#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# ******************************************************************************
#
# Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Olivier Tilloy <olivier@tilloy.net>
#
# This file is part of the pyexiv2 distribution.
#
# pyexiv2 is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# pyexiv2 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with pyexiv2; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
#
#
# File: pyexiv2.py
# Author(s): Olivier Tilloy <olivier@tilloy.net>
#
# ******************************************************************************
"""
Manipulation of EXIF and IPTC metadata embedded in image files.
This module provides a single class, Image, and utility functions to manipulate
EXIF and IPTC metadata embedded in image files such as JPEG and TIFF files.
EXIF and IPTC metadata can be accessed in both read and write modes.
This module is a higher-level interface to the Python binding of the excellent
C++ library Exiv2, libpyexiv2.
Its only class, Image, inherits from libpyexiv2.Image and provides convenient
methods for the manipulation of EXIF and IPTC metadata using Python's built-in
types and modules such as datetime.
These methods should be preferred to the ones directly provided by
libpyexiv2.Image.
A typical use of this binding would be:
>>> import pyexiv2
>>> import datetime
>>> image = pyexiv2.Image('test/smiley.jpg')
>>> image.readMetadata()
>>> print image.exifKeys()
['Exif.Image.ImageDescription', 'Exif.Image.XResolution', 'Exif.Image.YResolution', 'Exif.Image.ResolutionUnit', 'Exif.Image.Software', 'Exif.Image.DateTime', 'Exif.Image.Artist', 'Exif.Image.Copyright', 'Exif.Image.ExifTag', 'Exif.Photo.Flash', 'Exif.Photo.PixelXDimension', 'Exif.Photo.PixelYDimension']
>>> print image['Exif.Image.DateTime']
2004-07-13 21:23:44
>>> image['Exif.Image.DateTime'] = datetime.datetime.today()
>>> image.writeMetadata()
"""
import libpyexiv2
import time
import datetime
import re
class FixedOffset(datetime.tzinfo):
"""
Fixed offset from a local time east from UTC.
Represent a fixed (positive or negative) offset from a local time in hours
and minutes.
Public methods:
utcoffset -- return offset of local time from UTC, in minutes east of UTC
dst -- return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment, here always 0
tzname -- return a string representation of the offset with format '±%H%M'
"""
def __init__(self, offsetSign='+', offsetHours=0, offsetMinutes=0):
"""
Constructor.
Construct a FixedOffset object from an offset sign ('+' or '-') and an
offset absolute value expressed in hours and minutes.
No check on the validity of those values is performed, it is the
responsibility of the caller to pass correct values to the constructor.
Keyword arguments:
offsetSign -- the sign of the offset ('+' or '-')
offsetHours -- the absolute number of hours of the offset
offsetMinutes -- the absolute number of minutes of the offset
"""
self.offsetSign = offsetSign
self.offsetHours = offsetHours
self.offsetMinutes = offsetMinutes
def utcoffset(self, dt):
"""
Return offset of local time from UTC, in minutes east of UTC.
Return offset of local time from UTC, in minutes east of UTC.
If local time is west of UTC, this should be negative.
The value returned is a datetime.timedelta object specifying a whole
number of minutes in the range -1439 to 1439 inclusive.
Keyword arguments:
dt -- the datetime.time object representing the local time
"""
totalOffsetMinutes = self.offsetHours * 60 + self.offsetMinutes
if self.offsetSign == '-':
totalOffsetMinutes = -totalOffsetMinutes
return datetime.timedelta(minutes = totalOffsetMinutes)
def dst(self, dt):
"""
Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment.
Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment.
In this implementation, it is always nil, and the method return
datetime.timedelta(0).
Keyword arguments:
dt -- the datetime.time object representing the local time
"""
return datetime.timedelta(0)
def tzname(self, dt):
"""
Return a string representation of the offset.
Return a string representation of the offset with format '±%H:%M'.
Keyword arguments:
dt -- the datetime.time object representing the local time
"""
string = self.offsetSign
string = string + ('%02d' % self.offsetHours) + ':'
string = string + ('%02d' % self.offsetMinutes)
return string
def UndefinedToString(undefined):
"""
Convert an undefined string into its corresponding sequence of bytes.
