ send it back to host A, which will send it to host B, and so on.
+ One solution to this is the history mechanism. Each host keeps
+ track of all messages it has seen (by their Message-ID) and
+ whenever a message comes in that it has already seen, the incoming
+ message is discarded immediately. This solution is sufficient to
+ prevent loops, but additional optimizations can be made to avoid
+ sending messages to hosts that will simply throw them away.
+
+ One optimization is that a message should never be sent to a machine
+ listed in the "Path" line of the header. When a machine name is
+ in the "Path" line, the message is known to have passed through the
+ machine. Another optimization is that, if the message originated
+ on host A, then host A has already seen the message. Thus, if a
+ message is posted to newsgroup misc.misc, it will match the pattern
+ misc.all (where all is a metasymbol that matches any string), and
+ will be forwarded to all hosts that subscribe to misc.all (as
+ determined by what their neighbors send them). These hosts make up
+ the misc subnetwork. A message posted to btl.general will reach all
+ hosts receiving btl.all, but will not reach hosts that do not get
+ btl.all. In effect, the messages reaches the btl subnetwork. A
+ messages posted to newsgroups misc.misc,btl.general will reach all
+ hosts subscribing to either of the two classes.
+
+Notes
+
+ &lt;1&gt; UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&amp;T.
+
+
+
+
+
+Horton &amp; Adams [Page 19]
+
+</pre><br>
+<span class="noprint"><small><small>Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.109, available from
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/">https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/</a>
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+
+</body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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+ <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
+<meta name="DC.Relation.Replaces" content="rfc821">
+<meta name="DC.Relation.Replaces" content="rfc974">
+<meta name="DC.Relation.Replaces" content="rfc1869">
+<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="urn:ietf:rfc:2821">
+<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="April, 2001">
+<meta name="DC.Creator" content="John C. Klensin &lt;klensin@research.att.com&gt;">
+<meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" content="This document is a self-contained specification of the basic protocol
+for the Internet electronic mail transport. [STANDARDS-TRACK]">
+<meta name="DC.Title" content="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">
+
+ <link rel="icon" href="index_files/rfc.png" type="image/png">
+ <link rel="shortcut icon" href="index_files/rfc.png" type="image/png">
+ <title>RFC 2821 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</title>
+
+
+ <style type="text/css"><!--
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+ </div>
+ </div>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo top">[<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/" title="Document search and retrieval page">Docs</a>] [<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc2821" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>] [<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-drums-smtpupd" title="draft-ietf-drums-smtpupd">draft-ietf-drums-...</a>] [<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?difftype=--hwdiff&amp;url2=rfc2821" title="Inline diff (wdiff)">Diff1</a>] [<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=rfc2821" title="Side-by-side diff">Diff2</a>] [<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=2821">Errata</a>] </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo">Obsoleted by: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321">5321</a> PROPOSED STANDARD</span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo">Updated by: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5336">5336</a> <span style="color: #C00;">Errata Exist</span></span><br>
+<pre>Network Working Group J. Klensin, Editor
+Request for Comments: 2821 AT&amp;T Laboratories
+Obsoletes: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">821</a>, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc974">974</a>, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1869">1869</a> April 2001
+Updates: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">1123</a>
+Category: Standards Track
+
+
+ <span class="h1"><h1>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</h1></span>
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+ This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+ Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+ improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+ Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+ and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
+
+Abstract
+
+ This document is a self-contained specification of the basic protocol
+ for the Internet electronic mail transport. It consolidates, updates
+ and clarifies, but doesn't add new or change existing functionality
+ of the following:
+
+ - the original SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) specification of
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> [<a href="#ref-30" title='"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"'>30</a>],
+
+ - domain name system requirements and implications for mail
+ transport from <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC 1035</a> [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>] and <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc974">RFC 974</a> [<a href="#ref-27" title='"Mail routing and the domain system"'>27</a>],
+
+ - the clarifications and applicability statements in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title='"Requirements for Internet hosts - application and support"'>2</a>],
+ and
+
+ - material drawn from the SMTP Extension mechanisms [<a href="#ref-19" title='"SMTP Service Extensions"'>19</a>].
+
+ It obsoletes <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc974">RFC 974</a>, and updates <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a> (replaces the
+ mail transport materials of <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>). However, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> specifies
+ some features that were not in significant use in the Internet by the
+ mid-1990s and (in appendices) some additional transport models.
+ Those sections are omitted here in the interest of clarity and
+ brevity; readers needing them should refer to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 1]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ It also includes some additional material from <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a> that required
+ amplification. This material has been identified in multiple ways,
+ mostly by tracking flaming on various lists and newsgroups and
+ problems of unusual readings or interpretations that have appeared as
+ the SMTP extensions have been deployed. Where this specification
+ moves beyond consolidation and actually differs from earlier
+ documents, it supersedes them technically as well as textually.
+
+ Although SMTP was designed as a mail transport and delivery protocol,
+ this specification also contains information that is important to its
+ use as a 'mail submission' protocol, as recommended for POP [<a href="#ref-3" title='"Post Office Protocol - version 2"'>3</a>, <a href="#ref-26" title='"Post Office Protocol - Version 3"'>26</a>]
+ and IMAP [<a href="#ref-6" title='"Internet Message Access Protocol - Version 4"'>6</a>]. Additional submission issues are discussed in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2476">RFC 2476</a>
+ [<a href="#ref-15" title='"Message Submission"'>15</a>].
+
+ <a href="#section-2.3">Section 2.3</a> provides definitions of terms specific to this document.
+ Except when the historical terminology is necessary for clarity, this
+ document uses the current 'client' and 'server' terminology to
+ identify the sending and receiving SMTP processes, respectively.
+
+ A companion document [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>] discusses message headers, message bodies
+ and formats and structures for them, and their relationship.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction .................................................. <a href="#page-4">4</a>
+ <a href="#section-2">2</a>. The SMTP Model ................................................ <a href="#page-5">5</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.1">2.1</a> Basic Structure .............................................. <a href="#page-5">5</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.2">2.2</a> The Extension Model .......................................... <a href="#page-7">7</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.2.1">2.2.1</a> Background ................................................. <a href="#page-7">7</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.2.2">2.2.2</a> Definition and Registration of Extensions .................. <a href="#page-8">8</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3">2.3</a> Terminology .................................................. <a href="#page-9">9</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.1">2.3.1</a> Mail Objects ............................................... <a href="#page-10">10</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.2">2.3.2</a> Senders and Receivers ...................................... <a href="#page-10">10</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.3">2.3.3</a> Mail Agents and Message Stores ............................. <a href="#page-10">10</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.4">2.3.4</a> Host ....................................................... <a href="#page-11">11</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.5">2.3.5</a> Domain ..................................................... <a href="#page-11">11</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.6">2.3.6</a> Buffer and State Table ..................................... <a href="#page-11">11</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.7">2.3.7</a> Lines ...................................................... <a href="#page-12">12</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.8">2.3.8</a> Originator, Delivery, Relay, and Gateway Systems ........... <a href="#page-12">12</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.9">2.3.9</a> Message Content and Mail Data .............................. <a href="#page-13">13</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.10">2.3.10</a> Mailbox and Address ....................................... <a href="#page-13">13</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.3.11">2.3.11</a> Reply ..................................................... <a href="#page-13">13</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.4">2.4</a> General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model .............. <a href="#page-13">13</a>
+ <a href="#section-3">3</a>. The SMTP Procedures: An Overview .............................. <a href="#page-15">15</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> Session Initiation ........................................... <a href="#page-15">15</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a> Client Initiation ............................................ <a href="#page-16">16</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a> Mail Transactions ............................................ <a href="#page-16">16</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a> Forwarding for Address Correction or Updating ................ <a href="#page-19">19</a>
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 2]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ <a href="#section-3.5">3.5</a> Commands for Debugging Addresses ............................. <a href="#page-20">20</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5.1">3.5.1</a> Overview ................................................... <a href="#page-20">20</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5.2">3.5.2</a> VRFY Normal Response ....................................... <a href="#page-22">22</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5.3">3.5.3</a> Meaning of VRFY or EXPN Success Response ................... <a href="#page-22">22</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5.4">3.5.4</a> Semantics and Applications of EXPN ......................... <a href="#page-23">23</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.6">3.6</a> Domains ...................................................... <a href="#page-23">23</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.7">3.7</a> Relaying ..................................................... <a href="#page-24">24</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8">3.8</a> Mail Gatewaying .............................................. <a href="#page-25">25</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8.1">3.8.1</a> Header Fields in Gatewaying ................................ <a href="#page-26">26</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8.2">3.8.2</a> Received Lines in Gatewaying ............................... <a href="#page-26">26</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8.3">3.8.3</a> Addresses in Gatewaying .................................... <a href="#page-26">26</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8.4">3.8.4</a> Other Header Fields in Gatewaying .......................... <a href="#page-27">27</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.8.5">3.8.5</a> Envelopes in Gatewaying .................................... <a href="#page-27">27</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.9">3.9</a> Terminating Sessions and Connections ......................... <a href="#page-27">27</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.10">3.10</a> Mailing Lists and Aliases ................................... <a href="#page-28">28</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.10.1">3.10.1</a> Alias ..................................................... <a href="#page-28">28</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.10.2">3.10.2</a> List ...................................................... <a href="#page-28">28</a>
+ <a href="#section-4">4</a>. The SMTP Specifications ....................................... <a href="#page-29">29</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a> SMTP Commands ................................................ <a href="#page-29">29</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a> Command Semantics and Syntax ............................... <a href="#page-29">29</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.1">4.1.1.1</a> Extended HELLO (EHLO) or HELLO (HELO) ................... <a href="#page-29">29</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.2">4.1.1.2</a> MAIL (MAIL) .............................................. <a href="#page-31">31</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.3">4.1.1.3</a> RECIPIENT (RCPT) ......................................... <a href="#page-31">31</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.4">4.1.1.4</a> DATA (DATA) .............................................. <a href="#page-33">33</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.5">4.1.1.5</a> RESET (RSET) ............................................. <a href="#page-34">34</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.6">4.1.1.6</a> VERIFY (VRFY) ............................................ <a href="#page-35">35</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.7">4.1.1.7</a> EXPAND (EXPN) ............................................ <a href="#page-35">35</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.8">4.1.1.8</a> HELP (HELP) .............................................. <a href="#page-35">35</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.9">4.1.1.9</a> NOOP (NOOP) .............................................. <a href="#page-35">35</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.10">4.1.1.10</a> QUIT (QUIT) ............................................. <a href="#page-36">36</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a> Command Argument Syntax .................................... <a href="#page-36">36</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a> Address Literals ........................................... <a href="#page-38">38</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.4">4.1.4</a> Order of Commands .......................................... <a href="#page-39">39</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.5">4.1.5</a> Private-use Commands ....................................... <a href="#page-40">40</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a> SMTP Replies ................................................ <a href="#page-40">40</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a> Reply Code Severities and Theory ........................... <a href="#page-42">42</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2.2">4.2.2</a> Reply Codes by Function Groups ............................. <a href="#page-44">44</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2.3">4.2.3</a> Reply Codes in Numeric Order .............................. <a href="#page-45">45</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2.4">4.2.4</a> Reply Code 502 ............................................. <a href="#page-46">46</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2.5">4.2.5</a> Reply Codes After DATA and the Subsequent &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt; .... <a href="#page-46">46</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a> Sequencing of Commands and Replies ........................... <a href="#page-47">47</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a> Sequencing Overview ........................................ <a href="#page-47">47</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a> Command-Reply Sequences .................................... <a href="#page-48">48</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.4">4.4</a> Trace Information ............................................ <a href="#page-49">49</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5">4.5</a> Additional Implementation Issues ............................. <a href="#page-53">53</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.1">4.5.1</a> Minimum Implementation ..................................... <a href="#page-53">53</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.2">4.5.2</a> Transparency ............................................... <a href="#page-53">53</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.3">4.5.3</a> Sizes and Timeouts ......................................... <a href="#page-54">54</a>
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 3]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ <a href="#section-4.5.3.1">4.5.3.1</a> Size limits and minimums ................................. <a href="#page-54">54</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.3.2">4.5.3.2</a> Timeouts ................................................. <a href="#page-56">56</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.4">4.5.4</a> Retry Strategies ........................................... <a href="#page-57">57</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.4.1">4.5.4.1</a> Sending Strategy ......................................... <a href="#page-58">58</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.4.2">4.5.4.2</a> Receiving Strategy ....................................... <a href="#page-59">59</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.5">4.5.5</a> Messages with a null reverse-path .......................... <a href="#page-59">59</a>
+ <a href="#section-5">5</a>. Address Resolution and Mail Handling .......................... <a href="#page-60">60</a>
+ <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Problem Detection and Handling ................................ <a href="#page-62">62</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a> Reliable Delivery and Replies by Email ....................... <a href="#page-62">62</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2">6.2</a> Loop Detection ............................................... <a href="#page-63">63</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.3">6.3</a> Compensating for Irregularities .............................. <a href="#page-63">63</a>
+ <a href="#section-7">7</a>. Security Considerations ....................................... <a href="#page-64">64</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.1">7.1</a> Mail Security and Spoofing ................................... <a href="#page-64">64</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.2">7.2</a> "Blind" Copies ............................................... <a href="#page-65">65</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.3">7.3</a> VRFY, EXPN, and Security ..................................... <a href="#page-65">65</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.4">7.4</a> Information Disclosure in Announcements ...................... <a href="#page-66">66</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.5">7.5</a> Information Disclosure in Trace Fields ....................... <a href="#page-66">66</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6">7.6</a> Information Disclosure in Message Forwarding ................. <a href="#page-67">67</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.7">7.7</a> Scope of Operation of SMTP Servers ........................... <a href="#page-67">67</a>
+ <a href="#section-8">8</a>. IANA Considerations ........................................... <a href="#page-67">67</a>
+ <a href="#section-9">9</a>. References .................................................... <a href="#page-68">68</a>
+ <a href="#section-10">10</a>. Editor's Address ............................................. <a href="#page-70">70</a>
+ <a href="#section-11">11</a>. Acknowledgments .............................................. <a href="#page-70">70</a>
+ Appendices ....................................................... <a href="#page-71">71</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-A">A</a>. TCP Transport Service ......................................... <a href="#page-71">71</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-B">B</a>. Generating SMTP Commands from <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> Headers ................. <a href="#page-71">71</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-C">C</a>. Source Routes ................................................. <a href="#page-72">72</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-D">D</a>. Scenarios ..................................................... <a href="#page-73">73</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-E">E</a>. Other Gateway Issues .......................................... <a href="#page-76">76</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-F">F</a>. Deprecated Features of <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> ................................ <a href="#page-76">76</a>
+ Full Copyright Statement ......................................... <a href="#page-79">79</a>
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</h2></span>
+
+ The objective of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is to
+ transfer mail reliably and efficiently.
+
+ SMTP is independent of the particular transmission subsystem and
+ requires only a reliable ordered data stream channel. While this
+ document specifically discusses transport over TCP, other transports
+ are possible. Appendices to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> describe some of them.
+
+ An important feature of SMTP is its capability to transport mail
+ across networks, usually referred to as "SMTP mail relaying" (see
+ <a href="#section-3.8">section 3.8</a>). A network consists of the mutually-TCP-accessible
+ hosts on the public Internet, the mutually-TCP-accessible hosts on a
+ firewall-isolated TCP/IP Intranet, or hosts in some other LAN or WAN
+ environment utilizing a non-TCP transport-level protocol. Using
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 4]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ SMTP, a process can transfer mail to another process on the same
+ network or to some other network via a relay or gateway process
+ accessible to both networks.
+
+ In this way, a mail message may pass through a number of intermediate
+ relay or gateway hosts on its path from sender to ultimate recipient.
+ The Mail eXchanger mechanisms of the domain name system [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>, <a href="#ref-27" title='"Mail routing and the domain system"'>27</a>] (and
+ <a href="#section-5">section 5</a> of this document) are used to identify the appropriate
+ next-hop destination for a message being transported.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. The SMTP Model</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.1" href="#section-2.1">2.1</a> Basic Structure</h3></span>
+
+ The SMTP design can be pictured as:
+
+ +----------+ +----------+
+ +------+ | | | |
+ | User |&lt;--&gt;| | SMTP | |
+ +------+ | Client- |Commands/Replies| Server- |
+ +------+ | SMTP |&lt;--------------&gt;| SMTP | +------+
+ | File |&lt;--&gt;| | and Mail | |&lt;--&gt;| File |
+ |System| | | | | |System|
+ +------+ +----------+ +----------+ +------+
+ SMTP client SMTP server
+
+ When an SMTP client has a message to transmit, it establishes a two-
+ way transmission channel to an SMTP server. The responsibility of an
+ SMTP client is to transfer mail messages to one or more SMTP servers,
+ or report its failure to do so.
+
+ The means by which a mail message is presented to an SMTP client, and
+ how that client determines the domain name(s) to which mail messages
+ are to be transferred is a local matter, and is not addressed by this
+ document. In some cases, the domain name(s) transferred to, or
+ determined by, an SMTP client will identify the final destination(s)
+ of the mail message. In other cases, common with SMTP clients
+ associated with implementations of the POP [<a href="#ref-3" title='"Post Office Protocol - version 2"'>3</a>, <a href="#ref-26" title='"Post Office Protocol - Version 3"'>26</a>] or IMAP [<a href="#ref-6" title='"Internet Message Access Protocol - Version 4"'>6</a>]
+ protocols, or when the SMTP client is inside an isolated transport
+ service environment, the domain name determined will identify an
+ intermediate destination through which all mail messages are to be
+ relayed. SMTP clients that transfer all traffic, regardless of the
+ target domain names associated with the individual messages, or that
+ do not maintain queues for retrying message transmissions that
+ initially cannot be completed, may otherwise conform to this
+ specification but are not considered fully-capable. Fully-capable
+ SMTP implementations, including the relays used by these less capable
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 5]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-6" id="page-6" href="#page-6" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ ones, and their destinations, are expected to support all of the
+ queuing, retrying, and alternate address functions discussed in this
+ specification.
+
+ The means by which an SMTP client, once it has determined a target
+ domain name, determines the identity of an SMTP server to which a
+ copy of a message is to be transferred, and then performs that
+ transfer, is covered by this document. To effect a mail transfer to
+ an SMTP server, an SMTP client establishes a two-way transmission
+ channel to that SMTP server. An SMTP client determines the address
+ of an appropriate host running an SMTP server by resolving a
+ destination domain name to either an intermediate Mail eXchanger host
+ or a final target host.
+
+ An SMTP server may be either the ultimate destination or an
+ intermediate "relay" (that is, it may assume the role of an SMTP
+ client after receiving the message) or "gateway" (that is, it may
+ transport the message further using some protocol other than SMTP).
+ SMTP commands are generated by the SMTP client and sent to the SMTP
+ server. SMTP replies are sent from the SMTP server to the SMTP
+ client in response to the commands.
+
+ In other words, message transfer can occur in a single connection
+ between the original SMTP-sender and the final SMTP-recipient, or can
+ occur in a series of hops through intermediary systems. In either
+ case, a formal handoff of responsibility for the message occurs: the
+ protocol requires that a server accept responsibility for either
+ delivering a message or properly reporting the failure to do so.
+
+ Once the transmission channel is established and initial handshaking
+ completed, the SMTP client normally initiates a mail transaction.
+ Such a transaction consists of a series of commands to specify the
+ originator and destination of the mail and transmission of the
+ message content (including any headers or other structure) itself.
+ When the same message is sent to multiple recipients, this protocol
+ encourages the transmission of only one copy of the data for all
+ recipients at the same destination (or intermediate relay) host.
+
+ The server responds to each command with a reply; replies may
+ indicate that the command was accepted, that additional commands are
+ expected, or that a temporary or permanent error condition exists.
+ Commands specifying the sender or recipients may include server-
+ permitted SMTP service extension requests as discussed in <a href="#section-2.2">section</a>
+ <a href="#section-2.2">2.2</a>. The dialog is purposely lock-step, one-at-a-time, although this
+ can be modified by mutually-agreed extension requests such as command
+ pipelining [<a href="#ref-13" title='"SMTP Service Extension for Command Pipelining"'>13</a>].
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 6]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ Once a given mail message has been transmitted, the client may either
+ request that the connection be shut down or may initiate other mail
+ transactions. In addition, an SMTP client may use a connection to an
+ SMTP server for ancillary services such as verification of email
+ addresses or retrieval of mailing list subscriber addresses.
+
+ As suggested above, this protocol provides mechanisms for the
+ transmission of mail. This transmission normally occurs directly
+ from the sending user's host to the receiving user's host when the
+ two hosts are connected to the same transport service. When they are
+ not connected to the same transport service, transmission occurs via
+ one or more relay SMTP servers. An intermediate host that acts as
+ either an SMTP relay or as a gateway into some other transmission
+ environment is usually selected through the use of the domain name
+ service (DNS) Mail eXchanger mechanism.
+
+ Usually, intermediate hosts are determined via the DNS MX record, not
+ by explicit "source" routing (see <a href="#section-5">section 5</a> and appendices C and
+ F.2).
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2" href="#section-2.2">2.2</a> The Extension Model</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.1" href="#section-2.2.1">2.2.1</a> Background</h4></span>
+
+ In an effort that started in 1990, approximately a decade after <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">821</a> was completed, the protocol was modified with a "service
+ extensions" model that permits the client and server to agree to
+ utilize shared functionality beyond the original SMTP requirements.
+ The SMTP extension mechanism defines a means whereby an extended SMTP
+ client and server may recognize each other, and the server can inform
+ the client as to the service extensions that it supports.
+
+ Contemporary SMTP implementations MUST support the basic extension
+ mechanisms. For instance, servers MUST support the EHLO command even
+ if they do not implement any specific extensions and clients SHOULD
+ preferentially utilize EHLO rather than HELO. (However, for
+ compatibility with older conforming implementations, SMTP clients and
+ servers MUST support the original HELO mechanisms as a fallback.)
+ Unless the different characteristics of HELO must be identified for
+ interoperability purposes, this document discusses only EHLO.
+
+ SMTP is widely deployed and high-quality implementations have proven
+ to be very robust. However, the Internet community now considers
+ some services to be important that were not anticipated when the
+ protocol was first designed. If support for those services is to be
+ added, it must be done in a way that permits older implementations to
+ continue working acceptably. The extension framework consists of:
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 7]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ - The SMTP command EHLO, superseding the earlier HELO,
+
+ - a registry of SMTP service extensions,
+
+ - additional parameters to the SMTP MAIL and RCPT commands, and
+
+ - optional replacements for commands defined in this protocol, such
+ as for DATA in non-ASCII transmissions [<a href="#ref-33" title='"SMTP Service Extensions for Transmission of Large and Binary MIME Messages"'>33</a>].
+
+ SMTP's strength comes primarily from its simplicity. Experience with
+ many protocols has shown that protocols with few options tend towards
+ ubiquity, whereas protocols with many options tend towards obscurity.
+
+ Each and every extension, regardless of its benefits, must be
+ carefully scrutinized with respect to its implementation, deployment,
+ and interoperability costs. In many cases, the cost of extending the
+ SMTP service will likely outweigh the benefit.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.2.2" href="#section-2.2.2">2.2.2</a> Definition and Registration of Extensions</h4></span>
+
+ The IANA maintains a registry of SMTP service extensions. A
+ corresponding EHLO keyword value is associated with each extension.
+ Each service extension registered with the IANA must be defined in a
+ formal standards-track or IESG-approved experimental protocol
+ document. The definition must include:
+
+ - the textual name of the SMTP service extension;
+
+ - the EHLO keyword value associated with the extension;
+
+ - the syntax and possible values of parameters associated with the
+ EHLO keyword value;
+
+ - any additional SMTP verbs associated with the extension
+ (additional verbs will usually be, but are not required to be, the
+ same as the EHLO keyword value);
+
+ - any new parameters the extension associates with the MAIL or RCPT
+ verbs;
+
+ - a description of how support for the extension affects the
+ behavior of a server and client SMTP; and,
+
+ - the increment by which the extension is increasing the maximum
+ length of the commands MAIL and/or RCPT, over that specified in
+ this standard.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 8]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-9" id="page-9" href="#page-9" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ In addition, any EHLO keyword value starting with an upper or lower
+ case "X" refers to a local SMTP service extension used exclusively
+ through bilateral agreement. Keywords beginning with "X" MUST NOT be
+ used in a registered service extension. Conversely, keyword values
+ presented in the EHLO response that do not begin with "X" MUST
+ correspond to a standard, standards-track, or IESG-approved
+ experimental SMTP service extension registered with IANA. A
+ conforming server MUST NOT offer non-"X"-prefixed keyword values that
+ are not described in a registered extension.
+
+ Additional verbs and parameter names are bound by the same rules as
+ EHLO keywords; specifically, verbs beginning with "X" are local
+ extensions that may not be registered or standardized. Conversely,
+ verbs not beginning with "X" must always be registered.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3" href="#section-2.3">2.3</a> Terminology</h3></span>
+
+ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described below.
+
+ 1. MUST This word, or the terms "REQUIRED" or "SHALL", mean that
+ the definition is an absolute requirement of the specification.
+
+ 2. MUST NOT This phrase, or the phrase "SHALL NOT", mean that the
+ definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification.
+
+ 3. SHOULD This word, or the adjective "RECOMMENDED", mean that
+ there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to
+ ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be
+ understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different
+ course.
+
+ 4. SHOULD NOT This phrase, or the phrase "NOT RECOMMENDED" mean
+ that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances
+ when the particular behavior is acceptable or even useful, but the
+ full implications should be understood and the case carefully
+ weighed before implementing any behavior described with this
+ label.
+
+ 5. MAY This word, or the adjective "OPTIONAL", mean that an item is
+ truly optional. One vendor may choose to include the item because
+ a particular marketplace requires it or because the vendor feels
+ that it enhances the product while another vendor may omit the
+ same item. An implementation which does not include a particular
+ option MUST be prepared to interoperate with another
+ implementation which does include the option, though perhaps with
+ reduced functionality. In the same vein an implementation which
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 9]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ does include a particular option MUST be prepared to interoperate
+ with another implementation which does not include the option
+ (except, of course, for the feature the option provides.)
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.1" href="#section-2.3.1">2.3.1</a> Mail Objects</h4></span>
+
+ SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope
+ and content.
+
+ The SMTP envelope is sent as a series of SMTP protocol units
+ (described in <a href="#section-3">section 3</a>). It consists of an originator address (to
+ which error reports should be directed); one or more recipient
+ addresses; and optional protocol extension material. Historically,
+ variations on the recipient address specification command (RCPT TO)
+ could be used to specify alternate delivery modes, such as immediate
+ display; those variations have now been deprecated (see <a href="#appendix-F">appendix F</a>,
+ section F.6).
+
+ The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit and has two
+ parts: the headers and the body. If the content conforms to other
+ contemporary standards, the headers form a collection of field/value
+ pairs structured as in the message format specification [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>]; the
+ body, if structured, is defined according to MIME [<a href="#ref-12" title='"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"'>12</a>]. The content
+ is textual in nature, expressed using the US-ASCII repertoire [<a href="#ref-1" title='"USA Code for Information Interchange"'>1</a>].
+ Although SMTP extensions (such as "8BITMIME" [<a href="#ref-20" title='"SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport"'>20</a>]) may relax this
+ restriction for the content body, the content headers are always
+ encoded using the US-ASCII repertoire. A MIME extension [<a href="#ref-23" title='"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text"'>23</a>] defines
+ an algorithm for representing header values outside the US-ASCII
+ repertoire, while still encoding them using the US-ASCII repertoire.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.2" href="#section-2.3.2">2.3.2</a> Senders and Receivers</h4></span>
+
+ In <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>, the two hosts participating in an SMTP transaction were
+ described as the "SMTP-sender" and "SMTP-receiver". This document
+ has been changed to reflect current industry terminology and hence
+ refers to them as the "SMTP client" (or sometimes just "the client")
+ and "SMTP server" (or just "the server"), respectively. Since a
+ given host may act both as server and client in a relay situation,
+ "receiver" and "sender" terminology is still used where needed for
+ clarity.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.3" href="#section-2.3.3">2.3.3</a> Mail Agents and Message Stores</h4></span>
+
+ Additional mail system terminology became common after <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> was
+ published and, where convenient, is used in this specification. In
+ particular, SMTP servers and clients provide a mail transport service
+ and therefore act as "Mail Transfer Agents" (MTAs). "Mail User
+ Agents" (MUAs or UAs) are normally thought of as the sources and
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 10]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-11" id="page-11" href="#page-11" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ targets of mail. At the source, an MUA might collect mail to be
+ transmitted from a user and hand it off to an MTA; the final
+ ("delivery") MTA would be thought of as handing the mail off to an
+ MUA (or at least transferring responsibility to it, e.g., by
+ depositing the message in a "message store"). However, while these
+ terms are used with at least the appearance of great precision in
+ other environments, the implied boundaries between MUAs and MTAs
+ often do not accurately match common, and conforming, practices with
+ Internet mail. Hence, the reader should be cautious about inferring
+ the strong relationships and responsibilities that might be implied
+ if these terms were used elsewhere.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.4" href="#section-2.3.4">2.3.4</a> Host</h4></span>
+
+ For the purposes of this specification, a host is a computer system
+ attached to the Internet (or, in some cases, to a private TCP/IP
+ network) and supporting the SMTP protocol. Hosts are known by names
+ (see "domain"); identifying them by numerical address is discouraged.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.5" href="#section-2.3.5">2.3.5</a> Domain</h4></span>
+
+ A domain (or domain name) consists of one or more dot-separated
+ components. These components ("labels" in DNS terminology [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>]) are
+ restricted for SMTP purposes to consist of a sequence of letters,
+ digits, and hyphens drawn from the ASCII character set [<a href="#ref-1" title='"USA Code for Information Interchange"'>1</a>]. Domain
+ names are used as names of hosts and of other entities in the domain
+ name hierarchy. For example, a domain may refer to an alias (label
+ of a CNAME RR) or the label of Mail eXchanger records to be used to
+ deliver mail instead of representing a host name. See [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>] and
+ <a href="#section-5">section 5</a> of this specification.
+
+ The domain name, as described in this document and in [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>], is the
+ entire, fully-qualified name (often referred to as an "FQDN"). A
+ domain name that is not in FQDN form is no more than a local alias.
+ Local aliases MUST NOT appear in any SMTP transaction.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.6" href="#section-2.3.6">2.3.6</a> Buffer and State Table</h4></span>
+
+ SMTP sessions are stateful, with both parties carefully maintaining a
+ common view of the current state. In this document we model this
+ state by a virtual "buffer" and a "state table" on the server which
+ may be used by the client to, for example, "clear the buffer" or
+ "reset the state table," causing the information in the buffer to be
+ discarded and the state to be returned to some previous state.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 11]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-12" id="page-12" href="#page-12" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.7" href="#section-2.3.7">2.3.7</a> Lines</h4></span>
+
+ SMTP commands and, unless altered by a service extension, message
+ data, are transmitted in "lines". Lines consist of zero or more data
+ characters terminated by the sequence ASCII character "CR" (hex value
+ 0D) followed immediately by ASCII character "LF" (hex value 0A).
+ This termination sequence is denoted as &lt;CRLF&gt; in this document.
+ Conforming implementations MUST NOT recognize or generate any other
+ character or character sequence as a line terminator. Limits MAY be
+ imposed on line lengths by servers (see <a href="#section-4.5.3">section 4.5.3</a>).
+
+ In addition, the appearance of "bare" "CR" or "LF" characters in text
+ (i.e., either without the other) has a long history of causing
+ problems in mail implementations and applications that use the mail
+ system as a tool. SMTP client implementations MUST NOT transmit
+ these characters except when they are intended as line terminators
+ and then MUST, as indicated above, transmit them only as a &lt;CRLF&gt;
+ sequence.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.8" href="#section-2.3.8">2.3.8</a> Originator, Delivery, Relay, and Gateway Systems</h4></span>
+
+ This specification makes a distinction among four types of SMTP
+ systems, based on the role those systems play in transmitting
+ electronic mail. An "originating" system (sometimes called an SMTP
+ originator) introduces mail into the Internet or, more generally,
+ into a transport service environment. A "delivery" SMTP system is
+ one that receives mail from a transport service environment and
+ passes it to a mail user agent or deposits it in a message store
+ which a mail user agent is expected to subsequently access. A
+ "relay" SMTP system (usually referred to just as a "relay") receives
+ mail from an SMTP client and transmits it, without modification to
+ the message data other than adding trace information, to another SMTP
+ server for further relaying or for delivery.
+
+ A "gateway" SMTP system (usually referred to just as a "gateway")
+ receives mail from a client system in one transport environment and
+ transmits it to a server system in another transport environment.
+ Differences in protocols or message semantics between the transport
+ environments on either side of a gateway may require that the gateway
+ system perform transformations to the message that are not permitted
+ to SMTP relay systems. For the purposes of this specification,
+ firewalls that rewrite addresses should be considered as gateways,
+ even if SMTP is used on both sides of them (see [<a href="#ref-11" title='"Behavior of and Requirements for Internet Firewalls"'>11</a>]).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 12]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-13" id="page-13" href="#page-13" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.9" href="#section-2.3.9">2.3.9</a> Message Content and Mail Data</h4></span>
+
+ The terms "message content" and "mail data" are used interchangeably
+ in this document to describe the material transmitted after the DATA
+ command is accepted and before the end of data indication is
+ transmitted. Message content includes message headers and the
+ possibly-structured message body. The MIME specification [<a href="#ref-12" title='"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"'>12</a>]
+ provides the standard mechanisms for structured message bodies.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.10" href="#section-2.3.10">2.3.10</a> Mailbox and Address</h4></span>
+
+ As used in this specification, an "address" is a character string
+ that identifies a user to whom mail will be sent or a location into
+ which mail will be deposited. The term "mailbox" refers to that
+ depository. The two terms are typically used interchangeably unless
+ the distinction between the location in which mail is placed (the
+ mailbox) and a reference to it (the address) is important. An
+ address normally consists of user and domain specifications. The
+ standard mailbox naming convention is defined to be "local-
+ part@domain": contemporary usage permits a much broader set of
+ applications than simple "user names". Consequently, and due to a
+ long history of problems when intermediate hosts have attempted to
+ optimize transport by modifying them, the local-part MUST be
+ interpreted and assigned semantics only by the host specified in the
+ domain part of the address.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-2.3.11" href="#section-2.3.11">2.3.11</a> Reply</h4></span>
+
+ An SMTP reply is an acknowledgment (positive or negative) sent from
+ receiver to sender via the transmission channel in response to a
+ command. The general form of a reply is a numeric completion code
+ (indicating failure or success) usually followed by a text string.
+ The codes are for use by programs and the text is usually intended
+ for human users. Recent work [<a href="#ref-34" title='"Enhanced Mail System Status Codes"'>34</a>] has specified further structuring
+ of the reply strings, including the use of supplemental and more
+ specific completion codes.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-2.4" href="#section-2.4">2.4</a> General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model</h3></span>
+
+ SMTP commands and replies have a rigid syntax. All commands begin
+ with a command verb. All Replies begin with a three digit numeric
+ code. In some commands and replies, arguments MUST follow the verb
+ or reply code. Some commands do not accept arguments (after the
+ verb), and some reply codes are followed, sometimes optionally, by
+ free form text. In both cases, where text appears, it is separated
+ from the verb or reply code by a space character. Complete
+ definitions of commands and replies appear in <a href="#section-4">section 4</a>.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 13]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-14" id="page-14" href="#page-14" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ Verbs and argument values (e.g., "TO:" or "to:" in the RCPT command
+ and extension name keywords) are not case sensitive, with the sole
+ exception in this specification of a mailbox local-part (SMTP
+ Extensions may explicitly specify case-sensitive elements). That is,
+ a command verb, an argument value other than a mailbox local-part,
+ and free form text MAY be encoded in upper case, lower case, or any
+ mixture of upper and lower case with no impact on its meaning. This
+ is NOT true of a mailbox local-part. The local-part of a mailbox
+ MUST BE treated as case sensitive. Therefore, SMTP implementations
+ MUST take care to preserve the case of mailbox local-parts. Mailbox
+ domains are not case sensitive. In particular, for some hosts the
+ user "smith" is different from the user "Smith". However, exploiting
+ the case sensitivity of mailbox local-parts impedes interoperability
+ and is discouraged.
+
+ A few SMTP servers, in violation of this specification (and <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>)
+ require that command verbs be encoded by clients in upper case.
+ Implementations MAY wish to employ this encoding to accommodate those
+ servers.
+
+ The argument field consists of a variable length character string
+ ending with the end of the line, i.e., with the character sequence
+ &lt;CRLF&gt;. The receiver will take no action until this sequence is
+ received.
+
+ The syntax for each command is shown with the discussion of that
+ command. Common elements and parameters are shown in <a href="#section-4.1.2">section 4.1.2</a>.
+
+ Commands and replies are composed of characters from the ASCII
+ character set [<a href="#ref-1" title='"USA Code for Information Interchange"'>1</a>]. When the transport service provides an 8-bit byte
+ (octet) transmission channel, each 7-bit character is transmitted
+ right justified in an octet with the high order bit cleared to zero.
+ More specifically, the unextended SMTP service provides seven bit
+ transport only. An originating SMTP client which has not
+ successfully negotiated an appropriate extension with a particular
+ server MUST NOT transmit messages with information in the high-order
+ bit of octets. If such messages are transmitted in violation of this
+ rule, receiving SMTP servers MAY clear the high-order bit or reject
+ the message as invalid. In general, a relay SMTP SHOULD assume that
+ the message content it has received is valid and, assuming that the
+ envelope permits doing so, relay it without inspecting that content.
+ Of course, if the content is mislabeled and the data path cannot
+ accept the actual content, this may result in ultimate delivery of a
+ severely garbled message to the recipient. Delivery SMTP systems MAY
+ reject ("bounce") such messages rather than deliver them. No sending
+ SMTP system is permitted to send envelope commands in any character
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 14]</span>
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+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ set other than US-ASCII; receiving systems SHOULD reject such
+ commands, normally using "500 syntax error - invalid character"
+ replies.
+
+ Eight-bit message content transmission MAY be requested of the server
+ by a client using extended SMTP facilities, notably the "8BITMIME"
+ extension [<a href="#ref-20" title='"SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport"'>20</a>]. 8BITMIME SHOULD be supported by SMTP servers.
+ However, it MUST not be construed as authorization to transmit
+ unrestricted eight bit material. 8BITMIME MUST NOT be requested by
+ senders for material with the high bit on that is not in MIME format
+ with an appropriate content-transfer encoding; servers MAY reject
+ such messages.
+
+ The metalinguistic notation used in this document corresponds to the
+ "Augmented BNF" used in other Internet mail system documents. The
+ reader who is not familiar with that syntax should consult the ABNF
+ specification [<a href="#ref-8" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>8</a>]. Metalanguage terms used in running text are
+ surrounded by pointed brackets (e.g., &lt;CRLF&gt;) for clarity.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. The SMTP Procedures: An Overview</h2></span>
+
+ This section contains descriptions of the procedures used in SMTP:
+ session initiation, the mail transaction, forwarding mail, verifying
+ mailbox names and expanding mailing lists, and the opening and
+ closing exchanges. Comments on relaying, a note on mail domains, and
+ a discussion of changing roles are included at the end of this
+ section. Several complete scenarios are presented in <a href="#appendix-D">appendix D</a>.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> Session Initiation</h3></span>
+
+ An SMTP session is initiated when a client opens a connection to a
+ server and the server responds with an opening message.
+
+ SMTP server implementations MAY include identification of their
+ software and version information in the connection greeting reply
+ after the 220 code, a practice that permits more efficient isolation
+ and repair of any problems. Implementations MAY make provision for
+ SMTP servers to disable the software and version announcement where
+ it causes security concerns. While some systems also identify their
+ contact point for mail problems, this is not a substitute for
+ maintaining the required "postmaster" address (see <a href="#section-4.5.1">section 4.5.1</a>).
+
+ The SMTP protocol allows a server to formally reject a transaction
+ while still allowing the initial connection as follows: a 554
+ response MAY be given in the initial connection opening message
+ instead of the 220. A server taking this approach MUST still wait
+ for the client to send a QUIT (see <a href="#section-4.1.1.10">section 4.1.1.10</a>) before closing
+ the connection and SHOULD respond to any intervening commands with
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 15]</span>
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+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ "503 bad sequence of commands". Since an attempt to make an SMTP
+ connection to such a system is probably in error, a server returning
+ a 554 response on connection opening SHOULD provide enough
+ information in the reply text to facilitate debugging of the sending
+ system.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a> Client Initiation</h3></span>
+
+ Once the server has sent the welcoming message and the client has
+ received it, the client normally sends the EHLO command to the
+ server, indicating the client's identity. In addition to opening the
+ session, use of EHLO indicates that the client is able to process
+ service extensions and requests that the server provide a list of the
+ extensions it supports. Older SMTP systems which are unable to
+ support service extensions and contemporary clients which do not
+ require service extensions in the mail session being initiated, MAY
+ use HELO instead of EHLO. Servers MUST NOT return the extended
+ EHLO-style response to a HELO command. For a particular connection
+ attempt, if the server returns a "command not recognized" response to
+ EHLO, the client SHOULD be able to fall back and send HELO.
+
+ In the EHLO command the host sending the command identifies itself;
+ the command may be interpreted as saying "Hello, I am &lt;domain&gt;" (and,
+ in the case of EHLO, "and I support service extension requests").
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a> Mail Transactions</h3></span>
+
+ There are three steps to SMTP mail transactions. The transaction
+ starts with a MAIL command which gives the sender identification.
+ (In general, the MAIL command may be sent only when no mail
+ transaction is in progress; see <a href="#section-4.1.4">section 4.1.4</a>.) A series of one or
+ more RCPT commands follows giving the receiver information. Then a
+ DATA command initiates transfer of the mail data and is terminated by
+ the "end of mail" data indicator, which also confirms the
+ transaction.
+
+ The first step in the procedure is the MAIL command.
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;reverse-path&gt; [SP &lt;mail-parameters&gt; ] &lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+ This command tells the SMTP-receiver that a new mail transaction is
+ starting and to reset all its state tables and buffers, including any
+ recipients or mail data. The &lt;reverse-path&gt; portion of the first or
+ only argument contains the source mailbox (between "&lt;" and "&gt;"
+ brackets), which can be used to report errors (see <a href="#section-4.2">section 4.2</a> for a
+ discussion of error reporting). If accepted, the SMTP server returns
+ a 250 OK reply. If the mailbox specification is not acceptable for
+ some reason, the server MUST return a reply indicating whether the
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 16]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ failure is permanent (i.e., will occur again if the client tries to
+ send the same address again) or temporary (i.e., the address might be
+ accepted if the client tries again later). Despite the apparent
+ scope of this requirement, there are circumstances in which the
+ acceptability of the reverse-path may not be determined until one or
+ more forward-paths (in RCPT commands) can be examined. In those
+ cases, the server MAY reasonably accept the reverse-path (with a 250
+ reply) and then report problems after the forward-paths are received
+ and examined. Normally, failures produce 550 or 553 replies.
+
+ Historically, the &lt;reverse-path&gt; can contain more than just a
+ mailbox, however, contemporary systems SHOULD NOT use source routing
+ (see <a href="#appendix-C">appendix C</a>).
+
+ The optional &lt;mail-parameters&gt; are associated with negotiated SMTP
+ service extensions (see <a href="#section-2.2">section 2.2</a>).
+
+ The second step in the procedure is the RCPT command.
+
+ RCPT TO:&lt;forward-path&gt; [ SP &lt;rcpt-parameters&gt; ] &lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+ The first or only argument to this command includes a forward-path
+ (normally a mailbox and domain, always surrounded by "&lt;" and "&gt;"
+ brackets) identifying one recipient. If accepted, the SMTP server
+ returns a 250 OK reply and stores the forward-path. If the recipient
+ is known not to be a deliverable address, the SMTP server returns a
+ 550 reply, typically with a string such as "no such user - " and the
+ mailbox name (other circumstances and reply codes are possible).
+ This step of the procedure can be repeated any number of times.
+
+ The &lt;forward-path&gt; can contain more than just a mailbox.
+ Historically, the &lt;forward-path&gt; can be a source routing list of
+ hosts and the destination mailbox, however, contemporary SMTP clients
+ SHOULD NOT utilize source routes (see <a href="#appendix-C">appendix C</a>). Servers MUST be
+ prepared to encounter a list of source routes in the forward path,
+ but SHOULD ignore the routes or MAY decline to support the relaying
+ they imply. Similarly, servers MAY decline to accept mail that is
+ destined for other hosts or systems. These restrictions make a
+ server useless as a relay for clients that do not support full SMTP
+ functionality. Consequently, restricted-capability clients MUST NOT
+ assume that any SMTP server on the Internet can be used as their mail
+ processing (relaying) site. If a RCPT command appears without a
+ previous MAIL command, the server MUST return a 503 "Bad sequence of
+ commands" response. The optional &lt;rcpt-parameters&gt; are associated
+ with negotiated SMTP service extensions (see <a href="#section-2.2">section 2.2</a>).
+
+ The third step in the procedure is the DATA command (or some
+ alternative specified in a service extension).
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 17]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ DATA &lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+ If accepted, the SMTP server returns a 354 Intermediate reply and
+ considers all succeeding lines up to but not including the end of
+ mail data indicator to be the message text. When the end of text is
+ successfully received and stored the SMTP-receiver sends a 250 OK
+ reply.
+
+ Since the mail data is sent on the transmission channel, the end of
+ mail data must be indicated so that the command and reply dialog can
+ be resumed. SMTP indicates the end of the mail data by sending a
+ line containing only a "." (period or full stop). A transparency
+ procedure is used to prevent this from interfering with the user's
+ text (see <a href="#section-4.5.2">section 4.5.2</a>).
+
+ The end of mail data indicator also confirms the mail transaction and
+ tells the SMTP server to now process the stored recipients and mail
+ data. If accepted, the SMTP server returns a 250 OK reply. The DATA
+ command can fail at only two points in the protocol exchange:
+
+ - If there was no MAIL, or no RCPT, command, or all such commands
+ were rejected, the server MAY return a "command out of sequence"
+ (503) or "no valid recipients" (554) reply in response to the DATA
+ command. If one of those replies (or any other 5yz reply) is
+ received, the client MUST NOT send the message data; more
+ generally, message data MUST NOT be sent unless a 354 reply is
+ received.
+
+ - If the verb is initially accepted and the 354 reply issued, the
+ DATA command should fail only if the mail transaction was
+ incomplete (for example, no recipients), or if resources were
+ unavailable (including, of course, the server unexpectedly
+ becoming unavailable), or if the server determines that the
+ message should be rejected for policy or other reasons.
+
+ However, in practice, some servers do not perform recipient
+ verification until after the message text is received. These servers
+ SHOULD treat a failure for one or more recipients as a "subsequent
+ failure" and return a mail message as discussed in <a href="#section-6">section 6</a>. Using
+ a "550 mailbox not found" (or equivalent) reply code after the data
+ are accepted makes it difficult or impossible for the client to
+ determine which recipients failed.
+
+ When <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> format [<a href="#ref-7" title='"Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages"'>7</a>, <a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>] is being used, the mail data include the
+ memo header items such as Date, Subject, To, Cc, From. Server SMTP
+ systems SHOULD NOT reject messages based on perceived defects in the
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> or MIME [<a href="#ref-12" title='"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"'>12</a>] message header or message body. In particular,
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 18]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ they MUST NOT reject messages in which the numbers of Resent-fields
+ do not match or Resent-to appears without Resent-from and/or Resent-
+ date.
+
+ Mail transaction commands MUST be used in the order discussed above.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a> Forwarding for Address Correction or Updating</h3></span>
+
+ Forwarding support is most often required to consolidate and simplify
+ addresses within, or relative to, some enterprise and less frequently
+ to establish addresses to link a person's prior address with current
+ one. Silent forwarding of messages (without server notification to
+ the sender), for security or non-disclosure purposes, is common in
+ the contemporary Internet.
+
+ In both the enterprise and the "new address" cases, information
+ hiding (and sometimes security) considerations argue against exposure
+ of the "final" address through the SMTP protocol as a side-effect of
+ the forwarding activity. This may be especially important when the
+ final address may not even be reachable by the sender. Consequently,
+ the "forwarding" mechanisms described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821#section-3.2">section 3.2 of RFC 821</a>, and
+ especially the 251 (corrected destination) and 551 reply codes from
+ RCPT must be evaluated carefully by implementers and, when they are
+ available, by those configuring systems.
+
+ In particular:
+
+ * Servers MAY forward messages when they are aware of an address
+ change. When they do so, they MAY either provide address-updating
+ information with a 251 code, or may forward "silently" and return
+ a 250 code. But, if a 251 code is used, they MUST NOT assume that
+ the client will actually update address information or even return
+ that information to the user.
+
+ Alternately,
+
+ * Servers MAY reject or bounce messages when they are not
+ deliverable when addressed. When they do so, they MAY either
+ provide address-updating information with a 551 code, or may
+ reject the message as undeliverable with a 550 code and no
+ address-specific information. But, if a 551 code is used, they
+ MUST NOT assume that the client will actually update address
+ information or even return that information to the user.
+
+ SMTP server implementations that support the 251 and/or 551 reply
+ codes are strongly encouraged to provide configuration mechanisms so
+ that sites which conclude that they would undesirably disclose
+ information can disable or restrict their use.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 19]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-20" id="page-20" href="#page-20" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5" href="#section-3.5">3.5</a> Commands for Debugging Addresses</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5.1" href="#section-3.5.1">3.5.1</a> Overview</h4></span>
+
+ SMTP provides commands to verify a user name or obtain the content of
+ a mailing list. This is done with the VRFY and EXPN commands, which
+ have character string arguments. Implementations SHOULD support VRFY
+ and EXPN (however, see <a href="#section-3.5.2">section 3.5.2</a> and 7.3).
+
+ For the VRFY command, the string is a user name or a user name and
+ domain (see below). If a normal (i.e., 250) response is returned,
+ the response MAY include the full name of the user and MUST include
+ the mailbox of the user. It MUST be in either of the following
+ forms:
+
+ User Name &lt;local-part@domain&gt;
+ local-part@domain
+
+ When a name that is the argument to VRFY could identify more than one
+ mailbox, the server MAY either note the ambiguity or identify the
+ alternatives. In other words, any of the following are legitimate
+ response to VRFY:
+
+ 553 User ambiguous
+
+ or
+
+ 553- Ambiguous; Possibilities are
+ 553-Joe Smith &lt;jsmith@foo.com&gt;
+ 553-Harry Smith &lt;hsmith@foo.com&gt;
+ 553 Melvin Smith &lt;dweep@foo.com&gt;
+
+ or
+
+ 553-Ambiguous; Possibilities
+ 553- &lt;jsmith@foo.com&gt;
+ 553- &lt;hsmith@foo.com&gt;
+ 553 &lt;dweep@foo.com&gt;
+
+ Under normal circumstances, a client receiving a 553 reply would be
+ expected to expose the result to the user. Use of exactly the forms
+ given, and the "user ambiguous" or "ambiguous" keywords, possibly
+ supplemented by extended reply codes such as those described in [<a href="#ref-34" title='"Enhanced Mail System Status Codes"'>34</a>],
+ will facilitate automated translation into other languages as needed.
+ Of course, a client that was highly automated or that was operating
+ in another language than English, might choose to try to translate
+ the response, to return some other indication to the user than the
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 20]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-21" id="page-21" href="#page-21" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ literal text of the reply, or to take some automated action such as
+ consulting a directory service for additional information before
+ reporting to the user.
+
+ For the EXPN command, the string identifies a mailing list, and the
+ successful (i.e., 250) multiline response MAY include the full name
+ of the users and MUST give the mailboxes on the mailing list.
+
+ In some hosts the distinction between a mailing list and an alias for
+ a single mailbox is a bit fuzzy, since a common data structure may
+ hold both types of entries, and it is possible to have mailing lists
+ containing only one mailbox. If a request is made to apply VRFY to a
+ mailing list, a positive response MAY be given if a message so
+ addressed would be delivered to everyone on the list, otherwise an
+ error SHOULD be reported (e.g., "550 That is a mailing list, not a
+ user" or "252 Unable to verify members of mailing list"). If a
+ request is made to expand a user name, the server MAY return a
+ positive response consisting of a list containing one name, or an
+ error MAY be reported (e.g., "550 That is a user name, not a mailing
+ list").
+
+ In the case of a successful multiline reply (normal for EXPN) exactly
+ one mailbox is to be specified on each line of the reply. The case
+ of an ambiguous request is discussed above.
+
+ "User name" is a fuzzy term and has been used deliberately. An
+ implementation of the VRFY or EXPN commands MUST include at least
+ recognition of local mailboxes as "user names". However, since
+ current Internet practice often results in a single host handling
+ mail for multiple domains, hosts, especially hosts that provide this
+ functionality, SHOULD accept the "local-part@domain" form as a "user
+ name"; hosts MAY also choose to recognize other strings as "user
+ names".
+
+ The case of expanding a mailbox list requires a multiline reply, such
+ as:
+
+ C: EXPN Example-People
+ S: 250-Jon Postel &lt;Postel@isi.edu&gt;
+ S: 250-Fred Fonebone &lt;Fonebone@physics.foo-u.edu&gt;
+ S: 250 Sam Q. Smith &lt;SQSmith@specific.generic.com&gt;
+
+ or
+
+ C: EXPN Executive-Washroom-List
+ S: 550 Access Denied to You.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 21]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-22" id="page-22" href="#page-22" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ The character string arguments of the VRFY and EXPN commands cannot
+ be further restricted due to the variety of implementations of the
+ user name and mailbox list concepts. On some systems it may be
+ appropriate for the argument of the EXPN command to be a file name
+ for a file containing a mailing list, but again there are a variety
+ of file naming conventions in the Internet. Similarly, historical
+ variations in what is returned by these commands are such that the
+ response SHOULD be interpreted very carefully, if at all, and SHOULD
+ generally only be used for diagnostic purposes.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5.2" href="#section-3.5.2">3.5.2</a> VRFY Normal Response</h4></span>
+
+ When normal (2yz or 551) responses are returned from a VRFY or EXPN
+ request, the reply normally includes the mailbox name, i.e.,
+ "&lt;local-part@domain&gt;", where "domain" is a fully qualified domain
+ name, MUST appear in the syntax. In circumstances exceptional enough
+ to justify violating the intent of this specification, free-form text
+ MAY be returned. In order to facilitate parsing by both computers
+ and people, addresses SHOULD appear in pointed brackets. When
+ addresses, rather than free-form debugging information, are returned,
+ EXPN and VRFY MUST return only valid domain addresses that are usable
+ in SMTP RCPT commands. Consequently, if an address implies delivery
+ to a program or other system, the mailbox name used to reach that
+ target MUST be given. Paths (explicit source routes) MUST NOT be
+ returned by VRFY or EXPN.
+
+ Server implementations SHOULD support both VRFY and EXPN. For
+ security reasons, implementations MAY provide local installations a
+ way to disable either or both of these commands through configuration
+ options or the equivalent. When these commands are supported, they
+ are not required to work across relays when relaying is supported.
+ Since they were both optional in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>, they MUST be listed as
+ service extensions in an EHLO response, if they are supported.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5.3" href="#section-3.5.3">3.5.3</a> Meaning of VRFY or EXPN Success Response</h4></span>
+
+ A server MUST NOT return a 250 code in response to a VRFY or EXPN
+ command unless it has actually verified the address. In particular,
+ a server MUST NOT return 250 if all it has done is to verify that the
+ syntax given is valid. In that case, 502 (Command not implemented)
+ or 500 (Syntax error, command unrecognized) SHOULD be returned. As
+ stated elsewhere, implementation (in the sense of actually validating
+ addresses and returning information) of VRFY and EXPN are strongly
+ recommended. Hence, implementations that return 500 or 502 for VRFY
+ are not in full compliance with this specification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 22]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-23" id="page-23" href="#page-23" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ There may be circumstances where an address appears to be valid but
+ cannot reasonably be verified in real time, particularly when a
+ server is acting as a mail exchanger for another server or domain.
+ "Apparent validity" in this case would normally involve at least
+ syntax checking and might involve verification that any domains
+ specified were ones to which the host expected to be able to relay
+ mail. In these situations, reply code 252 SHOULD be returned. These
+ cases parallel the discussion of RCPT verification discussed in
+ <a href="#section-2.1">section 2.1</a>. Similarly, the discussion in <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a> applies to the
+ use of reply codes 251 and 551 with VRFY (and EXPN) to indicate
+ addresses that are recognized but that would be forwarded or bounced
+ were mail received for them. Implementations generally SHOULD be
+ more aggressive about address verification in the case of VRFY than
+ in the case of RCPT, even if it takes a little longer to do so.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5.4" href="#section-3.5.4">3.5.4</a> Semantics and Applications of EXPN</h4></span>
+
+ EXPN is often very useful in debugging and understanding problems
+ with mailing lists and multiple-target-address aliases. Some systems
+ have attempted to use source expansion of mailing lists as a means of
+ eliminating duplicates. The propagation of aliasing systems with
+ mail on the Internet, for hosts (typically with MX and CNAME DNS
+ records), for mailboxes (various types of local host aliases), and in
+ various proxying arrangements, has made it nearly impossible for
+ these strategies to work consistently, and mail systems SHOULD NOT
+ attempt them.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.6" href="#section-3.6">3.6</a> Domains</h3></span>
+
+ Only resolvable, fully-qualified, domain names (FQDNs) are permitted
+ when domain names are used in SMTP. In other words, names that can
+ be resolved to MX RRs or A RRs (as discussed in <a href="#section-5">section 5</a>) are
+ permitted, as are CNAME RRs whose targets can be resolved, in turn,
+ to MX or A RRs. Local nicknames or unqualified names MUST NOT be
+ used. There are two exceptions to the rule requiring FQDNs:
+
+ - The domain name given in the EHLO command MUST BE either a primary
+ host name (a domain name that resolves to an A RR) or, if the host
+ has no name, an address literal as described in <a href="#section-4.1.1.1">section 4.1.1.1</a>.
+
+ - The reserved mailbox name "postmaster" may be used in a RCPT
+ command without domain qualification (see <a href="#section-4.1.1.3">section 4.1.1.3</a>) and
+ MUST be accepted if so used.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 23]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-24" id="page-24" href="#page-24" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.7" href="#section-3.7">3.7</a> Relaying</h3></span>
+
+ In general, the availability of Mail eXchanger records in the domain
+ name system [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>, <a href="#ref-27" title='"Mail routing and the domain system"'>27</a>] makes the use of explicit source routes in the
+ Internet mail system unnecessary. Many historical problems with
+ their interpretation have made their use undesirable. SMTP clients
+ SHOULD NOT generate explicit source routes except under unusual
+ circumstances. SMTP servers MAY decline to act as mail relays or to
+ accept addresses that specify source routes. When route information
+ is encountered, SMTP servers are also permitted to ignore the route
+ information and simply send to the final destination specified as the
+ last element in the route and SHOULD do so. There has been an
+ invalid practice of using names that do not appear in the DNS as
+ destination names, with the senders counting on the intermediate
+ hosts specified in source routing to resolve any problems. If source
+ routes are stripped, this practice will cause failures. This is one
+ of several reasons why SMTP clients MUST NOT generate invalid source
+ routes or depend on serial resolution of names.
+
+ When source routes are not used, the process described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> for
+ constructing a reverse-path from the forward-path is not applicable
+ and the reverse-path at the time of delivery will simply be the
+ address that appeared in the MAIL command.
+
+ A relay SMTP server is usually the target of a DNS MX record that
+ designates it, rather than the final delivery system. The relay
+ server may accept or reject the task of relaying the mail in the same
+ way it accepts or rejects mail for a local user. If it accepts the
+ task, it then becomes an SMTP client, establishes a transmission
+ channel to the next SMTP server specified in the DNS (according to
+ the rules in <a href="#section-5">section 5</a>), and sends it the mail. If it declines to
+ relay mail to a particular address for policy reasons, a 550 response
+ SHOULD be returned.
+
+ Many mail-sending clients exist, especially in conjunction with
+ facilities that receive mail via POP3 or IMAP, that have limited
+ capability to support some of the requirements of this specification,
+ such as the ability to queue messages for subsequent delivery
+ attempts. For these clients, it is common practice to make private
+ arrangements to send all messages to a single server for processing
+ and subsequent distribution. SMTP, as specified here, is not ideally
+ suited for this role, and work is underway on standardized mail
+ submission protocols that might eventually supercede the current
+ practices. In any event, because these arrangements are private and
+ fall outside the scope of this specification, they are not described
+ here.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 24]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-25" id="page-25" href="#page-25" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ It is important to note that MX records can point to SMTP servers
+ which act as gateways into other environments, not just SMTP relays
+ and final delivery systems; see sections <a href="#section-3.8">3.8</a> and <a href="#section-5">5</a>.
+
+ If an SMTP server has accepted the task of relaying the mail and
+ later finds that the destination is incorrect or that the mail cannot
+ be delivered for some other reason, then it MUST construct an
+ "undeliverable mail" notification message and send it to the
+ originator of the undeliverable mail (as indicated by the reverse-
+ path). Formats specified for non-delivery reports by other standards
+ (see, for example, [<a href="#ref-24" title='"SMTP Service Extension for Delivery Status Notifications"'>24</a>, <a href="#ref-25" title='"An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications"'>25</a>]) SHOULD be used if possible.
+
+ This notification message must be from the SMTP server at the relay
+ host or the host that first determines that delivery cannot be
+ accomplished. Of course, SMTP servers MUST NOT send notification
+ messages about problems transporting notification messages. One way
+ to prevent loops in error reporting is to specify a null reverse-path
+ in the MAIL command of a notification message. When such a message
+ is transmitted the reverse-path MUST be set to null (see <a href="#section-4.5.5">section</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.5.5">4.5.5</a> for additional discussion). A MAIL command with a null
+ reverse-path appears as follows:
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;&gt;
+
+ As discussed in <a href="#section-2.4.1">section 2.4.1</a>, a relay SMTP has no need to inspect or
+ act upon the headers or body of the message data and MUST NOT do so
+ except to add its own "Received:" header (<a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>) and,
+ optionally, to attempt to detect looping in the mail system (see
+ <a href="#section-6.2">section 6.2</a>).
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8" href="#section-3.8">3.8</a> Mail Gatewaying</h3></span>
+
+ While the relay function discussed above operates within the Internet
+ SMTP transport service environment, MX records or various forms of
+ explicit routing may require that an intermediate SMTP server perform
+ a translation function between one transport service and another. As
+ discussed in <a href="#section-2.3.8">section 2.3.8</a>, when such a system is at the boundary
+ between two transport service environments, we refer to it as a
+ "gateway" or "gateway SMTP".
+
+ Gatewaying mail between different mail environments, such as
+ different mail formats and protocols, is complex and does not easily
+ yield to standardization. However, some general requirements may be
+ given for a gateway between the Internet and another mail
+ environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 25]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-26" id="page-26" href="#page-26" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8.1" href="#section-3.8.1">3.8.1</a> Header Fields in Gatewaying</h4></span>
+
+ Header fields MAY be rewritten when necessary as messages are
+ gatewayed across mail environment boundaries. This may involve
+ inspecting the message body or interpreting the local-part of the
+ destination address in spite of the prohibitions in <a href="#section-2.4.1">section 2.4.1</a>.
+
+ Other mail systems gatewayed to the Internet often use a subset of
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> headers or provide similar functionality with a different
+ syntax, but some of these mail systems do not have an equivalent to
+ the SMTP envelope. Therefore, when a message leaves the Internet
+ environment, it may be necessary to fold the SMTP envelope
+ information into the message header. A possible solution would be to
+ create new header fields to carry the envelope information (e.g.,
+ "X-SMTP-MAIL:" and "X-SMTP-RCPT:"); however, this would require
+ changes in mail programs in foreign environments and might risk
+ disclosure of private information (see <a href="#section-7.2">section 7.2</a>).
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8.2" href="#section-3.8.2">3.8.2</a> Received Lines in Gatewaying</h4></span>
+
+ When forwarding a message into or out of the Internet environment, a
+ gateway MUST prepend a Received: line, but it MUST NOT alter in any
+ way a Received: line that is already in the header.
+
+ "Received:" fields of messages originating from other environments
+ may not conform exactly to this specification. However, the most
+ important use of Received: lines is for debugging mail faults, and
+ this debugging can be severely hampered by well-meaning gateways that
+ try to "fix" a Received: line. As another consequence of trace
+ fields arising in non-SMTP environments, receiving systems MUST NOT
+ reject mail based on the format of a trace field and SHOULD be
+ extremely robust in the light of unexpected information or formats in
+ those fields.
+
+ The gateway SHOULD indicate the environment and protocol in the "via"
+ clauses of Received field(s) that it supplies.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8.3" href="#section-3.8.3">3.8.3</a> Addresses in Gatewaying</h4></span>
+
+ From the Internet side, the gateway SHOULD accept all valid address
+ formats in SMTP commands and in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> headers, and all valid <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">822</a> messages. Addresses and headers generated by gateways MUST
+ conform to applicable Internet standards (including this one and <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">822</a>). Gateways are, of course, subject to the same rules for
+ handling source routes as those described for other SMTP systems in
+ <a href="#section-3.3">section 3.3</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 26]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-27" id="page-27" href="#page-27" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8.4" href="#section-3.8.4">3.8.4</a> Other Header Fields in Gatewaying</h4></span>
+
+ The gateway MUST ensure that all header fields of a message that it
+ forwards into the Internet mail environment meet the requirements for
+ Internet mail. In particular, all addresses in "From:", "To:",
+ "Cc:", etc., fields MUST be transformed (if necessary) to satisfy <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">822</a> syntax, MUST reference only fully-qualified domain names, and
+ MUST be effective and useful for sending replies. The translation
+ algorithm used to convert mail from the Internet protocols to another
+ environment's protocol SHOULD ensure that error messages from the
+ foreign mail environment are delivered to the return path from the
+ SMTP envelope, not to the sender listed in the "From:" field (or
+ other fields) of the <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> message.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.8.5" href="#section-3.8.5">3.8.5</a> Envelopes in Gatewaying</h4></span>
+
+ Similarly, when forwarding a message from another environment into
+ the Internet, the gateway SHOULD set the envelope return path in
+ accordance with an error message return address, if supplied by the
+ foreign environment. If the foreign environment has no equivalent
+ concept, the gateway must select and use a best approximation, with
+ the message originator's address as the default of last resort.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.9" href="#section-3.9">3.9</a> Terminating Sessions and Connections</h3></span>
+
+ An SMTP connection is terminated when the client sends a QUIT
+ command. The server responds with a positive reply code, after which
+ it closes the connection.
+
+ An SMTP server MUST NOT intentionally close the connection except:
+
+ - After receiving a QUIT command and responding with a 221 reply.
+
+ - After detecting the need to shut down the SMTP service and
+ returning a 421 response code. This response code can be issued
+ after the server receives any command or, if necessary,
+ asynchronously from command receipt (on the assumption that the
+ client will receive it after the next command is issued).
+
+ In particular, a server that closes connections in response to
+ commands that are not understood is in violation of this
+ specification. Servers are expected to be tolerant of unknown
+ commands, issuing a 500 reply and awaiting further instructions from
+ the client.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 27]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-28" id="page-28" href="#page-28" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ An SMTP server which is forcibly shut down via external means SHOULD
+ attempt to send a line containing a 421 response code to the SMTP
+ client before exiting. The SMTP client will normally read the 421
+ response code after sending its next command.
+
+ SMTP clients that experience a connection close, reset, or other
+ communications failure due to circumstances not under their control
+ (in violation of the intent of this specification but sometimes
+ unavoidable) SHOULD, to maintain the robustness of the mail system,
+ treat the mail transaction as if a 451 response had been received and
+ act accordingly.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.10" href="#section-3.10">3.10</a> Mailing Lists and Aliases</h3></span>
+
+ An SMTP-capable host SHOULD support both the alias and the list
+ models of address expansion for multiple delivery. When a message is
+ delivered or forwarded to each address of an expanded list form, the
+ return address in the envelope ("MAIL FROM:") MUST be changed to be
+ the address of a person or other entity who administers the list.
+ However, in this case, the message header [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>] MUST be left
+ unchanged; in particular, the "From" field of the message header is
+ unaffected.
+
+ An important mail facility is a mechanism for multi-destination
+ delivery of a single message, by transforming (or "expanding" or
+ "exploding") a pseudo-mailbox address into a list of destination
+ mailbox addresses. When a message is sent to such a pseudo-mailbox
+ (sometimes called an "exploder"), copies are forwarded or
+ redistributed to each mailbox in the expanded list. Servers SHOULD
+ simply utilize the addresses on the list; application of heuristics
+ or other matching rules to eliminate some addresses, such as that of
+ the originator, is strongly discouraged. We classify such a pseudo-
+ mailbox as an "alias" or a "list", depending upon the expansion
+ rules.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.10.1" href="#section-3.10.1">3.10.1</a> Alias</h4></span>
+
+ To expand an alias, the recipient mailer simply replaces the pseudo-
+ mailbox address in the envelope with each of the expanded addresses
+ in turn; the rest of the envelope and the message body are left
+ unchanged. The message is then delivered or forwarded to each
+ expanded address.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.10.2" href="#section-3.10.2">3.10.2</a> List</h4></span>
+
+ A mailing list may be said to operate by "redistribution" rather than
+ by "forwarding". To expand a list, the recipient mailer replaces the
+ pseudo-mailbox address in the envelope with all of the expanded
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 28]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-29" id="page-29" href="#page-29" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ addresses. The return address in the envelope is changed so that all
+ error messages generated by the final deliveries will be returned to
+ a list administrator, not to the message originator, who generally
+ has no control over the contents of the list and will typically find
+ error messages annoying.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. The SMTP Specifications</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a> SMTP Commands</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a> Command Semantics and Syntax</h4></span>
+
+ The SMTP commands define the mail transfer or the mail system
+ function requested by the user. SMTP commands are character strings
+ terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;. The commands themselves are alphabetic
+ characters terminated by &lt;SP&gt; if parameters follow and &lt;CRLF&gt;
+ otherwise. (In the interest of improved interoperability, SMTP
+ receivers are encouraged to tolerate trailing white space before the
+ terminating &lt;CRLF&gt;.) The syntax of the local part of a mailbox must
+ conform to receiver site conventions and the syntax specified in
+ <a href="#section-4.1.2">section 4.1.2</a>. The SMTP commands are discussed below. The SMTP
+ replies are discussed in <a href="#section-4.2">section 4.2</a>.
+
+ A mail transaction involves several data objects which are
+ communicated as arguments to different commands. The reverse-path is
+ the argument of the MAIL command, the forward-path is the argument of
+ the RCPT command, and the mail data is the argument of the DATA
+ command. These arguments or data objects must be transmitted and
+ held pending the confirmation communicated by the end of mail data
+ indication which finalizes the transaction. The model for this is
+ that distinct buffers are provided to hold the types of data objects,
+ that is, there is a reverse-path buffer, a forward-path buffer, and a
+ mail data buffer. Specific commands cause information to be appended
+ to a specific buffer, or cause one or more buffers to be cleared.
+
+ Several commands (RSET, DATA, QUIT) are specified as not permitting
+ parameters. In the absence of specific extensions offered by the
+ server and accepted by the client, clients MUST NOT send such
+ parameters and servers SHOULD reject commands containing them as
+ having invalid syntax.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.1" href="#section-4.1.1.1">4.1.1.1</a> Extended HELLO (EHLO) or HELLO (HELO)</h5></span>
+
+ These commands are used to identify the SMTP client to the SMTP
+ server. The argument field contains the fully-qualified domain name
+ of the SMTP client if one is available. In situations in which the
+ SMTP client system does not have a meaningful domain name (e.g., when
+ its address is dynamically allocated and no reverse mapping record is
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 29]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-30" id="page-30" href="#page-30" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ available), the client SHOULD send an address literal (see <a href="#section-4.1.3">section</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a>), optionally followed by information that will help to identify
+ the client system. y The SMTP server identifies itself to the SMTP
+ client in the connection greeting reply and in the response to this
+ command.
+
+ A client SMTP SHOULD start an SMTP session by issuing the EHLO
+ command. If the SMTP server supports the SMTP service extensions it
+ will give a successful response, a failure response, or an error
+ response. If the SMTP server, in violation of this specification,
+ does not support any SMTP service extensions it will generate an
+ error response. Older client SMTP systems MAY, as discussed above,
+ use HELO (as specified in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>) instead of EHLO, and servers MUST
+ support the HELO command and reply properly to it. In any event, a
+ client MUST issue HELO or EHLO before starting a mail transaction.
+
+ These commands, and a "250 OK" reply to one of them, confirm that
+ both the SMTP client and the SMTP server are in the initial state,
+ that is, there is no transaction in progress and all state tables and
+ buffers are cleared.
+
+ Syntax:
+
+ ehlo = "EHLO" SP Domain CRLF
+ helo = "HELO" SP Domain CRLF
+
+ Normally, the response to EHLO will be a multiline reply. Each line
+ of the response contains a keyword and, optionally, one or more
+ parameters. Following the normal syntax for multiline replies, these
+ keyworks follow the code (250) and a hyphen for all but the last
+ line, and the code and a space for the last line. The syntax for a
+ positive response, using the ABNF notation and terminal symbols of
+ [<a href="#ref-8" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>8</a>], is:
+
+ ehlo-ok-rsp = ( "250" domain [ SP ehlo-greet ] CRLF )
+ / ( "250-" domain [ SP ehlo-greet ] CRLF
+ *( "250-" ehlo-line CRLF )
+ "250" SP ehlo-line CRLF )
+
+ ehlo-greet = 1*(%d0-9 / %d11-12 / %d14-127)
+ ; string of any characters other than CR or LF
+
+ ehlo-line = ehlo-keyword *( SP ehlo-param )
+
+ ehlo-keyword = (ALPHA / DIGIT) *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
+ ; additional syntax of ehlo-params depends on
+ ; ehlo-keyword
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 30]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-31" id="page-31" href="#page-31" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ ehlo-param = 1*(%d33-127)
+ ; any CHAR excluding &lt;SP&gt; and all
+ ; control characters (US-ASCII 0-31 inclusive)
+
+ Although EHLO keywords may be specified in upper, lower, or mixed
+ case, they MUST always be recognized and processed in a case-
+ insensitive manner. This is simply an extension of practices
+ specified in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> and <a href="#section-2.4.1">section 2.4.1</a>.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.2" href="#section-4.1.1.2">4.1.1.2</a> MAIL (MAIL)</h5></span>
+
+ This command is used to initiate a mail transaction in which the mail
+ data is delivered to an SMTP server which may, in turn, deliver it to
+ one or more mailboxes or pass it on to another system (possibly using
+ SMTP). The argument field contains a reverse-path and may contain
+ optional parameters. In general, the MAIL command may be sent only
+ when no mail transaction is in progress, see <a href="#section-4.1.4">section 4.1.4</a>.
+
+ The reverse-path consists of the sender mailbox. Historically, that
+ mailbox might optionally have been preceded by a list of hosts, but
+ that behavior is now deprecated (see <a href="#appendix-C">appendix C</a>). In some types of
+ reporting messages for which a reply is likely to cause a mail loop
+ (for example, mail delivery and nondelivery notifications), the
+ reverse-path may be null (see <a href="#section-3.7">section 3.7</a>).
+
+ This command clears the reverse-path buffer, the forward-path buffer,
+ and the mail data buffer; and inserts the reverse-path information
+ from this command into the reverse-path buffer.
+
+ If service extensions were negotiated, the MAIL command may also
+ carry parameters associated with a particular service extension.
+
+ Syntax:
+
+ "MAIL FROM:" ("&lt;&gt;" / Reverse-Path)
+ [SP Mail-parameters] CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.3" href="#section-4.1.1.3">4.1.1.3</a> RECIPIENT (RCPT)</h5></span>
+
+ This command is used to identify an individual recipient of the mail
+ data; multiple recipients are specified by multiple use of this
+ command. The argument field contains a forward-path and may contain
+ optional parameters.
+
+ The forward-path normally consists of the required destination
+ mailbox. Sending systems SHOULD not generate the optional list of
+ hosts known as a source route. Receiving systems MUST recognize
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 31]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-32" id="page-32" href="#page-32" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ source route syntax but SHOULD strip off the source route
+ specification and utilize the domain name associated with the mailbox
+ as if the source route had not been provided.
+
+ Similarly, relay hosts SHOULD strip or ignore source routes, and
+ names MUST NOT be copied into the reverse-path. When mail reaches
+ its ultimate destination (the forward-path contains only a
+ destination mailbox), the SMTP server inserts it into the destination
+ mailbox in accordance with its host mail conventions.
+
+ For example, mail received at relay host xyz.com with envelope
+ commands
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;userx@y.foo.org&gt;
+ RCPT TO:&lt;@hosta.int,@jkl.org:userc@d.bar.org&gt;
+
+ will normally be sent directly on to host d.bar.org with envelope
+ commands
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;userx@y.foo.org&gt;
+ RCPT TO:&lt;userc@d.bar.org&gt;
+
+ As provided in <a href="#appendix-C">appendix C</a>, xyz.com MAY also choose to relay the
+ message to hosta.int, using the envelope commands
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;userx@y.foo.org&gt;
+ RCPT TO:&lt;@hosta.int,@jkl.org:userc@d.bar.org&gt;
+
+ or to jkl.org, using the envelope commands
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;userx@y.foo.org&gt;
+ RCPT TO:&lt;@jkl.org:userc@d.bar.org&gt;
+
+ Of course, since hosts are not required to relay mail at all, xyz.com
+ may also reject the message entirely when the RCPT command is
+ received, using a 550 code (since this is a "policy reason").
+
+ If service extensions were negotiated, the RCPT command may also
+ carry parameters associated with a particular service extension
+ offered by the server. The client MUST NOT transmit parameters other
+ than those associated with a service extension offered by the server
+ in its EHLO response.
+
+Syntax:
+ "RCPT TO:" ("&lt;Postmaster@" domain "&gt;" / "&lt;Postmaster&gt;" / Forward-Path)
+ [SP Rcpt-parameters] CRLF
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 32]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-33" id="page-33" href="#page-33" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.4" href="#section-4.1.1.4">4.1.1.4</a> DATA (DATA)</h5></span>
+
+ The receiver normally sends a 354 response to DATA, and then treats
+ the lines (strings ending in &lt;CRLF&gt; sequences, as described in
+ <a href="#section-2.3.7">section 2.3.7</a>) following the command as mail data from the sender.
+ This command causes the mail data to be appended to the mail data
+ buffer. The mail data may contain any of the 128 ASCII character
+ codes, although experience has indicated that use of control
+ characters other than SP, HT, CR, and LF may cause problems and
+ SHOULD be avoided when possible.
+
+ The mail data is terminated by a line containing only a period, that
+ is, the character sequence "&lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;" (see <a href="#section-4.5.2">section 4.5.2</a>). This
+ is the end of mail data indication. Note that the first &lt;CRLF&gt; of
+ this terminating sequence is also the &lt;CRLF&gt; that ends the final line
+ of the data (message text) or, if there was no data, ends the DATA
+ command itself. An extra &lt;CRLF&gt; MUST NOT be added, as that would
+ cause an empty line to be added to the message. The only exception
+ to this rule would arise if the message body were passed to the
+ originating SMTP-sender with a final "line" that did not end in
+ &lt;CRLF&gt;; in that case, the originating SMTP system MUST either reject
+ the message as invalid or add &lt;CRLF&gt; in order to have the receiving
+ SMTP server recognize the "end of data" condition.
+
+ The custom of accepting lines ending only in &lt;LF&gt;, as a concession to
+ non-conforming behavior on the part of some UNIX systems, has proven
+ to cause more interoperability problems than it solves, and SMTP
+ server systems MUST NOT do this, even in the name of improved
+ robustness. In particular, the sequence "&lt;LF&gt;.&lt;LF&gt;" (bare line
+ feeds, without carriage returns) MUST NOT be treated as equivalent to
+ &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt; as the end of mail data indication.
+
+ Receipt of the end of mail data indication requires the server to
+ process the stored mail transaction information. This processing
+ consumes the information in the reverse-path buffer, the forward-path
+ buffer, and the mail data buffer, and on the completion of this
+ command these buffers are cleared. If the processing is successful,
+ the receiver MUST send an OK reply. If the processing fails the
+ receiver MUST send a failure reply. The SMTP model does not allow
+ for partial failures at this point: either the message is accepted by
+ the server for delivery and a positive response is returned or it is
+ not accepted and a failure reply is returned. In sending a positive
+ completion reply to the end of data indication, the receiver takes
+ full responsibility for the message (see <a href="#section-6.1">section 6.1</a>). Errors that
+ are diagnosed subsequently MUST be reported in a mail message, as
+ discussed in <a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 33]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-34" id="page-34" href="#page-34" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ When the SMTP server accepts a message either for relaying or for
+ final delivery, it inserts a trace record (also referred to
+ interchangeably as a "time stamp line" or "Received" line) at the top
+ of the mail data. This trace record indicates the identity of the
+ host that sent the message, the identity of the host that received
+ the message (and is inserting this time stamp), and the date and time
+ the message was received. Relayed messages will have multiple time
+ stamp lines. Details for formation of these lines, including their
+ syntax, is specified in <a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>.
+
+ Additional discussion about the operation of the DATA command appears
+ in <a href="#section-3.3">section 3.3</a>.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "DATA" CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.5" href="#section-4.1.1.5">4.1.1.5</a> RESET (RSET)</h5></span>
+
+ This command specifies that the current mail transaction will be
+ aborted. Any stored sender, recipients, and mail data MUST be
+ discarded, and all buffers and state tables cleared. The receiver
+ MUST send a "250 OK" reply to a RSET command with no arguments. A
+ reset command may be issued by the client at any time. It is
+ effectively equivalent to a NOOP (i.e., if has no effect) if issued
+ immediately after EHLO, before EHLO is issued in the session, after
+ an end-of-data indicator has been sent and acknowledged, or
+ immediately before a QUIT. An SMTP server MUST NOT close the
+ connection as the result of receiving a RSET; that action is reserved
+ for QUIT (see <a href="#section-4.1.1.10">section 4.1.1.10</a>).
+
+ Since EHLO implies some additional processing and response by the
+ server, RSET will normally be more efficient than reissuing that
+ command, even though the formal semantics are the same.
+
+ There are circumstances, contrary to the intent of this
+ specification, in which an SMTP server may receive an indication that
+ the underlying TCP connection has been closed or reset. To preserve
+ the robustness of the mail system, SMTP servers SHOULD be prepared
+ for this condition and SHOULD treat it as if a QUIT had been received
+ before the connection disappeared.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "RSET" CRLF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 34]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-35" id="page-35" href="#page-35" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.6" href="#section-4.1.1.6">4.1.1.6</a> VERIFY (VRFY)</h5></span>
+
+ This command asks the receiver to confirm that the argument
+ identifies a user or mailbox. If it is a user name, information is
+ returned as specified in <a href="#section-3.5">section 3.5</a>.
+
+ This command has no effect on the reverse-path buffer, the forward-
+ path buffer, or the mail data buffer.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "VRFY" SP String CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.7" href="#section-4.1.1.7">4.1.1.7</a> EXPAND (EXPN)</h5></span>
+
+ This command asks the receiver to confirm that the argument
+ identifies a mailing list, and if so, to return the membership of
+ that list. If the command is successful, a reply is returned
+ containing information as described in <a href="#section-3.5">section 3.5</a>. This reply will
+ have multiple lines except in the trivial case of a one-member list.
+
+ This command has no effect on the reverse-path buffer, the forward-
+ path buffer, or the mail data buffer and may be issued at any time.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "EXPN" SP String CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.8" href="#section-4.1.1.8">4.1.1.8</a> HELP (HELP)</h5></span>
+
+ This command causes the server to send helpful information to the
+ client. The command MAY take an argument (e.g., any command name)
+ and return more specific information as a response.
+
+ This command has no effect on the reverse-path buffer, the forward-
+ path buffer, or the mail data buffer and may be issued at any time.
+
+ SMTP servers SHOULD support HELP without arguments and MAY support it
+ with arguments.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "HELP" [ SP String ] CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.9" href="#section-4.1.1.9">4.1.1.9</a> NOOP (NOOP)</h5></span>
+
+ This command does not affect any parameters or previously entered
+ commands. It specifies no action other than that the receiver send
+ an OK reply.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 35]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-36" id="page-36" href="#page-36" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ This command has no effect on the reverse-path buffer, the forward-
+ path buffer, or the mail data buffer and may be issued at any time.
+ If a parameter string is specified, servers SHOULD ignore it.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "NOOP" [ SP String ] CRLF
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.1.10" href="#section-4.1.1.10">4.1.1.10</a> QUIT (QUIT)</h5></span>
+
+ This command specifies that the receiver MUST send an OK reply, and
+ then close the transmission channel.
+
+ The receiver MUST NOT intentionally close the transmission channel
+ until it receives and replies to a QUIT command (even if there was an
+ error). The sender MUST NOT intentionally close the transmission
+ channel until it sends a QUIT command and SHOULD wait until it
+ receives the reply (even if there was an error response to a previous
+ command). If the connection is closed prematurely due to violations
+ of the above or system or network failure, the server MUST cancel any
+ pending transaction, but not undo any previously completed
+ transaction, and generally MUST act as if the command or transaction
+ in progress had received a temporary error (i.e., a 4yz response).
+
+ The QUIT command may be issued at any time.
+
+ Syntax:
+ "QUIT" CRLF
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.2" href="#section-4.1.2">4.1.2</a> Command Argument Syntax</h4></span>
+
+ The syntax of the argument fields of the above commands (using the
+ syntax specified in [<a href="#ref-8" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>8</a>] where applicable) is given below. Some of
+ the productions given below are used only in conjunction with source
+ routes as described in <a href="#appendix-C">appendix C</a>. Terminals not defined in this
+ document, such as ALPHA, DIGIT, SP, CR, LF, CRLF, are as defined in
+ the "core" syntax [8 (<a href="#section-6">section 6</a>)] or in the message format syntax
+ [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>].
+
+ Reverse-path = Path
+ Forward-path = Path
+ Path = "&lt;" [ A-d-l ":" ] Mailbox "&gt;"
+ A-d-l = At-domain *( "," A-d-l )
+ ; Note that this form, the so-called "source route",
+ ; MUST BE accepted, SHOULD NOT be generated, and SHOULD be
+ ; ignored.
+ At-domain = "@" domain
+ Mail-parameters = esmtp-param *(SP esmtp-param)
+ Rcpt-parameters = esmtp-param *(SP esmtp-param)
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 36]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-37" id="page-37" href="#page-37" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ esmtp-param = esmtp-keyword ["=" esmtp-value]
+ esmtp-keyword = (ALPHA / DIGIT) *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
+ esmtp-value = 1*(%d33-60 / %d62-127)
+ ; any CHAR excluding "=", SP, and control characters
+ Keyword = Ldh-str
+ Argument = Atom
+ Domain = (sub-domain 1*("." sub-domain)) / address-literal
+ sub-domain = Let-dig [Ldh-str]
+
+ address-literal = "[" IPv4-address-literal /
+ IPv6-address-literal /
+ General-address-literal "]"
+ ; See <a href="#section-4.1.3">section 4.1.3</a>
+
+ Mailbox = Local-part "@" Domain
+
+ Local-part = Dot-string / Quoted-string
+ ; MAY be case-sensitive
+
+ Dot-string = Atom *("." Atom)
+
+ Atom = 1*atext
+
+ Quoted-string = DQUOTE *qcontent DQUOTE
+
+ String = Atom / Quoted-string
+
+ While the above definition for Local-part is relatively permissive,
+ for maximum interoperability, a host that expects to receive mail
+ SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where the Local-part requires (or
+ uses) the Quoted-string form or where the Local-part is case-
+ sensitive. For any purposes that require generating or comparing
+ Local-parts (e.g., to specific mailbox names), all quoted forms MUST
+ be treated as equivalent and the sending system SHOULD transmit the
+ form that uses the minimum quoting possible.
+
+ Systems MUST NOT define mailboxes in such a way as to require the use
+ in SMTP of non-ASCII characters (octets with the high order bit set
+ to one) or ASCII "control characters" (decimal value 0-31 and 127).
+ These characters MUST NOT be used in MAIL or RCPT commands or other
+ commands that require mailbox names.
+
+ Note that the backslash, "\", is a quote character, which is used to
+ indicate that the next character is to be used literally (instead of
+ its normal interpretation). For example, "Joe\,Smith" indicates a
+ single nine character user field with the comma being the fourth
+ character of the field.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 37]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-38" id="page-38" href="#page-38" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ To promote interoperability and consistent with long-standing
+ guidance about conservative use of the DNS in naming and applications
+ (e.g., see <a href="#section-2.3.1">section 2.3.1</a> of the base DNS document, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC1035</a> [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>]),
+ characters outside the set of alphas, digits, and hyphen MUST NOT
+ appear in domain name labels for SMTP clients or servers. In
+ particular, the underscore character is not permitted. SMTP servers
+ that receive a command in which invalid character codes have been
+ employed, and for which there are no other reasons for rejection,
+ MUST reject that command with a 501 response.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.3" href="#section-4.1.3">4.1.3</a> Address Literals</h4></span>
+
+ Sometimes a host is not known to the domain name system and
+ communication (and, in particular, communication to report and repair
+ the error) is blocked. To bypass this barrier a special literal form
+ of the address is allowed as an alternative to a domain name. For
+ IPv4 addresses, this form uses four small decimal integers separated
+ by dots and enclosed by brackets such as [123.255.37.2], which
+ indicates an (IPv4) Internet Address in sequence-of-octets form. For
+ IPv6 and other forms of addressing that might eventually be
+ standardized, the form consists of a standardized "tag" that
+ identifies the address syntax, a colon, and the address itself, in a
+ format specified as part of the IPv6 standards [<a href="#ref-17" title='"IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture"'>17</a>].
+
+ Specifically:
+
+ IPv4-address-literal = Snum 3("." Snum)
+ IPv6-address-literal = "IPv6:" IPv6-addr
+ General-address-literal = Standardized-tag ":" 1*dcontent
+ Standardized-tag = Ldh-str
+ ; MUST be specified in a standards-track RFC
+ ; and registered with IANA
+
+ Snum = 1*3DIGIT ; representing a decimal integer
+ ; value in the range 0 through 255
+ Let-dig = ALPHA / DIGIT
+ Ldh-str = *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" ) Let-dig
+
+ IPv6-addr = IPv6-full / IPv6-comp / IPv6v4-full / IPv6v4-comp
+ IPv6-hex = 1*4HEXDIG
+ IPv6-full = IPv6-hex 7(":" IPv6-hex)
+ IPv6-comp = [IPv6-hex *5(":" IPv6-hex)] "::" [IPv6-hex *5(":"
+ IPv6-hex)]
+ ; The "::" represents at least 2 16-bit groups of zeros
+ ; No more than 6 groups in addition to the "::" may be
+ ; present
+ IPv6v4-full = IPv6-hex 5(":" IPv6-hex) ":" IPv4-address-literal
+ IPv6v4-comp = [IPv6-hex *3(":" IPv6-hex)] "::"
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 38]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-39" id="page-39" href="#page-39" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ [IPv6-hex *3(":" IPv6-hex) ":"] IPv4-address-literal
+ ; The "::" represents at least 2 16-bit groups of zeros
+ ; No more than 4 groups in addition to the "::" and
+ ; IPv4-address-literal may be present
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.4" href="#section-4.1.4">4.1.4</a> Order of Commands</h4></span>
+
+ There are restrictions on the order in which these commands may be
+ used.
+
+ A session that will contain mail transactions MUST first be
+ initialized by the use of the EHLO command. An SMTP server SHOULD
+ accept commands for non-mail transactions (e.g., VRFY or EXPN)
+ without this initialization.
+
+ An EHLO command MAY be issued by a client later in the session. If
+ it is issued after the session begins, the SMTP server MUST clear all
+ buffers and reset the state exactly as if a RSET command had been
+ issued. In other words, the sequence of RSET followed immediately by
+ EHLO is redundant, but not harmful other than in the performance cost
+ of executing unnecessary commands.
+
+ If the EHLO command is not acceptable to the SMTP server, 501, 500,
+ or 502 failure replies MUST be returned as appropriate. The SMTP
+ server MUST stay in the same state after transmitting these replies
+ that it was in before the EHLO was received.
+
+ The SMTP client MUST, if possible, ensure that the domain parameter
+ to the EHLO command is a valid principal host name (not a CNAME or MX
+ name) for its host. If this is not possible (e.g., when the client's
+ address is dynamically assigned and the client does not have an
+ obvious name), an address literal SHOULD be substituted for the
+ domain name and supplemental information provided that will assist in
+ identifying the client.
+
+ An SMTP server MAY verify that the domain name parameter in the EHLO
+ command actually corresponds to the IP address of the client.
+ However, the server MUST NOT refuse to accept a message for this
+ reason if the verification fails: the information about verification
+ failure is for logging and tracing only.
+
+ The NOOP, HELP, EXPN, VRFY, and RSET commands can be used at any time
+ during a session, or without previously initializing a session. SMTP
+ servers SHOULD process these normally (that is, not return a 503
+ code) even if no EHLO command has yet been received; clients SHOULD
+ open a session with EHLO before sending these commands.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 39]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-40" id="page-40" href="#page-40" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ If these rules are followed, the example in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> that shows "550
+ access denied to you" in response to an EXPN command is incorrect
+ unless an EHLO command precedes the EXPN or the denial of access is
+ based on the client's IP address or other authentication or
+ authorization-determining mechanisms.