Convert a string containing the ascii codes of a sequence of bytes, each
followed by a blank space, into the corresponding string (e.g.
"48 50 50 49 " will be converted into "0221").
The Undefined type is defined in the EXIF specification.
Keyword arguments:
undefined -- the string containing the ascii codes of a sequence of bytes
"""
return ''.join(map(lambda x: chr(int(x)), undefined.rstrip().split(' ')))
def StringToUndefined(sequence):
"""
Convert a string containing a sequence of bytes into its undefined form.
Convert a string containing a sequence of bytes into the corresponding
sequence of ascii codes, each followed by a blank space (e.g. "0221" will
be converted into "48 50 50 49 ").
The Undefined type is defined in the EXIF specification.
Keyword arguments:
sequence -- the string containing the sequence of bytes
"""
return ''.join(map(lambda x: '%d ' % ord(x), sequence))
def StringToDateTime(string):
"""
Try to convert a string containing a date and time to a datetime object.
Try to convert a string containing a date and time to the corresponding
datetime object. The conversion is done by trying several patterns for
regular expression matching.
If no pattern matches, the string is returned unchanged.
Keyword arguments:
string -- the string potentially containing a date and time
"""
# Possible formats to try
# According to the EXIF specification [http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF], the
# only accepted format for a string field representing a datetime is
# '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', but it seems that others formats can be found in the
# wild, so this list could be extended to include new exotic formats.
formats = ['%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ']
for format in formats:
try:
t = time.strptime(string, format)
return datetime.datetime(*t[:6])
except ValueError:
# the tested format does not match, do nothing
pass
# none of the tested formats matched, return the original string unchanged
return string
def StringToDate(string):
"""
Try to convert a string containing a date to a date object.
Try to convert a string containing a date to the corresponding date object.
The conversion is done by matching a regular expression.
If the pattern does not match, the string is returned unchanged.
Keyword arguments:
string -- the string potentially containing a date
"""
# According to the IPTC specification
# [http://www.iptc.org/std/IIM/4.1/specification/IIMV4.1.pdf], the format
# for a string field representing a date is '%Y%m%d'.
# However, the string returned by exiv2 using method DateValue::toString()
# is formatted using pattern '%Y-%m-%d'.
format = '%Y-%m-%d'
try:
t = time.strptime(string, format)
return datetime.date(*t[:3])
except ValueError:
# the tested format does not match, do nothing
return string
def StringToTime(string):
"""
Try to convert a string containing a time to a time object.
Try to convert a string containing a time to the corresponding time object.
The conversion is done by matching a regular expression.
If the pattern does not match, the string is returned unchanged.
Keyword arguments:
string -- the string potentially containing a time
"""
# According to the IPTC specification
# [http://www.iptc.org/std/IIM/4.1/specification/IIMV4.1.pdf], the format
# for a string field representing a time is '%H%M%S±%H%M'.
# However, the string returned by exiv2 using method TimeValue::toString()
# is formatted using pattern '%H:%M:%S±%H:%M'.
if len(string) != 14:
# the string is not correctly formatted, do nothing
return string
if (string[2] != ':') or (string[5] != ':') or (string[11] != ':'):
# the string is not correctly formatted, do nothing
return string
offsetSign = string[8]
if (offsetSign != '+') and (offsetSign != '-'):
# the string is not correctly formatted, do nothing
return string
try:
hours = int(string[:2])
minutes = int(string[3:5])
seconds = int(string[6:8])
offsetHours = int(string[9:11])
offsetMinutes = int(string[12:])
except ValueError:
# the string is not correctly formatted, do nothing
return string
try:
offset = FixedOffset(offsetSign, offsetHours, offsetMinutes)
localTime = datetime.time(hours, minutes, seconds, tzinfo=offset)
except ValueError:
# the values are out of range, do nothing
return string
return localTime
class Image(libpyexiv2.Image):
"""
Provide convenient methods for the manipulation of EXIF and IPTC metadata.