+
+ The MAIL command (or the obsolete SEND, SOML, or SAML commands)
+ begins a mail transaction. Once started, a mail transaction consists
+ of a transaction beginning command, one or more RCPT commands, and a
+ DATA command, in that order. A mail transaction may be aborted by
+ the RSET (or a new EHLO) command. There may be zero or more
+ transactions in a session. MAIL (or SEND, SOML, or SAML) MUST NOT be
+ sent if a mail transaction is already open, i.e., it should be sent
+ only if no mail transaction had been started in the session, or it
+ the previous one successfully concluded with a successful DATA
+ command, or if the previous one was aborted with a RSET.
+
+ If the transaction beginning command argument is not acceptable, a
+ 501 failure reply MUST be returned and the SMTP server MUST stay in
+ the same state. If the commands in a transaction are out of order to
+ the degree that they cannot be processed by the server, a 503 failure
+ reply MUST be returned and the SMTP server MUST stay in the same
+ state.
+
+ The last command in a session MUST be the QUIT command. The QUIT
+ command cannot be used at any other time in a session, but SHOULD be
+ used by the client SMTP to request connection closure, even when no
+ session opening command was sent and accepted.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1.5" href="#section-4.1.5">4.1.5</a> Private-use Commands</h4></span>
+
+ As specified in <a href="#section-2.2.2">section 2.2.2</a>, commands starting in "X" may be used
+ by bilateral agreement between the client (sending) and server
+ (receiving) SMTP agents. An SMTP server that does not recognize such
+ a command is expected to reply with "500 Command not recognized". An
+ extended SMTP server MAY list the feature names associated with these
+ private commands in the response to the EHLO command.
+
+ Commands sent or accepted by SMTP systems that do not start with "X"
+ MUST conform to the requirements of <a href="#section-2.2.2">section 2.2.2</a>.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a> SMTP Replies</h3></span>
+
+ Replies to SMTP commands serve to ensure the synchronization of
+ requests and actions in the process of mail transfer and to guarantee
+ that the SMTP client always knows the state of the SMTP server.
+ Every command MUST generate exactly one reply.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 40]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-41" id="page-41" href="#page-41" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ The details of the command-reply sequence are described in <a href="#section-4.3">section</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>.
+
+ An SMTP reply consists of a three digit number (transmitted as three
+ numeric characters) followed by some text unless specified otherwise
+ in this document. The number is for use by automata to determine
+ what state to enter next; the text is for the human user. The three
+ digits contain enough encoded information that the SMTP client need
+ not examine the text and may either discard it or pass it on to the
+ user, as appropriate. Exceptions are as noted elsewhere in this
+ document. In particular, the 220, 221, 251, 421, and 551 reply codes
+ are associated with message text that must be parsed and interpreted
+ by machines. In the general case, the text may be receiver dependent
+ and context dependent, so there are likely to be varying texts for
+ each reply code. A discussion of the theory of reply codes is given
+ in <a href="#section-4.2.1">section 4.2.1</a>. Formally, a reply is defined to be the sequence: a
+ three-digit code, &lt;SP&gt;, one line of text, and &lt;CRLF&gt;, or a multiline
+ reply (as defined in <a href="#section-4.2.1">section 4.2.1</a>). Since, in violation of this
+ specification, the text is sometimes not sent, clients which do not
+ receive it SHOULD be prepared to process the code alone (with or
+ without a trailing space character). Only the EHLO, EXPN, and HELP
+ commands are expected to result in multiline replies in normal
+ circumstances, however, multiline replies are allowed for any
+ command.
+
+ In ABNF, server responses are:
+
+ Greeting = "220 " Domain [ SP text ] CRLF
+ Reply-line = Reply-code [ SP text ] CRLF
+
+ where "Greeting" appears only in the 220 response that announces that
+ the server is opening its part of the connection.
+
+ An SMTP server SHOULD send only the reply codes listed in this
+ document. An SMTP server SHOULD use the text shown in the examples
+ whenever appropriate.
+
+ An SMTP client MUST determine its actions only by the reply code, not
+ by the text (except for the "change of address" 251 and 551 and, if
+ necessary, 220, 221, and 421 replies); in the general case, any text,
+ including no text at all (although senders SHOULD NOT send bare
+ codes), MUST be acceptable. The space (blank) following the reply
+ code is considered part of the text. Whenever possible, a receiver-
+ SMTP SHOULD test the first digit (severity indication) of the reply
+ code.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 41]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-42" id="page-42" href="#page-42" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ The list of codes that appears below MUST NOT be construed as
+ permanent. While the addition of new codes should be a rare and
+ significant activity, with supplemental information in the textual
+ part of the response being preferred, new codes may be added as the
+ result of new Standards or Standards-track specifications.
+ Consequently, a sender-SMTP MUST be prepared to handle codes not
+ specified in this document and MUST do so by interpreting the first
+ digit only.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2.1" href="#section-4.2.1">4.2.1</a> Reply Code Severities and Theory</h4></span>
+
+ The three digits of the reply each have a special significance. The
+ first digit denotes whether the response is good, bad or incomplete.
+ An unsophisticated SMTP client, or one that receives an unexpected
+ code, will be able to determine its next action (proceed as planned,
+ redo, retrench, etc.) by examining this first digit. An SMTP client
+ that wants to know approximately what kind of error occurred (e.g.,
+ mail system error, command syntax error) may examine the second
+ digit. The third digit and any supplemental information that may be
+ present is reserved for the finest gradation of information.
+
+ There are five values for the first digit of the reply code:
+
+ 1yz Positive Preliminary reply
+ The command has been accepted, but the requested action is being
+ held in abeyance, pending confirmation of the information in this
+ reply. The SMTP client should send another command specifying
+ whether to continue or abort the action. Note: unextended SMTP
+ does not have any commands that allow this type of reply, and so
+ does not have continue or abort commands.
+
+ 2yz Positive Completion reply
+ The requested action has been successfully completed. A new
+ request may be initiated.
+
+ 3yz Positive Intermediate reply
+ The command has been accepted, but the requested action is being
+ held in abeyance, pending receipt of further information. The
+ SMTP client should send another command specifying this
+ information. This reply is used in command sequence groups (i.e.,
+ in DATA).
+
+ 4yz Transient Negative Completion reply
+ The command was not accepted, and the requested action did not
+ occur. However, the error condition is temporary and the action
+ may be requested again. The sender should return to the beginning
+ of the command sequence (if any). It is difficult to assign a
+ meaning to "transient" when two different sites (receiver- and
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 42]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-43" id="page-43" href="#page-43" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ sender-SMTP agents) must agree on the interpretation. Each reply
+ in this category might have a different time value, but the SMTP
+ client is encouraged to try again. A rule of thumb to determine
+ whether a reply fits into the 4yz or the 5yz category (see below)
+ is that replies are 4yz if they can be successful if repeated
+ without any change in command form or in properties of the sender
+ or receiver (that is, the command is repeated identically and the
+ receiver does not put up a new implementation.)
+
+ 5yz Permanent Negative Completion reply
+ The command was not accepted and the requested action did not
+ occur. The SMTP client is discouraged from repeating the exact
+ request (in the same sequence). Even some "permanent" error
+ conditions can be corrected, so the human user may want to direct
+ the SMTP client to reinitiate the command sequence by direct
+ action at some point in the future (e.g., after the spelling has
+ been changed, or the user has altered the account status).
+
+ The second digit encodes responses in specific categories:
+
+ x0z Syntax: These replies refer to syntax errors, syntactically
+ correct commands that do not fit any functional category, and
+ unimplemented or superfluous commands.
+
+ x1z Information: These are replies to requests for information,
+ such as status or help.
+
+ x2z Connections: These are replies referring to the transmission
+ channel.
+
+ x3z Unspecified.
+
+ x4z Unspecified.
+
+ x5z Mail system: These replies indicate the status of the receiver
+ mail system vis-a-vis the requested transfer or other mail system
+ action.
+
+ The third digit gives a finer gradation of meaning in each category
+ specified by the second digit. The list of replies illustrates this.
+ Each reply text is recommended rather than mandatory, and may even
+ change according to the command with which it is associated. On the
+ other hand, the reply codes must strictly follow the specifications
+ in this section. Receiver implementations should not invent new
+ codes for slightly different situations from the ones described here,
+ but rather adapt codes already defined.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 43]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-44" id="page-44" href="#page-44" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ For example, a command such as NOOP, whose successful execution does
+ not offer the SMTP client any new information, will return a 250
+ reply. The reply is 502 when the command requests an unimplemented
+ non-site-specific action. A refinement of that is the 504 reply for
+ a command that is implemented, but that requests an unimplemented
+ parameter.
+
+ The reply text may be longer than a single line; in these cases the
+ complete text must be marked so the SMTP client knows when it can
+ stop reading the reply. This requires a special format to indicate a
+ multiple line reply.
+
+ The format for multiline replies requires that every line, except the
+ last, begin with the reply code, followed immediately by a hyphen,
+ "-" (also known as minus), followed by text. The last line will
+ begin with the reply code, followed immediately by &lt;SP&gt;, optionally
+ some text, and &lt;CRLF&gt;. As noted above, servers SHOULD send the &lt;SP&gt;
+ if subsequent text is not sent, but clients MUST be prepared for it
+ to be omitted.
+
+ For example:
+
+ 123-First line
+ 123-Second line
+ 123-234 text beginning with numbers
+ 123 The last line
+
+ In many cases the SMTP client then simply needs to search for a line
+ beginning with the reply code followed by &lt;SP&gt; or &lt;CRLF&gt; and ignore
+ all preceding lines. In a few cases, there is important data for the
+ client in the reply "text". The client will be able to identify
+ these cases from the current context.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2.2" href="#section-4.2.2">4.2.2</a> Reply Codes by Function Groups</h4></span>
+
+ 500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
+ (This may include errors such as command line too long)
+ 501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
+ 502 Command not implemented (see <a href="#section-4.2.4">section 4.2.4</a>)
+ 503 Bad sequence of commands
+ 504 Command parameter not implemented
+
+ 211 System status, or system help reply
+ 214 Help message
+ (Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
+ particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only
+ to the human user)
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 44]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-45" id="page-45" href="#page-45" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ 220 &lt;domain&gt; Service ready
+ 221 &lt;domain&gt; Service closing transmission channel
+ 421 &lt;domain&gt; Service not available, closing transmission channel
+ (This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
+ must shut down)
+
+ 250 Requested mail action okay, completed
+ 251 User not local; will forward to &lt;forward-path&gt;
+ (See <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a>)
+ 252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message and attempt
+ delivery
+ (See <a href="#section-3.5.3">section 3.5.3</a>)
+ 450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
+ (e.g., mailbox busy)
+ 550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
+ (e.g., mailbox not found, no access, or command rejected
+ for policy reasons)
+ 451 Requested action aborted: error in processing
+ 551 User not local; please try &lt;forward-path&gt;
+ (See <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a>)
+ 452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
+ 552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
+ 553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
+ (e.g., mailbox syntax incorrect)
+ 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+ 554 Transaction failed (Or, in the case of a connection-opening
+ response, "No SMTP service here")
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2.3" href="#section-4.2.3">4.2.3</a> Reply Codes in Numeric Order</h4></span>
+
+ 211 System status, or system help reply
+ 214 Help message
+ (Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
+ particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only
+ to the human user)
+ 220 &lt;domain&gt; Service ready
+ 221 &lt;domain&gt; Service closing transmission channel
+ 250 Requested mail action okay, completed
+ 251 User not local; will forward to &lt;forward-path&gt;
+ (See <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a>)
+ 252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message and attempt
+ delivery
+ (See <a href="#section-3.5.3">section 3.5.3</a>)
+
+ 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 45]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-46" id="page-46" href="#page-46" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ 421 &lt;domain&gt; Service not available, closing transmission channel
+ (This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
+ must shut down)
+ 450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
+ (e.g., mailbox busy)
+ 451 Requested action aborted: local error in processing
+ 452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
+ 500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
+ (This may include errors such as command line too long)
+ 501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
+ 502 Command not implemented (see <a href="#section-4.2.4">section 4.2.4</a>)
+ 503 Bad sequence of commands
+ 504 Command parameter not implemented
+ 550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
+ (e.g., mailbox not found, no access, or command rejected
+ for policy reasons)
+ 551 User not local; please try &lt;forward-path&gt;
+ (See <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a>)
+ 552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
+ 553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
+ (e.g., mailbox syntax incorrect)
+ 554 Transaction failed (Or, in the case of a connection-opening
+ response, "No SMTP service here")
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2.4" href="#section-4.2.4">4.2.4</a> Reply Code 502</h4></span>
+
+ Questions have been raised as to when reply code 502 (Command not
+ implemented) SHOULD be returned in preference to other codes. 502
+ SHOULD be used when the command is actually recognized by the SMTP
+ server, but not implemented. If the command is not recognized, code
+ 500 SHOULD be returned. Extended SMTP systems MUST NOT list
+ capabilities in response to EHLO for which they will return 502 (or
+ 500) replies.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2.5" href="#section-4.2.5">4.2.5</a> Reply Codes After DATA and the Subsequent &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</h4></span>
+
+ When an SMTP server returns a positive completion status (2yz code)
+ after the DATA command is completed with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;, it accepts
+ responsibility for:
+
+ - delivering the message (if the recipient mailbox exists), or
+
+ - if attempts to deliver the message fail due to transient
+ conditions, retrying delivery some reasonable number of times at
+ intervals as specified in <a href="#section-4.5.4">section 4.5.4</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 46]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-47" id="page-47" href="#page-47" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ - if attempts to deliver the message fail due to permanent
+ conditions, or if repeated attempts to deliver the message fail
+ due to transient conditions, returning appropriate notification to
+ the sender of the original message (using the address in the SMTP
+ MAIL command).
+
+ When an SMTP server returns a permanent error status (5yz) code after
+ the DATA command is completed with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;, it MUST NOT make
+ any subsequent attempt to deliver that message. The SMTP client
+ retains responsibility for delivery of that message and may either
+ return it to the user or requeue it for a subsequent attempt (see
+ <a href="#section-4.5.4.1">section 4.5.4.1</a>).
+
+ The user who originated the message SHOULD be able to interpret the
+ return of a transient failure status (by mail message or otherwise)
+ as a non-delivery indication, just as a permanent failure would be
+ interpreted. I.e., if the client SMTP successfully handles these
+ conditions, the user will not receive such a reply.
+
+ When an SMTP server returns a permanent error status (5yz) code after
+ the DATA command is completely with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;, it MUST NOT make
+ any subsequent attempt to deliver the message. As with temporary
+ error status codes, the SMTP client retains responsibility for the
+ message, but SHOULD not again attempt delivery to the same server
+ without user review and intervention of the message.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a> Sequencing of Commands and Replies</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.3.1" href="#section-4.3.1">4.3.1</a> Sequencing Overview</h4></span>
+
+ The communication between the sender and receiver is an alternating
+ dialogue, controlled by the sender. As such, the sender issues a
+ command and the receiver responds with a reply. Unless other
+ arrangements are negotiated through service extensions, the sender
+ MUST wait for this response before sending further commands.
+
+ One important reply is the connection greeting. Normally, a receiver
+ will send a 220 "Service ready" reply when the connection is
+ completed. The sender SHOULD wait for this greeting message before
+ sending any commands.
+
+ Note: all the greeting-type replies have the official name (the
+ fully-qualified primary domain name) of the server host as the first
+ word following the reply code. Sometimes the host will have no
+ meaningful name. See 4.1.3 for a discussion of alternatives in these
+ situations.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 47]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-48" id="page-48" href="#page-48" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ For example,
+
+ 220 ISIF.USC.EDU Service ready
+ or
+ 220 mail.foo.com SuperSMTP v 6.1.2 Service ready
+ or
+ 220 [10.0.0.1] Clueless host service ready
+
+ The table below lists alternative success and failure replies for
+ each command. These SHOULD be strictly adhered to: a receiver may
+ substitute text in the replies, but the meaning and action implied by
+ the code numbers and by the specific command reply sequence cannot be
+ altered.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.3.2" href="#section-4.3.2">4.3.2</a> Command-Reply Sequences</h4></span>
+
+ Each command is listed with its usual possible replies. The prefixes
+ used before the possible replies are "I" for intermediate, "S" for
+ success, and "E" for error. Since some servers may generate other
+ replies under special circumstances, and to allow for future
+ extension, SMTP clients SHOULD, when possible, interpret only the
+ first digit of the reply and MUST be prepared to deal with
+ unrecognized reply codes by interpreting the first digit only.
+ Unless extended using the mechanisms described in <a href="#section-2.2">section 2.2</a>, SMTP
+ servers MUST NOT transmit reply codes to an SMTP client that are
+ other than three digits or that do not start in a digit between 2 and
+ 5 inclusive.
+
+ These sequencing rules and, in principle, the codes themselves, can
+ be extended or modified by SMTP extensions offered by the server and
+ accepted (requested) by the client.
+
+ In addition to the codes listed below, any SMTP command can return
+ any of the following codes if the corresponding unusual circumstances
+ are encountered:
+
+ 500 For the "command line too long" case or if the command name was
+ not recognized. Note that producing a "command not recognized"
+ error in response to the required subset of these commands is a
+ violation of this specification.
+
+ 501 Syntax error in command or arguments. In order to provide for
+ future extensions, commands that are specified in this document as
+ not accepting arguments (DATA, RSET, QUIT) SHOULD return a 501
+ message if arguments are supplied in the absence of EHLO-
+ advertised extensions.
+
+ 421 Service shutting down and closing transmission channel
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 48]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-49" id="page-49" href="#page-49" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ Specific sequences are:
+
+ CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
+ S: 220
+ E: 554
+ EHLO or HELO
+ S: 250
+ E: 504, 550
+ MAIL
+ S: 250
+ E: 552, 451, 452, 550, 553, 503
+ RCPT
+ S: 250, 251 (but see <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a> for discussion of 251 and 551)
+ E: 550, 551, 552, 553, 450, 451, 452, 503, 550
+ DATA
+ I: 354 -&gt; data -&gt; S: 250
+ E: 552, 554, 451, 452
+ E: 451, 554, 503
+ RSET
+ S: 250
+ VRFY
+ S: 250, 251, 252
+ E: 550, 551, 553, 502, 504
+ EXPN
+ S: 250, 252
+ E: 550, 500, 502, 504
+ HELP
+ S: 211, 214
+ E: 502, 504
+ NOOP
+ S: 250
+ QUIT
+ S: 221
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a> Trace Information</h3></span>
+
+ When an SMTP server receives a message for delivery or further
+ processing, it MUST insert trace ("time stamp" or "Received")
+ information at the beginning of the message content, as discussed in
+ <a href="#section-4.1.1.4">section 4.1.1.4</a>.
+
+ This line MUST be structured as follows:
+
+ - The FROM field, which MUST be supplied in an SMTP environment,
+ SHOULD contain both (1) the name of the source host as presented
+ in the EHLO command and (2) an address literal containing the IP
+ address of the source, determined from the TCP connection.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 49]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-50" id="page-50" href="#page-50" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ - The ID field MAY contain an "@" as suggested in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a>, but this
+ is not required.
+
+ - The FOR field MAY contain a list of &lt;path&gt; entries when multiple
+ RCPT commands have been given. This may raise some security
+ issues and is usually not desirable; see <a href="#section-7.2">section 7.2</a>.
+
+ An Internet mail program MUST NOT change a Received: line that was
+ previously added to the message header. SMTP servers MUST prepend
+ Received lines to messages; they MUST NOT change the order of
+ existing lines or insert Received lines in any other location.
+
+ As the Internet grows, comparability of Received fields is important
+ for detecting problems, especially slow relays. SMTP servers that
+ create Received fields SHOULD use explicit offsets in the dates
+ (e.g., -0800), rather than time zone names of any type. Local time
+ (with an offset) is preferred to UT when feasible. This formulation
+ allows slightly more information about local circumstances to be
+ specified. If UT is needed, the receiver need merely do some simple
+ arithmetic to convert the values. Use of UT loses information about
+ the time zone-location of the server. If it is desired to supply a
+ time zone name, it SHOULD be included in a comment.
+
+ When the delivery SMTP server makes the "final delivery" of a
+ message, it inserts a return-path line at the beginning of the mail
+ data. This use of return-path is required; mail systems MUST support
+ it. The return-path line preserves the information in the &lt;reverse-
+ path&gt; from the MAIL command. Here, final delivery means the message
+ has left the SMTP environment. Normally, this would mean it had been
+ delivered to the destination user or an associated mail drop, but in
+ some cases it may be further processed and transmitted by another
+ mail system.
+
+ It is possible for the mailbox in the return path to be different
+ from the actual sender's mailbox, for example, if error responses are
+ to be delivered to a special error handling mailbox rather than to
+ the message sender. When mailing lists are involved, this
+ arrangement is common and useful as a means of directing errors to
+ the list maintainer rather than the message originator.
+
+ The text above implies that the final mail data will begin with a
+ return path line, followed by one or more time stamp lines. These
+ lines will be followed by the mail data headers and body [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>].
+
+ It is sometimes difficult for an SMTP server to determine whether or
+ not it is making final delivery since forwarding or other operations
+ may occur after the message is accepted for delivery. Consequently,
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 50]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-51" id="page-51" href="#page-51" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ any further (forwarding, gateway, or relay) systems MAY remove the
+ return path and rebuild the MAIL command as needed to ensure that
+ exactly one such line appears in a delivered message.
+
+ A message-originating SMTP system SHOULD NOT send a message that
+ already contains a Return-path header. SMTP servers performing a
+ relay function MUST NOT inspect the message data, and especially not
+ to the extent needed to determine if Return-path headers are present.
+ SMTP servers making final delivery MAY remove Return-path headers
+ before adding their own.
+
+ The primary purpose of the Return-path is to designate the address to
+ which messages indicating non-delivery or other mail system failures
+ are to be sent. For this to be unambiguous, exactly one return path
+ SHOULD be present when the message is delivered. Systems using <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">822</a> syntax with non-SMTP transports SHOULD designate an unambiguous
+ address, associated with the transport envelope, to which error
+ reports (e.g., non-delivery messages) should be sent.
+
+ Historical note: Text in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> that appears to contradict the use
+ of the Return-path header (or the envelope reverse path address from
+ the MAIL command) as the destination for error messages is not
+ applicable on the Internet. The reverse path address (as copied into
+ the Return-path) MUST be used as the target of any mail containing
+ delivery error messages.
+
+ In particular:
+
+ - a gateway from SMTP-&gt;elsewhere SHOULD insert a return-path header,
+ unless it is known that the "elsewhere" transport also uses
+ Internet domain addresses and maintains the envelope sender
+ address separately.
+
+ - a gateway from elsewhere-&gt;SMTP SHOULD delete any return-path
+ header present in the message, and either copy that information to
+ the SMTP envelope or combine it with information present in the
+ envelope of the other transport system to construct the reverse
+ path argument to the MAIL command in the SMTP envelope.
+
+ The server must give special treatment to cases in which the
+ processing following the end of mail data indication is only
+ partially successful. This could happen if, after accepting several
+ recipients and the mail data, the SMTP server finds that the mail
+ data could be successfully delivered to some, but not all, of the
+ recipients. In such cases, the response to the DATA command MUST be
+ an OK reply. However, the SMTP server MUST compose and send an
+ "undeliverable mail" notification message to the originator of the
+ message.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 51]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-52" id="page-52" href="#page-52" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ A single notification listing all of the failed recipients or
+ separate notification messages MUST be sent for each failed
+ recipient. For economy of processing by the sender, the former is
+ preferred when possible. All undeliverable mail notification
+ messages are sent using the MAIL command (even if they result from
+ processing the obsolete SEND, SOML, or SAML commands) and use a null
+ return path as discussed in <a href="#section-3.7">section 3.7</a>.
+
+ The time stamp line and the return path line are formally defined as
+ follows:
+
+Return-path-line = "Return-Path:" FWS Reverse-path &lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+Time-stamp-line = "Received:" FWS Stamp &lt;CRLF&gt;
+
+Stamp = From-domain By-domain Opt-info ";" FWS date-time
+
+ ; where "date-time" is as defined in [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>]
+ ; but the "obs-" forms, especially two-digit
+ ; years, are prohibited in SMTP and MUST NOT be used.
+
+From-domain = "FROM" FWS Extended-Domain CFWS
+
+By-domain = "BY" FWS Extended-Domain CFWS
+
+Extended-Domain = Domain /
+ ( Domain FWS "(" TCP-info ")" ) /
+ ( Address-literal FWS "(" TCP-info ")" )
+
+TCP-info = Address-literal / ( Domain FWS Address-literal )
+ ; Information derived by server from TCP connection
+ ; not client EHLO.
+
+Opt-info = [Via] [With] [ID] [For]
+
+Via = "VIA" FWS Link CFWS
+
+With = "WITH" FWS Protocol CFWS
+
+ID = "ID" FWS String / msg-id CFWS
+
+For = "FOR" FWS 1*( Path / Mailbox ) CFWS
+
+Link = "TCP" / Addtl-Link
+Addtl-Link = Atom
+ ; Additional standard names for links are registered with the
+ ; Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). "Via" is
+ ; primarily of value with non-Internet transports. SMTP
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 52]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-53" id="page-53" href="#page-53" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ ; servers SHOULD NOT use unregistered names.
+Protocol = "ESMTP" / "SMTP" / Attdl-Protocol
+Attdl-Protocol = Atom
+ ; Additional standard names for protocols are registered with the
+ ; Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). SMTP servers
+ ; SHOULD NOT use unregistered names.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5" href="#section-4.5">4.5</a> Additional Implementation Issues</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.1" href="#section-4.5.1">4.5.1</a> Minimum Implementation</h4></span>
+
+ In order to make SMTP workable, the following minimum implementation
+ is required for all receivers. The following commands MUST be
+ supported to conform to this specification:
+
+ EHLO
+ HELO
+ MAIL
+ RCPT
+ DATA
+ RSET
+ NOOP
+ QUIT
+ VRFY
+
+ Any system that includes an SMTP server supporting mail relaying or
+ delivery MUST support the reserved mailbox "postmaster" as a case-
+ insensitive local name. This postmaster address is not strictly
+ necessary if the server always returns 554 on connection opening (as
+ described in <a href="#section-3.1">section 3.1</a>). The requirement to accept mail for
+ postmaster implies that RCPT commands which specify a mailbox for
+ postmaster at any of the domains for which the SMTP server provides
+ mail service, as well as the special case of "RCPT TO:&lt;Postmaster&gt;"
+ (with no domain specification), MUST be supported.
+
+ SMTP systems are expected to make every reasonable effort to accept
+ mail directed to Postmaster from any other system on the Internet.
+ In extreme cases --such as to contain a denial of service attack or
+ other breach of security-- an SMTP server may block mail directed to
+ Postmaster. However, such arrangements SHOULD be narrowly tailored
+ so as to avoid blocking messages which are not part of such attacks.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.2" href="#section-4.5.2">4.5.2</a> Transparency</h4></span>
+
+ Without some provision for data transparency, the character sequence
+ "&lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;" ends the mail text and cannot be sent by the user.
+ In general, users are not aware of such "forbidden" sequences. To
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 53]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-54" id="page-54" href="#page-54" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ allow all user composed text to be transmitted transparently, the
+ following procedures are used:
+
+ - Before sending a line of mail text, the SMTP client checks the
+ first character of the line. If it is a period, one additional
+ period is inserted at the beginning of the line.
+
+ - When a line of mail text is received by the SMTP server, it checks
+ the line. If the line is composed of a single period, it is
+ treated as the end of mail indicator. If the first character is a
+ period and there are other characters on the line, the first
+ character is deleted.
+
+ The mail data may contain any of the 128 ASCII characters. All
+ characters are to be delivered to the recipient's mailbox, including
+ spaces, vertical and horizontal tabs, and other control characters.
+ If the transmission channel provides an 8-bit byte (octet) data
+ stream, the 7-bit ASCII codes are transmitted right justified in the
+ octets, with the high order bits cleared to zero. See 3.7 for
+ special treatment of these conditions in SMTP systems serving a relay
+ function.
+
+ In some systems it may be necessary to transform the data as it is
+ received and stored. This may be necessary for hosts that use a
+ different character set than ASCII as their local character set, that
+ store data in records rather than strings, or which use special
+ character sequences as delimiters inside mailboxes. If such
+ transformations are necessary, they MUST be reversible, especially if
+ they are applied to mail being relayed.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.3" href="#section-4.5.3">4.5.3</a> Sizes and Timeouts</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.3.1" href="#section-4.5.3.1">4.5.3.1</a> Size limits and minimums</h5></span>
+
+ There are several objects that have required minimum/maximum sizes.
+ Every implementation MUST be able to receive objects of at least
+ these sizes. Objects larger than these sizes SHOULD be avoided when
+ possible. However, some Internet mail constructs such as encoded
+ X.400 addresses [<a href="#ref-16" title='"Mapping between X.400 and RFC822/MIME"'>16</a>] will often require larger objects: clients MAY
+ attempt to transmit these, but MUST be prepared for a server to
+ reject them if they cannot be handled by it. To the maximum extent
+ possible, implementation techniques which impose no limits on the
+ length of these objects should be used.
+
+ local-part
+ The maximum total length of a user name or other local-part is 64
+ characters.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 54]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-55" id="page-55" href="#page-55" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ domain
+ The maximum total length of a domain name or number is 255
+ characters.
+
+ path
+ The maximum total length of a reverse-path or forward-path is 256
+ characters (including the punctuation and element separators).
+
+ command line
+ The maximum total length of a command line including the command
+ word and the &lt;CRLF&gt; is 512 characters. SMTP extensions may be
+ used to increase this limit.
+
+ reply line
+ The maximum total length of a reply line including the reply code
+ and the &lt;CRLF&gt; is 512 characters. More information may be
+ conveyed through multiple-line replies.
+
+ text line
+ The maximum total length of a text line including the &lt;CRLF&gt; is
+ 1000 characters (not counting the leading dot duplicated for
+ transparency). This number may be increased by the use of SMTP
+ Service Extensions.
+
+ message content
+ The maximum total length of a message content (including any
+ message headers as well as the message body) MUST BE at least 64K
+ octets. Since the introduction of Internet standards for
+ multimedia mail [<a href="#ref-12" title='"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"'>12</a>], message lengths on the Internet have grown
+ dramatically, and message size restrictions should be avoided if
+ at all possible. SMTP server systems that must impose
+ restrictions SHOULD implement the "SIZE" service extension [<a href="#ref-18" title='"SMTP Service Extension for Message Size Declaration"'>18</a>],
+ and SMTP client systems that will send large messages SHOULD
+ utilize it when possible.
+
+ recipients buffer
+ The minimum total number of recipients that must be buffered is
+ 100 recipients. Rejection of messages (for excessive recipients)
+ with fewer than 100 RCPT commands is a violation of this
+ specification. The general principle that relaying SMTP servers
+ MUST NOT, and delivery SMTP servers SHOULD NOT, perform validation
+ tests on message headers suggests that rejecting a message based
+ on the total number of recipients shown in header fields is to be
+ discouraged. A server which imposes a limit on the number of
+ recipients MUST behave in an orderly fashion, such as to reject
+ additional addresses over its limit rather than silently
+ discarding addresses previously accepted. A client that needs to
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 55]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-56" id="page-56" href="#page-56" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ deliver a message containing over 100 RCPT commands SHOULD be
+ prepared to transmit in 100-recipient "chunks" if the server
+ declines to accept more than 100 recipients in a single message.
+
+ Errors due to exceeding these limits may be reported by using the
+ reply codes. Some examples of reply codes are:
+
+ 500 Line too long.
+ or
+ 501 Path too long
+ or
+ 452 Too many recipients (see below)
+ or
+ 552 Too much mail data.
+
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> [<a href="#ref-30" title='"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"'>30</a>] incorrectly listed the error where an SMTP server
+ exhausts its implementation limit on the number of RCPT commands
+ ("too many recipients") as having reply code 552. The correct reply
+ code for this condition is 452. Clients SHOULD treat a 552 code in
+ this case as a temporary, rather than permanent, failure so the logic
+ below works.
+
+ When a conforming SMTP server encounters this condition, it has at
+ least 100 successful RCPT commands in its recipients buffer. If the
+ server is able to accept the message, then at least these 100
+ addresses will be removed from the SMTP client's queue. When the
+ client attempts retransmission of those addresses which received 452
+ responses, at least 100 of these will be able to fit in the SMTP
+ server's recipients buffer. Each retransmission attempt which is
+ able to deliver anything will be able to dispose of at least 100 of
+ these recipients.
+
+ If an SMTP server has an implementation limit on the number of RCPT
+ commands and this limit is exhausted, it MUST use a response code of
+ 452 (but the client SHOULD also be prepared for a 552, as noted
+ above). If the server has a configured site-policy limitation on the
+ number of RCPT commands, it MAY instead use a 5XX response code.
+ This would be most appropriate if the policy limitation was intended
+ to apply if the total recipient count for a particular message body
+ were enforced even if that message body was sent in multiple mail
+ transactions.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.3.2" href="#section-4.5.3.2">4.5.3.2</a> Timeouts</h5></span>
+
+ An SMTP client MUST provide a timeout mechanism. It MUST use per-
+ command timeouts rather than somehow trying to time the entire mail
+ transaction. Timeouts SHOULD be easily reconfigurable, preferably
+ without recompiling the SMTP code. To implement this, a timer is set
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 56]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-57" id="page-57" href="#page-57" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ for each SMTP command and for each buffer of the data transfer. The
+ latter means that the overall timeout is inherently proportional to
+ the size of the message.
+
+ Based on extensive experience with busy mail-relay hosts, the minimum
+ per-command timeout values SHOULD be as follows:
+
+ Initial 220 Message: 5 minutes
+ An SMTP client process needs to distinguish between a failed TCP
+ connection and a delay in receiving the initial 220 greeting
+ message. Many SMTP servers accept a TCP connection but delay
+ delivery of the 220 message until their system load permits more
+ mail to be processed.
+
+ MAIL Command: 5 minutes
+
+ RCPT Command: 5 minutes
+ A longer timeout is required if processing of mailing lists and
+ aliases is not deferred until after the message was accepted.
+
+ DATA Initiation: 2 minutes
+ This is while awaiting the "354 Start Input" reply to a DATA
+ command.
+
+ Data Block: 3 minutes
+ This is while awaiting the completion of each TCP SEND call
+ transmitting a chunk of data.
+
+ DATA Termination: 10 minutes.
+ This is while awaiting the "250 OK" reply. When the receiver gets
+ the final period terminating the message data, it typically
+ performs processing to deliver the message to a user mailbox. A
+ spurious timeout at this point would be very wasteful and would
+ typically result in delivery of multiple copies of the message,
+ since it has been successfully sent and the server has accepted
+ responsibility for delivery. See <a href="#section-6.1">section 6.1</a> for additional
+ discussion.
+
+ An SMTP server SHOULD have a timeout of at least 5 minutes while it
+ is awaiting the next command from the sender.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.4" href="#section-4.5.4">4.5.4</a> Retry Strategies</h4></span>
+
+ The common structure of a host SMTP implementation includes user
+ mailboxes, one or more areas for queuing messages in transit, and one
+ or more daemon processes for sending and receiving mail. The exact
+ structure will vary depending on the needs of the users on the host
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 57]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-58" id="page-58" href="#page-58" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ and the number and size of mailing lists supported by the host. We
+ describe several optimizations that have proved helpful, particularly
+ for mailers supporting high traffic levels.
+
+ Any queuing strategy MUST include timeouts on all activities on a
+ per-command basis. A queuing strategy MUST NOT send error messages
+ in response to error messages under any circumstances.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.4.1" href="#section-4.5.4.1">4.5.4.1</a> Sending Strategy</h5></span>
+
+ The general model for an SMTP client is one or more processes that
+ periodically attempt to transmit outgoing mail. In a typical system,
+ the program that composes a message has some method for requesting
+ immediate attention for a new piece of outgoing mail, while mail that
+ cannot be transmitted immediately MUST be queued and periodically
+ retried by the sender. A mail queue entry will include not only the
+ message itself but also the envelope information.
+
+ The sender MUST delay retrying a particular destination after one
+ attempt has failed. In general, the retry interval SHOULD be at
+ least 30 minutes; however, more sophisticated and variable strategies
+ will be beneficial when the SMTP client can determine the reason for
+ non-delivery.
+
+ Retries continue until the message is transmitted or the sender gives
+ up; the give-up time generally needs to be at least 4-5 days. The
+ parameters to the retry algorithm MUST be configurable.
+
+ A client SHOULD keep a list of hosts it cannot reach and
+ corresponding connection timeouts, rather than just retrying queued
+ mail items.
+
+ Experience suggests that failures are typically transient (the target
+ system or its connection has crashed), favoring a policy of two
+ connection attempts in the first hour the message is in the queue,
+ and then backing off to one every two or three hours.
+
+ The SMTP client can shorten the queuing delay in cooperation with the
+ SMTP server. For example, if mail is received from a particular
+ address, it is likely that mail queued for that host can now be sent.
+ Application of this principle may, in many cases, eliminate the
+ requirement for an explicit "send queues now" function such as ETRN
+ [<a href="#ref-9" title='"SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue Starting"'>9</a>].
+
+ The strategy may be further modified as a result of multiple
+ addresses per host (see below) to optimize delivery time vs. resource
+ usage.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 58]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-59" id="page-59" href="#page-59" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ An SMTP client may have a large queue of messages for each
+ unavailable destination host. If all of these messages were retried
+ in every retry cycle, there would be excessive Internet overhead and
+ the sending system would be blocked for a long period. Note that an
+ SMTP client can generally determine that a delivery attempt has
+ failed only after a timeout of several minutes and even a one-minute
+ timeout per connection will result in a very large delay if retries
+ are repeated for dozens, or even hundreds, of queued messages to the
+ same host.
+
+ At the same time, SMTP clients SHOULD use great care in caching
+ negative responses from servers. In an extreme case, if EHLO is
+ issued multiple times during the same SMTP connection, different
+ answers may be returned by the server. More significantly, 5yz
+ responses to the MAIL command MUST NOT be cached.
+
+ When a mail message is to be delivered to multiple recipients, and
+ the SMTP server to which a copy of the message is to be sent is the
+ same for multiple recipients, then only one copy of the message
+ SHOULD be transmitted. That is, the SMTP client SHOULD use the
+ command sequence: MAIL, RCPT, RCPT,... RCPT, DATA instead of the
+ sequence: MAIL, RCPT, DATA, ..., MAIL, RCPT, DATA. However, if there
+ are very many addresses, a limit on the number of RCPT commands per
+ MAIL command MAY be imposed. Implementation of this efficiency
+ feature is strongly encouraged.
+
+ Similarly, to achieve timely delivery, the SMTP client MAY support
+ multiple concurrent outgoing mail transactions. However, some limit
+ may be appropriate to protect the host from devoting all its
+ resources to mail.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.4.2" href="#section-4.5.4.2">4.5.4.2</a> Receiving Strategy</h5></span>
+
+ The SMTP server SHOULD attempt to keep a pending listen on the SMTP
+ port at all times. This requires the support of multiple incoming
+ TCP connections for SMTP. Some limit MAY be imposed but servers that
+ cannot handle more than one SMTP transaction at a time are not in
+ conformance with the intent of this specification.
+
+ As discussed above, when the SMTP server receives mail from a
+ particular host address, it could activate its own SMTP queuing
+ mechanisms to retry any mail pending for that host address.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-4.5.5" href="#section-4.5.5">4.5.5</a> Messages with a null reverse-path</h4></span>
+
+ There are several types of notification messages which are required
+ by existing and proposed standards to be sent with a null reverse
+ path, namely non-delivery notifications as discussed in <a href="#section-3.7">section 3.7</a>,
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 59]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-60" id="page-60" href="#page-60" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ other kinds of Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs) [<a href="#ref-24" title='"SMTP Service Extension for Delivery Status Notifications"'>24</a>], and also
+ Message Disposition Notifications (MDNs) [<a href="#ref-10" title='"An Extensible Message Format for Message Disposition Notifications"'>10</a>]. All of these kinds of
+ messages are notifications about a previous message, and they are
+ sent to the reverse-path of the previous mail message. (If the
+ delivery of such a notification message fails, that usually indicates
+ a problem with the mail system of the host to which the notification
+ message is addressed. For this reason, at some hosts the MTA is set
+ up to forward such failed notification messages to someone who is
+ able to fix problems with the mail system, e.g., via the postmaster
+ alias.)
+
+ All other types of messages (i.e., any message which is not required
+ by a standards-track RFC to have a null reverse-path) SHOULD be sent
+ with with a valid, non-null reverse-path.
+
+ Implementors of automated email processors should be careful to make
+ sure that the various kinds of messages with null reverse-path are
+ handled correctly, in particular such systems SHOULD NOT reply to
+ messages with null reverse-path.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Address Resolution and Mail Handling</h2></span>
+
+ Once an SMTP client lexically identifies a domain to which mail will
+ be delivered for processing (as described in sections <a href="#section-3.6">3.6</a> and <a href="#section-3.7">3.7</a>), a
+ DNS lookup MUST be performed to resolve the domain name [<a href="#ref-22" title='"Domain names - implementation and specification"'>22</a>]. The
+ names are expected to be fully-qualified domain names (FQDNs):
+ mechanisms for inferring FQDNs from partial names or local aliases
+ are outside of this specification and, due to a history of problems,
+ are generally discouraged. The lookup first attempts to locate an MX
+ record associated with the name. If a CNAME record is found instead,
+ the resulting name is processed as if it were the initial name. If
+ no MX records are found, but an A RR is found, the A RR is treated as
+ if it was associated with an implicit MX RR, with a preference of 0,
+ pointing to that host. If one or more MX RRs are found for a given
+ name, SMTP systems MUST NOT utilize any A RRs associated with that
+ name unless they are located using the MX RRs; the "implicit MX" rule
+ above applies only if there are no MX records present. If MX records
+ are present, but none of them are usable, this situation MUST be
+ reported as an error.
+
+ When the lookup succeeds, the mapping can result in a list of
+ alternative delivery addresses rather than a single address, because
+ of multiple MX records, multihoming, or both. To provide reliable
+ mail transmission, the SMTP client MUST be able to try (and retry)
+ each of the relevant addresses in this list in order, until a
+ delivery attempt succeeds. However, there MAY also be a configurable
+ limit on the number of alternate addresses that can be tried. In any
+ case, the SMTP client SHOULD try at least two addresses.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 60]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-61" id="page-61" href="#page-61" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ Two types of information is used to rank the host addresses: multiple
+ MX records, and multihomed hosts.
+
+ Multiple MX records contain a preference indication that MUST be used
+ in sorting (see below). Lower numbers are more preferred than higher
+ ones. If there are multiple destinations with the same preference
+ and there is no clear reason to favor one (e.g., by recognition of an
+ easily-reached address), then the sender-SMTP MUST randomize them to
+ spread the load across multiple mail exchangers for a specific
+ organization.
+
+ The destination host (perhaps taken from the preferred MX record) may
+ be multihomed, in which case the domain name resolver will return a
+ list of alternative IP addresses. It is the responsibility of the
+ domain name resolver interface to have ordered this list by
+ decreasing preference if necessary, and SMTP MUST try them in the
+ order presented.
+
+ Although the capability to try multiple alternative addresses is
+ required, specific installations may want to limit or disable the use
+ of alternative addresses. The question of whether a sender should
+ attempt retries using the different addresses of a multihomed host
+ has been controversial. The main argument for using the multiple
+ addresses is that it maximizes the probability of timely delivery,
+ and indeed sometimes the probability of any delivery; the counter-
+ argument is that it may result in unnecessary resource use. Note
+ that resource use is also strongly determined by the sending strategy
+ discussed in <a href="#section-4.5.4.1">section 4.5.4.1</a>.
+
+ If an SMTP server receives a message with a destination for which it
+ is a designated Mail eXchanger, it MAY relay the message (potentially
+ after having rewritten the MAIL FROM and/or RCPT TO addresses), make
+ final delivery of the message, or hand it off using some mechanism
+ outside the SMTP-provided transport environment. Of course, neither
+ of the latter require that the list of MX records be examined
+ further.
+
+ If it determines that it should relay the message without rewriting
+ the address, it MUST sort the MX records to determine candidates for
+ delivery. The records are first ordered by preference, with the
+ lowest-numbered records being most preferred. The relay host MUST
+ then inspect the list for any of the names or addresses by which it
+ might be known in mail transactions. If a matching record is found,
+ all records at that preference level and higher-numbered ones MUST be
+ discarded from consideration. If there are no records left at that
+ point, it is an error condition, and the message MUST be returned as
+ undeliverable. If records do remain, they SHOULD be tried, best
+ preference first, as described above.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 61]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-62" id="page-62" href="#page-62" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Problem Detection and Handling</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a> Reliable Delivery and Replies by Email</h3></span>
+
+ When the receiver-SMTP accepts a piece of mail (by sending a "250 OK"
+ message in response to DATA), it is accepting responsibility for
+ delivering or relaying the message. It must take this responsibility
+ seriously. It MUST NOT lose the message for frivolous reasons, such
+ as because the host later crashes or because of a predictable
+ resource shortage.
+
+ If there is a delivery failure after acceptance of a message, the
+ receiver-SMTP MUST formulate and mail a notification message. This
+ notification MUST be sent using a null ("&lt;&gt;") reverse path in the
+ envelope. The recipient of this notification MUST be the address
+ from the envelope return path (or the Return-Path: line). However,
+ if this address is null ("&lt;&gt;"), the receiver-SMTP MUST NOT send a
+ notification. Obviously, nothing in this section can or should
+ prohibit local decisions (i.e., as part of the same system
+ environment as the receiver-SMTP) to log or otherwise transmit
+ information about null address events locally if that is desired. If
+ the address is an explicit source route, it MUST be stripped down to
+ its final hop.
+
+ For example, suppose that an error notification must be sent for a
+ message that arrived with:
+
+ MAIL FROM:&lt;@a,@b:user@d&gt;
+
+ The notification message MUST be sent using:
+
+ RCPT TO:&lt;user@d&gt;
+
+ Some delivery failures after the message is accepted by SMTP will be
+ unavoidable. For example, it may be impossible for the receiving
+ SMTP server to validate all the delivery addresses in RCPT command(s)
+ due to a "soft" domain system error, because the target is a mailing
+ list (see earlier discussion of RCPT), or because the server is
+ acting as a relay and has no immediate access to the delivering
+ system.
+
+ To avoid receiving duplicate messages as the result of timeouts, a
+ receiver-SMTP MUST seek to minimize the time required to respond to
+ the final &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt; end of data indicator. See <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1047">RFC 1047</a> [<a href="#ref-28" title='"Duplicate messages and SMTP"'>28</a>] for
+ a discussion of this problem.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 62]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-63" id="page-63" href="#page-63" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a> Loop Detection</h3></span>
+
+ Simple counting of the number of "Received:" headers in a message has
+ proven to be an effective, although rarely optimal, method of
+ detecting loops in mail systems. SMTP servers using this technique
+ SHOULD use a large rejection threshold, normally at least 100
+ Received entries. Whatever mechanisms are used, servers MUST contain
+ provisions for detecting and stopping trivial loops.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3" href="#section-6.3">6.3</a> Compensating for Irregularities</h3></span>
+
+ Unfortunately, variations, creative interpretations, and outright
+ violations of Internet mail protocols do occur; some would suggest
+ that they occur quite frequently. The debate as to whether a well-
+ behaved SMTP receiver or relay should reject a malformed message,
+ attempt to pass it on unchanged, or attempt to repair it to increase
+ the odds of successful delivery (or subsequent reply) began almost
+ with the dawn of structured network mail and shows no signs of
+ abating. Advocates of rejection claim that attempted repairs are
+ rarely completely adequate and that rejection of bad messages is the
+ only way to get the offending software repaired. Advocates of
+ "repair" or "deliver no matter what" argue that users prefer that
+ mail go through it if at all possible and that there are significant
+ market pressures in that direction. In practice, these market
+ pressures may be more important to particular vendors than strict
+ conformance to the standards, regardless of the preference of the
+ actual developers.
+
+ The problems associated with ill-formed messages were exacerbated by
+ the introduction of the split-UA mail reading protocols [3, 26, 5,
+ 21]. These protocols have encouraged the use of SMTP as a posting
+ protocol, and SMTP servers as relay systems for these client hosts
+ (which are often only intermittently connected to the Internet).
+ Historically, many of those client machines lacked some of the
+ mechanisms and information assumed by SMTP (and indeed, by the mail
+ format protocol [<a href="#ref-7" title='"Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages"'>7</a>]). Some could not keep adequate track of time;
+ others had no concept of time zones; still others could not identify
+ their own names or addresses; and, of course, none could satisfy the
+ assumptions that underlay <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a>'s conception of authenticated
+ addresses.
+
+ In response to these weak SMTP clients, many SMTP systems now
+ complete messages that are delivered to them in incomplete or
+ incorrect form. This strategy is generally considered appropriate
+ when the server can identify or authenticate the client, and there
+ are prior agreements between them. By contrast, there is at best
+ great concern about fixes applied by a relay or delivery SMTP server
+ that has little or no knowledge of the user or client machine.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 63]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-64" id="page-64" href="#page-64" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ The following changes to a message being processed MAY be applied
+ when necessary by an originating SMTP server, or one used as the
+ target of SMTP as an initial posting protocol:
+
+ - Addition of a message-id field when none appears
+
+ - Addition of a date, time or time zone when none appears
+
+ - Correction of addresses to proper FQDN format
+
+ The less information the server has about the client, the less likely
+ these changes are to be correct and the more caution and conservatism
+ should be applied when considering whether or not to perform fixes
+ and how. These changes MUST NOT be applied by an SMTP server that
+ provides an intermediate relay function.
+
+ In all cases, properly-operating clients supplying correct
+ information are preferred to corrections by the SMTP server. In all
+ cases, documentation of actions performed by the servers (in trace
+ fields and/or header comments) is strongly encouraged.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Security Considerations</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1" href="#section-7.1">7.1</a> Mail Security and Spoofing</h3></span>
+
+ SMTP mail is inherently insecure in that it is feasible for even
+ fairly casual users to negotiate directly with receiving and relaying
+ SMTP servers and create messages that will trick a naive recipient
+ into believing that they came from somewhere else. Constructing such
+ a message so that the "spoofed" behavior cannot be detected by an
+ expert is somewhat more difficult, but not sufficiently so as to be a
+ deterrent to someone who is determined and knowledgeable.
+ Consequently, as knowledge of Internet mail increases, so does the
+ knowledge that SMTP mail inherently cannot be authenticated, or
+ integrity checks provided, at the transport level. Real mail
+ security lies only in end-to-end methods involving the message
+ bodies, such as those which use digital signatures (see [<a href="#ref-14" title='"Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted"'>14</a>] and,
+ e.g., PGP [<a href="#ref-4" title='"OpenPGP Message Format"'>4</a>] or S/MIME [<a href="#ref-31" title='"S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification"'>31</a>]).
+
+ Various protocol extensions and configuration options that provide
+ authentication at the transport level (e.g., from an SMTP client to
+ an SMTP server) improve somewhat on the traditional situation
+ described above. However, unless they are accompanied by careful
+ handoffs of responsibility in a carefully-designed trust environment,
+ they remain inherently weaker than end-to-end mechanisms which use
+ digitally signed messages rather than depending on the integrity of
+ the transport system.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 64]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-65" id="page-65" href="#page-65" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ Efforts to make it more difficult for users to set envelope return
+ path and header "From" fields to point to valid addresses other than
+ their own are largely misguided: they frustrate legitimate
+ applications in which mail is sent by one user on behalf of another
+ or in which error (or normal) replies should be directed to a special
+ address. (Systems that provide convenient ways for users to alter
+ these fields on a per-message basis should attempt to establish a
+ primary and permanent mailbox address for the user so that Sender
+ fields within the message data can be generated sensibly.)
+
+ This specification does not further address the authentication issues
+ associated with SMTP other than to advocate that useful functionality
+ not be disabled in the hope of providing some small margin of
+ protection against an ignorant user who is trying to fake mail.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.2" href="#section-7.2">7.2</a> "Blind" Copies</h3></span>
+
+ Addresses that do not appear in the message headers may appear in the
+ RCPT commands to an SMTP server for a number of reasons. The two
+ most common involve the use of a mailing address as a "list exploder"
+ (a single address that resolves into multiple addresses) and the
+ appearance of "blind copies". Especially when more than one RCPT
+ command is present, and in order to avoid defeating some of the
+ purpose of these mechanisms, SMTP clients and servers SHOULD NOT copy
+ the full set of RCPT command arguments into the headers, either as
+ part of trace headers or as informational or private-extension
+ headers. Since this rule is often violated in practice, and cannot
+ be enforced, sending SMTP systems that are aware of "bcc" use MAY
+ find it helpful to send each blind copy as a separate message
+ transaction containing only a single RCPT command.
+
+ There is no inherent relationship between either "reverse" (from
+ MAIL, SAML, etc., commands) or "forward" (RCPT) addresses in the SMTP
+ transaction ("envelope") and the addresses in the headers. Receiving
+ systems SHOULD NOT attempt to deduce such relationships and use them
+ to alter the headers of the message for delivery. The popular
+ "Apparently-to" header is a violation of this principle as well as a
+ common source of unintended information disclosure and SHOULD NOT be
+ used.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.3" href="#section-7.3">7.3</a> VRFY, EXPN, and Security</h3></span>
+
+ As discussed in <a href="#section-3.5">section 3.5</a>, individual sites may want to disable
+ either or both of VRFY or EXPN for security reasons. As a corollary
+ to the above, implementations that permit this MUST NOT appear to
+ have verified addresses that are not, in fact, verified. If a site
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 65]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-66" id="page-66" href="#page-66" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ disables these commands for security reasons, the SMTP server MUST
+ return a 252 response, rather than a code that could be confused with
+ successful or unsuccessful verification.
+
+ Returning a 250 reply code with the address listed in the VRFY
+ command after having checked it only for syntax violates this rule.
+ Of course, an implementation that "supports" VRFY by always returning
+ 550 whether or not the address is valid is equally not in
+ conformance.
+
+ Within the last few years, the contents of mailing lists have become
+ popular as an address information source for so-called "spammers."
+ The use of EXPN to "harvest" addresses has increased as list
+ administrators have installed protections against inappropriate uses
+ of the lists themselves. Implementations SHOULD still provide
+ support for EXPN, but sites SHOULD carefully evaluate the tradeoffs.
+ As authentication mechanisms are introduced into SMTP, some sites may
+ choose to make EXPN available only to authenticated requestors.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.4" href="#section-7.4">7.4</a> Information Disclosure in Announcements</h3></span>
+
+ There has been an ongoing debate about the tradeoffs between the
+ debugging advantages of announcing server type and version (and,
+ sometimes, even server domain name) in the greeting response or in
+ response to the HELP command and the disadvantages of exposing
+ information that might be useful in a potential hostile attack. The
+ utility of the debugging information is beyond doubt. Those who
+ argue for making it available point out that it is far better to
+ actually secure an SMTP server rather than hope that trying to
+ conceal known vulnerabilities by hiding the server's precise identity
+ will provide more protection. Sites are encouraged to evaluate the
+ tradeoff with that issue in mind; implementations are strongly
+ encouraged to minimally provide for making type and version
+ information available in some way to other network hosts.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.5" href="#section-7.5">7.5</a> Information Disclosure in Trace Fields</h3></span>
+
+ In some circumstances, such as when mail originates from within a LAN
+ whose hosts are not directly on the public Internet, trace
+ ("Received") fields produced in conformance with this specification
+ may disclose host names and similar information that would not
+ normally be available. This ordinarily does not pose a problem, but
+ sites with special concerns about name disclosure should be aware of
+ it. Also, the optional FOR clause should be supplied with caution or
+ not at all when multiple recipients are involved lest it
+ inadvertently disclose the identities of "blind copy" recipients to
+ others.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 66]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-67" id="page-67" href="#page-67" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6" href="#section-7.6">7.6</a> Information Disclosure in Message Forwarding</h3></span>
+
+ As discussed in <a href="#section-3.4">section 3.4</a>, use of the 251 or 551 reply codes to
+ identify the replacement address associated with a mailbox may
+ inadvertently disclose sensitive information. Sites that are
+ concerned about those issues should ensure that they select and
+ configure servers appropriately.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.7" href="#section-7.7">7.7</a> Scope of Operation of SMTP Servers</h3></span>
+
+ It is a well-established principle that an SMTP server may refuse to
+ accept mail for any operational or technical reason that makes sense
+ to the site providing the server. However, cooperation among sites
+ and installations makes the Internet possible. If sites take
+ excessive advantage of the right to reject traffic, the ubiquity of
+ email availability (one of the strengths of the Internet) will be
+ threatened; considerable care should be taken and balance maintained
+ if a site decides to be selective about the traffic it will accept
+ and process.
+
+ In recent years, use of the relay function through arbitrary sites
+ has been used as part of hostile efforts to hide the actual origins
+ of mail. Some sites have decided to limit the use of the relay
+ function to known or identifiable sources, and implementations SHOULD
+ provide the capability to perform this type of filtering. When mail
+ is rejected for these or other policy reasons, a 550 code SHOULD be
+ used in response to EHLO, MAIL, or RCPT as appropriate.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. IANA Considerations</h2></span>
+
+ IANA will maintain three registries in support of this specification.
+ The first consists of SMTP service extensions with the associated
+ keywords, and, as needed, parameters and verbs. As specified in
+ <a href="#section-2.2.2">section 2.2.2</a>, no entry may be made in this registry that starts in
+ an "X". Entries may be made only for service extensions (and
+ associated keywords, parameters, or verbs) that are defined in
+ standards-track or experimental RFCs specifically approved by the
+ IESG for this purpose.
+
+ The second registry consists of "tags" that identify forms of domain
+ literals other than those for IPv4 addresses (specified in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>
+ and in this document) and IPv6 addresses (specified in this
+ document). Additional literal types require standardization before
+ being used; none are anticipated at this time.
+
+ The third, established by <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> and renewed by this specification,
+ is a registry of link and protocol identifiers to be used with the
+ "via" and "with" subclauses of the time stamp ("Received: header")
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 67]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-68" id="page-68" href="#page-68" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ described in <a href="#section-4.4">section 4.4</a>. Link and protocol identifiers in addition
+ to those specified in this document may be registered only by
+ standardization or by way of an RFC-documented, IESG-approved,
+ Experimental protocol extension.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. References</h2></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-1" id="ref-1">1</a>] American National Standards Institute (formerly United States of
+ America Standards Institute), X3.4, 1968, "USA Code for
+ Information Interchange". ANSI X3.4-1968 has been replaced by
+ newer versions with slight modifications, but the 1968 version
+ remains definitive for the Internet.
+
+ [<a name="ref-2" id="ref-2">2</a>] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet hosts - application and
+ support", STD 3, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>, October 1989.
+
+ [<a name="ref-3" id="ref-3">3</a>] Butler, M., Chase, D., Goldberger, J., Postel, J. and J.
+ Reynolds, "Post Office Protocol - version 2", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc937">RFC 937</a>, February
+ 1985.
+
+ [<a name="ref-4" id="ref-4">4</a>] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H. and R. Thayer, "OpenPGP
+ Message Format", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2440">RFC 2440</a>, November 1998.
+
+ [<a name="ref-5" id="ref-5">5</a>] Crispin, M., "Interactive Mail Access Protocol - Version 2", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1176">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1176">1176</a>, August 1990.
+
+ [<a name="ref-6" id="ref-6">6</a>] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol - Version 4", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2060">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2060">2060</a>, December 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-7" id="ref-7">7</a>] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text
+ Messages", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a>, August 1982.
+
+ [<a name="ref-8" id="ref-8">8</a>] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, Eds., "Augmented BNF for Syntax
+ Specifications: ABNF", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2234">RFC 2234</a>, November 1997.
+
+ [<a name="ref-9" id="ref-9">9</a>] De Winter, J., "SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue
+ Starting", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1985">RFC 1985</a>, August 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-10" id="ref-10">10</a>] Fajman, R., "An Extensible Message Format for Message
+ Disposition Notifications", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2298">RFC 2298</a>, March 1998.
+
+ [<a name="ref-11" id="ref-11">11</a>] Freed, N, "Behavior of and Requirements for Internet Firewalls",
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2979">RFC 2979</a>, October 2000.
+
+ [<a name="ref-12" id="ref-12">12</a>] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
+ Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045">RFC 2045</a>, December 1996.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 68]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-69" id="page-69" href="#page-69" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-13" id="ref-13">13</a>] Freed, N., "SMTP Service Extension for Command Pipelining", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2920">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2920">2920</a>, September 2000.
+
+ [<a name="ref-14" id="ref-14">14</a>] Galvin, J., Murphy, S., Crocker, S. and N. Freed, "Security
+ Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted",
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1847">RFC 1847</a>, October 1995.
+
+ [<a name="ref-15" id="ref-15">15</a>] Gellens, R. and J. Klensin, "Message Submission", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2476">RFC 2476</a>,
+ December 1998.
+
+ [<a name="ref-16" id="ref-16">16</a>] Kille, S., "Mapping between X.400 and <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC822</a>/MIME", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2156">RFC 2156</a>,
+ January 1998.
+
+ [<a name="ref-17" id="ref-17">17</a>] Hinden, R and S. Deering, Eds. "IP Version 6 Addressing
+ Architecture", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373">RFC 2373</a>, July 1998.
+
+ [<a name="ref-18" id="ref-18">18</a>] Klensin, J., Freed, N. and K. Moore, "SMTP Service Extension for
+ Message Size Declaration", STD 10, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1870">RFC 1870</a>, November 1995.
+
+ [<a name="ref-19" id="ref-19">19</a>] Klensin, J., Freed, N., Rose, M., Stefferud, E. and D. Crocker,
+ "SMTP Service Extensions", STD 10, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1869">RFC 1869</a>, November 1995.
+
+ [<a name="ref-20" id="ref-20">20</a>] Klensin, J., Freed, N., Rose, M., Stefferud, E. and D. Crocker,
+ "SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1652">RFC 1652</a>, July
+ 1994.
+
+ [<a name="ref-21" id="ref-21">21</a>] Lambert, M., "PCMAIL: A distributed mail system for personal
+ computers", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1056">RFC 1056</a>, July 1988.
+
+ [<a name="ref-22" id="ref-22">22</a>] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
+ specification", STD 13, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035">RFC 1035</a>, November 1987.
+
+ Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD
+ 13, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034">RFC 1034</a>, November 1987.
+
+ [<a name="ref-23" id="ref-23">23</a>] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part
+ Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047">RFC 2047</a>,
+ December 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-24" id="ref-24">24</a>] Moore, K., "SMTP Service Extension for Delivery Status
+ Notifications", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1891">RFC 1891</a>, January 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-25" id="ref-25">25</a>] Moore, K., and G. Vaudreuil, "An Extensible Message Format for
+ Delivery Status Notifications", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1894">RFC 1894</a>, January 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-26" id="ref-26">26</a>] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3", STD
+ 53, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939">RFC 1939</a>, May 1996.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 69]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-70" id="page-70" href="#page-70" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-27" id="ref-27">27</a>] Partridge, C., "Mail routing and the domain system", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc974">RFC 974</a>,
+ January 1986.
+
+ [<a name="ref-28" id="ref-28">28</a>] Partridge, C., "Duplicate messages and SMTP", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1047">RFC 1047</a>, February
+ 1988.
+
+ [<a name="ref-29" id="ref-29">29</a>] Postel, J., ed., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet
+ Program Protocol Specification", STD 7, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793">RFC 793</a>, September 1981.
+
+ [<a name="ref-30" id="ref-30">30</a>] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>, August
+ 1982.
+
+ [<a name="ref-31" id="ref-31">31</a>] Ramsdell, B., Ed., "S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2633">RFC</a>
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2633">2633</a>, June 1999.
+
+ [<a name="ref-32" id="ref-32">32</a>] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a>, April
+ 2001.
+
+ [<a name="ref-33" id="ref-33">33</a>] Vaudreuil, G., "SMTP Service Extensions for Transmission of
+ Large and Binary MIME Messages", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1830">RFC 1830</a>, August 1995.
+
+ [<a name="ref-34" id="ref-34">34</a>] Vaudreuil, G., "Enhanced Mail System Status Codes", <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1893">RFC 1893</a>,
+ January 1996.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Editor's Address</h2></span>
+
+ John C. Klensin
+ AT&amp;T Laboratories
+ 99 Bedford St
+ Boston, MA 02111 USA
+
+ Phone: 617-574-3076
+ EMail: klensin@research.att.com
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. Acknowledgments</h2></span>
+
+ Many people worked long and hard on the many iterations of this
+ document. There was wide-ranging debate in the IETF DRUMS Working
+ Group, both on its mailing list and in face to face discussions,
+ about many technical issues and the role of a revised standard for
+ Internet mail transport, and many contributors helped form the
+ wording in this specification. The hundreds of participants in the
+ many discussions since <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> was produced are too numerous to
+ mention, but they all helped this document become what it is.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 70]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-71" id="page-71" href="#page-71" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A" href="#appendix-A">A</a>. TCP Transport Service</h1></span>
+
+ The TCP connection supports the transmission of 8-bit bytes. The
+ SMTP data is 7-bit ASCII characters. Each character is transmitted
+ as an 8-bit byte with the high-order bit cleared to zero. Service
+ extensions may modify this rule to permit transmission of full 8-bit
+ data bytes as part of the message body, but not in SMTP commands or
+ responses.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-B" href="#appendix-B">B</a>. Generating SMTP Commands from <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> Headers</h1></span>
+
+ Some systems use <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> headers (only) in a mail submission
+ protocol, or otherwise generate SMTP commands from <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> headers
+ when such a message is handed to an MTA from a UA. While the MTA-UA
+ protocol is a private matter, not covered by any Internet Standard,
+ there are problems with this approach. For example, there have been
+ repeated problems with proper handling of "bcc" copies and
+ redistribution lists when information that conceptually belongs to a
+ mail envelopes is not separated early in processing from header
+ information (and kept separate).
+
+ It is recommended that the UA provide its initial ("submission
+ client") MTA with an envelope separate from the message itself.
+ However, if the envelope is not supplied, SMTP commands SHOULD be
+ generated as follows:
+
+ 1. Each recipient address from a TO, CC, or BCC header field SHOULD
+ be copied to a RCPT command (generating multiple message copies if
+ that is required for queuing or delivery). This includes any
+ addresses listed in a <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> "group". Any BCC fields SHOULD then
+ be removed from the headers. Once this process is completed, the
+ remaining headers SHOULD be checked to verify that at least one
+ To:, Cc:, or Bcc: header remains. If none do, then a bcc: header
+ with no additional information SHOULD be inserted as specified in
+ [<a href="#ref-32" title='"Internet Message Format"'>32</a>].
+
+ 2. The return address in the MAIL command SHOULD, if possible, be
+ derived from the system's identity for the submitting (local)
+ user, and the "From:" header field otherwise. If there is a
+ system identity available, it SHOULD also be copied to the Sender
+ header field if it is different from the address in the From
+ header field. (Any Sender field that was already there SHOULD be
+ removed.) Systems may provide a way for submitters to override
+ the envelope return address, but may want to restrict its use to
+ privileged users. This will not prevent mail forgery, but may
+ lessen its incidence; see <a href="#section-7.1">section 7.1</a>.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 71]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-72" id="page-72" href="#page-72" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ When an MTA is being used in this way, it bears responsibility for
+ ensuring that the message being transmitted is valid. The mechanisms
+ for checking that validity, and for handling (or returning) messages
+ that are not valid at the time of arrival, are part of the MUA-MTA
+ interface and not covered by this specification.
+
+ A submission protocol based on Standard <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> information alone
+ MUST NOT be used to gateway a message from a foreign (non-SMTP) mail
+ system into an SMTP environment. Additional information to construct
+ an envelope must come from some source in the other environment,
+ whether supplemental headers or the foreign system's envelope.
+
+ Attempts to gateway messages using only their header "to" and "cc"
+ fields have repeatedly caused mail loops and other behavior adverse
+ to the proper functioning of the Internet mail environment. These
+ problems have been especially common when the message originates from
+ an Internet mailing list and is distributed into the foreign
+ environment using envelope information. When these messages are then
+ processed by a header-only remailer, loops back to the Internet
+ environment (and the mailing list) are almost inevitable.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-C" href="#appendix-C">C</a>. Source Routes</h1></span>
+
+ Historically, the &lt;reverse-path&gt; was a reverse source routing list of
+ hosts and a source mailbox. The first host in the &lt;reverse-path&gt;
+ SHOULD be the host sending the MAIL command. Similarly, the
+ &lt;forward-path&gt; may be a source routing lists of hosts and a
+ destination mailbox. However, in general, the &lt;forward-path&gt; SHOULD
+ contain only a mailbox and domain name, relying on the domain name
+ system to supply routing information if required. The use of source
+ routes is deprecated; while servers MUST be prepared to receive and
+ handle them as discussed in <a href="#section-3.3">section 3.3</a> and F.2, clients SHOULD NOT
+ transmit them and this section was included only to provide context.
+
+ For relay purposes, the forward-path may be a source route of the
+ form "@ONE,@TWO:JOE@THREE", where ONE, TWO, and THREE MUST BE fully-
+ qualified domain names. This form is used to emphasize the
+ distinction between an address and a route. The mailbox is an
+ absolute address, and the route is information about how to get
+ there. The two concepts should not be confused.
+
+ If source routes are used, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> and the text below should be
+ consulted for the mechanisms for constructing and updating the
+ forward- and reverse-paths.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 72]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-73" id="page-73" href="#page-73" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ The SMTP server transforms the command arguments by moving its own
+ identifier (its domain name or that of any domain for which it is
+ acting as a mail exchanger), if it appears, from the forward-path to
+ the beginning of the reverse-path.
+
+ Notice that the forward-path and reverse-path appear in the SMTP
+ commands and replies, but not necessarily in the message. That is,
+ there is no need for these paths and especially this syntax to appear
+ in the "To:" , "From:", "CC:", etc. fields of the message header.
+ Conversely, SMTP servers MUST NOT derive final message delivery
+ information from message header fields.
+
+ When the list of hosts is present, it is a "reverse" source route and
+ indicates that the mail was relayed through each host on the list
+ (the first host in the list was the most recent relay). This list is
+ used as a source route to return non-delivery notices to the sender.
+ As each relay host adds itself to the beginning of the list, it MUST
+ use its name as known in the transport environment to which it is
+ relaying the mail rather than that of the transport environment from
+ which the mail came (if they are different).
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D" href="#appendix-D">D</a>. Scenarios</h1></span>
+
+ This section presents complete scenarios of several types of SMTP
+ sessions. In the examples, "C:" indicates what is said by the SMTP
+ client, and "S:" indicates what is said by the SMTP server.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D.1" href="#appendix-D.1">D.1</a> A Typical SMTP Transaction Scenario</h1></span>
+
+ This SMTP example shows mail sent by Smith at host bar.com, to Jones,
+ Green, and Brown at host foo.com. Here we assume that host bar.com
+ contacts host foo.com directly. The mail is accepted for Jones and
+ Brown. Green does not have a mailbox at host foo.com.
+
+ S: 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+ C: EHLO bar.com
+ S: 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+ S: 250-8BITMIME
+ S: 250-SIZE
+ S: 250-DSN
+ S: 250 HELP
+ C: MAIL FROM:&lt;Smith@bar.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Jones@foo.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Green@foo.com&gt;
+ S: 550 No such user here
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Brown@foo.com&gt;
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 73]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-74" id="page-74" href="#page-74" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: DATA
+ S: 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+ C: Blah blah blah...
+ C: ...etc. etc. etc.
+ C: .
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: QUIT
+ S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D.2" href="#appendix-D.2">D.2</a> Aborted SMTP Transaction Scenario</h1></span>
+
+ S: 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+ C: EHLO bar.com
+ S: 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+ S: 250-8BITMIME
+ S: 250-SIZE
+ S: 250-DSN
+ S: 250 HELP
+ C: MAIL FROM:&lt;Smith@bar.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Jones@foo.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Green@foo.com&gt;
+ S: 550 No such user here
+ C: RSET
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: QUIT
+ S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D.3" href="#appendix-D.3">D.3</a> Relayed Mail Scenario</h1></span>
+
+ Step 1 -- Source Host to Relay Host
+
+ S: 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+ C: EHLO bar.com
+ S: 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+ S: 250-8BITMIME
+ S: 250-SIZE
+ S: 250-DSN
+ S: 250 HELP
+ C: MAIL FROM:&lt;JQP@bar.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;@foo.com:Jones@XYZ.COM&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: DATA
+ S: 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+ C: Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 05:33:29 -0700
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 74]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-75" id="page-75" href="#page-75" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ C: From: John Q. Public &lt;JQP@bar.com&gt;
+ C: Subject: The Next Meeting of the Board
+ C: To: Jones@xyz.com
+ C:
+ C: Bill:
+ C: The next meeting of the board of directors will be
+ C: on Tuesday.
+ C: John.
+ C: .
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: QUIT
+ S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+ Step 2 -- Relay Host to Destination Host
+
+ S: 220 xyz.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+ C: EHLO foo.com
+ S: 250 xyz.com is on the air
+ C: MAIL FROM:&lt;@foo.com:JQP@bar.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Jones@XYZ.COM&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: DATA
+ S: 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+ C: Received: from bar.com by foo.com ; Thu, 21 May 1998
+ C: 05:33:29 -0700
+ C: Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 05:33:22 -0700
+ C: From: John Q. Public &lt;JQP@bar.com&gt;
+ C: Subject: The Next Meeting of the Board
+ C: To: Jones@xyz.com
+ C:
+ C: Bill:
+ C: The next meeting of the board of directors will be
+ C: on Tuesday.
+ C: John.
+ C: .
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: QUIT
+ S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D.4" href="#appendix-D.4">D.4</a> Verifying and Sending Scenario</h1></span>
+
+ S: 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+ C: EHLO bar.com
+ S: 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+ S: 250-8BITMIME
+ S: 250-SIZE
+ S: 250-DSN
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 75]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-76" id="page-76" href="#page-76" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+ S: 250-VRFY
+ S: 250 HELP
+ C: VRFY Crispin
+ S: 250 Mark Crispin &lt;Admin.MRC@foo.com&gt;
+ C: SEND FROM:&lt;EAK@bar.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: RCPT TO:&lt;Admin.MRC@foo.com&gt;
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: DATA
+ S: 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+ C: Blah blah blah...
+ C: ...etc. etc. etc.
+ C: .
+ S: 250 OK
+ C: QUIT
+ S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-E" href="#appendix-E">E</a>. Other Gateway Issues</h1></span>
+
+ In general, gateways between the Internet and other mail systems
+ SHOULD attempt to preserve any layering semantics across the
+ boundaries between the two mail systems involved. Gateway-
+ translation approaches that attempt to take shortcuts by mapping,
+ (such as envelope information from one system to the message headers
+ or body of another) have generally proven to be inadequate in
+ important ways. Systems translating between environments that do not
+ support both envelopes and headers and Internet mail must be written
+ with the understanding that some information loss is almost
+ inevitable.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F" href="#appendix-F">F</a>. Deprecated Features of <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a></h1></span>
+
+ A few features of <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> have proven to be problematic and SHOULD
+ NOT be used in Internet mail.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.1" href="#appendix-F.1">F.1</a> TURN</h1></span>
+
+ This command, described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a>, raises important security issues
+ since, in the absence of strong authentication of the host requesting
+ that the client and server switch roles, it can easily be used to
+ divert mail from its correct destination. Its use is deprecated;
+ SMTP systems SHOULD NOT use it unless the server can authenticate the
+ client.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 76]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-77" id="page-77" href="#page-77" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.2" href="#appendix-F.2">F.2</a> Source Routing</h1></span>
+
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> utilized the concept of explicit source routing to get mail
+ from one host to another via a series of relays. The requirement to
+ utilize source routes in regular mail traffic was eliminated by the
+ introduction of the domain name system "MX" record and the last
+ significant justification for them was eliminated by the
+ introduction, in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>, of a clear requirement that addresses
+ following an "@" must all be fully-qualified domain names.
+ Consequently, the only remaining justifications for the use of source
+ routes are support for very old SMTP clients or MUAs and in mail
+ system debugging. They can, however, still be useful in the latter
+ circumstance and for routing mail around serious, but temporary,
+ problems such as problems with the relevant DNS records.
+
+ SMTP servers MUST continue to accept source route syntax as specified
+ in the main body of this document and in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>. They MAY, if
+ necessary, ignore the routes and utilize only the target domain in
+ the address. If they do utilize the source route, the message MUST
+ be sent to the first domain shown in the address. In particular, a
+ server MUST NOT guess at shortcuts within the source route.
+
+ Clients SHOULD NOT utilize explicit source routing except under
+ unusual circumstances, such as debugging or potentially relaying
+ around firewall or mail system configuration errors.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.3" href="#appendix-F.3">F.3</a> HELO</h1></span>
+
+ As discussed in sections <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> and <a href="#section-4.1.1">4.1.1</a>, EHLO is strongly preferred to
+ HELO when the server will accept the former. Servers must continue
+ to accept and process HELO in order to support older clients.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.4" href="#appendix-F.4">F.4</a> #-literals</h1></span>
+
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> provided for specifying an Internet address as a decimal
+ integer host number prefixed by a pound sign, "#". In practice, that
+ form has been obsolete since the introduction of TCP/IP. It is
+ deprecated and MUST NOT be used.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.5" href="#appendix-F.5">F.5</a> Dates and Years</h1></span>
+
+ When dates are inserted into messages by SMTP clients or servers
+ (e.g., in trace fields), four-digit years MUST BE used. Two-digit
+ years are deprecated; three-digit years were never permitted in the
+ Internet mail system.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 77]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-78" id="page-78" href="#page-78" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-F.6" href="#appendix-F.6">F.6</a> Sending versus Mailing</h1></span>
+
+ In addition to specifying a mechanism for delivering messages to
+ user's mailboxes, <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> provided additional, optional, commands to
+ deliver messages directly to the user's terminal screen. These
+ commands (SEND, SAML, SOML) were rarely implemented, and changes in
+ workstation technology and the introduction of other protocols may
+ have rendered them obsolete even where they are implemented.
+
+ Clients SHOULD NOT provide SEND, SAML, or SOML as services. Servers
+ MAY implement them. If they are implemented by servers, the
+ implementation model specified in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821</a> MUST be used and the
+ command names MUST be published in the response to the EHLO command.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Klensin Standards Track [Page 78]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-79" id="page-79" href="#page-79" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol April 2001</span>
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
+
+ This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
+ others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
+ or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
+ and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
+ kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
+ included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
+ document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
+ the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
+ Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
+ developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
+ copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
+ followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
+ English.
+
+ The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
+ revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
+ TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
+ BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
+ HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+ Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
+ Internet Society.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Klensin Standards Track [Page 79]
+
+</pre><br>
+<span class="noprint"><small><small>Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.109, available from
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+
+</body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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+<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="urn:ietf:rfc:3977">
+<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="October, 2006">
+<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Clive D.W. Feather &lt;clive@demon.net&gt;">
+<meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" content="The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) has been in use in the\nInternet for a decade, and remains one of the most popular protocols\n(by volume) in use today. This document is a replacement for RFC 977,\nand officially updates the protocol specification. It clarifies some\nvagueness in RFC 977, includes some new base functionality, and\nprovides a specific mechanism to add standardized extensions to NNTP.\n[STANDARDS-TRACK]">
+<meta name="DC.Title" content="Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)">
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+<span class="pre noprint docinfo top">[<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/" title="Document search and retrieval page">Docs</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3977.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc3977" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-nntpext-base" title="draft-ietf-nntpext-base">draft-ietf-nntpex...</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?difftype=--hwdiff&amp;url2=rfc3977" title="Inline diff (wdiff)">Diff1</a>] [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=rfc3977" title="Side-by-side diff">Diff2</a>] [<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=3977">Errata</a>] </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> </span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo">Updated by: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6048">6048</a> PROPOSED STANDARD</span><br>
+<span class="pre noprint docinfo"> <span style="color: #C00;">Errata Exist</span></span><br>
+<pre>Network Working Group C. Feather
+Request for Comments: 3977 THUS plc
+Obsoletes: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">977</a> October 2006
+Updates: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">2980</a>
+Category: Standards Track
+
+
+ <span class="h1"><h1>Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)</h1></span>
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+ This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+ Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+ improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+ Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+ and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
+
+Abstract
+
+ The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) has been in use in the
+ Internet for a decade, and remains one of the most popular protocols
+ (by volume) in use today. This document is a replacement for
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a>, and officially updates the protocol specification. It
+ clarifies some vagueness in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a>, includes some new base
+ functionality, and provides a specific mechanism to add standardized
+ extensions to NNTP.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ <a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a>
+ <a href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Author's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a>
+ <a href="#section-2">2</a>. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
+ <a href="#section-3">3</a>. Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Commands and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a>. Multi-line Data Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Response Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-9">9</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.2.1">3.2.1</a>. Generic Response Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-10">10</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.2.1.1">3.2.1.1</a>. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-12">12</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Capabilities and Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3.1">3.3.1</a>. Capability Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-14">14</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3.2">3.3.2</a>. Standard Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-15">15</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3.3">3.3.3</a>. Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.3.4">3.3.4</a>. Initial IANA Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Mandatory and Optional Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-20">20</a>
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 1]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-2" id="page-2" href="#page-2" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ <a href="#section-3.4.1">3.4.1</a>. Reading and Transit Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-21">21</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.4.2">3.4.2</a>. Mode Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-21">21</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5">3.5</a>. Pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.5.1">3.5.1</a>. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-23">23</a>
+ <a href="#section-3.6">3.6</a>. Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-24">24</a>
+ <a href="#section-4">4</a>. The WILDMAT Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-25">25</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. Wildmat Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. Wildmat Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-26">26</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>. Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-27">27</a>
+ <a href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-27">27</a>
+ <a href="#section-5">5</a>. Session Administration Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-28">28</a>
+ <a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Initial Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-28">28</a>
+ <a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. CAPABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-29">29</a>
+ <a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. MODE READER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-32">32</a>
+ <a href="#section-5.4">5.4</a>. QUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-34">34</a>
+ <a href="#section-6">6</a>. Article Posting and Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-35">35</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Group and Article Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-36">36</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1.1">6.1.1</a>. GROUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-36">36</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1.2">6.1.2</a>. LISTGROUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-39">39</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1.3">6.1.3</a>. LAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-42">42</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.1.4">6.1.4</a>. NEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-44">44</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>. Retrieval of Articles and Article Sections . . . . . . . <a href="#page-45">45</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2.1">6.2.1</a>. ARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-46">46</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2.2">6.2.2</a>. HEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-49">49</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2.3">6.2.3</a>. BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-51">51</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.2.4">6.2.4</a>. STAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-53">53</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.3">6.3</a>. Article Posting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-56">56</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.3.1">6.3.1</a>. POST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-56">56</a>
+ <a href="#section-6.3.2">6.3.2</a>. IHAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-58">58</a>
+ <a href="#section-7">7</a>. Information Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-61">61</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.1">7.1</a>. DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-61">61</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.2">7.2</a>. HELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-62">62</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.3">7.3</a>. NEWGROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-63">63</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.4">7.4</a>. NEWNEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-64">64</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.5">7.5</a>. Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-65">65</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.5.1">7.5.1</a>. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-66">66</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6">7.6</a>. The LIST Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-66">66</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.1">7.6.1</a>. LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-67">67</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.2">7.6.2</a>. Standard LIST Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-69">69</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.3">7.6.3</a>. LIST ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-70">70</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.4">7.6.4</a>. LIST ACTIVE.TIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-71">71</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.5">7.6.5</a>. LIST DISTRIB.PATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-72">72</a>
+ <a href="#section-7.6.6">7.6.6</a>. LIST NEWSGROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-73">73</a>
+ <a href="#section-8">8</a>. Article Field Access Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-73">73</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>. Article Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-74">74</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.1.1">8.1.1</a>. The :bytes Metadata Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-74">74</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.1.2">8.1.2</a>. The :lines Metadata Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-75">75</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>. Database Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-75">75</a>
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 2]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-3" id="page-3" href="#page-3" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ <a href="#section-8.3">8.3</a>. OVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-76">76</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.4">8.4</a>. LIST OVERVIEW.FMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-81">81</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.5">8.5</a>. HDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-83">83</a>
+ <a href="#section-8.6">8.6</a>. LIST HEADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-87">87</a>
+ <a href="#section-9">9</a>. Augmented BNF Syntax for NNTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-90">90</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-90">90</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.2">9.2</a>. Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-92">92</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.3">9.3</a>. Command Continuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-93">93</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.4">9.4</a>. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-93">93</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.4.1">9.4.1</a>. Generic Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-93">93</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.4.2">9.4.2</a>. Initial Response Line Contents . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-94">94</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.4.3">9.4.3</a>. Multi-line Response Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-94">94</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.5">9.5</a>. Capability Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-95">95</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.6">9.6</a>. LIST Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-96">96</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.7">9.7</a>. Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-97">97</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.8">9.8</a>. General Non-terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-97">97</a>
+ <a href="#section-9.9">9.9</a>. Extensions and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-99">99</a>
+ <a href="#section-10">10</a>. Internationalisation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-100">100</a>
+ <a href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>. Introduction and Historical Situation . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-100">100</a>
+ <a href="#section-10.2">10.2</a>. This Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-101">101</a>
+ <a href="#section-10.3">10.3</a>. Outstanding Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-102">102</a>
+ <a href="#section-11">11</a>. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-103">103</a>
+ <a href="#section-12">12</a>. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-103">103</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. Personal and Proprietary Information . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-104">104</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. Abuse of Server Log Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-104">104</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. Weak Authentication and Access Control . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-104">104</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. DNS Spoofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-104">104</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. UTF-8 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-105">105</a>
+ <a href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Caching of Capability Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-106">106</a>
+ <a href="#section-13">13</a>. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-107">107</a>
+ <a href="#section-14">14</a>. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-110">110</a>
+ <a href="#section-14.1">14.1</a>. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-110">110</a>
+ <a href="#section-14.2">14.2</a>. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-110">110</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-A">A</a>. Interaction with Other Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-112">112</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>. Header Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-112">112</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>. Message-IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-112">112</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-A.3">A.3</a>. Article Posting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-114">114</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-B">B</a>. Summary of Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-115">115</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-C">C</a>. Summary of Response Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-117">117</a>
+ <a href="#appendix-D">D</a>. Changes from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<a href="#page-121">121</a>
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</h2></span>
+
+ This document specifies the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP),
+ which is used for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval, and posting
+ of Netnews articles using a reliable stream-based mechanism. For
+ news-reading clients, NNTP enables retrieval of news articles that
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 3]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-4" id="page-4" href="#page-4" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ are stored in a central database, giving subscribers the ability to
+ select only those articles they wish to read.
+
+ The Netnews model provides for indexing, cross-referencing, and
+ expiration of aged messages. NNTP is designed for efficient
+ transmission of Netnews articles over a reliable full duplex
+ communication channel.
+
+ Although the protocol specification in this document is largely
+ compatible with the version specified in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol"'>RFC977</a>], a number
+ of changes are summarised in <a href="#appendix-D">Appendix D</a>. In particular:
+
+ o the default character set is changed from US-ASCII [<a href="#ref-ANSI1986" title='"Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange"'>ANSI1986</a>] to
+ UTF-8 [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>] (note that US-ASCII is a subset of UTF-8);
+
+ o a number of commands that were optional in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> or that have
+ been taken from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980" title='"Common NNTP Extensions"'>RFC2980</a>] are now mandatory; and
+
+ o a CAPABILITIES command has been added to allow clients to
+ determine what functionality is available from a server.
+
+ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119" title='"Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"'>RFC2119</a>].
+
+ An implementation is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more
+ of the MUST requirements for this protocol. An implementation that
+ satisfies all the MUST and all the SHOULD requirements for its
+ protocols is said to be "unconditionally compliant"; one that
+ satisfies all the MUST requirements but not all the SHOULD
+ requirements for NNTP is said to be "conditionally compliant".
+
+ For the remainder of this document, the terms "client" and "client
+ host" refer to a host making use of the NNTP service, while the terms
+ "server" and "server host" refer to a host that offers the NNTP
+ service.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-1.1" href="#section-1.1">1.1</a>. Author's Note</h3></span>
+
+ This document is written in XML using an NNTP-specific DTD. Custom
+ software is used to convert this to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2629">RFC 2629</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2629" title='"Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML"'>RFC2629</a>] format, and
+ then the public "xml2rfc" package to further reduce this to text,
+ nroff source, and HTML.
+
+ No perl was used in producing this document.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 4]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-5" id="page-5" href="#page-5" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Notation</h2></span>
+
+ The following notational conventions are used in this document.
+
+ UPPERCASE indicates literal text to be included in the
+ command.
+
+ lowercase indicates a token described elsewhere.
+
+ [<a name="ref-brackets" id="ref-brackets">brackets</a>] indicate that the enclosed material is optional.
+
+ elliptical indicates that the argument may be repeated any
+ ... marks number of times (it must occur at least once).
+
+ vertical|bar indicates a choice of two mutually exclusive
+ arguments (exactly one must be provided).
+
+ The name "message-id" for a command or response argument indicates
+ that it is the message-id of an article as described in <a href="#section-3.6">Section 3.6</a>,
+ including the angle brackets.
+
+ The name "wildmat" for an argument indicates that it is a wildmat as
+ defined in <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>. If the argument does not meet the requirements
+ of that section (for example, if it does not fit the grammar of
+ <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a>), the NNTP server MAY place some interpretation on it
+ (not specified by this document) or otherwise MUST treat it as a
+ syntax error.
+
+ Responses for each command will be described in tables listing the
+ required format of a response followed by the meaning that should be
+ ascribed to that response.
+
+ The terms "NUL", "TAB", "LF", "CR, and "space" refer to the octets
+ %x00, %x09, %x0A, %x0D, and %x20, respectively (that is, the octets
+ with those codes in US-ASCII [<a href="#ref-ANSI1986" title='"Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange"'>ANSI1986</a>] and thus in UTF-8 [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>]).
+ The term "CRLF" or "CRLF pair" means the sequence CR immediately
+ followed by LF (that is, %x0D.0A). A "printable US-ASCII character"
+ is an octet in the range %x21-7E. Quoted characters refer to the
+ octets with those codes in US-ASCII (so "." and "&lt;" refer to %x2E and
+ %x3C) and will always be printable US-ASCII characters; similarly,
+ "digit" refers to the octets %x30-39.
+
+ A "keyword" MUST consist only of US-ASCII letters, digits, and the
+ characters dot (".") and dash ("-") and MUST begin with a letter.
+ Keywords MUST be at least three characters in length.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 5]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-6" id="page-6" href="#page-6" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Examples in this document are not normative but serve to illustrate
+ usages, arguments, and responses. In the examples, a "[<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]" will be
+ used to represent the client host and an "[S]" will be used to
+ represent the server host. Most of the examples do not rely on a
+ particular server state. In some cases, however, they do assume that
+ the currently selected newsgroup (see the GROUP command,
+ <a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a>) is invalid; when so, this is indicated at the start of
+ the example. Examples may use commands or other keywords not defined
+ in this specification (such as an XENCRYPT command). These will be
+ used to illustrate some point and do not imply that any such command
+ is defined elsewhere or needs to exist in any particular
+ implementation.
+
+ Terms that might be read as specifying details of a client or server
+ implementation, such as "database", are used simply to ease
+ description. Provided that implementations conform to the protocol
+ and format specifications in this document, no specific technique is
+ mandated.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Basic Concepts</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>. Commands and Responses</h3></span>
+
+ NNTP operates over any reliable bi-directional 8-bit-wide data stream
+ channel. When the connection is established, the NNTP server host
+ MUST send a greeting. The client host and server host then exchange
+ commands and responses (respectively) until the connection is closed
+ or aborted. If the connection used is TCP, then the server host
+ starts the NNTP service by listening on a TCP port. When a client
+ host wishes to make use of the service, it MUST establish a TCP
+ connection with the server host by connecting to that host on the
+ same port on which the server is listening.
+
+ The character set for all NNTP commands is UTF-8 [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>]. Commands
+ in NNTP MUST consist of a keyword, which MAY be followed by one or
+ more arguments. A CRLF pair MUST terminate all commands. Multiple
+ commands MUST NOT be on the same line. Unless otherwise noted
+ elsewhere in this document, arguments SHOULD consist of printable US-
+ ASCII characters. Keywords and arguments MUST each be separated by
+ one or more space or TAB characters. Command lines MUST NOT exceed
+ 512 octets, which includes the terminating CRLF pair. The arguments
+ MUST NOT exceed 497 octets. A server MAY relax these limits for
+ commands defined in an extension.
+
+ Where this specification permits UTF-8 characters outside the range
+ of U+0000 to U+007F, implementations MUST NOT use the Byte Order Mark
+ (U+FEFF, encoding %xEF.BB.BF) and MUST use the Word Joiner (U+2060,
+ encoding %xE2.91.A0) for the meaning Zero Width No-Break Space in
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 6]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-7" id="page-7" href="#page-7" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ command lines and the initial lines of responses. Implementations
+ SHOULD apply these same principles throughout.
+
+ The term "character" means a single Unicode code point.
+ Implementations are not required to carry out Unicode normalisation.
+ Thus, U+0084 (A-dieresis) is one character, while U+0041 U+0308 (A
+ composed with dieresis) is two; the two need not be treated as
+ equivalent.
+
+ Commands may have variants; if so, they use a second keyword
+ immediately after the first to indicate which variant is required.