Provide convenient methods for the manipulation of EXIF and IPTC metadata
embedded in image files such as JPEG and TIFF files, using Python's built-in
types and modules such as datetime.
"""
def __init__(self, filename):
libpyexiv2.Image.__init__(self, filename)
self.__exifTagsDict = {}
self.__iptcTagsDict = {}
def __getExifTagValue(self, key):
"""
Get the value associated to a key in EXIF metadata.
Get the value associated to a key in EXIF metadata.
Whenever possible, the value is typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as datetime when the value is composed of a date and a time
(e.g. the EXIF tag 'Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal').
Keyword arguments:
key -- the EXIF key of the requested metadata tag
"""
tagType, tagValue = self.__getExifTag(key)
if tagType == 'Byte':
return tagValue
elif tagType == 'Ascii':
# try to guess if the value is a datetime
return StringToDateTime(tagValue)
elif tagType == 'Short':
return int(tagValue)
elif tagType == 'Long' or tagType == 'SLong':
return long(tagValue)
# for Rational and SRational types, we use tuples
# TODO: define a rational type?
elif tagType == 'Rational':
pattern = re.compile("([0-9]+)/([1-9][0-9]*)")
match = pattern.match(tagValue)
if match == None:
return long(0), long(1)
else:
v = map(long, match.groups())
return v[0], v[1]
elif tagType == 'SRational':
pattern = re.compile("(-?[0-9]+)/(-?[1-9][0-9]*)")
match = pattern.match(tagValue)
if match == None:
return long(0), long(1)
else:
v = map(long, match.groups())
return v[0], v[1]
elif tagType == 'Undefined':
# tagValue is a sequence of bytes whose codes are written as a
# string, each code being followed by a blank space (e.g.
# "48 50 50 49 " for "0221").
# Note: in the case of tag "Exif.Photo.UserComment", it is better to
# call method __getExifTagToString() to obtain directly the value as
# a human-readable string.
return UndefinedToString(tagValue)
def __setExifTagValue(self, key, value):
"""
Set the value associated to a key in EXIF metadata.
Set the value associated to a key in EXIF metadata.
The new value passed should be typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as datetime when the value is composed of a date and a time
(e.g. the EXIF tag 'Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal'), the method takes care
of converting it before setting the internal EXIF tag value.
Keyword arguments:
key -- the EXIF key of the requested metadata tag
value -- the new value for the requested metadata tag
"""
valueType = value.__class__
if valueType == int or valueType == long:
strVal = str(value)
elif valueType == datetime.datetime:
strVal = value.strftime('%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S')
elif valueType == tuple:
strVal = '%s/%s' % (str(value[0]), str(value[1]))
else:
# Value must already be a string.
# Warning: no distinction is possible between values that really are
# strings (type 'Ascii') and those that are supposed to be sequences
# of bytes (type 'Undefined'), in which case value must be passed as
# a string correctly formatted, using utility function
# StringToUndefined().
strVal = str(value)
self.__setExifTag(key, strVal)
def __convertIptcTagValueToPythonType(self, (tagType, tagValue)):
"""
Types a tag value using Python's built-in types or modules.
Whenever possible, the value is typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as date when the value represents a date (e.g. the IPTC tag
'Iptc.Application2.DateCreated').
Keyword arguments:
(tagType, tagValue) -- the type and the value of the IPTC tag as strings
"""
if tagType == 'Short':
return int(tagValue)
elif tagType == 'String':
return tagValue
elif tagType == 'Date':
return StringToDate(tagValue)
elif tagType == 'Time':
return StringToTime(tagValue)
elif tagType == 'Undefined':
return tagValue
def __getIptcTagValue(self, key):
"""
Get the value(s) associated to a key in IPTC metadata.
Get the value associated to a key in IPTC metadata.
Whenever possible, the value is typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as date when the value represents a date (e.g. the IPTC tag
'Iptc.Application2.DateCreated').
If key represents a repeatable tag, a list of several values is
returned. If not, or if it has only one repetition, the list simply has
one element.