+ The only such commands in this specification are LIST and MODE. Note
+ that such variants are sometimes referred to as if they were commands
+ in their own right: "the LIST ACTIVE" command should be read as
+ shorthand for "the ACTIVE variant of the LIST command".
+
+ Keywords are case insensitive; the case of keywords for commands MUST
+ be ignored by the server. Command and response arguments are case or
+ language specific only when stated, either in this document or in
+ other relevant specifications.
+
+ In some cases, a command involves more data than just a single line.
+ The further data may be sent either immediately after the command
+ line (there are no instances of this in this specification, but there
+ are in extensions such as [<a href="#ref-NNTP-STREAM" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Streaming Feeds"'>NNTP-STREAM</a>]) or following a request from
+ the server (indicated by a 3xx response).
+
+ Each response MUST start with a three-digit response code that is
+ sufficient to distinguish all responses. Certain valid responses are
+ defined to be multi-line; for all others, the response is contained
+ in a single line. The initial line of the response MUST NOT exceed
+ 512 octets, which includes the response code and the terminating CRLF
+ pair; an extension MAY specify a greater maximum for commands that it
+ defines, but not for any other command. Single-line responses
+ consist of an initial line only. Multi-line responses consist of an
+ initial line followed by a multi-line data block.
+
+ An NNTP server MAY have an inactivity autologout timer. Such a timer
+ SHOULD be of at least three minutes' duration, with the exception
+ that there MAY be a shorter limit on how long the server is willing
+ to wait for the first command from the client. The receipt of any
+ command from the client during the timer interval SHOULD suffice to
+ reset the autologout timer. Similarly, the receipt of any
+ significant amount of data from a client that is sending a multi-line
+ data block (such as during a POST or IHAVE command) SHOULD suffice to
+ reset the autologout timer. When the timer expires, the server
+ SHOULD close the connection without sending any response to the
+ client.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 7]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-8" id="page-8" href="#page-8" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.1.1" href="#section-3.1.1">3.1.1</a>. Multi-line Data Blocks</h4></span>
+
+ A multi-line data block is used in certain commands and responses.
+ It MUST adhere to the following rules:
+
+ 1. The block consists of a sequence of zero or more "lines", each
+ being a stream of octets ending with a CRLF pair. Apart from
+ those line endings, the stream MUST NOT include the octets NUL,
+ LF, or CR.
+
+ 2. In a multi-line response, the block immediately follows the CRLF
+ at the end of the initial line of the response. When used in any
+ other context, the specific command will define when the block is
+ sent.
+
+ 3. If any line of the data block begins with the "termination octet"
+ ("." or %x2E), that line MUST be "dot-stuffed" by prepending an
+ additional termination octet to that line of the block.
+
+ 4. The lines of the block MUST be followed by a terminating line
+ consisting of a single termination octet followed by a CRLF pair
+ in the normal way. Thus, unless it is empty, a multi-line block
+ is always terminated with the five octets CRLF "." CRLF
+ (%x0D.0A.2E.0D.0A).
+
+ 5. When a multi-line block is interpreted, the "dot-stuffing" MUST
+ be undone; i.e., the recipient MUST ensure that, in any line
+ beginning with the termination octet followed by octets other
+ than a CRLF pair, that initial termination octet is disregarded.
+
+ 6. Likewise, the terminating line ("." CRLF or %x2E.0D.0A) MUST NOT
+ be considered part of the multi-line block; i.e., the recipient
+ MUST ensure that any line beginning with the termination octet
+ followed immediately by a CRLF pair is disregarded. (The first
+ CRLF pair of the terminating CRLF "." CRLF of a non-empty block
+ is, of course, part of the last line of the block.)
+
+ Note that texts using an encoding (such as UTF-16 or UTF-32) that may
+ contain the octets NUL, LF, or CR other than a CRLF pair cannot be
+ reliably conveyed in the above format (that is, they violate the MUST
+ requirement above). However, except when stated otherwise, this
+ specification does not require the content to be UTF-8, and therefore
+ (subject to that same requirement) it MAY include octets above and
+ below 128 mixed arbitrarily.
+
+ This document does not place any limit on the length of a line in a
+ multi-line block. However, the standards that define the format of
+ articles may do so.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 8]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-9" id="page-9" href="#page-9" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>. Response Codes</h3></span>
+
+ Each response MUST begin with a three-digit status indicator. These
+ are status reports from the server and indicate the response to the
+ last command received from the client.
+
+ The first digit of the response broadly indicates the success,
+ failure, or progress of the previous command:
+
+ 1xx - Informative message
+ 2xx - Command completed OK
+ 3xx - Command OK so far; send the rest of it
+ 4xx - Command was syntactically correct but failed for some reason
+ 5xx - Command unknown, unsupported, unavailable, or syntax error
+
+ The next digit in the code indicates the function response category:
+
+ x0x - Connection, setup, and miscellaneous messages
+ x1x - Newsgroup selection
+ x2x - Article selection
+ x3x - Distribution functions
+ x4x - Posting
+ x8x - Reserved for authentication and privacy extensions
+ x9x - Reserved for private use (non-standard extensions)
+
+ Certain responses contain arguments such as numbers and names in
+ addition to the status indicator. In those cases, to simplify
+ interpretation by the client, the number and type of such arguments
+ is fixed for each response code, as is whether the code is
+ single-line or multi-line. Any extension MUST follow this principle
+ as well. Note that, for historical reasons, the 211 response code is
+ an exception to this in that the response may be single-line or
+ multi-line depending on the command (GROUP or LISTGROUP) that
+ generated it. In all other cases, the client MUST only use the
+ status indicator itself to determine the nature of the response. The
+ exact response codes that can be returned by any given command are
+ detailed in the description of that command.
+
+ Arguments MUST be separated from the numeric status indicator and
+ from each other by a single space. All numeric arguments MUST be in
+ base 10 (decimal) format and MAY have leading zeros. String
+ arguments MUST contain at least one character and MUST NOT contain
+ TAB, LF, CR, or space. The server MAY add any text after the
+ response code or last argument, as appropriate, and the client MUST
+ NOT make decisions based on this text. Such text MUST be separated
+ from the numeric status indicator or the last argument by at least
+ one space.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 9]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-10" id="page-10" href="#page-10" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The server MUST respond to any command with the appropriate generic
+ response (given in <a href="#section-3.2.1">Section 3.2.1</a>) if it represents the situation.
+ Otherwise, each recognized command MUST return one of the response
+ codes specifically listed in its description or in an extension. A
+ server MAY provide extensions to this specification, including new
+ commands, new variants or features of existing commands, and other
+ ways of changing the internal state of the server. However, the
+ server MUST NOT produce any other responses to a client that does not
+ invoke any of the additional features. (Therefore, a client that
+ restricts itself to this specification will only receive the
+ responses that are listed.)
+
+ If a client receives an unexpected response, it SHOULD use the first
+ digit of the response to determine the result. For example, an
+ unexpected 2xx should be taken as success, and an unexpected 4xx or
+ 5xx as failure.
+
+ Response codes not specified in this document MAY be used for any
+ installation-specific additional commands also not specified. These
+ SHOULD be chosen to fit the pattern of x9x specified above.
+
+ Neither this document nor any registered extension (see
+ <a href="#section-3.3.3">Section 3.3.3</a>) will specify any response codes of the x9x pattern.
+ (Implementers of extensions are accordingly cautioned not to use such
+ responses for extensions that may subsequently be submitted for
+ registration.)
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2.1" href="#section-3.2.1">3.2.1</a>. Generic Response Codes</h4></span>
+
+ The server MUST respond to any command with the appropriate one of
+ the following generic responses if it represents the situation.
+
+ If the command is not recognized, or if it is an optional command
+ that is not implemented by the server, the response code 500 MUST be
+ returned.
+
+ If there is a syntax error in the arguments of a recognized command,
+ including the case where more arguments are provided than the command
+ specifies or the command line is longer than the server accepts, the
+ response code 501 MUST be returned. The line MUST NOT be truncated
+ or split and then interpreted. Note that where a command has
+ variants depending on a second keyword (e.g., LIST ACTIVE and LIST
+ NEWSGROUPS), 501 MUST be used when the base command is implemented
+ but the requested variant is not, and 500 MUST be used only when the
+ base command itself is not implemented.
+
+ If an argument is required to be a base64-encoded string [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648" title='"The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings"'>RFC4648</a>]
+ (there are no such arguments in this specification, but there may be
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 10]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-11" id="page-11" href="#page-11" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ in extensions) and is not validly encoded, the response code 504 MUST
+ be returned.
+
+ If the server experiences an internal fault or problem that means it
+ is unable to carry out the command (for example, a necessary file is
+ missing or a necessary service could not be contacted), the response
+ code 403 MUST be returned. If the server recognizes the command but
+ does not provide an optional feature (for example, because it does
+ not store the required information), or if it only handles a subset
+ of legitimate cases (see the HDR command, <a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a>, for an
+ example), the response code 503 MUST be returned.
+
+ If the client is not authorized to use the specified facility when
+ the server is in its current state, then the appropriate one of the
+ following response codes MUST be used.
+
+ 502: It is necessary to terminate the connection and to start a new
+ one with the appropriate authority before the command can be used.
+ Historically, some mode-switching servers (see <a href="#section-3.4.1">Section 3.4.1</a>) used
+ this response to indicate that this command will become available
+ after the MODE READER command (<a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a>) is used, but this
+ usage does not conform to this specification and MUST NOT be used.
+ Note that the server MUST NOT close the connection immediately
+ after a 502 response except at the initial connection
+ (<a href="#section-5.1">Section 5.1</a>) and with the MODE READER command.
+
+ 480: The client must authenticate itself to the server (that is, it
+ must provide information as to the identity of the client) before
+ the facility can be used on this connection. This will involve
+ the use of an authentication extension such as [<a href="#ref-NNTP-AUTH" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Authentication"'>NNTP-AUTH</a>].
+
+ 483: The client must negotiate appropriate privacy protection on the
+ connection. This will involve the use of a privacy extension such
+ as [<a href="#ref-NNTP-TLS" title='"Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)"'>NNTP-TLS</a>].
+
+ 401: The client must change the state of the connection in some other
+ manner. The first argument of the response MUST be the capability
+ label (see <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>) of the facility that provides the
+ necessary mechanism (usually an extension, which may be a private
+ extension). The server MUST NOT use this response code except as
+ specified by the definition of the capability in question.
+
+ If the server has to terminate the connection for some reason, it
+ MUST give a 400 response code to the next command and then
+ immediately close the connection. Following a 400 response, clients
+ SHOULD NOT simply reconnect immediately and retry the same actions.
+ Rather, a client SHOULD either use an exponentially increasing delay
+ between retries (e.g., double the waiting time after each 400
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 11]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-12" id="page-12" href="#page-12" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ response) or present any associated text to the user for them to
+ decide whether and when to retry.
+
+ The client MUST be prepared to receive any of these responses for any
+ command (except, of course, that the server MUST NOT generate a 500
+ response code for mandatory commands).
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-3.2.1.1" href="#section-3.2.1.1">3.2.1.1</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of an unknown command:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] MAIL
+ [S] 500 Unknown command
+
+ Example of an unsupported command:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER
+ [S] 500 Unknown command
+
+ Example of an unsupported variant:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] MODE POSTER
+ [S] 501 Unknown MODE option
+
+ Example of a syntax error:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] ARTICLE a.message.id@no.angle.brackets
+ [S] 501 Syntax error
+
+ Example of an overlong command line:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HEAD 53 54 55
+ [S] 501 Too many arguments
+
+ Example of a bad wildmat:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE u[ks].*
+ [S] 501 Syntax error
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 12]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-13" id="page-13" href="#page-13" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of a base64-encoding error (the second argument is meant to
+ be base64 encoded):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] XENCRYPT RSA abcd=efg
+ [S] 504 Base64 encoding error
+
+ Example of an attempt to access a facility not available to this
+ connection:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] MODE READER
+ [S] 200 Reader mode, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 500 Permission denied
+
+ Example of an attempt to access a facility requiring authentication:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP secret.group
+ [S] 480 Permission denied
+
+ Example of a successful attempt following such authentication:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] XSECRET fred flintstone
+ [S] 290 Password for fred accepted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP secret.group
+ [S] 211 5 1 20 secret.group selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to access a facility requiring privacy:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP secret.group
+ [S] 483 Secure connection required
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] XENCRYPT
+ [Client and server negotiate encryption on the link]
+ [S] 283 Encrypted link established
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP secret.group
+ [S] 211 5 1 20 secret.group selected
+
+ Example of a need to change mode before a facility is used:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP binary.group
+ [S] 401 XHOST Not on this virtual host
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] XHOST binary.news.example.org
+ [S] 290 binary.news.example.org virtual host selected
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP binary.group
+ [S] 211 5 1 77 binary.group selected
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 13]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-14" id="page-14" href="#page-14" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of a temporary failure:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP archive.local
+ [S] 403 Archive server temporarily offline
+
+ Example of the server needing to close down immediately:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] ARTICLE 123
+ [S] 400 Power supply failed, running on UPS
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>. Capabilities and Extensions</h3></span>
+
+ Not all NNTP servers provide exactly the same facilities, both
+ because this specification allows variation and because servers may
+ provide extensions. A set of facilities that are related are called
+ a "capability". This specification provides a way to determine what
+ capabilities are available, includes a list of standard capabilities,
+ and includes a mechanism (the extension mechanism) for defining new
+ capabilities.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3.1" href="#section-3.3.1">3.3.1</a>. Capability Descriptions</h4></span>
+
+ A client can determine the available capabilities of the server by
+ using the CAPABILITIES command (<a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>). This returns a
+ capability list, which is a list of capability lines. Each line
+ describes one available capability.
+
+ Each capability line consists of one or more tokens, which MUST be
+ separated by one or more space or TAB characters. A token is a
+ string of 1 or more printable UTF-8 characters (that is, either
+ printable US-ASCII characters or any UTF-8 sequence outside the US-
+ ASCII range, but not space or TAB). Unless stated otherwise, tokens
+ are case insensitive. Each capability line consists of the
+ following:
+
+ o The capability label, which is a keyword indicating the
+ capability. A capability label may be defined by this
+ specification or a successor, or by an extension.
+
+ o The label is then followed by zero or more tokens, which are
+ arguments of the capability. The form and meaning of these tokens
+ is specific to each capability.
+
+ The server MUST ensure that the capability list accurately reflects
+ the capabilities (including extensions) currently available. If a
+ capability is only available with the server in a certain state (for
+ example, only after authentication), the list MUST only include the
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 14]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-15" id="page-15" href="#page-15" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ capability label when the server is in that state. Similarly, if
+ only some of the commands in an extension will be available, or if
+ the behaviour of the extension will change in some other manner,
+ according to the state of the server, this MUST be indicated by
+ different arguments in the capability line.
+
+ Note that a capability line can only begin with a letter. Lines
+ beginning with other characters are reserved for future versions of
+ this specification. In order to interoperate with such versions,
+ clients MUST be prepared to receive lines beginning with other
+ characters and MUST ignore any they do not understand.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3.2" href="#section-3.3.2">3.3.2</a>. Standard Capabilities</h4></span>
+
+ The following capabilities are defined by this specification.
+
+ VERSION
+ This capability MUST be advertised by all servers and MUST be the
+ first capability in the capability list; it indicates the
+ version(s) of NNTP that the server supports. There must be at
+ least one argument; each argument is a decimal number and MUST NOT
+ have a leading zero. Version numbers are assigned only in RFCs
+ that update or replace this specification; servers MUST NOT create
+ their own version numbers.
+
+ The version number of this specification is 2.
+
+ READER
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the various
+ commands useful for reading clients.
+
+ IHAVE
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the IHAVE
+ command.
+
+ POST
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the POST
+ command.
+
+ NEWNEWS
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the NEWNEWS
+ command.
+
+ HDR
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the header
+ access commands (HDR and LIST HEADERS).
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 15]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-16" id="page-16" href="#page-16" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ OVER
+ This capability indicates that the server implements the overview
+ access commands (OVER and LIST OVERVIEW.FMT). If and only if the
+ server supports the message-id form of the OVER command, there
+ must be a single argument MSGID.
+
+ LIST
+ This capability indicates that the server implements at least one
+ variant of the LIST command. There MUST be one argument for each
+ variant of the LIST command supported by the server, giving the
+ keyword for that variant.
+
+ IMPLEMENTATION
+ This capability MAY be provided by a server. If so, the arguments
+ SHOULD be used to provide information such as the server software
+ name and version number. The client MUST NOT use this line to
+ determine capabilities of the server. (While servers often
+ provide this information in the initial greeting, clients need to
+ guess whether this is the case; this capability makes it clear
+ what the information is.)
+
+ MODE-READER
+ This capability indicates that the server is mode-switching
+ (<a href="#section-3.4.2">Section 3.4.2</a>) and that the MODE READER command needs to be used
+ to enable the READER capability.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3.3" href="#section-3.3.3">3.3.3</a>. Extensions</h4></span>
+
+ Although NNTP is widely and robustly deployed, some parts of the
+ Internet community might wish to extend the NNTP service. It must be
+ emphasized that any extension to NNTP should not be considered
+ lightly. NNTP's strength comes primarily from its simplicity.
+ Experience with many protocols has shown that:
+
+ Protocols with few options tend towards ubiquity, whilst protocols
+ with many options tend towards obscurity.
+
+ This means that each and every extension, regardless of its benefits,
+ must be carefully scrutinized with respect to its implementation,
+ deployment, and interoperability costs. In many cases, the cost of
+ extending the NNTP service will likely outweigh the benefit.
+
+ An extension is a package of associated facilities, often but not
+ always including one or more new commands. Each extension MUST
+ define at least one new capability label (this will often, but need
+ not, be the name of one of these new commands). While any additional
+ capability information can normally be specified using arguments to
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 16]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-17" id="page-17" href="#page-17" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ that label, an extension MAY define more than one capability label.
+ However, this SHOULD be limited to exceptional circumstances.
+
+ An extension is either a private extension, or its capabilities are
+ included in the IANA registry of capabilities (see <a href="#section-3.3.4">Section 3.3.4</a>) and
+ it is defined in an RFC (in which case it is a "registered
+ extension"). Such RFCs either must be on the standards track or must
+ define an IESG-approved experimental protocol.
+
+ The definition of an extension must include the following:
+
+ o a descriptive name for the extension.
+
+ o the capability label or labels defined by the extension (the
+ capability label of a registered extension MUST NOT begin with
+ "X").
+
+ o The syntax, values, and meanings of any arguments for each
+ capability label defined by the extension.
+
+ o Any new NNTP commands associated with the extension (the names of
+ commands associated with registered extensions MUST NOT begin with
+ "X").
+
+ o The syntax and possible values of arguments associated with the
+ new NNTP commands.
+
+ o The response codes and possible values of arguments for the
+ responses of the new NNTP commands.
+
+ o Any new arguments the extension associates with any other
+ pre-existing NNTP commands.
+
+ o Any increase in the maximum length of commands and initial
+ response lines over the value specified in this document.
+
+ o A specific statement about the effect on pipelining that this
+ extension may have (if any).
+
+ o A specific statement about the circumstances when use of this
+ extension can alter the contents of the capabilities list (other
+ than the new capability labels it defines).
+
+ o A specific statement about the circumstances under which the
+ extension can cause any pre-existing command to produce a 401,
+ 480, or 483 response.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 17]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-18" id="page-18" href="#page-18" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ o A description of how the use of MODE READER on a mode-switching
+ server interacts with the extension.
+
+ o A description of how support for the extension affects the
+ behaviour of a server and NNTP client in any other manner not
+ outlined above.
+
+ o Formal syntax as described in <a href="#section-9.9">Section 9.9</a>.
+
+ A private extension MAY or MAY NOT be included in the capabilities
+ list. If it is, the capability label MUST begin with "X". A server
+ MAY provide additional keywords (for new commands and also for new
+ variants of existing commands) as part of a private extension. To
+ avoid the risk of a clash with a future registered extension, these
+ keywords SHOULD begin with "X".
+
+ If the server advertises a capability defined by a registered
+ extension, it MUST implement the extension so as to fully conform
+ with the specification (for example, it MUST implement all the
+ commands that the extension describes as mandatory). If it does not
+ implement the extension as specified, it MUST NOT list the extension
+ in the capabilities list under its registered name. In that case, it
+ MAY, but SHOULD NOT, provide a private extension (not listed, or
+ listed with a different name) that implements part of the extension
+ or implements the commands of the extension with a different meaning.
+
+ A server MUST NOT send different response codes to basic NNTP
+ commands documented here or to commands documented in registered
+ extensions in response to the availability or use of a private
+ extension.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.3.4" href="#section-3.3.4">3.3.4</a>. Initial IANA Register</h4></span>
+
+ IANA will maintain a registry of NNTP capability labels. All
+ capability labels in the registry MUST be keywords and MUST NOT begin
+ with X.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 18]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-19" id="page-19" href="#page-19" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The initial content of the registry consists of these entries:
+
+ +-------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
+ | Label | Meaning | Definition |
+ +-------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
+ | AUTHINFO | Authentication | [<a href="#ref-NNTP-AUTH" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Authentication"'>NNTP-AUTH</a>] |
+ | | | |
+ | HDR | Batched header retrieval | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a>, |
+ | | | <a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a>, and |
+ | | | <a href="#section-8.6">Section 8.6</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | IHAVE | IHAVE command available | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> and |
+ | | | <a href="#section-6.3.2">Section 6.3.2</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | IMPLEMENTATION | Server | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> |
+ | | implementation-specific | |
+ | | information | |
+ | | | |
+ | LIST | LIST command variants | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> and |
+ | | | <a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | MODE-READER | Mode-switching server | <a href="#section-3.4.2">Section 3.4.2</a> |
+ | | and MODE READER command | |
+ | | available | |
+ | | | |
+ | NEWNEWS | NEWNEWS command | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> and |
+ | | available | <a href="#section-7.4">Section 7.4</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | OVER | Overview support | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a>, |
+ | | | <a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a>, and |
+ | | | <a href="#section-8.4">Section 8.4</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | POST | POST command available | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> and |
+ | | | <a href="#section-6.3.1">Section 6.3.1</a> |
+ | | | |
+ | READER | Reader commands | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> |
+ | | available | |
+ | | | |
+ | SASL | Supported SASL | [<a href="#ref-NNTP-AUTH" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Authentication"'>NNTP-AUTH</a>] |
+ | | mechanisms | |
+ | | | |
+ | STARTTLS | Transport layer security | [<a href="#ref-NNTP-TLS" title='"Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)"'>NNTP-TLS</a>] |
+ | | | |
+ | STREAMING | Streaming feeds | [<a href="#ref-NNTP-STREAM" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Streaming Feeds"'>NNTP-STREAM</a>] |
+ | | | |
+ | VERSION | Supported NNTP versions | <a href="#section-3.3.2">Section 3.3.2</a> |
+ +-------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 19]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-20" id="page-20" href="#page-20" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>. Mandatory and Optional Commands</h3></span>
+
+ For a number of reasons, not all the commands in this specification
+ are mandatory. However, it is equally undesirable for every command
+ to be optional, since this means that a client will have no idea what
+ facilities are available. Therefore, as a compromise, some of the
+ commands in this specification are mandatory (they must be supported
+ by all servers) while the remainder are not. The latter are then
+ subdivided into bundles, each indicated by a single capability label.
+
+ o If the label is included in the capability list returned by the
+ server, the server MUST support all commands in that bundle.
+
+ o If the label is not included, the server MAY support none or some
+ of the commands but SHOULD NOT support all of them. In general,
+ there will be no way for a client to determine which commands are
+ supported without trying them.
+
+ The bundles have been chosen to provide useful functionality, and
+ therefore server authors are discouraged from implementing only part
+ of a bundle.
+
+ The description of each command will either indicate that it is
+ mandatory, or will give, using the term "indicating capability", the
+ capability label indicating whether the bundle including this command
+ is available.
+
+ Where a server does not implement a command, it MUST always generate
+ a 500 generic response code (or a 501 generic response code in the
+ case of a variant of a command depending on a second keyword where
+ the base command is recognised). Otherwise, the command MUST be
+ fully implemented as specified; a server MUST NOT only partially
+ implement any of the commands in this specification. (Client authors
+ should note that some servers not conforming to this specification
+ will return a 502 generic response code to some commands that are not
+ implemented.)
+
+ Note: some commands have cases that require other commands to be used
+ first. If the former command is implemented but the latter is not,
+ the former MUST still generate the relevant specific response code.
+ For example, if ARTICLE (<a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a>) is implemented but GROUP
+ (<a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a>) is not, the correct response to "ARTICLE 1234"
+ remains 412.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 20]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-21" id="page-21" href="#page-21" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.4.1" href="#section-3.4.1">3.4.1</a>. Reading and Transit Servers</h4></span>
+
+ NNTP is traditionally used in two different ways. The first use is
+ "reading", where the client fetches articles from a large store
+ maintained by the server for immediate or later presentation to a
+ user and sends articles created by that user back to the server (an
+ action called "posting") to be stored and distributed to other stores
+ and users. The second use is for the bulk transfer of articles from
+ one store to another. Since the hosts making this transfer tend to
+ be peers in a network that transmit articles among one another, and
+ not end-user systems, this process is called "peering" or "transit".
+ (Even so, one host is still the client and the other is the server).
+
+ In practice, these two uses are so different that some server
+ implementations are optimised for reading or for transit and, as a
+ result, do not offer the other facility or only offer limited
+ features. Other implementations are more general and offer both.
+ This specification allows for this by bundling the relevant commands
+ accordingly: the IHAVE command is designed for transit, while the
+ commands indicated by the READER capability are designed for reading
+ clients.
+
+ Except as an effect of the MODE READER command (<a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a>) on a
+ mode-switching server, once a server advertises either or both of the
+ IHAVE or READER capabilities, it MUST continue to advertise them for
+ the entire session.
+
+ A server MAY provide different modes of behaviour (transit, reader,
+ or a combination) to different client connections and MAY use
+ external information, such as the IP address of the client, to
+ determine which mode to provide to any given connection.
+
+ The official TCP port for the NNTP service is 119. However, if a
+ host wishes to offer separate servers for transit and reading
+ clients, port 433 SHOULD be used for the transit server and 119 for
+ the reading server.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.4.2" href="#section-3.4.2">3.4.2</a>. Mode Switching</h4></span>
+
+ An implementation MAY, but SHOULD NOT, provide both transit and
+ reader facilities on the same server but require the client to select
+ which it wishes to use. Such an arrangement is called a
+ "mode-switching" server.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 21]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-22" id="page-22" href="#page-22" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ A mode-switching server has two modes:
+
+ o Transit mode, which applies after the initial connection.
+
+ * It MUST advertise the MODE-READER capability.
+
+ * It MUST NOT advertise the READER capability.
+
+ However, the server MAY cease to advertise the MODE-READER
+ capability after the client uses any command except CAPABILITIES.
+
+ o Reading mode, after a successful MODE READER command (see <a href="#section-5.3">Section</a>
+ <a href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>).
+
+ * It MUST NOT advertise the MODE-READER capability.
+
+ * It MUST advertise the READER capability.
+
+ * It MAY NOT advertise the IHAVE capability, even if it was
+ advertising it in transit mode.
+
+ A client SHOULD only issue a MODE READER command to a server if it is
+ advertising the MODE-READER capability. If the server does not
+ support CAPABILITIES (and therefore does not conform to this
+ specification), the client MAY use the following heuristic:
+
+ o If the client wishes to use any "reader" commands, it SHOULD use
+ the MODE READER command immediately after the initial connection.
+
+ o Otherwise, it SHOULD NOT use the MODE READER command.
+
+ In each case, it should be prepared for some commands to be
+ unavailable that would have been available if it had made the other
+ choice.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5" href="#section-3.5">3.5</a>. Pipelining</h3></span>
+
+ NNTP is designed to operate over a reliable bi-directional
+ connection, such as TCP. Therefore, if a command does not depend on
+ the response to the previous one, it should not matter if it is sent
+ before that response is received. Doing this is called "pipelining".
+ However, certain server implementations throw away all text received
+ from the client following certain commands before sending their
+ response. If this happens, pipelining will be affected because one
+ or more commands will have been ignored or misinterpreted, and the
+ client will be matching the wrong responses to each command. Since
+ there are significant benefits to pipelining, but also circumstances
+ where it is reasonable or common for servers to behave in the above
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 22]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-23" id="page-23" href="#page-23" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ manner, this document puts certain requirements on both clients and
+ servers.
+
+ Except where stated otherwise, a client MAY use pipelining. That is,
+ it may send a command before receiving the response for the previous
+ command. The server MUST allow pipelining and MUST NOT throw away
+ any text received after a command. Irrespective of whether
+ pipelining is used, the server MUST process commands in the order
+ they are sent.
+
+ If the specific description of a command says it "MUST NOT be
+ pipelined", that command MUST end any pipeline of commands. That is,
+ the client MUST NOT send any following command until it receives the
+ CRLF at the end of the response from the command. The server MAY
+ ignore any data received after the command and before the CRLF at the
+ end of the response is sent to the client.
+
+ The initial connection must not be part of a pipeline; that is, the
+ client MUST NOT send any command until it receives the CRLF at the
+ end of the greeting.
+
+ If the client uses blocking system calls to send commands, it MUST
+ ensure that the amount of text sent in pipelining does not cause a
+ deadlock between transmission and reception. The amount of text
+ involved will depend on window sizes in the transmission layer;
+ typically, it is 4k octets for TCP. (Since the server only sends
+ data in response to commands from the client, the converse problem
+ does not occur.)
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-3.5.1" href="#section-3.5.1">3.5.1</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of correct use of pipelining:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [S] 223 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt; retrieved
+ [S] 223 3000237 &lt;668929@example.org&gt; retrieved
+
+ Example of incorrect use of pipelining (the MODE READER command may
+ not be pipelined):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] MODE READER
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] DATE
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 200 Server ready, posting allowed
+ [S] 223 3000237 &lt;668929@example.org&gt; retrieved
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 23]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-24" id="page-24" href="#page-24" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The DATE command has been thrown away by the server, so there is no
+ 111 response to match it.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-3.6" href="#section-3.6">3.6</a>. Articles</h3></span>
+
+ NNTP is intended to transfer articles between clients and servers.
+ For the purposes of this specification, articles are required to
+ conform to the rules in this section, and clients and servers MUST
+ correctly process any article received from the other that does so.
+ Note that this requirement applies only to the contents of
+ communications over NNTP; it does not prevent the client or server
+ from subsequently rejecting an article for reasons of local policy.
+ Also see <a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a> for further restrictions on the format of
+ articles in some uses of NNTP.
+
+ An article consists of two parts: the headers and the body. They are
+ separated by a single empty line, or in other words by two
+ consecutive CRLF pairs (if there is more than one empty line, the
+ second and subsequent ones are part of the body). In order to meet
+ the general requirements of NNTP, an article MUST NOT include the
+ octet NUL, MUST NOT contain the octets LF and CR other than as part
+ of a CRLF pair, and MUST end with a CRLF pair. This specification
+ puts no further restrictions on the body; in particular, it MAY be
+ empty.
+
+ The headers of an article consist of one or more header lines. Each
+ header line consists of a header name, a colon, a space, the header
+ content, and a CRLF, in that order. The name consists of one or more
+ printable US-ASCII characters other than colon and, for the purposes
+ of this specification, is not case sensitive. There MAY be more than
+ one header line with the same name. The content MUST NOT contain
+ CRLF; it MAY be empty. A header may be "folded"; that is, a CRLF
+ pair may be placed before any TAB or space in the line. There MUST
+ still be some other octet between any two CRLF pairs in a header
+ line. (Note that folding means that the header line occupies more
+ than one line when displayed or transmitted; nevertheless, it is
+ still referred to as "a" header line.) The presence or absence of
+ folding does not affect the meaning of the header line; that is, the
+ CRLF pairs introduced by folding are not considered part of the
+ header content. Header lines SHOULD NOT be folded before the space
+ after the colon that follows the header name and SHOULD include at
+ least one octet other than %x09 or %x20 between CRLF pairs. However,
+ if an article that fails to satisfy this requirement has been
+ received from elsewhere, clients and servers MAY transfer it to each
+ other without re-folding it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 24]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-25" id="page-25" href="#page-25" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The content of a header SHOULD be in UTF-8. However, if an
+ implementation receives an article from elsewhere that uses octets in
+ the range 128 to 255 in some other manner, it MAY pass it to a client
+ or server without modification. Therefore, implementations MUST be
+ prepared to receive such headers, and data derived from them (e.g.,
+ in the responses from the OVER command, <a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a>), and MUST NOT
+ assume that they are always UTF-8. Any external processing of those
+ headers, including identifying the encoding used, is outside the
+ scope of this document.
+
+ Each article MUST have a unique message-id; two articles offered by
+ an NNTP server MUST NOT have the same message-id. For the purposes
+ of this specification, message-ids are opaque strings that MUST meet
+ the following requirements:
+
+ o A message-id MUST begin with "&lt;", end with "&gt;", and MUST NOT
+ contain the latter except at the end.
+
+ o A message-id MUST be between 3 and 250 octets in length.
+
+ o A message-id MUST NOT contain octets other than printable US-ASCII
+ characters.
+
+ Two message-ids are the same if and only if they consist of the same
+ sequence of octets.
+
+ This specification does not describe how the message-id of an article
+ is determined. If the server does not have any way to determine a
+ message-id from the article itself, it MUST synthesize one (this
+ specification does not require that the article be changed as a
+ result). See also <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a>.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. The WILDMAT Format</h2></span>
+
+ The WILDMAT format described here is based on the version first
+ developed by Rich Salz [<a href="#ref-SALZ1992" title='"Manual Page for wildmat(3) from the INN 1.4 distribution, Revision 1.10"'>SALZ1992</a>], which was in turn derived from the
+ format used in the UNIX "find" command to articulate file names. It
+ was developed to provide a uniform mechanism for matching patterns in
+ the same manner that the UNIX shell matches filenames.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 25]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-26" id="page-26" href="#page-26" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a>. Wildmat Syntax</h3></span>
+
+ A wildmat is described by the following ABNF [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>RFC4234</a>] syntax, which
+ is an extract of that in <a href="#section-9.8">Section 9.8</a>.
+
+ wildmat = wildmat-pattern *("," ["!"] wildmat-pattern)
+ wildmat-pattern = 1*wildmat-item
+ wildmat-item = wildmat-exact / wildmat-wild
+ wildmat-exact = %x22-29 / %x2B / %x2D-3E / %x40-5A / %x5E-7E /
+ UTF8-non-ascii ; exclude ! * , ? [ \ ]
+ wildmat-wild = "*" / "?"
+
+ Note: the characters ",", "\", "[", and "]" are not allowed in
+ wildmats, while * and ? are always wildcards. This should not be a
+ problem, since these characters cannot occur in newsgroup names,
+ which is the only current use of wildmats. Backslash is commonly
+ used to suppress the special meaning of characters, whereas brackets
+ are used to introduce sets. However, these usages are not universal,
+ and interpretation of these characters in the context of UTF-8
+ strings is potentially complex and differs from existing practice, so
+ they were omitted from this specification. A future extension to
+ this specification may provide semantics for these characters.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a>. Wildmat Semantics</h3></span>
+
+ A wildmat is tested against a string and either matches or does not
+ match. To do this, each constituent &lt;wildmat-pattern&gt; is matched
+ against the string, and the rightmost pattern that matches is
+ identified. If that &lt;wildmat-pattern&gt; is not preceded with "!", the
+ whole wildmat matches. If it is preceded by "!", or if no &lt;wildmat-
+ pattern&gt; matches, the whole wildmat does not match.
+
+ For example, consider the wildmat "a*,!*b,*c*":
+
+ o The string "aaa" matches because the rightmost match is with "a*".
+
+ o The string "abb" does not match because the rightmost match is
+ with "*b".
+
+ o The string "ccb" matches because the rightmost match is with
+ "*c*".
+
+ o The string "xxx" does not match because no &lt;wildmat-pattern&gt;
+ matches.
+
+ A &lt;wildmat-pattern&gt; matches a string if the string can be broken into
+ components, each of which matches the corresponding &lt;wildmat-item&gt; in
+ the pattern. The matches must be in the same order, and the whole
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 26]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-27" id="page-27" href="#page-27" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ string must be used in the match. The pattern is "anchored"; that
+ is, the first and last characters in the string must match the first
+ and last item, respectively (unless that item is an asterisk matching
+ zero characters).
+
+ A &lt;wildmat-exact&gt; matches the same character (which may be more than
+ one octet in UTF-8).
+
+ "?" matches exactly one character (which may be more than one octet).
+
+ "*" matches zero or more characters. It can match an empty string,
+ but it cannot match a subsequence of a UTF-8 sequence that is not
+ aligned to the character boundaries.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a>. Extensions</h3></span>
+
+ An NNTP server or extension MAY extend the syntax or semantics of
+ wildmats provided that all wildmats that meet the requirements of
+ <a href="#section-4.1">Section 4.1</a> have the meaning ascribed to them by <a href="#section-4.2">Section 4.2</a>. Future
+ editions of this document may also extend wildmats.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a>. Examples</h3></span>
+
+ In these examples, $ and @ are used to represent the two octets %xC2
+ and %xA3, respectively; $@ is thus the UTF-8 encoding for the pound
+ sterling symbol, shown as # in the descriptions.
+
+ Wildmat Description of strings that match
+ abc The one string "abc"
+ abc,def The two strings "abc" and "def"
+ $@ The one character string "#"
+ a* Any string that begins with "a"
+ a*b Any string that begins with "a" and ends with "b"
+ a*,*b Any string that begins with "a" or ends with "b"
+ a*,!*b Any string that begins with "a" and does not end with
+ "b"
+ a*,!*b,c* Any string that begins with "a" and does not end with
+ "b", and any string that begins with "c" no matter
+ what it ends with
+ a*,c*,!*b Any string that begins with "a" or "c" and does not
+ end with "b"
+ ?a* Any string with "a" as its second character
+ ??a* Any string with "a" as its third character
+ *a? Any string with "a" as its penultimate character
+ *a?? Any string with "a" as its antepenultimate character
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 27]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-28" id="page-28" href="#page-28" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Session Administration Commands</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>. Initial Connection</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.1.1" href="#section-5.1.1">5.1.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ This command MUST NOT be pipelined.
+
+ Responses [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]
+ 200 Service available, posting allowed
+ 201 Service available, posting prohibited
+ 400 Service temporarily unavailable [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]
+ 502 Service permanently unavailable [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]
+
+ [<a name="ref-1" id="ref-1">1</a>] These are the only valid response codes for the initial greeting;
+ the server MUST not return any other generic response code.
+
+ [<a name="ref-2" id="ref-2">2</a>] Following a 400 or 502 response, the server MUST immediately
+ close the connection.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.1.2" href="#section-5.1.2">5.1.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ There is no command presented by the client upon initial connection
+ to the server. The server MUST present an appropriate response code
+ as a greeting to the client. This response informs the client
+ whether service is available and whether the client is permitted to
+ post.
+
+ If the server will accept further commands from the client including
+ POST, the server MUST present a 200 greeting code. If the server
+ will accept further commands from the client, but the client is not
+ authorized to post articles using the POST command, the server MUST
+ present a 201 greeting code.
+
+ Otherwise, the server MUST present a 400 or 502 greeting code and
+ then immediately close the connection. 400 SHOULD be used if the
+ issue is only temporary (for example, because of load) and the client
+ can expect to be able to connect successfully at some point in the
+ future without making any changes. 502 MUST be used if the client is
+ not permitted under any circumstances to interact with the server,
+ and MAY be used if the server has insufficient information to
+ determine whether the issue is temporary or permanent.
+
+ Note: the distinction between the 200 and 201 response codes has
+ turned out in practice to be insufficient; for example, some servers
+ do not allow posting until the client has authenticated, while other
+ clients assume that a 201 response means that posting will never be
+ possible even after authentication. Therefore, clients SHOULD use
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 28]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-29" id="page-29" href="#page-29" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ the CAPABILITIES command (<a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>) rather than rely on this
+ response.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.1.3" href="#section-5.1.3">5.1.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of a normal connection from an authorized client that then
+ terminates the session (see <a href="#section-5.4">Section 5.4</a>):
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 200 NNTP Service Ready, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] QUIT
+ [S] 205 NNTP Service exits normally
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+ Example of a normal connection from an authorized client that is not
+ permitted to post, which also immediately terminates the session:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 201 NNTP Service Ready, posting prohibited
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] QUIT
+ [S] 205 NNTP Service exits normally
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+ Example of a normal connection from an unauthorized client:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 502 NNTP Service permanently unavailable
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+ Example of a connection from a client if the server is unable to
+ provide service:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 400 NNTP Service temporarily unavailable
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>. CAPABILITIES</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.2.1" href="#section-5.2.1">5.2.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ This command is mandatory.
+
+ Syntax
+ CAPABILITIES [keyword]
+
+ Responses
+ 101 Capability list follows (multi-line)
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 29]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-30" id="page-30" href="#page-30" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Parameters
+ keyword additional feature, see description
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.2.2" href="#section-5.2.2">5.2.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ The CAPABILITIES command allows a client to determine the
+ capabilities of the server at any given time.
+
+ This command MAY be issued at any time; the server MUST NOT require
+ it to be issued in order to make use of any capability. The response
+ generated by this command MAY change during a session because of
+ other state information (which, in turn, may be changed by the
+ effects of other commands or by external events). An NNTP client is
+ only able to get the current and correct information concerning
+ available capabilities at any point during a session by issuing a
+ CAPABILITIES command at that point of that session and processing the
+ response.
+
+ The capability list is returned as a multi-line data block following
+ the 101 response code. Each capability is described by a separate
+ capability line. The server MUST NOT list the same capability twice
+ in the response, even with different arguments. Except that the
+ VERSION capability MUST be the first line, the order in which the
+ capability lines appears is not significant; the server need not even
+ consistently return the same order.
+
+ While some capabilities are likely to be always available or never
+ available, others (notably extensions) will appear and disappear
+ depending on server state changes within the session or on external
+ events between sessions. An NNTP client MAY cache the results of
+ this command, but MUST NOT rely on the correctness of any cached
+ results, whether from earlier in this session or from a previous
+ session, MUST cope gracefully with the cached status being out of
+ date, and SHOULD (if caching results) provide a way to force the
+ cached information to be refreshed. Furthermore, a client MUST NOT
+ use cached results in relation to security, privacy, and
+ authentication extensions. See <a href="#section-12.6">Section 12.6</a> for further discussion
+ of this topic.
+
+ The keyword argument is not used by this specification. It is
+ provided so that extensions or revisions to this specification can
+ include extra features for this command without requiring the
+ CAPABILITIES command to be used twice (once to determine if the extra
+ features are available, and a second time to make use of them). If
+ the server does not recognise the argument (and it is a keyword), it
+ MUST respond with the 101 response code as if the argument had been
+ omitted. If an argument is provided that the server does recognise,
+ it MAY use the 101 response code or MAY use some other response code
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 30]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-31" id="page-31" href="#page-31" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ (which will be defined in the specification of that feature). If the
+ argument is not a keyword, the 501 generic response code MUST be
+ returned. The server MUST NOT generate any other response code to
+ the CAPABILITIES command.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.2.3" href="#section-5.2.3">5.2.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of a minimal response (a read-only server):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a response from a server that has a range of facilities
+ and that also describes itself:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] IHAVE
+ [S] POST
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS ACTIVE.TIMES OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] IMPLEMENTATION INN 4.2 2004-12-25
+ [S] OVER MSGID
+ [S] STREAMING
+ [S] XSECRET
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a server that supports more than one version of NNTP:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2 3
+ [S] READER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 31]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-32" id="page-32" href="#page-32" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of a client attempting to use a feature of the CAPABILITIES
+ command that the server does not support:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES AUTOUPDATE
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] IHAVE
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS OVERVIEW.FMT HEADERS
+ [S] OVER MSGID
+ [S] HDR
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-5.3" href="#section-5.3">5.3</a>. MODE READER</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.3.1" href="#section-5.3.1">5.3.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: MODE-READER
+
+ This command MUST NOT be pipelined.
+
+ Syntax
+ MODE READER
+
+ Responses
+ 200 Posting allowed
+ 201 Posting prohibited
+ 502 Reading service permanently unavailable [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]
+
+ [<a name="ref-1" id="ref-1">1</a>] Following a 502 response the server MUST immediately close the
+ connection.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.3.2" href="#section-5.3.2">5.3.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ The MODE READER command instructs a mode-switching server to switch
+ modes, as described in <a href="#section-3.4.2">Section 3.4.2</a>.
+
+ If the server is mode-switching, it switches from its transit mode to
+ its reader mode, indicating this by changing the capability list
+ accordingly. It MUST then return a 200 or 201 response with the same
+ meaning as for the initial greeting (as described in <a href="#section-5.1.1">Section 5.1.1</a>).
+ Note that the response need not be the same as that presented during
+ the initial greeting. The client MUST NOT issue MODE READER more
+ than once in a session or after any security or privacy commands are
+ issued. When the MODE READER command is issued, the server MAY reset
+ its state to that immediately after the initial connection before
+ switching mode.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 32]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-33" id="page-33" href="#page-33" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ If the server is not mode-switching, then the following apply:
+
+ o If it advertises the READER capability, it MUST return a 200 or
+ 201 response with the same meaning as for the initial greeting; in
+ this case, the command MUST NOT affect the server state in any
+ way.
+
+ o If it does not advertise the READER capability, it MUST return a
+ 502 response and then immediately close the connection.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.3.3" href="#section-5.3.3">5.3.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of use of the MODE READER command on a transit-only server
+ (which therefore does not providing reading facilities):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] IHAVE
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] MODE READER
+ [S] 502 Transit service only
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+ Example of use of the MODE READER command on a server that provides
+ reading facilities:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] MODE READER
+ [S] 200 Reader mode, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.have@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 500 Permission denied
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+
+ Note that in both of these situations, the client SHOULD NOT use MODE
+ READER.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 33]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-34" id="page-34" href="#page-34" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of use of the MODE READER command on a mode-switching server:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] IHAVE
+ [S] MODE-READER
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] MODE READER
+ [S] 200 Reader mode, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] STARTTLS
+ [S] .
+
+ In this case, the server offers (but does not require) TLS privacy in
+ its reading mode but not in its transit mode.
+
+ Example of use of the MODE READER command where the client is not
+ permitted to post:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] MODE READER
+ [S] 201 NNTP Service Ready, posting prohibited
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-5.4" href="#section-5.4">5.4</a>. QUIT</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.4.1" href="#section-5.4.1">5.4.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ This command is mandatory.
+
+ Syntax
+ QUIT
+
+ Responses
+ 205 Connection closing
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.4.2" href="#section-5.4.2">5.4.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ The client uses the QUIT command to terminate the session. The
+ server MUST acknowledge the QUIT command and then close the
+ connection to the client. This is the preferred method for a client
+ to indicate that it has finished all of its transactions with the
+ NNTP server.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 34]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-35" id="page-35" href="#page-35" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ If a client simply disconnects (or if the connection times out or
+ some other fault occurs), the server MUST gracefully cease its
+ attempts to service the client, disconnecting from its end if
+ necessary.