Keyword arguments:
key -- the IPTC key of the requested metadata tag
"""
typeValuesList = self.__getIptcTag(key)
return map(self.__convertIptcTagValueToPythonType, typeValuesList)
def __setIptcTagValue(self, key, value, index=0):
"""
Set the value associated to a key in IPTC metadata.
Set the value associated to a key in IPTC metadata.
The new value passed should be typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as datetime when the value contains a date or a time
(e.g. the IPTC tags 'Iptc.Application2.DateCreated' and
'Iptc.Application2.TimeCreated'), the method takes care
of converting it before setting the internal IPTC tag value.
If key references a repeatable tag, the parameter index (starting from
0 like a list index) is used to determine which of the repetitions is to
be set. In case of an index greater than the highest existing one, adds
a repetition of the tag. index defaults to 0 for (the majority of)
non-repeatable tags.
Keyword arguments:
key -- the IPTC key of the requested metadata tag
value -- the new value for the requested metadata tag
index -- the index of the tag repetition to set (default value: 0)
"""
if (index < 0):
raise IndexError('Index must be greater than or equal to zero')
valueType = value.__class__
if valueType == int or valueType == long:
strVal = str(value)
elif valueType == datetime.date:
strVal = value.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
elif valueType == datetime.time:
# The only legal format for a time is '%H:%M:%S±%H:%M',
# but if the UTC offset is absent (format '%H:%M:%S'), the time can
# still be set (exiv2 is permissive).
strVal = value.strftime('%H:%M:%S%Z')
else:
# Value must already be a string.
# Warning: no distinction is possible between values that really are
# strings (type 'String') and those that are of type 'Undefined'.
# FIXME: for tags of type 'Undefined', this does not seem to work...
strVal = str(value)
self.__setIptcTag(key, strVal, index)
def __getitem__(self, key):
"""
Read access implementation of the [] operator on Image objects.
Get the value associated to a key in EXIF/IPTC metadata.
The value is cached in an internal dictionary for later accesses.
Whenever possible, the value is typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as datetime when the value is composed of a date and a time
(e.g. the EXIF tag 'Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal') or date when the value
represents a date (e.g. the IPTC tag 'Iptc.Application2.DateCreated').
If key references a repeatable tag (IPTC only), a list of several values
is returned. If not, or if it has only one repetition, the list simply
has one element.
Keyword arguments:
key -- the [EXIF|IPTC] key of the requested metadata tag
"""
if key.__class__ is not str:
raise TypeError('Key must be of type string')
tagFamily = key[:4]
if tagFamily == 'Exif':
try:
return self.__exifTagsDict[key]
except KeyError:
value = self.__getExifTagValue(key)
self.__exifTagsDict[key] = value
return value
elif tagFamily == 'Iptc':
try:
return self.__iptcTagsDict[key]
except KeyError:
value = self.__getIptcTagValue(key)
if len(value) == 1:
value = value[0]
elif len(value) > 1:
value = tuple(value)
self.__iptcTagsDict[key] = value
return value
else:
# This is exiv2's standard error message, all futures changes on
# exiv2's side should be reflected here.
# As a future development, consider i18n for error messages.
raise IndexError("Invalid key `" + key + "'")
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
"""
Write access implementation of the [] operator on Image objects.
Set the value associated to a key in EXIF/IPTC metadata.
The value is cached in an internal dictionary for later accesses.
The new value passed should be typed using Python's built-in types or
modules such as datetime when the value contains a date and a time
(e.g. the EXIF tag 'Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal' or the IPTC tags
'Iptc.Application2.DateCreated' and 'Iptc.Application2.TimeCreated'),
the method takes care of converting it before setting the internal tag
value.
If key references a repeatable tag (IPTC only), value can be a list of
values (the new values will overwrite the old ones, and an empty list of
values will unset the tag).