+
+ The server MUST NOT generate any response code to the QUIT command
+ other than 205 or, if any arguments are provided, 501.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-5.4.3" href="#section-5.4.3">5.4.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] QUIT
+ [S] 205 closing connection
+ [Server closes connection.]
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Article Posting and Retrieval</h2></span>
+
+ News-reading clients have available a variety of mechanisms to
+ retrieve articles via NNTP. The news articles are stored and indexed
+ using three types of keys. The first type of key is the message-id
+ of an article and is globally unique. The second type of key is
+ composed of a newsgroup name and an article number within that
+ newsgroup. On a particular server, there MUST only be one article
+ with a given number within any newsgroup, and an article MUST NOT
+ have two different numbers in the same newsgroup. An article can be
+ cross-posted to multiple newsgroups, so there may be multiple keys
+ that point to the same article on the same server; these MAY have
+ different numbers in each newsgroup. However, this type of key is
+ not required to be globally unique, so the same key MAY refer to
+ different articles on different servers. (Note that the terms
+ "group" and "newsgroup" are equivalent.)
+
+ The final type of key is the arrival timestamp, giving the time that
+ the article arrived at the server. The server MUST ensure that
+ article numbers are issued in order of arrival timestamp; that is,
+ articles arriving later MUST have higher numbers than those that
+ arrive earlier. The server SHOULD allocate the next sequential
+ unused number to each new article.
+
+ Article numbers MUST lie between 1 and 2,147,483,647, inclusive. The
+ client and server MAY use leading zeroes in specifying article
+ numbers but MUST NOT use more than 16 digits. In some situations,
+ the value zero replaces an article number to show some special
+ situation.
+
+ Note that it is likely that the article number limit of 2,147,483,647
+ will be increased by a future revision or extension to this
+ specification. While servers MUST NOT send article numbers greater
+ than this current limit, client and server developers are advised to
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 35]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-36" id="page-36" href="#page-36" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ use internal structures and datatypes capable of handling larger
+ values in anticipation of such a change.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a>. Group and Article Selection</h3></span>
+
+ The following commands are used to set the "currently selected
+ newsgroup" and the "current article number", which are used by
+ various commands. At the start of an NNTP session, both of these
+ values are set to the special value "invalid".
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.1" href="#section-6.1.1">6.1.1</a>. GROUP</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.1.1" href="#section-6.1.1.1">6.1.1.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ GROUP group
+
+ Responses
+ 211 number low high group Group successfully selected
+ 411 No such newsgroup
+
+ Parameters
+ group Name of newsgroup
+ number Estimated number of articles in the group
+ low Reported low water mark
+ high Reported high water mark
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.1.2" href="#section-6.1.1.2">6.1.1.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The GROUP command selects a newsgroup as the currently selected
+ newsgroup and returns summary information about it.
+
+ The required argument is the name of the newsgroup to be selected
+ (e.g., "news.software.nntp"). A list of valid newsgroups may be
+ obtained by using the LIST ACTIVE command (see <a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a>).
+
+ The successful selection response will return the article numbers of
+ the first and last articles in the group at the moment of selection
+ (these numbers are referred to as the "reported low water mark" and
+ the "reported high water mark") and an estimate of the number of
+ articles in the group currently available.
+
+ If the group is not empty, the estimate MUST be at least the actual
+ number of articles available and MUST be no greater than one more
+ than the difference between the reported low and high water marks.
+ (Some implementations will actually count the number of articles
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 36]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-37" id="page-37" href="#page-37" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ currently stored. Others will just subtract the low water mark from
+ the high water mark and add one to get an estimate.)
+
+ If the group is empty, one of the following three situations will
+ occur. Clients MUST accept all three cases; servers MUST NOT
+ represent an empty group in any other way.
+
+ o The high water mark will be one less than the low water mark, and
+ the estimated article count will be zero. Servers SHOULD use this
+ method to show an empty group. This is the only time that the
+ high water mark can be less than the low water mark.
+
+ o All three numbers will be zero.
+
+ o The high water mark is greater than or equal to the low water
+ mark. The estimated article count might be zero or non-zero; if
+ it is non-zero, the same requirements apply as for a non-empty
+ group.
+
+ The set of articles in a group may change after the GROUP command is
+ carried out:
+
+ o Articles may be removed from the group.
+
+ o Articles may be reinstated in the group with the same article
+ number, but those articles MUST have numbers no less than the
+ reported low water mark (note that this is a reinstatement of the
+ previous article, not a new article reusing the number).
+
+ o New articles may be added with article numbers greater than the
+ reported high water mark. (If an article that was the one with
+ the highest number has been removed and the high water mark has
+ been adjusted accordingly, the next new article will not have the
+ number one greater than the reported high water mark.)
+
+ Except when the group is empty and all three numbers are zero,
+ whenever a subsequent GROUP command for the same newsgroup is issued,
+ either by the same client or a different client, the reported low
+ water mark in the response MUST be no less than that in any previous
+ response for that newsgroup in this session, and it SHOULD be no less
+ than that in any previous response for that newsgroup ever sent to
+ any client. Any failure to meet the latter condition SHOULD be
+ transient only. The client may make use of the low water mark to
+ remove all remembered information about articles with lower numbers,
+ as these will never recur. This includes the situation when the high
+ water mark is one less than the low water mark. No similar
+ assumption can be made about the high water mark, as this can
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 37]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-38" id="page-38" href="#page-38" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ decrease if an article is removed and then increase again if it is
+ reinstated or if new articles arrive.
+
+ When a valid group is selected by means of this command, the
+ currently selected newsgroup MUST be set to that group, and the
+ current article number MUST be set to the first article in the group
+ (this applies even if the group is already the currently selected
+ newsgroup). If an empty newsgroup is selected, the current article
+ number is made invalid. If an invalid group is specified, the
+ currently selected newsgroup and current article number MUST NOT be
+ changed.
+
+ The GROUP or LISTGROUP command (see <a href="#section-6.1.2">Section 6.1.2</a>) MUST be used by a
+ client, and a successful response received, before any other command
+ is used that depends on the value of the currently selected newsgroup
+ or current article number.
+
+ If the group specified is not available on the server, a 411 response
+ MUST be returned.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.1.3" href="#section-6.1.1.3">6.1.1.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example for a group known to the server:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+
+ Example for a group unknown to the server:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.is.sob.bradner.or.barber
+ [S] 411 example.is.sob.bradner.or.barber is unknown
+
+ Example of an empty group using the preferred response:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 4000 3999 example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+
+ Example of an empty group using an alternative response:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+
+ Example of an empty group using a different alternative response:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 4000 4321 example.currently.empty.newsgroup
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 38]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-39" id="page-39" href="#page-39" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example reselecting the currently selected newsgroup:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 234 567 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT 444
+ [S] 223 444 &lt;123456@example.net&gt; retrieved
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 234 567 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [S] 223 234 &lt;different@example.net&gt; retrieved
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.2" href="#section-6.1.2">6.1.2</a>. LISTGROUP</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.2.1" href="#section-6.1.2.1">6.1.2.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ LISTGROUP [group [range]]
+
+ Responses
+ 211 number low high group Article numbers follow (multi-line)
+ 411 No such newsgroup
+ 412 No newsgroup selected [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]
+
+ Parameters
+ group Name of newsgroup
+ range Range of articles to report
+ number Estimated number of articles in the group
+ low Reported low water mark
+ high Reported high water mark
+
+ [<a name="ref-1" id="ref-1">1</a>] The 412 response can only occur if no group has been specified.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.2.2" href="#section-6.1.2.2">6.1.2.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The LISTGROUP command selects a newsgroup in the same manner as the
+ GROUP command (see <a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a>) but also provides a list of article
+ numbers in the newsgroup. If no group is specified, the currently
+ selected newsgroup is used.
+
+ On success, a list of article numbers is returned as a multi-line
+ data block following the 211 response code (the arguments on the
+ initial response line are the same as for the GROUP command). The
+ list contains one number per line and is in numerical order. It
+ lists precisely those articles that exist in the group at the moment
+ of selection (therefore, an empty group produces an empty list). If
+ the optional range argument is specified, only articles within the
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 39]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-40" id="page-40" href="#page-40" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ range are included in the list (therefore, the list MAY be empty even
+ if the group is not).
+
+ The range argument may be any of the following:
+
+ o An article number.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash to indicate all following.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash followed by another article
+ number.
+
+ In the last case, if the second number is less than the first number,
+ then the range contains no articles. Omitting the range is
+ equivalent to the range 1- being specified.
+
+ If the group specified is not available on the server, a 411 response
+ MUST be returned. If no group is specified and the currently
+ selected newsgroup is invalid, a 412 response MUST be returned.
+
+ Except that the group argument is optional, that a range argument can
+ be specified, and that a multi-line data block follows the 211
+ response code, the LISTGROUP command is identical to the GROUP
+ command. In particular, when successful, the command sets the
+ current article number to the first article in the group, if any,
+ even if this is not within the range specified by the second
+ argument.
+
+ Note that the range argument is a new feature in this specification
+ and servers that do not support CAPABILITIES (and therefore do not
+ conform to this specification) are unlikely to support it.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.2.3" href="#section-6.1.2.3">6.1.2.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP being used to select a group:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LISTGROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test list follows
+ [S] 3000234
+ [S] 3000237
+ [S] 3000238
+ [S] 3000239
+ [S] 3002322
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 40]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-41" id="page-41" href="#page-41" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP on an empty group:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LISTGROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup list follows
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP on a valid, currently selected newsgroup:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LISTGROUP
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test list follows
+ [S] 3000234
+ [S] 3000237
+ [S] 3000238
+ [S] 3000239
+ [S] 3002322
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP with a range:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LISTGROUP misc.test 3000238-3000248
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test list follows
+ [S] 3000238
+ [S] 3000239
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP with an empty range:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LISTGROUP misc.test 12345678-
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test list follows
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of LISTGROUP with an invalid range:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LISTGROUP misc.test 9999-111
+ [S] 211 2000 3000234 3002322 misc.test list follows
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 41]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-42" id="page-42" href="#page-42" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.3" href="#section-6.1.3">6.1.3</a>. LAST</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.3.1" href="#section-6.1.3.1">6.1.3.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ LAST
+
+ Responses
+ 223 n message-id Article found
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+ 422 No previous article in this group
+
+ Parameters
+ n Article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.3.2" href="#section-6.1.3.2">6.1.3.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ If the currently selected newsgroup is valid, the current article
+ number MUST be set to the previous article in that newsgroup (that
+ is, the highest existing article number less than the current article
+ number). If successful, a response indicating the new current
+ article number and the message-id of that article MUST be returned.
+ No article text is sent in response to this command.
+
+ There MAY be no previous article in the group, although the current
+ article number is not the reported low water mark. There MUST NOT be
+ a previous article when the current article number is the reported
+ low water mark.
+
+ Because articles can be removed and added, the results of multiple
+ LAST and NEXT commands MAY not be consistent over the life of a
+ particular NNTP session.
+
+ If the current article number is already the first article of the
+ newsgroup, a 422 response MUST be returned. If the current article
+ number is invalid, a 420 response MUST be returned. If the currently
+ selected newsgroup is invalid, a 412 response MUST be returned. In
+ all three cases, the currently selected newsgroup and current article
+ number MUST NOT be altered.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 42]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-43" id="page-43" href="#page-43" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.3.3" href="#section-6.1.3.3">6.1.3.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful article retrieval using LAST:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 223 3000237 &lt;668929@example.org&gt; retrieved
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LAST
+ [S] 223 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt; retrieved
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article without having selected
+ a group (via the GROUP command) first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LAST
+ [S] 412 no newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article using the LAST command
+ when the current article number is that of the first article in the
+ group:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LAST
+ [S] 422 No previous article to retrieve
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article using the LAST command
+ when the currently selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LAST
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 43]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-44" id="page-44" href="#page-44" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.4" href="#section-6.1.4">6.1.4</a>. NEXT</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.4.1" href="#section-6.1.4.1">6.1.4.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ NEXT
+
+ Responses
+ 223 n message-id Article found
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+ 421 No next article in this group
+
+ Parameters
+ n Article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.4.2" href="#section-6.1.4.2">6.1.4.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ If the currently selected newsgroup is valid, the current article
+ number MUST be set to the next article in that newsgroup (that is,
+ the lowest existing article number greater than the current article
+ number). If successful, a response indicating the new current
+ article number and the message-id of that article MUST be returned.
+ No article text is sent in response to this command.
+
+ If the current article number is already the last article of the
+ newsgroup, a 421 response MUST be returned. In all other aspects
+ (apart, of course, from the lack of 422 response), this command is
+ identical to the LAST command (<a href="#section-6.1.3">Section 6.1.3</a>).
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.1.4.3" href="#section-6.1.4.3">6.1.4.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful article retrieval using NEXT:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 223 3000237 &lt;668929@example.org&gt; retrieved
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 44]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-45" id="page-45" href="#page-45" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article without having selected
+ a group (via the GROUP command) first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 412 no newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article using the NEXT command
+ when the current article number is that of the last article in the
+ group:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT 3002322
+ [S] 223 3002322 &lt;411@example.net&gt; retrieved
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 421 No next article to retrieve
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article using the NEXT command
+ when the currently selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEXT
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a>. Retrieval of Articles and Article Sections</h3></span>
+
+ The ARTICLE, BODY, HEAD, and STAT commands are very similar. They
+ differ only in the parts of the article that are presented to the
+ client and in the successful response code. The ARTICLE command is
+ described here in full, while the other three commands are described
+ in terms of the differences. As specified in <a href="#section-3.6">Section 3.6</a>, an article
+ consists of two parts: the article headers and the article body.
+
+ When responding to one of these commands, the server MUST present the
+ entire article or appropriate part and MUST NOT attempt to alter or
+ translate it in any way.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 45]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-46" id="page-46" href="#page-46" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.1" href="#section-6.2.1">6.2.1</a>. ARTICLE</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.1.1" href="#section-6.2.1.1">6.2.1.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ ARTICLE message-id
+ ARTICLE number
+ ARTICLE
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 220 0|n message-id Article follows (multi-line)
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (article number specified)
+ 220 n message-id Article follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No article with that number
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 220 n message-id Article follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ number Requested article number
+ n Returned article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.1.2" href="#section-6.2.1.2">6.2.1.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The ARTICLE command selects an article according to the arguments and
+ presents the entire article (that is, the headers, an empty line, and
+ the body, in that order) to the client. The command has three forms.
+
+ In the first form, a message-id is specified, and the server presents
+ the article with that message-id. In this case, the server MUST NOT
+ alter the currently selected newsgroup or current article number.
+ This is both to facilitate the presentation of articles that may be
+ referenced within another article being read, and because of the
+ semantic difficulties of determining the proper sequence and
+ membership of an article that may have been cross-posted to more than
+ one newsgroup.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 46]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-47" id="page-47" href="#page-47" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ In the response, the article number MUST be replaced with zero,
+ unless there is a currently selected newsgroup and the article is
+ present in that group, in which case the server MAY use the article's
+ number in that group. (The server is not required to determine
+ whether the article is in the currently selected newsgroup or, if so,
+ what article number it has; the client MUST always be prepared for
+ zero to be specified.) The server MUST NOT provide an article number
+ unless use of that number in a second ARTICLE command immediately
+ following this one would return the same article. Even if the server
+ chooses to return article numbers in these circumstances, it need not
+ do so consistently; it MAY return zero to any such command (also see
+ the STAT examples, <a href="#section-6.2.4.3">Section 6.2.4.3</a>).
+
+ In the second form, an article number is specified. If there is an
+ article with that number in the currently selected newsgroup, the
+ server MUST set the current article number to that number.
+
+ In the third form, the article indicated by the current article
+ number in the currently selected newsgroup is used.
+
+ Note that a previously valid article number MAY become invalid if the
+ article has been removed. A previously invalid article number MAY
+ become valid if the article has been reinstated, but this article
+ number MUST be no less than the reported low water mark for that
+ group.
+
+ The server MUST NOT change the currently selected newsgroup as a
+ result of this command. The server MUST NOT change the current
+ article number except when an article number argument was provided
+ and the article exists; in particular, it MUST NOT change it
+ following an unsuccessful response.
+
+ Since the message-id is unique for each article, it may be used by a
+ client to skip duplicate displays of articles that have been posted
+ more than once, or to more than one newsgroup.
+
+ The article is returned as a multi-line data block following the 220
+ response code.
+
+ If the argument is a message-id and no such article exists, a 430
+ response MUST be returned. If the argument is a number or is omitted
+ and the currently selected newsgroup is invalid, a 412 response MUST
+ be returned. If the argument is a number and that article does not
+ exist in the currently selected newsgroup, a 423 response MUST be
+ returned. If the argument is omitted and the current article number
+ is invalid, a 420 response MUST be returned.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 47]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-48" id="page-48" href="#page-48" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.1.3" href="#section-6.2.1.3">6.2.1.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of an article (explicitly not using
+ an article number):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] ARTICLE
+ [S] 220 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] Path: pathost!demo!whitehouse!not-for-mail
+ [S] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [S] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [S] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [S] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [S] Organization: An Example Net, Uncertain, Texas
+ [S] Message-ID: &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S]
+ [S] This is just a test article.
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of an article by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] ARTICLE &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 220 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] Path: pathost!demo!whitehouse!not-for-mail
+ [S] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [S] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [S] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [S] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [S] Organization: An Example Net, Uncertain, Texas
+ [S] Message-ID: &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S]
+ [S] This is just a test article.
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of an article by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] ARTICLE &lt;i.am.not.there@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 430 No Such Article Found
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of an article by number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 news.groups
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] ARTICLE 300256
+ [S] 423 No article with that number
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 48]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-49" id="page-49" href="#page-49" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of an article by number because
+ no newsgroup was selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] ARTICLE 300256
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve an article when the currently
+ selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] ARTICLE
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.2" href="#section-6.2.2">6.2.2</a>. HEAD</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.2.1" href="#section-6.2.2.1">6.2.2.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ This command is mandatory.
+
+ Syntax
+ HEAD message-id
+ HEAD number
+ HEAD
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 221 0|n message-id Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (article number specified)
+ 221 n message-id Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No article with that number
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 221 n message-id Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ number Requested article number
+ n Returned article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 49]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-50" id="page-50" href="#page-50" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.2.2" href="#section-6.2.2.2">6.2.2.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The HEAD command behaves identically to the ARTICLE command except
+ that, if the article exists, the response code is 221 instead of 220
+ and only the headers are presented (the empty line separating the
+ headers and body MUST NOT be included).
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.2.3" href="#section-6.2.2.3">6.2.2.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the headers of an article
+ (explicitly not using an article number):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HEAD
+ [S] 221 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] Path: pathost!demo!whitehouse!not-for-mail
+ [S] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [S] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [S] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [S] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [S] Organization: An Example Net, Uncertain, Texas
+ [S] Message-ID: &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the headers of an article by
+ message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HEAD &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 221 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] Path: pathost!demo!whitehouse!not-for-mail
+ [S] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [S] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [S] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [S] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [S] Organization: An Example Net, Uncertain, Texas
+ [S] Message-ID: &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the headers of an article by
+ message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HEAD &lt;i.am.not.there@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 430 No Such Article Found
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 50]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-51" id="page-51" href="#page-51" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the headers of an article by
+ number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HEAD 300256
+ [S] 423 No article with that number
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the headers of an article by
+ number because no newsgroup was selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HEAD 300256
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve the headers of an article when the
+ currently selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HEAD
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.3" href="#section-6.2.3">6.2.3</a>. BODY</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.3.1" href="#section-6.2.3.1">6.2.3.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ BODY message-id
+ BODY number
+ BODY
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 222 0|n message-id Body follows (multi-line)
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (article number specified)
+ 222 n message-id Body follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No article with that number
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 51]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-52" id="page-52" href="#page-52" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 222 n message-id Body follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ number Requested article number
+ n Returned article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.3.2" href="#section-6.2.3.2">6.2.3.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The BODY command behaves identically to the ARTICLE command except
+ that, if the article exists, the response code is 222 instead of 220
+ and only the body is presented (the empty line separating the headers
+ and body MUST NOT be included).
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.3.3" href="#section-6.2.3.3">6.2.3.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the body of an article
+ (explicitly not using an article number):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] BODY
+ [S] 222 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] This is just a test article.
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the body of an article by
+ message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] BODY &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 222 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] This is just a test article.
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the body of an article by
+ message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] BODY &lt;i.am.not.there@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 430 No Such Article Found
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 52]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-53" id="page-53" href="#page-53" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the body of an article by
+ number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] BODY 300256
+ [S] 423 No article with that number
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of the body of an article by
+ number because no newsgroup was selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] BODY 300256
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve the body of an article when the
+ currently selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] BODY
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.4" href="#section-6.2.4">6.2.4</a>. STAT</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.4.1" href="#section-6.2.4.1">6.2.4.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ This command is mandatory.
+
+ Syntax
+ STAT message-id
+ STAT number
+ STAT
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 223 0|n message-id Article exists
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (article number specified)
+ 223 n message-id Article exists
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No article with that number
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 53]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-54" id="page-54" href="#page-54" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 223 n message-id Article exists
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ number Requested article number
+ n Returned article number
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.4.2" href="#section-6.2.4.2">6.2.4.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The STAT command behaves identically to the ARTICLE command except
+ that, if the article exists, it is NOT presented to the client and
+ the response code is 223 instead of 220. Note that the response is
+ NOT multi-line.
+
+ This command allows the client to determine whether an article exists
+ and, in the second and third forms, what its message-id is, without
+ having to process an arbitrary amount of text.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.2.4.3" href="#section-6.2.4.3">6.2.4.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of STAT on an existing article (explicitly not using an
+ article number):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [S] 223 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+
+ Example of STAT on an existing article by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] STAT &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 223 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+
+ Example of STAT on an article not on the server by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] STAT &lt;i.am.not.there@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 430 No Such Article Found
+
+ Example of STAT on an article not in the server by number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT 300256
+ [S] 423 No article with that number
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 54]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-55" id="page-55" href="#page-55" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of STAT on an article by number when no newsgroup was
+ selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT 300256
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of STAT on an article when the currently selected newsgroup
+ is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+ Example of STAT by message-id on a server that sometimes reports the
+ actual article number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [S] 223 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 223 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 223 3000234 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 223 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] GROUP alt.crossposts
+ [S] 211 9999 111111 222222 alt.crossposts
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 223 123456 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] STAT
+ [S] 223 111111 &lt;23894720@example.com&gt;
+
+ The first STAT command establishes the identity of an article in the
+ group. The second and third show that the server may, but need not,
+ give the article number when the message-id is specified. The fourth
+ STAT command shows that zero must be specified if the article isn't
+ in the currently selected newsgroup. The fifth shows that the
+ number, if provided, must be that relating to the currently selected
+ newsgroup. The last one shows that the current article number is
+ still not changed by the use of STAT with a message-id even if it
+ returns an article number.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 55]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-56" id="page-56" href="#page-56" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3" href="#section-6.3">6.3</a>. Article Posting</h3></span>
+
+ Article posting is done in one of two ways: individual article
+ posting from news-reading clients using POST, and article transfer
+ from other news servers using IHAVE.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.1" href="#section-6.3.1">6.3.1</a>. POST</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.1.1" href="#section-6.3.1.1">6.3.1.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: POST
+
+ This command MUST NOT be pipelined.
+
+ Syntax
+ POST
+
+ Responses
+
+ Initial responses
+ 340 Send article to be posted
+ 440 Posting not permitted
+
+ Subsequent responses
+ 240 Article received OK
+ 441 Posting failed
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.1.2" href="#section-6.3.1.2">6.3.1.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ If posting is allowed, a 340 response MUST be returned to indicate
+ that the article to be posted should be sent. If posting is
+ prohibited for some installation-dependent reason, a 440 response
+ MUST be returned.
+
+ If posting is permitted, the article MUST be in the format specified
+ in <a href="#section-3.6">Section 3.6</a> and MUST be sent by the client to the server as a
+ multi-line data block (see <a href="#section-3.1.1">Section 3.1.1</a>). Thus a single dot (".")
+ on a line indicates the end of the text, and lines starting with a
+ dot in the original text have that dot doubled during transmission.
+
+ Following the presentation of the termination sequence by the client,
+ the server MUST return a response indicating success or failure of
+ the article transfer. Note that response codes 340 and 440 are used
+ in direct response to the POST command while 240 and 441 are returned
+ after the article is sent.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 56]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-57" id="page-57" href="#page-57" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ A response of 240 SHOULD indicate that, barring unforeseen server
+ errors, the posted article will be made available on the server
+ and/or transferred to other servers, as appropriate, possibly
+ following further processing. In other words, articles not wanted by
+ the server SHOULD be rejected with a 441 response, rather than being
+ accepted and then discarded silently. However, the client SHOULD NOT
+ assume that the article has been successfully transferred unless it
+ receives an affirmative response from the server and SHOULD NOT
+ assume that it is being made available to other clients without
+ explicitly checking (for example, using the STAT command).
+
+ If the session is interrupted before the response is received, it is
+ possible that an affirmative response was sent but has been lost.
+ Therefore, in any subsequent session, the client SHOULD either check
+ whether the article was successfully posted before resending or
+ ensure that the server will allocate the same message-id to the new
+ attempt (see <a href="#appendix-A.2">Appendix A.2</a>). The latter approach is preferred since
+ the article might not have been made available for reading yet (for
+ example, it may have to go through a moderation process).
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.1.3" href="#section-6.3.1.3">6.3.1.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of a successful posting:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] POST
+ [S] 340 Input article; end with &lt;CR-LF&gt;.&lt;CR-LF&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Organization: An Example Net
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] This is just a test article.
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] .
+ [S] 240 Article received OK
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful posting:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] POST
+ [S] 340 Input article; end with &lt;CR-LF&gt;.&lt;CR-LF&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Organization: An Example Net
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] This is just a test article.
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] .
+ [S] 441 Posting failed
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 57]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-58" id="page-58" href="#page-58" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an attempt to post when posting is not allowed:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 201 NNTP Service Ready, posting prohibited
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] POST
+ [S] 440 Posting not permitted
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.2" href="#section-6.3.2">6.3.2</a>. IHAVE</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.2.1" href="#section-6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: IHAVE
+
+ This command MUST NOT be pipelined.
+
+ Syntax
+ IHAVE message-id
+
+ Responses
+
+ Initial responses
+ 335 Send article to be transferred
+ 435 Article not wanted
+ 436 Transfer not possible; try again later
+
+ Subsequent responses
+ 235 Article transferred OK
+ 436 Transfer failed; try again later
+ 437 Transfer rejected; do not retry
+
+ Parameters
+ message-id Article message-id
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.2.2" href="#section-6.3.2.2">6.3.2.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The IHAVE command informs the server that the client has an article
+ with the specified message-id. If the server desires a copy of that
+ article, a 335 response MUST be returned, instructing the client to
+ send the entire article. If the server does not want the article
+ (if, for example, the server already has a copy of it), a 435
+ response MUST be returned, indicating that the article is not wanted.
+ Finally, if the article isn't wanted immediately but the client
+ should retry later if possible (if, for example, another client is in
+ the process of sending the same article to the server), a 436
+ response MUST be returned.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 58]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-59" id="page-59" href="#page-59" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ If transmission of the article is requested, the client MUST send the
+ entire article, including headers and body, to the server as a
+ multi-line data block (see <a href="#section-3.1.1">Section 3.1.1</a>). Thus, a single dot (".")
+ on a line indicates the end of the text, and lines starting with a
+ dot in the original text have that dot doubled during transmission.
+ The server MUST return a 235 response, indicating that the article
+ was successfully transferred; a 436 response, indicating that the
+ transfer failed but should be tried again later; or a 437 response,
+ indicating that the article was rejected.
+
+ This function differs from the POST command in that it is intended
+ for use in transferring already-posted articles between hosts. It
+ SHOULD NOT be used when the client is a personal news-reading
+ program, since use of this command indicates that the article has
+ already been posted at another site and is simply being forwarded
+ from another host. However, despite this, the server MAY elect not
+ to post or forward the article if, after further examination of the
+ article, it deems it inappropriate to do so. Reasons for such
+ subsequent rejection of an article may include problems such as
+ inappropriate newsgroups or distributions, disc space limitations,
+ article lengths, garbled headers, and the like. These are typically
+ restrictions enforced by the server host's news software and not
+ necessarily by the NNTP server itself.
+
+ The client SHOULD NOT assume that the article has been successfully
+ transferred unless it receives an affirmative response from the
+ server. A lack of response (such as a dropped network connection or
+ a network timeout) SHOULD be treated the same as a 436 response.
+
+ Because some news server software may not immediately be able to
+ determine whether an article is suitable for posting or forwarding,
+ an NNTP server MAY acknowledge the successful transfer of the article
+ (with a 235 response) but later silently discard it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 59]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-60" id="page-60" href="#page-60" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-6.3.2.3" href="#section-6.3.2.3">6.3.2.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of successfully sending an article to another site:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 335 Send it; end with &lt;CR-LF&gt;.&lt;CR-LF&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Path: pathost!demo!somewhere!not-for-mail
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Organization: An Example Com, San Jose, CA
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Message-ID: &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] This is just a test article.
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] .
+ [S] 235 Article transferred OK
+
+ Example of sending an article to another site that rejects it. Note
+ that the message-id in the IHAVE command is not the same as the one
+ in the article headers; while this is bad practice and SHOULD NOT be
+ done, it is not forbidden.
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 335 Send it; end with &lt;CR-LF&gt;.&lt;CR-LF&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Path: pathost!demo!somewhere!not-for-mail
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Organization: An Example Com, San Jose, CA
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Message-ID: &lt;i.am.an.article.you.have@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] This is just a test article.
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] .
+ [S] 437 Article rejected; don't send again
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 60]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-61" id="page-61" href="#page-61" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of sending an article to another site where the transfer
+ fails:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 335 Send it; end with &lt;CR-LF&gt;.&lt;CR-LF&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Path: pathost!demo!somewhere!not-for-mail
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Organization: An Example Com, San Jose, CA
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] Message-ID: &lt;i.am.an.article.you.will.want@example.com&gt;
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] This is just a test article.
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] .
+ [S] 436 Transfer failed
+
+ Example of sending an article to a site that already has it:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.have@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 435 Duplicate
+
+ Example of sending an article to a site that requests that the
+ article be tried again later:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] IHAVE &lt;i.am.an.article.you.defer@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 436 Retry later
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Information Commands</h2></span>
+
+ This section lists other commands that may be used at any time
+ between the beginning of a session and its termination. Using these
+ commands does not alter any state information, but the response
+ generated from their use may provide useful information to clients.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1" href="#section-7.1">7.1</a>. DATE</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1.1" href="#section-7.1.1">7.1.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ DATE
+
+ Responses
+ 111 yyyymmddhhmmss Server date and time
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 61]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-62" id="page-62" href="#page-62" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Parameters
+ yyyymmddhhmmss Current UTC date and time on server
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1.2" href="#section-7.1.2">7.1.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ This command exists to help clients find out the current Coordinated
+ Universal Time [<a href="#ref-TF.686-1" title='"Glossary, ITU-R Recommendation TF.686-1"'>TF.686-1</a>] from the server's perspective. This
+ command SHOULD NOT be used as a substitute for NTP [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1305" title='"Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation and Analysis"'>RFC1305</a>] but to
+ provide information that might be useful when using the NEWNEWS
+ command (see <a href="#section-7.4">Section 7.4</a>).
+
+ The DATE command MUST return a timestamp from the same clock as is
+ used for determining article arrival and group creation times (see
+ <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>). This clock SHOULD be monotonic, and adjustments SHOULD
+ be made by running it fast or slow compared to "real" time rather
+ than by making sudden jumps. A system providing NNTP service SHOULD
+ keep the system clock as accurate as possible, either with NTP or by
+ some other method.
+
+ The server MUST return a 111 response specifying the date and time on
+ the server in the form yyyymmddhhmmss. This date and time is in
+ Coordinated Universal Time.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.1.3" href="#section-7.1.3">7.1.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] DATE
+ [S] 111 19990623135624
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.2" href="#section-7.2">7.2</a>. HELP</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.2.1" href="#section-7.2.1">7.2.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ This command is mandatory.
+
+ Syntax
+ HELP
+
+ Responses
+ 100 Help text follows (multi-line)
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.2.2" href="#section-7.2.2">7.2.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ This command provides a short summary of the commands that are
+ understood by this implementation of the server. The help text will
+ be presented as a multi-line data block following the 100 response
+ code.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 62]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-63" id="page-63" href="#page-63" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ This text is not guaranteed to be in any particular format (but must
+ be UTF-8) and MUST NOT be used by clients as a replacement for the
+ CAPABILITIES command described in <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.2.3" href="#section-7.2.3">7.2.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HELP
+ [S] 100 Help text follows
+ [S] This is some help text. There is no specific
+ [S] formatting requirement for this test, though
+ [S] it is customary for it to list the valid commands
+ [S] and give a brief definition of what they do.
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.3" href="#section-7.3">7.3</a>. NEWGROUPS</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.3.1" href="#section-7.3.1">7.3.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: READER
+
+ Syntax
+ NEWGROUPS date time [GMT]
+
+ Responses
+ 231 List of new newsgroups follows (multi-line)
+
+ Parameters
+ date Date in yymmdd or yyyymmdd format
+ time Time in hhmmss format
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.3.2" href="#section-7.3.2">7.3.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ This command returns a list of newsgroups created on the server since
+ the specified date and time. The results are in the same format as
+ the LIST ACTIVE command (see <a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a>). However, they MAY
+ include groups not available on the server (and so not returned by
+ LIST ACTIVE) and MAY omit groups for which the creation date is not
+ available.
+
+ The date is specified as 6 or 8 digits in the format [xx]yymmdd,
+ where xx is the first two digits of the year (19-99), yy is the last
+ two digits of the year (00-99), mm is the month (01-12), and dd is
+ the day of the month (01-31). Clients SHOULD specify all four digits
+ of the year. If the first two digits of the year are not specified
+ (this is supported only for backward compatibility), the year is to
+ be taken from the current century if yy is smaller than or equal to
+ the current year, and the previous century otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 63]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-64" id="page-64" href="#page-64" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The time is specified as 6 digits in the format hhmmss, where hh is
+ the hours in the 24-hour clock (00-23), mm is the minutes (00-59),
+ and ss is the seconds (00-60, to allow for leap seconds). The token
+ "GMT" specifies that the date and time are given in Coordinated
+ Universal Time [<a href="#ref-TF.686-1" title='"Glossary, ITU-R Recommendation TF.686-1"'>TF.686-1</a>]; if it is omitted, then the date and time
+ are specified in the server's local timezone. Note that there is no
+ way of using the protocol specified in this document to establish the
+ server's local timezone.
+
+ Note that an empty list is a possible valid response and indicates
+ that there are no new newsgroups since that date-time.
+
+ Clients SHOULD make all queries using Coordinated Universal Time
+ (i.e., by including the "GMT" argument) when possible.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.3.3" href="#section-7.3.3">7.3.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example where there are new groups:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] NEWGROUPS 19990624 000000 GMT
+ [S] 231 list of new newsgroups follows
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 4 1 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 89 56 y
+ [S] .
+
+ Example where there are no new groups:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] NEWGROUPS 19990624 000000 GMT
+ [S] 231 list of new newsgroups follows
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.4" href="#section-7.4">7.4</a>. NEWNEWS</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.4.1" href="#section-7.4.1">7.4.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: NEWNEWS
+
+ Syntax
+ NEWNEWS wildmat date time [GMT]
+
+ Responses
+ 230 List of new articles follows (multi-line)
+
+ Parameters
+ wildmat Newsgroups of interest
+ date Date in yymmdd or yyyymmdd format
+ time Time in hhmmss format
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 64]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-65" id="page-65" href="#page-65" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.4.2" href="#section-7.4.2">7.4.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ This command returns a list of message-ids of articles posted or
+ received on the server, in the newsgroups whose names match the
+ wildmat, since the specified date and time. One message-id is sent
+ on each line; the order of the response has no specific significance
+ and may vary from response to response in the same session. A
+ message-id MAY appear more than once; if it does, it has the same
+ meaning as if it appeared only once.
+
+ Date and time are in the same format as the NEWGROUPS command (see
+ <a href="#section-7.3">Section 7.3</a>).
+
+ Note that an empty list is a possible valid response and indicates
+ that there is currently no new news in the relevant groups.
+
+ Clients SHOULD make all queries in Coordinated Universal Time (i.e.,
+ by using the "GMT" argument) when possible.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.4.3" href="#section-7.4.3">7.4.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example where there are new articles:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] NEWNEWS news.*,sci.* 19990624 000000 GMT
+ [S] 230 list of new articles by message-id follows
+ [S] &lt;i.am.a.new.article@example.com&gt;
+ [S] &lt;i.am.another.new.article@example.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ Example where there are no new articles:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] NEWNEWS alt.* 19990624 000000 GMT
+ [S] 230 list of new articles by message-id follows
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.5" href="#section-7.5">7.5</a>. Time</h3></span>
+
+ As described in <a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>, each article has an arrival timestamp.
+ Each newsgroup also has a creation timestamp. These timestamps are
+ used by the NEWNEWS and NEWGROUP commands to construct their
+ responses.
+
+ Clients can ensure that they do not have gaps in lists of articles or
+ groups by using the DATE command in the following manner:
+
+ First session:
+ Issue DATE command and record result.
+ Issue NEWNEWS command using a previously chosen timestamp.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 65]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-66" id="page-66" href="#page-66" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Subsequent sessions:
+ Issue DATE command and hold result in temporary storage.
+ Issue NEWNEWS command using timestamp saved from previous session.
+ Overwrite saved timestamp with that currently in temporary
+ storage.
+
+ In order to allow for minor errors, clients MAY want to adjust the
+ timestamp back by two or three minutes before using it in NEWNEWS.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.5.1" href="#section-7.5.1">7.5.1</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ First session:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] DATE
+ [S] 111 20010203112233
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEWNEWS local.chat 20001231 235959 GMT
+ [S] 230 list follows
+ [S] &lt;article.1@local.service&gt;
+ [S] &lt;article.2@local.service&gt;
+ [S] &lt;article.3@local.service&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ Second session (the client has subtracted 3 minutes from the
+ timestamp returned previously):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] DATE
+ [S] 111 20010204003344
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] NEWNEWS local.chat 20010203 111933 GMT
+ [S] 230 list follows
+ [S] &lt;article.3@local.service&gt;
+ [S] &lt;article.4@local.service&gt;
+ [S] &lt;article.5@local.service&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ Note how &lt;article.3@local.service&gt; arrived in the 3 minute gap and so
+ is listed in both responses.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6" href="#section-7.6">7.6</a>. The LIST Commands</h3></span>
+
+ The LIST family of commands all return information that is multi-line
+ and that can, in general, be expected not to change during the
+ session. Often the information is related to newsgroups, in which
+ case the response has one line per newsgroup and a wildmat MAY be
+ provided to restrict the groups for which information is returned.
+
+ The set of available keywords (including those provided by
+ extensions) is given in the capability list with capability label
+ LIST.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 66]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-67" id="page-67" href="#page-67" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.1" href="#section-7.6.1">7.6.1</a>. LIST</h4></span>
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.1.1" href="#section-7.6.1.1">7.6.1.1</a>. Usage</h5></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: LIST
+
+ Syntax
+ LIST [keyword [wildmat|argument]]
+
+ Responses
+ 215 Information follows (multi-line)
+
+ Parameters
+ keyword Information requested [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]
+ argument Specific to keyword
+ wildmat Groups of interest
+
+ [<a name="ref-1" id="ref-1">1</a>] If no keyword is provided, it defaults to ACTIVE.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.1.2" href="#section-7.6.1.2">7.6.1.2</a>. Description</h5></span>
+
+ The LIST command allows the server to provide blocks of information
+ to the client. This information may be global or may be related to
+ newsgroups; in the latter case, the information may be returned
+ either for all groups or only for those matching a wildmat. Each
+ block of information is represented by a different keyword. The
+ command returns the specific information identified by the keyword.
+
+ If the information is available, it is returned as a multi-line data
+ block following the 215 response code. The format of the information
+ depends on the keyword. The information MAY be affected by the
+ additional argument, but the format MUST NOT be.
+
+ If the information is based on newsgroups and the optional wildmat
+ argument is specified, the response is limited to only the groups (if
+ any) whose names match the wildmat and for which the information is
+ available.
+
+ Note that an empty list is a possible valid response; for a
+ newsgroup-based keyword, it indicates that there are no groups
+ meeting the above criteria.
+
+ If the keyword is not recognised, or if an argument is specified and
+ the keyword does not expect one, a 501 response code MUST BE
+ returned. If the keyword is recognised but the server does not
+ maintain the information, a 503 response code MUST BE returned.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 67]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-68" id="page-68" href="#page-68" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The LIST command MUST NOT change the visible state of the server in
+ any way; that is, the behaviour of subsequent commands MUST NOT be
+ affected by whether the LIST command was issued. For example, it
+ MUST NOT make groups available that otherwise would not have been.
+
+<span class="h5"><h5><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.1.3" href="#section-7.6.1.3">7.6.1.3</a>. Examples</h5></span>
+
+ Example of LIST with the ACTIVE keyword:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE
+ [S] 215 list of newsgroups follows
+ [S] misc.test 3002322 3000234 y
+ [S] comp.risks 442001 441099 m
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 4 1 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 89 56 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery.d 11 9 n
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of LIST with no keyword:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST
+ [S] 215 list of newsgroups follows
+ [S] misc.test 3002322 3000234 y
+ [S] comp.risks 442001 441099 m
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 4 1 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 89 56 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery.d 11 9 n
+ [S] .
+
+ The output is identical to that of the previous example.
+
+ Example of LIST on a newsgroup-based keyword with and without
+ wildmat:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE.TIMES
+ [S] 215 information follows
+ [S] misc.test 930445408 &lt;creatme@isc.org&gt;
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 930562309 &lt;m@example.com&gt;
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 930678923 &lt;sob@academ.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST ACTIVE.TIMES tx.*
+ [S] 215 information follows
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 930678923 &lt;sob@academ.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 68]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-69" id="page-69" href="#page-69" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of LIST returning an error where the keyword is recognized
+ but the software does not maintain this information:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS ACTIVE.TIMES XTRA.DATA
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST XTRA.DATA
+ [S] 503 Data item not stored
+
+ Example of LIST where the keyword is not recognised:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS ACTIVE.TIMES XTRA.DATA
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST DISTRIB.PATS
+ [S] 501 Syntax Error
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.2" href="#section-7.6.2">7.6.2</a>. Standard LIST Keywords</h4></span>
+
+ This specification defines the following LIST keywords:
+
+ +--------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
+ | Keyword | Definition | Status |
+ +--------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
+ | ACTIVE | <a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a> | Mandatory if the READER capability |
+ | | | is advertised |
+ | | | |
+ | ACTIVE.TIMES | <a href="#section-7.6.4">Section 7.6.4</a> | Optional |
+ | | | |
+ | DISTRIB.PATS | <a href="#section-7.6.5">Section 7.6.5</a> | Optional |
+ | | | |
+ | HEADERS | <a href="#section-8.6">Section 8.6</a> | Mandatory if the HDR capability is |
+ | | | advertised |
+ | | | |
+ | NEWSGROUPS | <a href="#section-7.6.6">Section 7.6.6</a> | Mandatory if the READER capability |
+ | | | is advertised |
+ | | | |
+ | OVERVIEW.FMT | <a href="#section-8.4">Section 8.4</a> | Mandatory if the OVER capability |
+ | | | is advertised |
+ +--------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 69]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-70" id="page-70" href="#page-70" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Where one of these LIST keywords is supported by a server, it MUST
+ have the meaning given in the relevant sub-section.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.3" href="#section-7.6.3">7.6.3</a>. LIST ACTIVE</h4></span>
+
+ This keyword MUST be supported by servers advertising the READER
+ capability.
+
+ LIST ACTIVE returns a list of valid newsgroups and associated
+ information. If no wildmat is specified, the server MUST include
+ every group that the client is permitted to select with the GROUP
+ command (<a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a>). Each line of this list consists of four
+ fields separated from each other by one or more spaces:
+
+ o The name of the newsgroup.
+ o The reported high water mark for the group.
+ o The reported low water mark for the group.
+ o The current status of the group on this server.
+
+ The reported high and low water marks are as described in the GROUP
+ command (see <a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a>), but note that they are in the opposite
+ order to the 211 response to that command.
+
+ The status field is typically one of the following:
+
+ "y" Posting is permitted.
+
+ "n" Posting is not permitted.
+
+ "m" Postings will be forwarded to the newsgroup moderator.
+
+ The server SHOULD use these values when these meanings are required
+ and MUST NOT use them with any other meaning. Other values for the
+ status may exist; the definition of these other values and the
+ circumstances under which they are returned may be specified in an
+ extension or may be private to the server. A client SHOULD treat an
+ unrecognized status as giving no information.
+
+ The status of a newsgroup only indicates how posts to that newsgroup
+ are normally processed and is not necessarily customised to the
+ specific client. For example, if the current client is forbidden
+ from posting, then this will apply equally to groups with status "y".
+ Conversely, a client with special privileges (not defined by this
+ specification) might be able to post to a group with status "n".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 70]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-71" id="page-71" href="#page-71" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ For example:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE
+ [S] 215 list of newsgroups follows
+ [S] misc.test 3002322 3000234 y
+ [S] comp.risks 442001 441099 m
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 4 1 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 89 56 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery.d 11 9 n
+ [S] .
+
+ or, on an implementation that includes leading zeroes:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE
+ [S] 215 list of newsgroups follows
+ [S] misc.test 0003002322 0003000234 y
+ [S] comp.risks 0000442001 0000441099 m
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 0000000004 0000000001 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 0000000089 0000000056 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery.d 0000000011 0000000009 n
+ [S] .
+
+ The information is newsgroup based, and a wildmat MAY be specified,
+ in which case the response is limited to only the groups (if any)
+ whose names match the wildmat. For example:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE *.recovery
+ [S] 215 list of newsgroups follows
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 4 1 y
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 89 56 y
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.4" href="#section-7.6.4">7.6.4</a>. LIST ACTIVE.TIMES</h4></span>
+
+ This keyword is optional.
+
+ The active.times list is maintained by some NNTP servers to contain
+ information about who created a particular newsgroup and when. Each
+ line of this list consists of three fields separated from each other
+ by one or more spaces. The first field is the name of the newsgroup.
+ The second is the time when this group was created on this news
+ server, measured in seconds since the start of January 1, 1970. The
+ third is plain text intended to describe the entity that created the
+ newsgroup; it is often a mailbox as defined in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" title='"Internet Message Format"'>RFC2822</a>].
+ For example:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 71]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-72" id="page-72" href="#page-72" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST ACTIVE.TIMES
+ [S] 215 information follows
+ [S] misc.test 930445408 &lt;creatme@isc.org&gt;
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery 930562309 &lt;m@example.com&gt;
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery 930678923 &lt;sob@academ.com&gt;
+ [S] .
+
+ The list MAY omit newsgroups for which the information is unavailable
+ and MAY include groups not available on the server; in particular, it
+ MAY omit all groups created before the date and time of the oldest
+ entry. The client MUST NOT assume that the list is complete or that
+ it matches the list returned by the LIST ACTIVE command
+ (<a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a>). The NEWGROUPS command (<a href="#section-7.3">Section 7.3</a>) may provide a
+ better way to access this information, and the results of the two
+ commands SHOULD be consistent except that, if the latter is invoked
+ with a date and time earlier than the oldest entry in active.times
+ list, its result may include extra groups.
+
+ The information is newsgroup based, and a wildmat MAY be specified,
+ in which case the response is limited to only the groups (if any)
+ whose names match the wildmat.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.5" href="#section-7.6.5">7.6.5</a>. LIST DISTRIB.PATS</h4></span>
+
+ This keyword is optional.
+
+ The distrib.pats list is maintained by some NNTP servers to assist
+ clients to choose a value for the content of the Distribution header
+ of a news article being posted. Each line of this list consists of
+ three fields separated from each other by a colon (":"). The first
+ field is a weight, the second field is a wildmat (which may be a
+ simple newsgroup name), and the third field is a value for the
+ Distribution header content. For example:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST DISTRIB.PATS
+ [S] 215 information follows
+ [S] 10:local.*:local
+ [S] 5:*:world
+ [S] 20:local.here.*:thissite
+ [S] .
+
+ The client MAY use this information to construct an appropriate
+ Distribution header given the name of a newsgroup. To do so, it
+ should determine the lines whose second field matches the newsgroup
+ name, select from among them the line with the highest weight (with 0
+ being the lowest), and use the value of the third field to construct
+ the Distribution header.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 72]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-73" id="page-73" href="#page-73" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ The information is not newsgroup based, and an argument MUST NOT be
+ specified.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-7.6.6" href="#section-7.6.6">7.6.6</a>. LIST NEWSGROUPS</h4></span>
+
+ This keyword MUST be supported by servers advertising the READER
+ capability.
+
+ The newsgroups list is maintained by NNTP servers to contain the name
+ of each newsgroup that is available on the server and a short
+ description about the purpose of the group. Each line of this list
+ consists of two fields separated from each other by one or more space
+ or TAB characters (the usual practice is a single TAB). The first
+ field is the name of the newsgroup, and the second is a short
+ description of the group. For example:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] 215 information follows
+ [S] misc.test General Usenet testing
+ [S] alt.rfc-writers.recovery RFC Writers Recovery
+ [S] tx.natives.recovery Texas Natives Recovery
+ [S] .
+
+ The list MAY omit newsgroups for which the information is unavailable
+ and MAY include groups not available on the server. The client MUST
+ NOT assume that the list is complete or that it matches the list
+ returned by LIST ACTIVE.
+
+ The description SHOULD be in UTF-8. However, servers often obtain
+ the information from external sources. These sources may have used
+ different encodings (ones that use octets in the range 128 to 255 in
+ some other manner) and, in that case, the server MAY pass it on
+ unchanged. Therefore, clients MUST be prepared to receive such
+ descriptions.
+
+ The information is newsgroup based, and a wildmat MAY be specified,
+ in which case the response is limited to only the groups (if any)
+ whose names match the wildmat.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Article Field Access Commands</h2></span>
+
+ This section lists commands that may be used to access specific
+ article fields; that is, headers of articles and metadata about
+ articles. These commands typically fetch data from an "overview
+ database", which is a database of headers extracted from incoming
+ articles plus metadata determined as the article arrives. Only
+ certain fields are included in the database.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 73]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-74" id="page-74" href="#page-74" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ This section is based on the Overview/NOV database [<a href="#ref-ROBE1995" title='"FAQ: Overview database / NOV General Information"'>ROBE1995</a>]
+ developed by Geoff Collyer.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.1" href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>. Article Metadata</h3></span>
+
+ Article "metadata" is data about articles that does not occur within
+ the article itself. Each metadata item has a name that MUST begin
+ with a colon (and that MUST NOT contain a colon elsewhere within it).
+ As with header names, metadata item names are not case sensitive.
+
+ When generating a metadata item, the server MUST compute it for
+ itself and MUST NOT trust any related value provided in the article.
+ (In particular, a Lines or Bytes header in the article MUST NOT be
+ assumed to specify the correct number of lines or bytes in the
+ article.) If the server has access to several non-identical copies
+ of an article, the value returned MUST be correct for any copy of
+ that article retrieved during the same session.
+
+ This specification defines two metadata items: ":bytes" and ":lines".
+ Other metadata items may be defined by extensions. The names of
+ metadata items defined by registered extensions MUST NOT begin with
+ ":x-". To avoid the risk of a clash with a future registered
+ extension, the names of metadata items defined by private extensions
+ SHOULD begin with ":x-".
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.1.1" href="#section-8.1.1">8.1.1</a>. The :bytes Metadata Item</h4></span>
+
+ The :bytes metadata item for an article is a decimal integer. It
+ SHOULD equal the number of octets in the entire article: headers,
+ body, and separating empty line (counting a CRLF pair as two octets,
+ and excluding both the "." CRLF terminating the response and any "."
+ added for "dot-stuffing" purposes).
+
+ Note to client implementers: some existing servers return a value
+ different from that above. The commonest reasons for this are as
+ follows:
+
+ o Counting a CRLF pair as one octet.
+
+ o Including the "." character used for dot-stuffing in the number.
+
+ o Including the terminating "." CRLF in the number.
+
+ o Using one copy of an article for counting the octets but then
+ returning another one that differs in some (permitted) manner.
+
+ Implementations should be prepared for such variation and MUST NOT
+ rely on the value being accurate.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 74]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-75" id="page-75" href="#page-75" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.1.2" href="#section-8.1.2">8.1.2</a>. The :lines Metadata Item</h4></span>
+
+ The :lines metadata item for an article is a decimal integer. It
+ MUST equal the number of lines in the article body (excluding the
+ empty line separating headers and body). Equivalently, it is two
+ less than the number of CRLF pairs that the BODY command would return
+ for that article (the extra two are those following the response code
+ and the termination octet).
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.2" href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>. Database Consistency</h3></span>
+
+ The information stored in the overview database may change over time.
+ If the database records the content or absence of a given field (that
+ is, a header or metadata item) for all articles, it is said to be
+ "consistent" for that field. If it records the content of a header
+ for some articles but not for others that nevertheless included that
+ header, or if it records a metadata item for some articles but not
+ for others to which that item applies, it is said to be
+ "inconsistent" for that field.
+
+ The LIST OVERVIEW.FMT command SHOULD list all the fields for which
+ the database is consistent at that moment. It MAY omit such fields
+ (for example, if it is not known whether the database is consistent
+ or inconsistent). It MUST NOT include fields for which the database
+ is inconsistent or that are not stored in the database. Therefore,
+ if a header appears in the LIST OVERVIEW.FMT output but not in the
+ OVER output for a given article, that header does not appear in the
+ article (similarly for metadata items).
+
+ These rules assume that the fields being stored in the database
+ remain constant for long periods of time, and therefore the database
+ will be consistent. When the set of fields to be stored is changed,
+ it will be inconsistent until either the database is rebuilt or the
+ only articles remaining are those received since the change.
+ Therefore, the output from LIST OVERVIEW.FMT needs to be altered
+ twice. Firstly, before any fields stop being stored they MUST be
+ removed from the output; then, when the database is once more known
+ to be consistent, the new fields SHOULD be added to the output.
+
+ If the HDR command uses the overview database rather than taking
+ information directly from the articles, the same issues of
+ consistency and inconsistency apply, and the LIST HEADERS command
+ SHOULD take the same approach as the LIST OVERVIEW.FMT command in
+ resolving them.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 75]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-76" id="page-76" href="#page-76" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.3" href="#section-8.3">8.3</a>. OVER</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.3.1" href="#section-8.3.1">8.3.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: OVER
+
+ Syntax
+ OVER message-id
+ OVER range
+ OVER
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 224 Overview information follows (multi-line)
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (range specified)
+ 224 Overview information follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No articles in that range
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 224 Overview information follows (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ range Number(s) of articles
+ message-id Message-id of article
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.3.2" href="#section-8.3.2">8.3.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ The OVER command returns the contents of all the fields in the
+ database for an article specified by message-id, or from a specified
+ article or range of articles in the currently selected newsgroup.
+
+ The message-id argument indicates a specific article. The range
+ argument may be any of the following:
+
+ o An article number.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash to indicate all following.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash followed by another article
+ number.
+
+ If neither is specified, the current article number is used.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 76]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-77" id="page-77" href="#page-77" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Support for the first (message-id) form is optional. If it is
+ supported, the OVER capability line MUST include the argument
+ "MSGID". Otherwise, the capability line MUST NOT include this
+ argument, and the OVER command MUST return the generic response code
+ 503 when this form is used.
+
+ If the information is available, it is returned as a multi-line data
+ block following the 224 response code and contains one line per
+ article, sorted in numerical order of article number. (Note that
+ unless the argument is a range including a dash, there will be
+ exactly one line in the data block.) Each line consists of a number
+ of fields separated by a TAB. A field may be empty (in which case
+ there will be two adjacent TABs), and a sequence of trailing TABs may
+ be omitted.
+
+ The first 8 fields MUST be the following, in order:
+
+ "0" or article number (see below)
+ Subject header content
+ From header content
+ Date header content
+ Message-ID header content
+ References header content
+ :bytes metadata item
+ :lines metadata item
+
+ If the article is specified by message-id (the first form of the
+ command), the article number MUST be replaced with zero, except that
+ if there is a currently selected newsgroup and the article is present
+ in that group, the server MAY use the article's number in that group.
+ (See the ARTICLE command (<a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a>) and STAT examples
+ (<a href="#section-6.2.4.3">Section 6.2.4.3</a>) for more details.) In the other two forms of the
+ command, the article number MUST be returned.
+
+ Any subsequent fields are the contents of the other headers and
+ metadata held in the database.
+
+ For the five mandatory headers, the content of each field MUST be
+ based on the content of the header (that is, with the header name and
+ following colon and space removed). If the article does not contain
+ that header, or if the content is empty, the field MUST be empty.
+ For the two mandatory metadata items, the content of the field MUST
+ be just the value, with no other text.
+
+ For all subsequent fields that contain headers, the content MUST be
+ the entire header line other than the trailing CRLF. For all
+ subsequent fields that contain metadata, the field consists of the
+ metadata name, a single space, and then the value.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 77]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-78" id="page-78" href="#page-78" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ For all fields, the value is processed by first removing all CRLF
+ pairs (that is, undoing any folding and removing the terminating
+ CRLF) and then replacing each TAB with a single space. If there is
+ no such header in the article, no such metadata item, or no header or
+ item stored in the database for that article, the corresponding field
+ MUST be empty.
+
+ Note that, after unfolding, the characters NUL, LF, and CR cannot
+ occur in the header of an article offered by a conformant server.
+ Nevertheless, servers SHOULD check for these characters and replace
+ each one by a single space (so that, for example, CR LF LF TAB will
+ become two spaces, since the CR and first LF will be removed by the
+ unfolding process). This will encourage robustness in the face of
+ non-conforming data; it is also possible that future versions of this
+ specification could permit these characters to appear in articles.
+
+ The server SHOULD NOT produce output for articles that no longer
+ exist.
+
+ If the argument is a message-id and no such article exists, a 430
+ response MUST be returned. If the argument is a range or is omitted
+ and the currently selected newsgroup is invalid, a 412 response MUST
+ be returned. If the argument is a range and no articles in that
+ number range exist in the currently selected newsgroup, including the
+ case where the second number is less than the first one, a 423
+ response MUST be returned. If the argument is omitted and the
+ current article number is invalid, a 420 response MUST be returned.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.3.3" href="#section-8.3.3">8.3.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ In the first four examples, TAB has been replaced by vertical bar and
+ some lines have been folded for readability.
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of overview information for an
+ article (explicitly not using an article number):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER
+ [S] 224 Overview information follows
+ [S] 3000234|I am just a test article|"Demo User"
+ &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;|6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500|
+ &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;|&lt;45454@example.net&gt;|1234|
+ 17|Xref: news.example.com misc.test:3000363
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 78]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-79" id="page-79" href="#page-79" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of overview information for an
+ article by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] OVER MSGID
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 224 Overview information follows
+ [S] 0|I am just a test article|"Demo User"
+ &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;|6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500|
+ &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;|&lt;45454@example.net&gt;|1234|
+ 17|Xref: news.example.com misc.test:3000363
+ [S] .
+
+ Note that the article number has been replaced by "0".
+
+ Example of the same commands on a system that does not implement
+ retrieval by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] OVER
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 503 Overview by message-id unsupported
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 79]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-80" id="page-80" href="#page-80" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of overview information for a range
+ of articles:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER 3000234-3000240
+ [S] 224 Overview information follows
+ [S] 3000234|I am just a test article|"Demo User"
+ &lt;nobody@example.com&gt;|6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500|
+ &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;|&lt;45454@example.net&gt;|1234|
+ 17|Xref: news.example.com misc.test:3000363
+ [S] 3000235|Another test article|nobody@nowhere.to
+ (Demo User)|6 Oct 1998 04:38:45 -0500|&lt;45223425@to.to&gt;||
+ 4818|37||Distribution: fi
+ [S] 3000238|Re: I am just a test article|somebody@elsewhere.to|
+ 7 Oct 1998 11:38:40 +1200|&lt;kfwer3v@elsewhere.to&gt;|
+ &lt;45223423@to.to&gt;|9234|51
+ [S] .
+
+ Note the missing "References" and Xref headers in the second line,
+ the missing trailing fields in the first and last lines, and that
+ there are only results for those articles that still exist.
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of overview information on an
+ article by number:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER 300256
+ [S] 423 No such article in this group
+
+ Example of an invalid range:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER 3000444-3000222
+ [S] 423 Empty range
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of overview information by
+ number because no newsgroup was selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 80]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-81" id="page-81" href="#page-81" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an attempt to retrieve information when the currently
+ selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] OVER
+ [S] 420 No current article selected
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.4" href="#section-8.4">8.4</a>. LIST OVERVIEW.FMT</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.4.1" href="#section-8.4.1">8.4.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: OVER
+
+ Syntax
+ LIST OVERVIEW.FMT
+
+ Responses
+ 215 Information follows (multi-line)
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.4.2" href="#section-8.4.2">8.4.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ See <a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a> for general requirements of the LIST command.
+
+ The LIST OVERVIEW.FMT command returns a description of the fields in
+ the database for which it is consistent (as described above). The
+ information is returned as a multi-line data block following the 215
+ response code. The information contains one line per field in the
+ order in which they are returned by the OVER command; the first 7
+ lines MUST (except for the case of letters) be exactly as follows:
+
+ Subject:
+ From:
+ Date:
+ Message-ID:
+ References:
+ :bytes
+ :lines
+
+ For compatibility with existing implementations, the last two lines
+ MAY instead be:
+
+ Bytes:
+ Lines:
+
+ even though they refer to metadata, not headers.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 81]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-82" id="page-82" href="#page-82" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ All subsequent lines MUST consist of either a header name followed by
+ ":full", or the name of a piece of metadata.
+
+ There are no leading or trailing spaces in the output.
+
+ Note that the 7 fixed lines describe the 2nd to 8th fields of the
+ OVER output. The "full" suffix (which may use either uppercase,
+ lowercase, or a mix) is a reminder that the corresponding fields
+ include the header name.
+
+ This command MAY generate different results if it is used more than
+ once in a session.
+
+ If the OVER command is not implemented, the meaning of the output
+ from this command is not specified, but it must still meet the above
+ syntactic requirements.
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.4.3" href="#section-8.4.3">8.4.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of LIST OVERVIEW.FMT output corresponding to the example OVER
+ output above, in the preferred format:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] 215 Order of fields in overview database.
+ [S] Subject:
+ [S] From:
+ [S] Date:
+ [S] Message-ID:
+ [S] References:
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] Xref:full
+ [S] Distribution:full
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 82]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-83" id="page-83" href="#page-83" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of LIST OVERVIEW.FMT output corresponding to the example OVER
+ output above, in the alternative format:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] 215 Order of fields in overview database.
+ [S] Subject:
+ [S] From:
+ [S] Date:
+ [S] Message-ID:
+ [S] References:
+ [S] Bytes:
+ [S] Lines:
+ [S] Xref:FULL
+ [S] Distribution:FULL
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.5" href="#section-8.5">8.5</a>. HDR</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.5.1" href="#section-8.5.1">8.5.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: HDR
+
+ Syntax
+ HDR field message-id
+ HDR field range
+ HDR field
+
+ Responses
+
+ First form (message-id specified)
+ 225 Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 430 No article with that message-id
+
+ Second form (range specified)
+ 225 Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 423 No articles in that range
+
+ Third form (current article number used)
+ 225 Headers follow (multi-line)
+ 412 No newsgroup selected
+ 420 Current article number is invalid
+
+ Parameters
+ field Name of field
+ range Number(s) of articles
+ message-id Message-id of article
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 83]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-84" id="page-84" href="#page-84" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.5.2" href="#section-8.5.2">8.5.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ The HDR command provides access to specific fields from an article
+ specified by message-id, or from a specified article or range of
+ articles in the currently selected newsgroup. It MAY take the
+ information directly from the articles or from the overview database.
+ In the case of headers, an implementation MAY restrict the use of
+ this command to a specific list of headers or MAY allow it to be used
+ with any header; it may behave differently when it is used with a
+ message-id argument and when it is used with a range or no argument.
+
+ The required field argument is the name of a header with the colon
+ omitted (e.g., "subject") or the name of a metadata item including
+ the leading colon (e.g., ":bytes"), and is case insensitive.
+
+ The message-id argument indicates a specific article. The range
+ argument may be any of the following:
+
+ o An article number.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash to indicate all following.
+
+ o An article number followed by a dash followed by another article
+ number.
+
+ If neither is specified, the current article number is used.
+
+ If the information is available, it is returned as a multi-line data
+ block following the 225 response code and contains one line for each
+ article in the range that exists. (Note that unless the argument is
+ a range including a dash, there will be exactly one line in the data
+ block.) The line consists of the article number, a space, and then
+ the contents of the field. In the case of a header, the header name,
+ the colon, and the first space after the colon are all omitted.
+
+ If the article is specified by message-id (the first form of the
+ command), the article number MUST be replaced with zero, except that
+ if there is a currently selected newsgroup and the article is present
+ in that group, the server MAY use the article's number in that group.
+ (See the ARTICLE command (<a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a>) and STAT examples
+ (<a href="#section-6.2.4.3">Section 6.2.4.3</a>) for more details.) In the other two forms of the
+ command, the article number MUST be returned.
+
+ Header contents are modified as follows: all CRLF pairs are removed,
+ and then each TAB is replaced with a single space. (Note that this
+ is the same transformation as is performed by the OVER command
+ (<a href="#section-8.3.2">Section 8.3.2</a>), and the same comment concerning NUL, CR, and LF
+ applies.)
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 84]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-85" id="page-85" href="#page-85" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Note the distinction between headers and metadata appearing to have
+ the same meaning. Headers are always taken unchanged from the
+ article; metadata are always calculated. For example, a request for
+ "Lines" returns the contents of the "Lines" header of the specified
+ articles, if any, no matter whether they accurately state the number
+ of lines, while a request for ":lines" returns the line count
+ metadata, which is always the actual number of lines irrespective of
+ what any header may state.
+
+ If the requested header is not present in the article, or if it is
+ present but empty, a line for that article is included in the output,
+ but the header content portion of the line is empty (the space after
+ the article number MAY be retained or omitted). If the header occurs
+ in a given article more than once, only the content of the first
+ occurrence is returned by HDR. If any article number in the provided
+ range does not exist in the group, no line for that article number is
+ included in the output.
+
+ If the second argument is a message-id and no such article exists, a
+ 430 response MUST be returned. If the second argument is a range or
+ is omitted and the currently selected newsgroup is invalid, a 412
+ response MUST be returned. If the second argument is a range and no
+ articles in that number range exist in the currently selected
+ newsgroup, including the case where the second number is less than
+ the first one, a 423 response MUST be returned. If the second
+ argument is omitted and the current article number is invalid, a 420
+ response MUST be returned.
+
+ A server MAY only allow HDR commands for a limited set of fields; it
+ may behave differently in this respect for the first (message-id)
+ form from how it would for the other forms. If so, it MUST respond
+ with the generic 503 response to attempts to request other fields,
+ rather than return erroneous results, such as a successful empty
+ response.
+
+ If HDR uses the overview database and it is inconsistent for the
+ requested field, the server MAY return what results it can, or it MAY
+ respond with the generic 503 response. In the latter case, the field
+ MUST NOT appear in the output from LIST HEADERS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 85]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-86" id="page-86" href="#page-86" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.5.3" href="#section-8.5.3">8.5.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of subject lines from a range of
+ articles (3000235 has no Subject header, and 3000236 is missing):
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR Subject 3000234-3000238
+ [S] 225 Headers follow
+ [S] 3000234 I am just a test article
+ [S] 3000235
+ [S] 3000237 Re: I am just a test article
+ [S] 3000238 Ditto
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of line counts from a range of
+ articles:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR :lines 3000234-3000238
+ [S] 225 Headers follow
+ [S] 3000234 42
+ [S] 3000235 5
+ [S] 3000237 11
+ [S] 3000238 2378
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the subject line from an article
+ by message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR subject &lt;i.am.a.test.article@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 225 Header information follows
+ [S] 0 I am just a test article
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of a successful retrieval of the subject line from the
+ current article:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR subject
+ [S] 225 Header information follows
+ [S] 3000234 I am just a test article
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 86]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-87" id="page-87" href="#page-87" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of a header from an article by
+ message-id:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HDR subject &lt;i.am.not.there@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 430 No Such Article Found
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of headers from articles by
+ number because no newsgroup was selected first:
+
+ [Assumes currently selected newsgroup is invalid.]
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR subject 300256-
+ [S] 412 No newsgroup selected
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of headers because the currently
+ selected newsgroup is empty:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP example.empty.newsgroup
+ [S] 211 0 0 0 example.empty.newsgroup
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR subject 1-
+ [S] 423 No articles in that range
+
+ Example of an unsuccessful retrieval of headers because the server
+ does not allow HDR commands for that header:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] GROUP misc.test
+ [S] 211 1234 3000234 3002322 misc.test
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] HDR Content-Type 3000234-3000238
+ [S] 503 HDR not permitted on Content-Type
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-8.6" href="#section-8.6">8.6</a>. LIST HEADERS</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.6.1" href="#section-8.6.1">8.6.1</a>. Usage</h4></span>
+
+ Indicating capability: HDR
+
+ Syntax
+ LIST HEADERS [MSGID|RANGE]
+
+ Responses
+ 215 Field list follows (multi-line)
+
+ Parameters
+ MSGID Requests list for access by message-id
+ RANGE Requests list for access by range
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 87]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-88" id="page-88" href="#page-88" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.6.2" href="#section-8.6.2">8.6.2</a>. Description</h4></span>
+
+ See <a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a> for general requirements of the LIST command.
+
+ The LIST HEADERS command returns a list of fields that may be
+ retrieved using the HDR command.
+
+ The information is returned as a multi-line data block following the
+ 215 response code and contains one line for each field name
+ (excluding the trailing colon for headers and including the leading
+ colon for metadata items). If the implementation allows any header
+ to be retrieved, it MUST NOT include any header names in the list but
+ MUST include the special entry ":" (a single colon on its own). It
+ MUST still explicitly list any metadata items that are available.
+ The order of items in the list is not significant; the server need
+ not even consistently return the same order. The list MAY be empty
+ (though in this circumstance there is little point in providing the
+ HDR command).
+
+ An implementation that also supports the OVER command SHOULD at least
+ permit all the headers and metadata items listed in the output from
+ the LIST OVERVIEW.FMT command.
+
+ If the server treats the first form of the HDR command (message-id
+ specified) differently from the other two forms (range specified or
+ current article number used) in respect of which headers or metadata
+ items are available, then the following apply:
+
+ o If the MSGID argument is specified, the results MUST be those
+ available for the first form of the HDR command.
+
+ o If the RANGE argument is specified, the results MUST be those
+ available for the second and third forms of the HDR command.
+
+ o If no argument is specified, the results MUST be those available
+ in all forms of the HDR command (that is, it MUST only list those
+ items listed in both the previous cases).
+
+ If the server does not treat the various forms differently, then it
+ MUST ignore any argument and always produce the same results (though
+ not necessarily always in the same order).
+
+ If the HDR command is not implemented, the meaning of the output from
+ this command is not specified, but it must still meet the above
+ syntactic requirements.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 88]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-89" id="page-89" href="#page-89" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-8.6.3" href="#section-8.6.3">8.6.3</a>. Examples</h4></span>
+
+ Example of an implementation providing access to only a few headers:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST HEADERS
+ [S] 215 headers supported:
+ [S] Subject
+ [S] Message-ID
+ [S] Xref
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of an implementation providing access to the same fields as
+ the first example in <a href="#section-8.4.3">Section 8.4.3</a>:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] OVER
+ [S] HDR
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS HEADERS OVERVIEW.FMT
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST HEADERS
+ [S] 215 headers and metadata items supported:
+ [S] Date
+ [S] Distribution
+ [S] From
+ [S] Message-ID
+ [S] References
+ [S] Subject
+ [S] Xref
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] .
+
+ Example of an implementation providing access to all headers:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST HEADERS
+ [S] 215 metadata items supported:
+ [S] :
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] :x-article-number
+ [S] .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 89]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-90" id="page-90" href="#page-90" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Example of an implementation distinguishing the first form of the HDR
+ command from the other two forms:
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] LIST HEADERS RANGE
+ [S] 215 metadata items supported:
+ [S] :
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST HEADERS MSGID
+ [S] 215 headers and metadata items supported:
+ [S] Date
+ [S] Distribution
+ [S] From
+ [S] Message-ID
+ [S] References
+ [S] Subject
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] :x-article-number
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] LIST HEADERS
+ [S] 215 headers and metadata items supported:
+ [S] Date
+ [S] Distribution
+ [S] From
+ [S] Message-ID
+ [S] References
+ [S] Subject
+ [S] :lines
+ [S] :bytes
+ [S] .
+
+ Note that :x-article-number does not appear in the last set of
+ output.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Augmented BNF Syntax for NNTP</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.1" href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Introduction</h3></span>
+
+ Each of the following sections describes the syntax of a major
+ element of NNTP. This syntax extends and refines the descriptions
+ elsewhere in this specification and should be given precedence when
+ resolving apparent conflicts. Note that ABNF [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>RFC4234</a>] strings are
+ case insensitive. Non-terminals used in several places are defined
+ in a separate section at the end.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 90]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-91" id="page-91" href="#page-91" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Between them, the non-terminals &lt;command-line&gt;, &lt;command-datastream&gt;,
+ &lt;command-continuation&gt;, and &lt;response&gt; specify the text that flows
+ between client and server. A consistent naming scheme is used in
+ this document for the non-terminals relating to each command, and
+ SHOULD be used by the specification of registered extensions.
+
+ For each command, the sequence is as follows:
+
+ o The client sends an instance of &lt;command-line&gt;; the syntax for the
+ EXAMPLE command is &lt;example-command&gt;.
+
+ o If the client is one that immediately streams data, it sends an
+ instance of &lt;command-datastream&gt;; the syntax for the EXAMPLE
+ command is &lt;example-datastream&gt;.
+
+ o The server sends an instance of &lt;response&gt;.
+
+ * The initial response line is independent of the command that
+ generated it; if the 000 response has arguments, the syntax of
+ the initial line is &lt;response-000-content&gt;.
+
+ * If the response is multi-line, the initial line is followed by
+ a &lt;multi-line-data-block&gt;. The syntax for the contents of this
+ block after "dot-stuffing" has been removed is (for the 000
+ response to the EXAMPLE command) &lt;example-000-ml-content&gt; and
+ is an instance of &lt;multi-line-response-content&gt;.
+
+ o While the latest response is one that indicates more data is
+ required (in general, a 3xx response):
+
+ * the client sends an instance of &lt;command-continuation&gt;; the
+ syntax for the EXAMPLE continuation following a 333 response is
+ &lt;example-333-continuation&gt;;
+
+ * the server sends another instance of &lt;response&gt;, as above.
+
+ (There are no commands in this specification that immediately stream
+ data, but this non-terminal is defined for the convenience of
+ extensions.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 91]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-92" id="page-92" href="#page-92" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.2" href="#section-9.2">9.2</a>. Commands</h3></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the non-terminal &lt;command-line&gt;, which represents
+ what is sent from the client to the server (see <a href="#section-3.1">section 3.1</a> for
+ limits on lengths).
+
+ command-line = command EOL
+ command = X-command
+ X-command = keyword *(WS token)
+
+ command =/ article-command /
+ body-command /
+ capabilities-command /
+ date-command /
+ group-command /
+ hdr-command /
+ head-command /
+ help-command /
+ ihave-command /
+ last-command /
+ list-command /
+ listgroup-command /
+ mode-reader-command /
+ newgroups-command /
+ newnews-command /
+ next-command /
+ over-command /
+ post-command /
+ quit-command /
+ stat-command
+
+ article-command = "ARTICLE" [WS article-ref]
+ body-command = "BODY" [WS article-ref]
+ capabilities-command = "CAPABILITIES" [WS keyword]
+ date-command = "DATE"
+ group-command = "GROUP" [WS newsgroup-name]
+ hdr-command = "HDR" WS header-meta-name [WS range-ref]
+ head-command = "HEAD" [WS article-ref]
+ help-command = "HELP"
+ ihave-command = "IHAVE" WS message-id
+ last-command = "LAST"
+ list-command = "LIST" [WS list-arguments]
+ listgroup-command = "LISTGROUP" [WS newsgroup-name [WS range]]
+ mode-reader-command = "MODE" WS "READER"
+ newgroups-command = "NEWGROUPS" WS date-time
+ newnews-command = "NEWNEWS" WS wildmat WS date-time
+ next-command = "NEXT"
+ over-command = "OVER" [WS range-ref]
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 92]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-93" id="page-93" href="#page-93" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ post-command = "POST"
+ quit-command = "QUIT"
+ stat-command = "STAT" [WS article-ref]
+
+ article-ref = article-number / message-id
+ date = date2y / date4y
+ date4y = 4DIGIT 2DIGIT 2DIGIT
+ date2y = 2DIGIT 2DIGIT 2DIGIT
+ date-time = date WS time [WS "GMT"]
+ header-meta-name = header-name / metadata-name
+ list-arguments = keyword [WS token]
+ metadata-name = ":" 1*A-NOTCOLON
+ range = article-number ["-" [article-number]]
+ range-ref = range / message-id
+ time = 2DIGIT 2DIGIT 2DIGIT
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.3" href="#section-9.3">9.3</a>. Command Continuation</h3></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the further material sent by the client in the
+ case of multi-stage commands and those that stream data.
+
+ command-datastream = UNDEFINED
+ ; not used, provided as a hook for extensions
+ command-continuation = ihave-335-continuation /
+ post-340-continuation
+
+ ihave-335-continuation = encoded-article
+ post-340-continuation = encoded-article
+
+ encoded-article = multi-line-data-block
+ ; after undoing the "dot-stuffing", this MUST match &lt;article&gt;
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.4" href="#section-9.4">9.4</a>. Responses</h3></span>
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-9.4.1" href="#section-9.4.1">9.4.1</a>. Generic Responses</h4></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the non-terminal &lt;response&gt;, which represents the
+ generic form of responses; that is, what is sent from the server to
+ the client in response to a &lt;command&gt; or a &lt;command-continuation&gt;.
+
+ response = simple-response / multi-line-response
+ simple-response = initial-response-line
+ multi-line-response = initial-response-line multi-line-data-block
+
+ initial-response-line =
+ initial-response-content [SP trailing-comment] CRLF
+ initial-response-content = X-initial-response-content
+ X-initial-response-content = 3DIGIT *(SP response-argument)
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 93]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-94" id="page-94" href="#page-94" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ response-argument = 1*A-CHAR
+ trailing-comment = *U-CHAR
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-9.4.2" href="#section-9.4.2">9.4.2</a>. Initial Response Line Contents</h4></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the specific initial response lines for the
+ various commands in this specification (see <a href="#section-3.1">section 3.1</a> for limits on
+ lengths). Only those response codes with arguments are listed.
+
+ initial-response-content =/ response-111-content /
+ response-211-content /
+ response-220-content /
+ response-221-content /
+ response-222-content /
+ response-223-content /
+ response-401-content
+
+ response-111-content = "111" SP date4y time
+ response-211-content = "211" 3(SP article-number) SP newsgroup-name
+ response-220-content = "220" SP article-number SP message-id
+ response-221-content = "221" SP article-number SP message-id
+ response-222-content = "222" SP article-number SP message-id
+ response-223-content = "223" SP article-number SP message-id
+ response-401-content = "401" SP capability-label
+
+<span class="h4"><h4><a class="selflink" name="section-9.4.3" href="#section-9.4.3">9.4.3</a>. Multi-line Response Contents</h4></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the content of the various multi-line responses;
+ more precisely, it defines the part of the response in the multi-line
+ data block after any "dot-stuffing" has been undone. The numeric
+ portion of each non-terminal name indicates the response code that is
+ followed by this data.
+
+ multi-line-response-content = article-220-ml-content /
+ body-222-ml-content /
+ capabilities-101-ml-content /
+ hdr-225-ml-content /
+ head-221-ml-content /
+ help-100-ml-content /
+ list-215-ml-content /
+ listgroup-211-ml-content /
+ newgroups-231-ml-content /
+ newnews-230-ml-content /
+ over-224-ml-content
+
+ article-220-ml-content = article
+ body-222-ml-content = body
+ capabilities-101-ml-content = version-line CRLF
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 94]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-95" id="page-95" href="#page-95" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ *(capability-line CRLF)
+ hdr-225-ml-content = *(article-number SP hdr-content CRLF)
+ head-221-ml-content = 1*header
+ help-100-ml-content = *(*U-CHAR CRLF)
+ list-215-ml-content = list-content
+ listgroup-211-ml-content = *(article-number CRLF)
+ newgroups-231-ml-content = active-groups-list
+ newnews-230-ml-content = *(message-id CRLF)
+ over-224-ml-content = *(article-number over-content CRLF)
+
+ active-groups-list = *(newsgroup-name SPA article-number
+ SPA article-number SPA newsgroup-status CRLF)
+ hdr-content = *S-NONTAB
+ hdr-n-content = [(header-name ":" / metadata-name) SP hdr-content]
+ list-content = body
+ newsgroup-status = %x79 / %x6E / %x6D / private-status
+ over-content = 1*6(TAB hdr-content) /
+ 7(TAB hdr-content) *(TAB hdr-n-content)
+ private-status = token ; except the values in newsgroup-status
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.5" href="#section-9.5">9.5</a>. Capability Lines</h3></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the generic form of a capability line in the
+ capabilities list (see <a href="#section-3.3.1">Section 3.3.1</a>).
+
+ capability-line = capability-entry
+ capability-entry = X-capability-entry
+ X-capability-entry = capability-label *(WS capability-argument)
+ capability-label = keyword
+ capability-argument = token
+
+ This syntax defines the specific capability entries for the
+ capabilities in this specification.
+
+ capability-entry =/
+ hdr-capability /
+ ihave-capability /
+ implementation-capability /
+ list-capability /
+ mode-reader-capability /
+ newnews-capability /
+ over-capability /
+ post-capability /
+ reader-capability
+
+ hdr-capability = "HDR"
+ ihave-capability = "IHAVE"
+ implementation-capability = "IMPLEMENTATION" *(WS token)
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 95]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-96" id="page-96" href="#page-96" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ list-capability = "LIST" 1*(WS keyword)
+ mode-reader-capability = "MODE-READER"
+ newnews-capability = "NEWNEWS"
+ over-capability = "OVER" [WS "MSGID"]
+ post-capability = "POST"
+ reader-capability = "READER"
+
+ version-line = "VERSION" 1*(WS version-number)
+ version-number = nzDIGIT *5DIGIT
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.6" href="#section-9.6">9.6</a>. LIST Variants</h3></span>
+
+ This section defines more specifically the keywords for the LIST
+ command and the syntax of the corresponding response contents.
+
+ ; active
+ list-arguments =/ "ACTIVE" [WS wildmat]
+ list-content =/ list-active-content
+ list-active-content = active-groups-list
+
+
+ ; active.times
+ list-arguments =/ "ACTIVE.TIMES" [WS wildmat]
+ list-content =/ list-active-times-content
+ list-active-times-content =
+ *(newsgroup-name SPA 1*DIGIT SPA newsgroup-creator CRLF)
+ newsgroup-creator = U-TEXT
+
+
+ ; distrib.pats
+ list-arguments =/ "DISTRIB.PATS"
+ list-content =/ list-distrib-pats-content
+ list-distrib-pats-content =
+ *(1*DIGIT ":" wildmat ":" distribution CRLF)
+ distribution = token
+
+
+ ; headers
+ list-arguments =/ "HEADERS" [WS ("MSGID" / "RANGE")]
+ list-content =/ list-headers-content
+ list-headers-content = *(header-meta-name CRLF) /
+ *((metadata-name / ":") CRLF)
+
+
+ ; newsgroups
+ list-arguments =/ "NEWSGROUPS" [WS wildmat]
+ list-content =/ list-newsgroups-content
+ list-newsgroups-content =
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 96]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-97" id="page-97" href="#page-97" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ *(newsgroup-name WS newsgroup-description CRLF)
+ newsgroup-description = S-TEXT
+
+
+ ; overview.fmt
+ list-arguments =/ "OVERVIEW.FMT"
+ list-content =/ list-overview-fmt-content
+ list-overview-fmt-content = "Subject:" CRLF
+ "From:" CRLF
+ "Date:" CRLF
+ "Message-ID:" CRLF
+ "References:" CRLF
+ ( ":bytes" CRLF ":lines" / "Bytes:" CRLF "Lines:") CRLF
+ *((header-name ":full" / metadata-name) CRLF)
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.7" href="#section-9.7">9.7</a>. Articles</h3></span>
+
+ This syntax defines the non-terminal &lt;article&gt;, which represents the
+ format of an article as described in <a href="#section-3.6">Section 3.6</a>.
+
+ article = 1*header CRLF body
+ header = header-name ":" [CRLF] SP header-content CRLF
+ header-content = *(S-CHAR / [CRLF] WS)
+ body = *(*B-CHAR CRLF)
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.8" href="#section-9.8">9.8</a>. General Non-terminals</h3></span>
+
+ These non-terminals are used at various places in the syntax and are
+ collected here for convenience. A few of these non-terminals are not
+ used in this specification but are provided for the consistency and
+ convenience of extension authors.
+
+ multi-line-data-block = content-lines termination
+ content-lines = *([content-text] CRLF)
+ content-text = (".." / B-NONDOT) *B-CHAR
+ termination = "." CRLF
+
+ article-number = 1*16DIGIT
+ header-name = 1*A-NOTCOLON
+ keyword = ALPHA 2*(ALPHA / DIGIT / "." / "-")
+ message-id = "&lt;" 1*248A-NOTGT "&gt;"
+ newsgroup-name = 1*wildmat-exact
+ token = 1*P-CHAR
+
+ wildmat = wildmat-pattern *("," ["!"] wildmat-pattern)
+ wildmat-pattern = 1*wildmat-item
+ wildmat-item = wildmat-exact / wildmat-wild
+ wildmat-exact = %x22-29 / %x2B / %x2D-3E / %x40-5A / %x5E-7E /
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 97]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-98" id="page-98" href="#page-98" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ UTF8-non-ascii ; exclude ! * , ? [ \ ]
+ wildmat-wild = "*" / "?"
+
+ base64 = *(4base64-char) [base64-terminal]
+ base64-char = UPPER / LOWER / DIGIT / "+" / "/"
+ base64-terminal = 2base64-char "==" / 3base64-char "="
+
+ ; Assorted special character sets
+ ; A- means based on US-ASCII, excluding controls and SP
+ ; P- means based on UTF-8, excluding controls and SP
+ ; U- means based on UTF-8, excluding NUL CR and LF
+ ; B- means based on bytes, excluding NUL CR and LF
+ A-CHAR = %x21-7E
+ A-NOTCOLON = %x21-39 / %x3B-7E ; exclude ":"
+ A-NOTGT = %x21-3D / %x3F-7E ; exclude "&gt;"
+ P-CHAR = A-CHAR / UTF8-non-ascii
+ U-CHAR = CTRL / TAB / SP / A-CHAR / UTF8-non-ascii
+ U-NONTAB = CTRL / SP / A-CHAR / UTF8-non-ascii
+ U-TEXT = P-CHAR *U-CHAR
+ B-CHAR = CTRL / TAB / SP / %x21-FF
+ B-NONDOT = CTRL / TAB / SP / %x21-2D / %x2F-FF ; exclude "."
+
+ ALPHA = UPPER / LOWER ; use only when case-insensitive
+ CR = %x0D
+ CRLF = CR LF
+ CTRL = %x01-08 / %x0B-0C / %x0E-1F
+ DIGIT = %x30-39
+ nzDIGIT = %x31-39
+ EOL = *(SP / TAB) CRLF
+ LF = %x0A
+ LOWER = %x61-7A
+ SP = %x20
+ SPA = 1*SP
+ TAB = %x09
+ UPPER = %x41-5A
+ UTF8-non-ascii = UTF8-2 / UTF8-3 / UTF8-4
+ UTF8-2 = %xC2-DF UTF8-tail
+ UTF8-3 = %xE0 %xA0-BF UTF8-tail / %xE1-EC 2UTF8-tail /
+ %xED %x80-9F UTF8-tail / %xEE-EF 2UTF8-tail
+ UTF8-4 = %xF0 %x90-BF 2UTF8-tail / %xF1-F3 3UTF8-tail /
+ %xF4 %x80-8F 2UTF8-tail
+ UTF8-tail = %x80-BF
+ WS = 1*(SP / TAB)
+
+ The following non-terminals require special consideration. They
+ represent situations where material SHOULD be restricted to UTF-8,
+ but implementations MUST be able to cope with other character
+ encodings. Therefore, there are two sets of definitions for them.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 98]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-99" id="page-99" href="#page-99" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Implementations MUST accept any content that meets this syntax:
+
+ S-CHAR = %x21-FF
+ S-NONTAB = CTRL / SP / S-CHAR
+ S-TEXT = (CTRL / S-CHAR) *B-CHAR
+
+ and MAY pass such content on unaltered.
+
+ When generating new content or re-encoding existing content,
+ implementations SHOULD conform to this syntax:
+
+ S-CHAR = P-CHAR
+ S-NONTAB = U-NONTAB
+ S-TEXT = U-TEXT
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-9.9" href="#section-9.9">9.9</a>. Extensions and Validation</h3></span>
+
+ The specification of a registered extension MUST include formal
+ syntax that defines additional forms for the following non-terminals:
+
+ command
+ for each new command other than a variant of the LIST command -
+ the syntax of each command MUST be compatible with the definition
+ of &lt;X-command&gt;;
+
+ command-datastream
+ for each new command that immediately streams data;
+
+ command-continuation
+ for each new command that sends further material after the initial
+ command line - the syntax of each continuation MUST be exactly
+ what is sent to the server, including any escape mechanisms such
+ as "dot-stuffing";
+
+ initial-response-content
+ for each new response code that has arguments - the syntax of each
+ response MUST be compatible with the definition of &lt;X-initial-
+ response-content&gt;;
+
+ multi-line-response-content
+ for each new response code that has a multi-line response - the
+ syntax MUST show the response after the lines containing the
+ response code and the terminating octet have been removed and any
+ "dot-stuffing" undone;
+
+ capability-entry
+ for each new capability label - the syntax of each entry MUST be
+ compatible with the definition of &lt;X-capability-entry&gt;;
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 99]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-100" id="page-100" href="#page-100" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ list-arguments
+ for each new variant of the LIST command - the syntax of each
+ entry MUST be compatible with the definition of &lt;X-command&gt;;
+
+ list-content
+ for each new variant of the LIST command - the syntax MUST show
+ the response after the lines containing the 215 response code and
+ the terminating octet have been removed and any "dot-stuffing"
+ undone.
+
+ The =/ notation of ABNF [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234" title='"Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF"'>RFC4234</a>] and the naming conventions
+ described in <a href="#section-9.1">Section 9.1</a> SHOULD be used for this.
+
+ When the syntax in this specification, or syntax based on it, is
+ validated, it should be noted that:
+
+ o the non-terminals &lt;command-line&gt;, &lt;command-datastream&gt;,
+ &lt;command-continuation&gt;, &lt;response&gt;, and
+ &lt;multi-line-response-content&gt; describe basic concepts of the
+ protocol and are not referred to by any other rule;
+
+ o the non-terminal &lt;base64&gt; is provided for the convenience of
+ extension authors and is not referred to by any rule in this
+ specification;
+
+ o for the reasons given above, the non-terminals &lt;S-CHAR&gt;,
+ &lt;S-NONTAB&gt;, and &lt;S-TEXT&gt; each have two definitions; and
+
+ o the non-terminal &lt;UNDEFINED&gt; is deliberately not defined.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Internationalisation Considerations</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-10.1" href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>. Introduction and Historical Situation</h3></span>
+
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol"'>RFC977</a>] was written at a time when internationalisation was
+ not seen as a significant issue. As such, it was written on the
+ assumption that all communication would be in ASCII and use only a
+ 7-bit transport layer, although in practice just about all known
+ implementations are 8-bit clean.
+
+ Since then, Usenet and NNTP have spread throughout the world. In the
+ absence of standards for handling the issues of language and
+ character sets, countries, newsgroup hierarchies, and individuals
+ have found a variety of solutions that work for them but that are not
+ necessarily appropriate elsewhere. For example, some have adopted a
+ default 8-bit character set appropriate to their needs (such as
+ ISO/IEC 8859-1 in Western Europe or KOI-8 in Russia), others have
+ used ASCII (either US-ASCII or national variants) in headers but
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 100]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-101" id="page-101" href="#page-101" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ local 16-bit character sets in article bodies, and still others have
+ gone for a combination of MIME [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045" title='"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"'>RFC2045</a>] and UTF-8. With the
+ increased use of MIME in email, it is becoming more common to find
+ NNTP articles containing MIME headers that identify the character set
+ of the body, but this is far from universal.
+
+ The resulting confusion does not help interoperability.