Keyword arguments:
key -- the [EXIF|IPTC] key of the requested metadata tag
value -- the new value for the requested metadata tag
"""
if key.__class__ is not str:
raise TypeError('Key must be of type string')
tagFamily = key[:4]
if tagFamily == 'Exif':
if value is not None:
# For datetime objects, microseconds are not supported by the
# EXIF specification, so truncate them if present.
if value.__class__ is datetime.datetime:
value = value.replace(microsecond=0)
self.__setExifTagValue(key, value)
self.__exifTagsDict[key] = value
else:
self.__deleteExifTag(key)
del self.__exifTagsDict[key]
elif tagFamily == 'Iptc':
# The case of IPTC tags is a bit trickier since some tags are
# repeatable. To simplify the process, parameter 'value' is
# transformed into a tuple if it is not already one and then each of
# its values is processed (set, that is) in a loop.
newValues = value
if newValues is None:
# Setting the value to None does not really make sense, but can
# in a way be seen as equivalent to deleting it, so this
# behaviour is simulated by providing an empty list for 'value'.
newValues = ()
if newValues.__class__ is not tuple:
if newValues.__class__ is list:
# For flexibility, passing a list instead of a tuple works
newValues = tuple(newValues)
else:
# Interpret the value as a single element
newValues = (newValues,)
try:
oldValues = self.__iptcTagsDict[key]
if oldValues.__class__ is not tuple:
oldValues = (oldValues,)
except KeyError:
# The tag is not set yet
oldValues = ()
# For time objects, microseconds are not supported by the IPTC
# specification, so truncate them if present.
tempNewValues = []
for newValue in newValues:
if newValue.__class__ is datetime.time:
tempNewValues.append(newValue.replace(microsecond=0))
else:
tempNewValues.append(newValue)
newValues = tuple(tempNewValues)
# This loop processes the values one by one. There are n cases:
# * if the two tuples are of the exact same size, each item in
# oldValues is replaced by its new value in newValues;
# * if newValues is longer than oldValues, each item in oldValues
# is replaced by its new value in newValues and the new items
# are appended at the end of oldValues;
# * if newValues is shorter than oldValues, each item in newValues
# replaces the corresponding one in oldValues and the trailing
# extra items in oldValues are deleted.
for i in xrange(max(len(oldValues), len(newValues))):
try:
self.__setIptcTagValue(key, newValues[i], i)
except IndexError:
self.__deleteIptcTag(key, min(len(oldValues), len(newValues)))
if len(newValues) > 0:
if len(newValues) == 1:
newValues = newValues[0]
self.__iptcTagsDict[key] = newValues
else:
del self.__iptcTagsDict[key]
else:
raise IndexError("Invalid key `" + key + "'")
def __delitem__(self, key):
"""
Implementation of the del operator for deletion on Image objects.
Delete the value associated to a key in EXIF/IPTC metadata.
If key references a repeatable tag (IPTC only), all the associated
values will be deleted.
Keyword arguments:
key -- the [EXIF|IPTC] key of the requested metadata tag
"""
if key.__class__ is not str:
raise TypeError('Key must be of type string')
tagFamily = key[:4]
if tagFamily == 'Exif':
self.__deleteExifTag(key)
del self.__exifTagsDict[key]
elif tagFamily == 'Iptc':
try:
oldValues = self.__iptcTagsDict[key]
except KeyError:
oldValues = self.__getIptcTag(key)
for i in xrange(len(oldValues)):
self.__deleteIptcTag(key, 0)
del self.__iptcTagsDict[key]
else:
raise IndexError("Invalid key `" + key + "'")
def cacheAllExifTags(self):
"""
Cache the EXIF tag values for faster subsequent access.
Read the values of all the EXIF tags in the image and cache them in an
internal dictionary so as to speed up subsequent accesses.
"""
for key in self.exifKeys():
self[key]
def cacheAllIptcTags(self):
"""
Cache the IPTC tag values for faster subsequent access.
Read the values of all the IPTC tags in the image and cache them in an
internal dictionary so as to speed up subsequent accesses.
"""
for key in self.iptcKeys():
self[key]
def _test():
print 'testing library pyexiv2...'
# TODO: various tests
print 'done.'
if __name__ == '__main__':
_test()