+
+ One point that has been generally accepted is that articles can
+ contain octets with the top bit set, and NNTP is only expected to
+ operate on 8-bit clean transport paths.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-10.2" href="#section-10.2">10.2</a>. This Specification</h3></span>
+
+ Part of the role of this present specification is to eliminate this
+ confusion and promote interoperability as far as possible. At the
+ same time, it is necessary to accept the existence of the present
+ situation and not break existing implementations and arrangements
+ gratuitously, even if they are less than optimal. Therefore, the
+ current practice described above has been taken into consideration in
+ producing this specification.
+
+ This specification extends NNTP from US-ASCII [<a href="#ref-ANSI1986" title='"Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange"'>ANSI1986</a>] to UTF-8
+ [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>]. Except in the two areas discussed below, UTF-8 (which is
+ a superset of US-ASCII) is mandatory, and implementations MUST NOT
+ use any other encoding.
+
+ Firstly, the use of MIME for article headers and bodies is strongly
+ recommended. However, given widely divergent existing practices, an
+ attempt to require a particular encoding and tagging standard would
+ be premature at this time. Accordingly, this specification allows
+ the use of arbitrary 8-bit data in articles subject to the following
+ requirements and recommendations.
+
+ o The names of headers (e.g., "From" or "Subject") MUST be in
+ US-ASCII.
+
+ o Header values SHOULD use US-ASCII or an encoding based on it, such
+ as <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047">RFC 2047</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047" title='"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text"'>RFC2047</a>], until such time as another approach has
+ been standardised. At present, 8-bit encodings (including UTF-8)
+ SHOULD NOT be used because they are likely to cause
+ interoperability problems.
+
+ o The character set of article bodies SHOULD be indicated in the
+ article headers, and this SHOULD be done in accordance with MIME.
+
+ o Where an article is obtained from an external source, an
+ implementation MAY pass it on and derive data from it (such as the
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 101]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-102" id="page-102" href="#page-102" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ response to the HDR command), even though the article or the data
+ does not meet the above requirements. Implementations MUST
+ transfer such articles and data correctly and unchanged; they MUST
+ NOT attempt to convert or re-encode the article or derived data.
+ (Nevertheless, a client or server MAY elect not to post or forward
+ the article if, after further examination of the article, it deems
+ it inappropriate to do so.)
+
+ This requirement affects the ARTICLE (<a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a>), BODY
+ (<a href="#section-6.2.3">Section 6.2.3</a>), HDR (<a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a>), HEAD (<a href="#section-6.2.2">Section 6.2.2</a>), IHAVE
+ (<a href="#section-6.3.2">Section 6.3.2</a>), OVER (<a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a>), and POST (<a href="#section-6.3.1">Section 6.3.1</a>)
+ commands.
+
+ Secondly, the following requirements are placed on the newsgroups
+ list returned by the LIST NEWSGROUPS command (<a href="#section-7.6.6">Section 7.6.6</a>):
+
+ o Although this specification allows UTF-8 for newsgroup names, they
+ SHOULD be restricted to US-ASCII until a successor to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a>
+ [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036" title='"Standard for interchange of USENET messages"'>RFC1036</a>] standardises another approach. 8-bit encodings SHOULD
+ NOT be used because they are likely to cause interoperability
+ problems.
+
+ o The newsgroup description SHOULD be in US-ASCII or UTF-8 unless
+ and until a successor to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a> standardises other encoding
+ arrangements. 8-bit encodings other than UTF-8 SHOULD NOT be used
+ because they are likely to cause interoperability problems.
+
+ o Implementations that obtain this data from an external source MUST
+ handle it correctly even if it does not meet the above
+ requirements. Implementations (in particular, clients) MUST
+ handle such data correctly.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-10.3" href="#section-10.3">10.3</a>. Outstanding Issues</h3></span>
+
+ While the primary use of NNTP is for transmitting articles that
+ conform to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a> (Netnews articles), it is also used for other
+ formats (see <a href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>). It is therefore most appropriate that
+ internationalisation issues related to article formats be addressed
+ in the relevant specifications. For Netnews articles, this is any
+ successor to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a>. For email messages, it is <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" title='"Internet Message Format"'>RFC2822</a>].
+
+ Of course, any article transmitted via NNTP needs to conform to this
+ specification as well.
+
+ Restricting newsgroup names to UTF-8 is not a complete solution. In
+ particular, when new newsgroup names are created or a user is asked
+ to enter a newsgroup name, some scheme of canonicalisation will need
+ to take place. This specification does not attempt to define that
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 102]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-103" id="page-103" href="#page-103" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ canonicalization; further work is needed in this area, in conjunction
+ with the article format specifications. Until such specifications
+ are published, implementations SHOULD match newsgroup names octet by
+ octet. It is anticipated that any approved scheme will be applied
+ "at the edges", and therefore octet-by-octet comparison will continue
+ to apply to most, if not all, uses of newsgroup names in NNTP.
+
+ In the meantime, any implementation experimenting with UTF-8
+ newsgroup names is strongly cautioned that a future specification may
+ require that those names be canonicalized when used with NNTP in a
+ way that is not compatible with their experiments.
+
+ Since the primary use of NNTP is with Netnews, and since newsgroup
+ descriptions are normally distributed through specially formatted
+ articles, it is recommended that the internationalisation issues
+ related to them be addressed in any successor to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a>.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. IANA Considerations</h2></span>
+
+ This specification requires IANA to keep a registry of capability
+ labels. The initial contents of this registry are specified in
+ <a href="#section-3.3.4">Section 3.3.4</a>. As described in <a href="#section-3.3.3">Section 3.3.3</a>, labels beginning with
+ X are reserved for private use, while all other names are expected to
+ be associated with a specification in an RFC on the standards track
+ or defining an IESG-approved experimental protocol.
+
+ Different entries in the registry MUST use different capability
+ labels.
+
+ Different entries in the registry MUST NOT use the same command name.
+ For this purpose, variants distinguished by a second or subsequent
+ keyword (e.g., "LIST HEADERS" and "LIST OVERVIEW.FMT") count as
+ different commands. If there is a need for two extensions to use the
+ same command, a single harmonised specification MUST be registered.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Security Considerations</h2></span>
+
+ This section is meant to inform application developers, information
+ providers, and users of the security limitations in NNTP as described
+ by this document. The discussion does not include definitive
+ solutions to the problems revealed, though it does make some
+ suggestions for reducing security risks.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 103]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-104" id="page-104" href="#page-104" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.1" href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. Personal and Proprietary Information</h3></span>
+
+ NNTP, because it was created to distribute network news articles,
+ will forward whatever information is stored in those articles.
+ Specification of that information is outside this scope of this
+ document, but it is likely that some personal and/or proprietary
+ information is available in some of those articles. It is very
+ important that designers and implementers provide informative
+ warnings to users so that personal and/or proprietary information in
+ material that is added automatically to articles (e.g., in headers)
+ is not disclosed inadvertently. Additionally, effective and easily
+ understood mechanisms to manage the distribution of news articles
+ SHOULD be provided to NNTP Server administrators, so that they are
+ able to report with confidence the likely spread of any particular
+ set of news articles.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.2" href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. Abuse of Server Log Information</h3></span>
+
+ A server is in the position to save session data about a user's
+ requests that might identify their reading patterns or subjects of
+ interest. This information is clearly confidential in nature, and
+ its handling can be constrained by law in certain countries. People
+ using this protocol to provide data are responsible for ensuring that
+ such material is not distributed without the permission of any
+ individuals that are identifiable by the published results.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.3" href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. Weak Authentication and Access Control</h3></span>
+
+ There is no user-based or token-based authentication in the basic
+ NNTP specification. Access is normally controlled by server
+ configuration files. Those files specify access by using domain
+ names or IP addresses. However, this specification does permit the
+ creation of extensions to NNTP for such purposes; one such extension
+ is [<a href="#ref-NNTP-AUTH" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Authentication"'>NNTP-AUTH</a>]. While including such mechanisms is optional, doing
+ so is strongly encouraged.
+
+ Other mechanisms are also available. For example, a proxy server
+ could be put in place that requires authentication before connecting
+ via the proxy to the NNTP server.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.4" href="#section-12.4">12.4</a>. DNS Spoofing</h3></span>
+
+ Many existing NNTP implementations authorize incoming connections by
+ checking the IP address of that connection against the IP addresses
+ obtained via DNS lookups of lists of domain names given in local
+ configuration files. Servers that use this type of authentication
+ and clients that find a server by doing a DNS lookup of the server
+ name rely very heavily on the Domain Name Service, and are thus
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 104]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-105" id="page-105" href="#page-105" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ generally prone to security attacks based on the deliberate
+ misassociation of IP addresses and DNS names. Clients and servers
+ need to be cautious in assuming the continuing validity of an IP
+ number/DNS name association.
+
+ In particular, NNTP clients and servers SHOULD rely on their name
+ resolver for confirmation of an IP number/DNS name association,
+ rather than cache the result of previous host name lookups. Many
+ platforms already can cache host name lookups locally when
+ appropriate, and they SHOULD be configured to do so. It is proper
+ for these lookups to be cached, however, only when the TTL (Time To
+ Live) information reported by the name server makes it likely that
+ the cached information will remain useful.
+
+ If NNTP clients or servers cache the results of host name lookups in
+ order to achieve a performance improvement, they MUST observe the TTL
+ information reported by DNS. If NNTP clients or servers do not
+ observe this rule, they could be spoofed when a previously accessed
+ server's IP address changes. As network renumbering is expected to
+ become increasingly common, the possibility of this form of attack
+ will increase. Observing this requirement thus reduces this
+ potential security vulnerability.
+
+ This requirement also improves the load-balancing behaviour of
+ clients for replicated servers using the same DNS name and reduces
+ the likelihood of a user's experiencing failure in accessing sites
+ that use that strategy.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.5" href="#section-12.5">12.5</a>. UTF-8 Issues</h3></span>
+
+ UTF-8 [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>] permits only certain sequences of octets and
+ designates others as either malformed or "illegal". The Unicode
+ standard identifies a number of security issues related to illegal
+ sequences and forbids their generation by conforming implementations.
+
+ Implementations of this specification MUST NOT generate malformed or
+ illegal sequences and SHOULD detect them and take some appropriate
+ action. This could include the following:
+
+ o Generating a 501 response code.
+
+ o Replacing such sequences by the sequence %xEF.BF.BD, which encodes
+ the "replacement character" U+FFFD.
+
+ o Closing the connection.
+
+ o Replacing such sequences by a "guessed" valid sequence (based on
+ properties of the UTF-8 encoding).
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 105]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-106" id="page-106" href="#page-106" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ In the last case, the implementation MUST ensure that any replacement
+ cannot be used to bypass validity or security checks. For example,
+ the illegal sequence %xC0.A0 is an over-long encoding for space
+ (%x20). If it is replaced by the correct encoding in a command line,
+ this needs to happen before the command line is parsed into
+ individual arguments. If the replacement came after parsing, it
+ would be possible to generate an argument with an embedded space,
+ which is forbidden. Use of the "replacement character" does not have
+ this problem, since it is permitted wherever non-US-ASCII characters
+ are. Implementations SHOULD use one of the first two solutions where
+ the general structure of the NNTP stream remains intact and SHOULD
+ close the connection if it is no longer possible to parse it
+ sensibly.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-12.6" href="#section-12.6">12.6</a>. Caching of Capability Lists</h3></span>
+
+ The CAPABILITIES command provides a capability list, which is
+ information about the current capabilities of the server. Whenever
+ there is a relevant change to the server state, the results of this
+ command are required to change accordingly.
+
+ In most situations, the capabilities list in a given server state
+ will not change from session to session; for example, a given
+ extension will be installed permanently on a server. Some clients
+ may therefore wish to remember which extensions a server supports to
+ avoid the delay of an additional command and response, particularly
+ if they open multiple connections in the same session.
+
+ However, information about extensions related to security and privacy
+ MUST NOT be cached, since this could allow a variety of attacks.
+
+ For example, consider a server that permits the use of cleartext
+ passwords on links that are encrypted but not otherwise:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 200 NNTP Service Ready, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] POST
+ [S] XENCRYPT
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] XENCRYPT
+ [Client and server negotiate encryption on the link]
+ [S] 283 Encrypted link established
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 106]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-107" id="page-107" href="#page-107" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] CAPABILITIES
+ [S] 101 Capability list:
+ [S] VERSION 2
+ [S] READER
+ [S] NEWNEWS
+ [S] POST
+ [S] XSECRET
+ [S] LIST ACTIVE NEWSGROUPS
+ [S] .
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] XSECRET fred flintstone
+ [S] 290 Password for fred accepted
+
+ If the client caches the last capabilities list, then on the next
+ session it will attempt to use XSECRET on an unencrypted link:
+
+ [Initial connection set-up completed.]
+ [S] 200 NNTP Service Ready, posting permitted
+ [<a href="#ref-C" title='"Demo User"'>C</a>] XSECRET fred flintstone
+ [S] 483 Only permitted on secure links
+
+ This exposes the password to any eavesdropper. While the primary
+ cause of this is passing a secret without first checking the security
+ of the link, caching of capability lists can increase the risk.
+
+ Any security extension should include requirements to check the
+ security state of the link in a manner appropriate to that extension.
+
+ Caching should normally only be considered for anonymous clients that
+ do not use any security or privacy extensions and for which the time
+ required for an additional command and response is a noticeable
+ issue.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Acknowledgements</h2></span>
+
+ This document is the result of much effort by the present and past
+ members of the NNTP Working Group, chaired by Russ Allbery and Ned
+ Freed. It could not have been produced without them.
+
+ The author acknowledges the original authors of NNTP as documented in
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol"'>RFC977</a>]: Brian Kantor and Phil Lapsey.
+
+ The author gratefully acknowledges the following:
+
+ o The work of the NNTP committee chaired by Eliot Lear. The
+ organization of this document was influenced by the last available
+ version from this working group. A special thanks to Eliot for
+ generously providing the original machine-readable sources for
+ that document.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 107]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-108" id="page-108" href="#page-108" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ o The work of the DRUMS working group, specifically <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1869">RFC 1869</a>
+ [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1869" title='"SMTP Service Extensions"'>RFC1869</a>], that drove the original thinking that led to the
+ CAPABILITIES command and the extensions mechanism detailed in this
+ document.
+
+ o The authors of <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616" title='"Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1"'>RFC2616</a>] for providing specific and
+ relevant examples of security issues that should be considered for
+ HTTP. Since many of the same considerations exist for NNTP, those
+ examples that are relevant have been included here with some minor
+ rewrites.
+
+ o The comments and additional information provided by the following
+ individuals in preparing one or more of the progenitors of this
+ document:
+
+ Russ Allbery &lt;rra@stanford.edu&gt;
+ Wayne Davison &lt;davison@armory.com&gt;
+ Chris Lewis &lt;clewis@bnr.ca&gt;
+ Tom Limoncelli &lt;tal@mars.superlink.net&gt;
+ Eric Schnoebelen &lt;eric@egsner.cirr.com&gt;
+ Rich Salz &lt;rsalz@osf.org&gt;
+
+ This work was motivated by the work of various news reader authors
+ and news server authors, including those listed below:
+
+ Rick Adams
+ Original author of the NNTP extensions to the RN news reader and
+ last maintainer of Bnews.
+
+ Stan Barber
+ Original author of the NNTP extensions to the news readers that
+ are part of Bnews.
+
+ Geoff Collyer
+ Original author of the OVERVIEW database proposal and one of the
+ original authors of CNEWS.
+
+ Dan Curry
+ Original author of the xvnews news reader.
+
+ Wayne Davison
+ Author of the first threading extensions to the RN news reader
+ (commonly called TRN).
+
+ Geoff Huston
+ Original author of ANU NEWS.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 108]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-109" id="page-109" href="#page-109" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Phil Lapsey
+ Original author of the UNIX reference implementation for NNTP.
+
+ Iain Lea
+ Original maintainer of the TIN news reader.
+
+ Chris Lewis
+ First known implementer of the AUTHINFO GENERIC extension.
+
+ Rich Salz
+ Original author of INN.
+
+ Henry Spencer
+ One of the original authors of CNEWS.
+
+ Kim Storm
+ Original author of the NN news reader.
+
+ Other people who contributed to this document include:
+
+ Matthias Andree
+ Greg Andruk
+ Daniel Barclay
+ Maurizio Codogno
+ Mark Crispin
+ Andrew Gierth
+ Juergen Helbing
+ Scott Hollenbeck
+ Urs Janssen
+ Charles Lindsey
+ Ade Lovett
+ David Magda
+ Ken Murchison
+ Francois Petillon
+ Peter Robinson
+ Rob Siemborski
+ Howard Swinehart
+ Ruud van Tol
+ Jeffrey Vinocur
+ Erik Warmelink
+
+ The author thanks them all and apologises to anyone omitted.
+
+ Finally, the present author gratefully acknowledges the vast amount
+ of work put into previous versions by the previous author:
+
+ Stan Barber &lt;sob@academ.com&gt;
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 109]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-110" id="page-110" href="#page-110" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. References</h2></span>
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-14.1" href="#section-14.1">14.1</a>. Normative References</h3></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-ANSI1986" id="ref-ANSI1986">ANSI1986</a>] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
+ Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
+ Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC977" id="ref-RFC977">RFC977</a>] Kantor, B. and P. Lapsley, "Network News Transfer
+ Protocol", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a>, February 1986.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2045" id="ref-RFC2045">RFC2045</a>] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
+ Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
+ Message Bodies", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045">RFC 2045</a>, November 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2047" id="ref-RFC2047">RFC2047</a>] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
+ Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for
+ Non-ASCII Text", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047">RFC 2047</a>, November 1996.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2119" id="ref-RFC2119">RFC2119</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+ Requirement Levels", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC3629" id="ref-RFC3629">RFC3629</a>] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
+ 10646", STD 63, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629">RFC 3629</a>, November 2003.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC4234" id="ref-RFC4234">RFC4234</a>] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
+ Syntax Specifications: ABNF", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234">RFC 4234</a>, October 2005.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC4648" id="ref-RFC4648">RFC4648</a>] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
+ Encodings", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">RFC 4648</a>, October 2006.
+
+ [<a name="ref-TF.686-1" id="ref-TF.686-1">TF.686-1</a>] International Telecommunications Union - Radio,
+ "Glossary, ITU-R Recommendation TF.686-1",
+ ITU-R Recommendation TF.686-1, October 1997.
+
+<span class="h3"><h3><a class="selflink" name="section-14.2" href="#section-14.2">14.2</a>. Informative References</h3></span>
+
+ [<a name="ref-NNTP-AUTH" id="ref-NNTP-AUTH">NNTP-AUTH</a>] Vinocur, J., Murchison, K., and C. Newman, "Network
+ News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Extension for
+ Authentication",
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4643">RFC 4643</a>, October 2006.
+
+ [<a name="ref-NNTP-STREAM" id="ref-NNTP-STREAM">NNTP-STREAM</a>] Vinocur, J. and K. Murchison, "Network News Transfer
+ Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Streaming Feeds",
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4644">RFC 4644</a>, October 2006.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 110]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-111" id="page-111" href="#page-111" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-NNTP-TLS" id="ref-NNTP-TLS">NNTP-TLS</a>] Murchison, K., Vinocur, J., and C. Newman, "Using
+ Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News
+ Transfer Protocol (NNTP)", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4642">RFC 4642</a>, October 2006.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC1036" id="ref-RFC1036">RFC1036</a>] Horton, M. and R. Adams, "Standard for interchange of
+ USENET messages", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a>, December 1987.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC1305" id="ref-RFC1305">RFC1305</a>] Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol (Version 3)
+ Specification, Implementation and Analysis", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1305">RFC 1305</a>,
+ March 1992.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC1869" id="ref-RFC1869">RFC1869</a>] Klensin, J., Freed, N., Rose, M., Stefferud, E., and D.
+ Crocker, "SMTP Service Extensions", STD 10, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1869">RFC 1869</a>,
+ November 1995.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2616" id="ref-RFC2616">RFC2616</a>] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
+ Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
+ Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a>, June 1999.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2629" id="ref-RFC2629">RFC2629</a>] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2629">RFC 2629</a>,
+ June 1999.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2822" id="ref-RFC2822">RFC2822</a>] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a>, April
+ 2001.
+
+ [<a name="ref-RFC2980" id="ref-RFC2980">RFC2980</a>] Barber, S., "Common NNTP Extensions", <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a>, October
+ 2000.
+
+ [<a name="ref-ROBE1995" id="ref-ROBE1995">ROBE1995</a>] Robertson, R., "FAQ: Overview database / NOV General
+ Information", January 1995.
+
+ There is no definitive copy of this document known to
+ the author. It was previously posted as the Usenet
+ article &lt;news:nov-faq-1-930909720@agate.Berkeley.EDU&gt;
+
+ [<a name="ref-SALZ1992" id="ref-SALZ1992">SALZ1992</a>] Salz, R., "Manual Page for wildmat(3) from the INN 1.4
+ distribution, Revision 1.10", April 1992.
+
+ There is no definitive copy of this document known to
+ the author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 111]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-112" id="page-112" href="#page-112" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A" href="#appendix-A">Appendix A</a>. Interaction with Other Specifications</h2></span>
+
+ NNTP is most often used for transferring articles that conform to
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036" title='"Standard for interchange of USENET messages"'>RFC1036</a>] (such articles are called "Netnews articles"
+ here). It is also sometimes used for transferring email messages
+ that conform to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" title='"Internet Message Format"'>RFC2822</a>] (such articles are called "email
+ articles" here). In this situation, articles must conform both to
+ this specification and to that other one; this appendix describes
+ some relevant issues.
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.1" href="#appendix-A.1">A.1</a>. Header Folding</h1></span>
+
+ NNTP allows a header line to be folded (by inserting a CRLF pair)
+ before any space or TAB character.
+
+ Both email and Netnews articles are required to have at least one
+ octet other than space or TAB on each header line. Thus, folding can
+ only happen at one point in each sequence of consecutive spaces or
+ TABs. Netnews articles are further required to have the header name,
+ colon, and following space all on the first line; folding may only
+ happen beyond that space. Finally, some non-conforming software will
+ remove trailing spaces and TABs from a line. Therefore, it might be
+ inadvisable to fold a header after a space or TAB.
+
+ For maximum safety, header lines SHOULD conform to the following
+ syntax rather than to that in <a href="#section-9.7">Section 9.7</a>.
+
+
+ header = header-name ":" SP [header-content] CRLF
+ header-content = [WS] token *( [CRLF] WS token )
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.2" href="#appendix-A.2">A.2</a>. Message-IDs</h1></span>
+
+ Every article handled by an NNTP server MUST have a unique
+ message-id. For the purposes of this specification, a message-id is
+ an arbitrary opaque string that merely needs to meet certain
+ syntactic requirements and is just a way to refer to the article.
+
+ Because there is a significant risk that old articles will be
+ reinjected into the global Usenet system, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036" title='"Standard for interchange of USENET messages"'>RFC1036</a>] requires
+ that message-ids are globally unique for all time.
+
+ This specification states that message-ids are the same if and only
+ if they consist of the same sequence of octets. Other specifications
+ may define two different sequences as being equal because they are
+ putting an interpretation on particular characters. <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a>
+ [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" title='"Internet Message Format"'>RFC2822</a>] has a concept of "quoted" and "escaped" characters. It
+ therefore considers the three message-ids:
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 112]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-113" id="page-113" href="#page-113" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ &lt;ab.cd@example.com&gt;
+ &lt;"ab.cd"@example.com&gt;
+ &lt;"ab.\cd"@example.com&gt;
+
+ as being identical. Therefore, an NNTP implementation handing email
+ articles must ensure that only one of these three appears in the
+ protocol and that the other two are converted to it as and when
+ necessary, such as when a client checks the results of a NEWNEWS
+ command against an internal database of message-ids. Note that
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036">RFC 1036</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036" title='"Standard for interchange of USENET messages"'>RFC1036</a>] never treats two different strings as being
+ identical. Its successor (as of the time of writing) restricts the
+ syntax of message-ids so that, whenever <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822">RFC 2822</a> would treat two
+ strings as equivalent, only one of them is valid (in the above
+ example, only the first string is valid).
+
+ This specification does not describe how the message-id of an article
+ is determined; it may be deduced from the contents of the article or
+ derived from some external source. If the server is also conforming
+ to another specification that contains a definition of message-id
+ compatible with this one, the server SHOULD use those message-ids. A
+ common approach, and one that SHOULD be used for email and Netnews
+ articles, is to extract the message-id from the contents of a header
+ with name "Message-ID". This may not be as simple as copying the
+ entire header contents; it may be necessary to strip off comments and
+ undo quoting, or to reduce "equivalent" message-ids to a canonical
+ form.
+
+ If an article is obtained through the IHAVE command, there will be a
+ message-id provided with the command. The server MAY either use it
+ or determine one from the article contents. However, whichever it
+ does, it SHOULD ensure that, if the IHAVE command is repeated with
+ the same argument and article, it will be recognized as a duplicate.
+
+ If an article does not contain a message-id that the server can
+ identify, it MUST synthesize one. This could, for example, be a
+ simple sequence number or be based on the date and time when the
+ article arrived. When email or Netnews articles are handled, a
+ Message-ID header SHOULD be added to ensure global consistency and
+ uniqueness.
+
+ Note that, because the message-id might not have been derived from
+ the Message-ID header in the article, the following example is
+ legitimate (though unusual):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 113]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-114" id="page-114" href="#page-114" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ [<a name="ref-C" id="ref-C">C</a>] HEAD &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] 221 0 &lt;45223423@example.com&gt;
+ [S] Path: pathost!demo!whitehouse!not-for-mail
+ [S] Message-ID: &lt;1234@example.net&gt;
+ [S] From: "Demo User" &lt;nobody@example.net&gt;
+ [S] Newsgroups: misc.test
+ [S] Subject: I am just a test article
+ [S] Date: 6 Oct 1998 04:38:40 -0500
+ [S] Organization: An Example Net, Uncertain, Texas
+ [S] .
+
+<span class="h1"><h1><a class="selflink" name="appendix-A.3" href="#appendix-A.3">A.3</a>. Article Posting</h1></span>
+
+ As far as NNTP is concerned, the POST and IHAVE commands provide the
+ same basic facilities in a slightly different way. However, they
+ have rather different intentions.
+
+ The IHAVE command is intended for transmitting conforming articles
+ between a system of NNTP servers, with all articles perhaps also
+ conforming to another specification (e.g., all articles are Netnews
+ articles). It is expected that the client will already have done any
+ necessary validation (or that it has in turn obtained the article
+ from a third party that has done so); therefore, the contents SHOULD
+ be left unchanged.
+
+ In contrast, the POST command is intended for use when an end-user is
+ injecting a newly created article into a such a system. The article
+ being transferred might not be a conforming email or Netnews article,
+ and the server is expected to validate it and, if necessary, to
+ convert it to the right form for onward distribution. This is often
+ done by a separate piece of software on the server installation; if
+ so, the NNTP server SHOULD pass the incoming article to that software
+ unaltered, making no attempt to filter characters, to fold or limit
+ lines, or to process the incoming text otherwise.
+
+ The POST command can fail in various ways, and clients should be
+ prepared to re-send an article. When doing so, however, it is often
+ important to ensure (as far as possible) that the same message-id is
+ allocated to both attempts so that the server, or other servers, can
+ recognize the two articles as duplicates. In the case of email or
+ Netnews articles, therefore, the posted article SHOULD contain a
+ header with the name "Message-ID", and the contents of this header
+ SHOULD be identical on each attempt. The server SHOULD ensure that
+ two POSTed articles with the same contents for this header are
+ recognized as identical and that the same message-id is allocated,
+ whether or not those contents are suitable for use as the message-id.
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 114]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-115" id="page-115" href="#page-115" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="appendix-B" href="#appendix-B">Appendix B</a>. Summary of Commands</h2></span>
+
+ This section contains a list of every command defined in this
+ document, ordered by command name and by indicating capability.
+
+ Ordered by command name:
+
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+ | Command | Indicating capability | Definition |
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+ | ARTICLE | READER | <a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a> |
+ | BODY | READER | <a href="#section-6.2.3">Section 6.2.3</a> |
+ | CAPABILITIES | mandatory | <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a> |
+ | DATE | READER | <a href="#section-7.1">Section 7.1</a> |
+ | GROUP | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a> |
+ | HDR | HDR | <a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a> |
+ | HEAD | mandatory | <a href="#section-6.2.2">Section 6.2.2</a> |
+ | HELP | mandatory | <a href="#section-7.2">Section 7.2</a> |
+ | IHAVE | IHAVE | <a href="#section-6.3.2">Section 6.3.2</a> |
+ | LAST | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.3">Section 6.1.3</a> |
+ | LIST | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a> |
+ | LIST ACTIVE.TIMES | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.4">Section 7.6.4</a> |
+ | LIST ACTIVE | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a> |
+ | LIST DISTRIB.PATS | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.5">Section 7.6.5</a> |
+ | LIST HEADERS | HDR | <a href="#section-8.6">Section 8.6</a> |
+ | LIST NEWSGROUPS | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.6">Section 7.6.6</a> |
+ | LIST OVERVIEW.FMT | OVER | <a href="#section-8.4">Section 8.4</a> |
+ | LISTGROUP | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.2">Section 6.1.2</a> |
+ | MODE READER | MODE-READER | <a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a> |
+ | NEWGROUPS | READER | <a href="#section-7.3">Section 7.3</a> |
+ | NEWNEWS | NEWNEWS | <a href="#section-7.4">Section 7.4</a> |
+ | NEXT | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.4">Section 6.1.4</a> |
+ | OVER | OVER | <a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a> |
+ | POST | POST | <a href="#section-6.3.1">Section 6.3.1</a> |
+ | QUIT | mandatory | <a href="#section-5.4">Section 5.4</a> |
+ | STAT | mandatory | <a href="#section-6.2.4">Section 6.2.4</a> |
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 115]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-116" id="page-116" href="#page-116" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Ordered by indicating capability:
+
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+ | Command | Indicating capability | Definition |
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+ | CAPABILITIES | mandatory | <a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a> |
+ | HEAD | mandatory | <a href="#section-6.2.2">Section 6.2.2</a> |
+ | HELP | mandatory | <a href="#section-7.2">Section 7.2</a> |
+ | QUIT | mandatory | <a href="#section-5.4">Section 5.4</a> |
+ | STAT | mandatory | <a href="#section-6.2.4">Section 6.2.4</a> |
+ | HDR | HDR | <a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a> |
+ | LIST HEADERS | HDR | <a href="#section-8.6">Section 8.6</a> |
+ | IHAVE | IHAVE | <a href="#section-6.3.2">Section 6.3.2</a> |
+ | LIST | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a> |
+ | LIST ACTIVE | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.3">Section 7.6.3</a> |
+ | LIST ACTIVE.TIMES | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.4">Section 7.6.4</a> |
+ | LIST DISTRIB.PATS | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.5">Section 7.6.5</a> |
+ | LIST NEWSGROUPS | LIST | <a href="#section-7.6.6">Section 7.6.6</a> |
+ | MODE READER | MODE-READER | <a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a> |
+ | NEWNEWS | NEWNEWS | <a href="#section-7.4">Section 7.4</a> |
+ | OVER | OVER | <a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a> |
+ | LIST OVERVIEW.FMT | OVER | <a href="#section-8.4">Section 8.4</a> |
+ | POST | POST | <a href="#section-6.3.1">Section 6.3.1</a> |
+ | ARTICLE | READER | <a href="#section-6.2.1">Section 6.2.1</a> |
+ | BODY | READER | <a href="#section-6.2.3">Section 6.2.3</a> |
+ | DATE | READER | <a href="#section-7.1">Section 7.1</a> |
+ | GROUP | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1</a> |
+ | LAST | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.3">Section 6.1.3</a> |
+ | LISTGROUP | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.2">Section 6.1.2</a> |
+ | NEWGROUPS | READER | <a href="#section-7.3">Section 7.3</a> |
+ | NEXT | READER | <a href="#section-6.1.4">Section 6.1.4</a> |
+ +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 116]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-117" id="page-117" href="#page-117" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="appendix-C" href="#appendix-C">Appendix C</a>. Summary of Response Codes</h2></span>
+
+ This section contains a list of every response code defined in this
+ document and indicates whether it is multi-line, which commands can
+ generate it, what arguments it has, and what its meaning is.
+
+ Response code 100 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: HELP
+ Meaning: help text follows.
+
+ Response code 101 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: CAPABILITIES
+ Meaning: capabilities list follows.
+
+ Response code 111
+ Generated by: DATE
+ 1 argument: yyyymmddhhmmss
+ Meaning: server date and time.
+
+ Response code 200
+ Generated by: initial connection, MODE READER
+ Meaning: service available, posting allowed.
+
+ Response code 201
+ Generated by: initial connection, MODE READER
+ Meaning: service available, posting prohibited.
+
+ Response code 205
+ Generated by: QUIT
+ Meaning: connection closing (the server immediately closes the
+ connection).
+
+ Response code 211
+ The 211 response code has two completely different forms,
+ depending on which command generated it:
+
+ (not multi-line)
+ Generated by: GROUP
+ 4 arguments: number low high group
+ Meaning: group selected.
+
+ (multi-line)
+ Generated by: LISTGROUP
+ 4 arguments: number low high group
+ Meaning: article numbers follow.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 117]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-118" id="page-118" href="#page-118" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Response code 215 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: LIST
+ Meaning: information follows.
+
+ Response code 220 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: ARTICLE
+ 2 arguments: n message-id
+ Meaning: article follows.
+
+ Response code 221 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: HEAD
+ 2 arguments: n message-id
+ Meaning: article headers follow.
+
+ Response code 222 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: BODY
+ 2 arguments: n message-id
+ Meaning: article body follows.
+
+ Response code 223
+ Generated by: LAST, NEXT, STAT
+ 2 arguments: n message-id
+ Meaning: article exists and selected.
+
+ Response code 224 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: OVER
+ Meaning: overview information follows.
+
+ Response code 225 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: HDR
+ Meaning: headers follow.
+
+ Response code 230 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: NEWNEWS
+ Meaning: list of new articles follows.
+
+ Response code 231 (multi-line)
+ Generated by: NEWGROUPS
+ Meaning: list of new newsgroups follows.
+
+ Response code 235
+ Generated by: IHAVE (second stage)
+ Meaning: article transferred OK.
+
+ Response code 240
+ Generated by: POST (second stage)
+ Meaning: article received OK.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 118]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-119" id="page-119" href="#page-119" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Response code 335
+ Generated by: IHAVE (first stage)
+ Meaning: send article to be transferred.
+
+ Response code 340
+ Generated by: POST (first stage)
+ Meaning: send article to be posted.
+
+ Response code 400
+ Generic response and generated by initial connection
+ Meaning: service not available or no longer available (the server
+ immediately closes the connection).
+
+ Response code 401
+ Generic response
+ 1 argument: capability-label
+ Meaning: the server is in the wrong mode; the indicated capability
+ should be used to change the mode.
+
+ Response code 403
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: internal fault or problem preventing action being taken.
+
+ Response code 411
+ Generated by: GROUP, LISTGROUP
+ Meaning: no such newsgroup.
+
+ Response code 412
+ Generated by: ARTICLE, BODY, GROUP, HDR, HEAD, LAST, LISTGROUP,
+ NEXT, OVER, STAT
+ Meaning: no newsgroup selected.
+
+ Response code 420
+ Generated by: ARTICLE, BODY, HDR, HEAD, LAST, NEXT, OVER, STAT
+ Meaning: current article number is invalid.
+
+ Response code 421
+ Generated by: NEXT
+ Meaning: no next article in this group.
+
+ Response code 422
+ Generated by: LAST
+ Meaning: no previous article in this group.
+
+ Response code 423
+ Generated by: ARTICLE, BODY, HDR, HEAD, OVER, STAT
+ Meaning: no article with that number or in that range.
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 119]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-120" id="page-120" href="#page-120" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Response code 430
+ Generated by: ARTICLE, BODY, HDR, HEAD, OVER, STAT
+ Meaning: no article with that message-id.
+
+ Response code 435
+ Generated by: IHAVE (first stage)
+ Meaning: article not wanted.
+
+ Response code 436
+ Generated by: IHAVE (either stage)
+ Meaning: transfer not possible (first stage) or failed (second
+ stage); try again later.
+
+ Response code 437
+ Generated by: IHAVE (second stage)
+ Meaning: transfer rejected; do not retry.
+
+ Response code 440
+ Generated by: POST (first stage)
+ Meaning: posting not permitted.
+
+ Response code 441
+ Generated by: POST (second stage)
+ Meaning: posting failed.
+
+ Response code 480
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: command unavailable until the client has authenticated
+ itself.
+
+ Response code 483
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: command unavailable until suitable privacy has been
+ arranged.
+
+ Response code 500
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: unknown command.
+
+ Response code 501
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: syntax error in command.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 120]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-121" id="page-121" href="#page-121" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ Response code 502
+ Generic response and generated by initial connection
+
+ Meaning for the initial connection and the MODE READER command:
+ service permanently unavailable (the server immediately closes the
+ connection).
+
+ Meaning for all other commands: command not permitted (and there
+ is no way for the client to change this).
+
+ Response code 503
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: feature not supported.
+
+ Response code 504
+ Generic response
+ Meaning: error in base64-encoding [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648" title='"The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings"'>RFC4648</a>] of an argument.
+
+<span class="h2"><h2><a class="selflink" name="appendix-D" href="#appendix-D">Appendix D</a>. Changes from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a></h2></span>
+
+ In general every attempt has been made to ensure that the protocol
+ specification in this document is compatible with the version
+ specified in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977" title='"Network News Transfer Protocol"'>RFC977</a>] and the various facilities adopted from
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a> [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980" title='"Common NNTP Extensions"'>RFC2980</a>]. However, there have been a number of changes,
+ some compatible and some not.
+
+ This appendix lists these changes. It is not guaranteed to be
+ exhaustive or correct and MUST NOT be relied on.
+
+ o A formal syntax specification (<a href="#section-9">Section 9</a>) has been added.
+
+ o The default character set is changed from US-ASCII [<a href="#ref-ANSI1986" title='"Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange"'>ANSI1986</a>] to
+ UTF-8 [<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629" title='"UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646"'>RFC3629</a>] (note that US-ASCII is a subset of UTF-8). This
+ matter is discussed further in <a href="#section-10">Section 10</a>.
+
+ o All articles are required to have a message-id, eliminating the
+ "&lt;0&gt;" placeholder used in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> in some responses.
+
+ o The newsgroup name matching capabilities already documented in
+ <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977">RFC 977</a> ("wildmats", <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a>) are clarified and extended. The
+ new facilities (e.g., the use of commas and exclamation marks) are
+ allowed wherever wildmats appear in the protocol.
+
+ o Support for pipelining of commands (<a href="#section-3.5">Section 3.5</a>) is made
+ mandatory.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 121]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-122" id="page-122" href="#page-122" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ o The principles behind response codes (<a href="#section-3.2">Section 3.2</a>) have been
+ tidied up. In particular:
+
+ * the x8x response code family, formerly used for private
+ extensions, is now reserved for authentication and privacy
+ extensions;
+
+ * the x9x response code family, formerly intended for debugging
+ facilities, are now reserved for private extensions;
+
+ * the 502 and 503 generic response codes (<a href="#section-3.2.1">Section 3.2.1</a>) have
+ been redefined;
+
+ * new 401, 403, 480, 483, and 504 generic response codes have
+ been added.
+
+ o The rules for article numbering (<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>) have been clarified
+ (also see <a href="#section-6.1.1.2">Section 6.1.1.2</a>).
+
+ o The SLAVE command (which was ill-defined) is removed from the
+ protocol.
+
+ o Four-digit years are permitted in the NEWNEWS (<a href="#section-7.4">Section 7.4</a>) and
+ NEWGROUPS (<a href="#section-7.3">Section 7.3</a>) commands (two-digit years are still
+ permitted). The optional distribution parameter to these commands
+ has been removed.
+
+ o The LIST command (<a href="#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1</a>) is greatly extended; the original
+ is available as LIST ACTIVE, while new variants include
+ ACTIVE.TIMES, DISTRIB.PATS, and NEWSGROUPS. A new "m" status flag
+ is added to the LIST ACTIVE response.
+
+ o A new CAPABILITIES command (<a href="#section-5.2">Section 5.2</a>) allows clients to
+ determine what facilities are supported by a server.
+
+ o The DATE command (<a href="#section-7.1">Section 7.1</a>) is adopted from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a>
+ effectively unchanged.
+
+ o The LISTGROUP command (<a href="#section-6.1.2">Section 6.1.2</a>) is adopted from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a>.
+ An optional range argument has been added, and the 211 initial
+ response line now has the same format as the 211 response from the
+ GROUP command.
+
+ o The MODE READER command (<a href="#section-5.3">Section 5.3</a>) is adopted from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a> and
+ its meaning and effects clarified.
+
+ o The XHDR command in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a> has been formalised as the new HDR
+ (<a href="#section-8.5">Section 8.5</a>) and LIST HEADERS (<a href="#section-8.6">Section 8.6</a>) commands.
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 122]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-123" id="page-123" href="#page-123" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+ o The XOVER command in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980">RFC 2980</a> has been formalised as the new OVER
+ (<a href="#section-8.3">Section 8.3</a>) and LIST OVERVIEW.FMT (<a href="#section-8.4">Section 8.4</a>) commands. The
+ former can be applied to a message-id as well as to a range.
+
+ o The concept of article metadata (<a href="#section-8.1">Section 8.1</a>) has been formalised,
+ allowing the Bytes and Lines pseudo-headers to be deprecated.
+
+ Client authors should note in particular that lack of support for the
+ CAPABILITIES command is a good indication that the server does not
+ support this specification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 123]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-124" id="page-124" href="#page-124" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+Author's Address
+
+ Clive D.W. Feather
+ THUS plc
+ 322 Regents Park Road
+ London
+ N3 2QQ
+ United Kingdom
+
+ Phone: +44 20 8495 6138
+ Fax: +44 870 051 9937
+ EMail: clive@demon.net
+ URI: <a href="http://www.davros.org/">http://www.davros.org/</a>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="grey">Feather Standards Track [Page 124]</span>
+</pre><!--NewPage--><pre class="newpage"><a name="page-125" id="page-125" href="#page-125" class="invisible"> </a>
+<span class="grey"><a href="#">RFC 3977</a> Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) October 2006</span>
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp78">BCP 78</a>, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
+ ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+ INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
+ INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
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+
+Intellectual Property
+
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+ this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
+ might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
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+ on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
+ found in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp79">BCP 79</a>.
+
+ Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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+ attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
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+ <a href="http://www.ietf.org/ipr">http://www.ietf.org/ipr</a>.
+
+ The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
+ copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
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+ ipr@ietf.org.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+ Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
+ Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Feather Standards Track [Page 125]
+
+</pre><br>
+<span class="noprint"><small><small>Html markup produced by rfcmarkup 1.109, available from
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/">https://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcmarkup/</a>
+</small></small></span>
+
+</body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
+<html><head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"></head><body>
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/djb.html">D. J. Bernstein</a>
+<br><a href="http://cr.yp.to/mail.html">Internet mail</a>
+<br><a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf.html">Internet mail message header format</a>
+<h1>Envelope information: Return-Path, Received</h1>
+<h2><a name="return-path"></a>Return-Path</h2>
+The value of a Return-Path field is
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/token.html">tokenizable</a>.
+It shows the return path of the message,
+i.e., the address that
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/im/responsibility.html">bounces</a> will be sent to.
+It is either
+(1) a <tt>&lt;</tt> token followed by a <tt>&gt;</tt> token,
+indicating an empty return path, or
+(2)
+a <a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/addrlist.html#bracketed">bracketed address</a>.
+Two examples:
+<pre> Return-Path: &lt;&gt;
+ Return-Path: &lt;God@heaven.af.mil&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>
+Messages transmitted through
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/smtp.html">SMTP</a> generally do not have Return-Path fields;
+the return path is transmitted out-of-band
+in the SMTP MAIL request.
+When a message is stored in a mailbox,
+the return path is stored in a Return-Path field.
+If the message is then retrieved (e.g., through POP)
+and sent through another SMTP hop,
+the Return-Path is removed and the return path is again sent out-of-band.
+</p><p>
+Some mailers,
+in violation of RFC 1123, fail to record the return path of a message.
+Subsequent bounces
+are sent to an invented return path,
+typically the header From address.
+This behavior is a disaster for mailing-list messages,
+where the correct return path is the mailing list manager,
+and the From address is an innocent subscriber
+who has no way to remove bad addresses from the mailing list.
+Every mailer is
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/im/responsibility.html">responsible</a>
+for using the correct return path.
+</p><h2><a name="received"></a>Received</h2>
+In theory, the value of a Received field is
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/token.html">tokenizable</a>.
+It contains
+<ol>
+<li>optionally, a <tt>"from"</tt> atom followed by an
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/addrlist.html#encoded-domain">encoded domain name</a>;
+</li><li>optionally, a <tt>"by"</tt> atom followed by an encoded domain name;
+</li><li>optionally, a <tt>"via"</tt> atom followed by another atom;
+</li><li>zero or more of the following: a "with" atom followed by another atom;
+</li><li>optionally, an <tt>"id"</tt> atom followed by either (1) an atom
+or (2) a <tt>&lt;</tt> token, an
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/addrlist.html#encoded-address">encoded address</a>,
+and a <tt>&gt;</tt> token;
+</li><li>optionally, a <tt>"for"</tt> atom followed by an encoded address;
+</li><li>a semicolon; and
+</li><li>a
+<a href="http://cr.yp.to/immhf/date.html#timestamp">timestamp</a>.
+</li></ol>
+Each SMTP server
+adds a Received field to the top of each incoming message,
+giving details of how it received the message,
+most importantly the client's IP address:
+<pre> Received: from mail-relay.af.mil (127.193.178.241)
+ by silverton.berkeley.edu with SMTP; 4 May 1998 14:57:55 -0000
+ Received: (qmail 2227 invoked from network); 4 May 1998 14:57:37 -0000
+ Received: from heaven.af.mil (127.193.178.247)
+ by mail-relay.af.mil with SMTP; 4 May 1998 14:57:37 -0000
+</pre>
+In practice,
+SMTP servers put all sorts of badly formatted information into Received lines.
+It is probably best for readers
+to treat everything before the final semicolon as unstructured text,
+purely for human consumption.
+<p>
+A few SMTP servers don't even format the date correctly.
+For example:
+</p><pre> Received: by MicroMailer 3.50a on Wednesday, 24 January 1996, 17:15:16 EST
+ (WRONG)
+</pre>
+Invalid Received fields are also produced by the cucipop POP server.
+<h2><a name="hop-counting"></a>Hop counting</h2>
+Most SMTP servers refuse messages with ``too many'' Received fields.
+For example, sendmail is typically configured to refuse messages
+with more than 25 Received fields.
+qmail refuses messages with more than 100 Received or Delivered-To fields.
+Some messages legitimately have 20 or more Received fields.
+<p>
+Hop counting is a last-resort method of preventing loops:
+a message will bounce if it passes through too many SMTP servers.
+
+
+</p></body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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