path: root/mdoc.7

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.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
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.Dd $Mdocdate$
.Dt MDOC 7
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm mdoc
.Nd mdoc language reference
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm mdoc
language is used to format
.Bx
.Ux
manuals.  In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure,
and usage.  Our reference implementation is mandoc; the
.Sx COMPATIBILITY
section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
.Pp
An
.Nm
document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
character
.Sq \.
are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
prior macros:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
.Ed
.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
.Nm
documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  All
manuals must have
.Ux
line terminators.
.Ss Comments
Text following a
.Sq \e\*q ,
whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
line.  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
.Sq \&.\e\*q ,
is also ignored.  Macro lines with only a control character and optionally
whitespace are stripped from input.
.Ss Reserved Characters
Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
.It \&.
.Pq period
.It \&,
.Pq comma
.It \&:
.Pq colon
.It \&;
.Pq semicolon
.It \&(
.Pq left-parenthesis
.It \&)
.Pq right-parenthesis
.It \&[
.Pq left-bracket
.It \&]
.Pq right-bracket
.It \&?
.Pq question
.It \&!
.Pq exclamation
.It \&|
.Pq vertical bar
.El
.Pp
Use of reserved characters is described in
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped
with a non-breaking space
.Pq Sq \e&
or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used.
.Ss Special Characters
Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.
Sequences begin with the escape character
.Sq \e
followed by either an open-parenthesis
.Sq \&(
for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
.Sq \&[
for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
.Sq \&] ) ;
or a single one-character sequence.
See
.Xr mandoc_char 7
for a complete list.
Examples include
.Sq \e(em
.Pq em-dash
and
.Sq \ee
.Pq back-slash .
.Ss Text Decoration
Terms may be text-decorated using the
.Sq \ef
escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
(revert to previous mode):
.Pp
.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
.Pp
A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
respectively) may be used instead.
A text decoration is valid within
the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
its own scope, such as
.Sx \&Bf
.Cm \&Sy ,
in-scope invocations of
.Sq \ef
are only valid within the font scope of the macro.
If
.Sq \ef
is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
.Pp
Note this form is
.Em not
recommended for
.Nm ,
which encourages semantic annotation.
.Ss Predefined Strings
Historically,
.Xr groff 1
also defined a set of package-specific
.Dq predefined strings ,
which, like
.Sx Special Characters ,
mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
.Sq \e* :
single-character
.Sq \e*X ,
two-character
.Sq \e*(XX ,
and N-character
.Sq \e*[N] .
See
.Xr mandoc_char 7
for a complete list.
Examples include
.Sq \e*(Am
.Pq ampersand
and
.Sq \e*(Ba
.Pq vertical bar .
.Ss Whitespace
Whitespace consists of the space character.
In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped
trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
within literal contexts.
.Pp
In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.
.Ss Quotation
Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group
space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.
A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote
terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
.Pp
This produces tokens
.Sq a" ,
.Sq b c ,
.Sq de ,
and
.Sq fg" .
Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately
considered literal text.
Thus, the following produces
.Sq \&Em a :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Em "Em a"
.Ed
.Pp
In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
.Ss Dates
There are several macros in
.Nm
that require a date argument.
The canonical form for dates is the American format:
.Pp
.D1 Cm Month Day , Year
.Pp
The
.Cm Day
value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.
The
.Cm Month
value is the full month name.
The
.Cm Year
value is the full four-digit year.
.Pp
Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
.Pp
.D1 Cm Month , Year
.D1 Cm Year
.Pp
Some examples of valid dates follow:
.Pp
.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
.Ss Scaling Widths
Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Bl -tag -width 2i
.Ed
.Pp
The syntax for scaled widths is
.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,
where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.
The following scaling units are accepted:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
.It c
centimetre
.It i
inch
.It P
pica (~1/6 inch)
.It p
point (~1/72 inch)
.It f
synonym for
.Sq u
.It v
default vertical span
.It m
width of rendered
.Sq m
.Pq em
character
.It n
width of rendered
.Sq n
.Pq en
character
.It u
default horizontal span
.It M
mini-em (~1/100 em)
.El
.Pp
Using anything other than
.Sq m ,
.Sq n ,
.Sq u ,
or
.Sq v
is necessarily non-portable across output media.
See
.Sx COMPATIBILITY .
.Ss Sentence Spacing
When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of
a line.
By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
delimiters (
.Ns Sq \&) ,
.Sq \&] ,
.Sq \&' ,
.Sq \&" ) .
.Pp
The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
the boundary of a macro line, e.g.,
.Pp
.D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.
.D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
A well-formed
.Nm
document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
sections.
.Pp
The prologue, which consists of (in order) the
.Sx \&Dd ,
.Sx \&Dt ,
and
.Sx \&Os
macros, is required for every document.
.Pp
The first section (sections are denoted by
.Sx \&Sh )
must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
.Sx \&Nm
followed by
.Sx \&Nd .
.Pp
Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
.Em SYNOPSIS
and
.Em DESCRIPTION
sections, although this varies between manual sections.
.Pp
The following is a well-formed skeleton
.Nm
file:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
\&.Dt mdoc 7
\&.Os
\&.Sh NAME
\&.Nm foo
\&.Nd a description goes here
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS
\&.Nm foo
\&.Op Fl options
\&.Ar
\&.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
\&.Nm
utility processes files ...
\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY
\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS
\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
.Ed
.Pp
The sections in a
.Nm
document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
Sections should be composed as follows:
.Bl -ohang -offset Ds
.It Em NAME
The name(s) and a short description of the documented material.
The syntax for this as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Nm name0
\&.Nm name1
\&.Nm name2
\&.Nd a short description
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Sx \&Nm
macro(s) must precede the
.Sx \&Nd
macro.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Nm
and
.Sx \&Nd .
.It Em LIBRARY
The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
The syntax for this is as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Lb libarm
.Ed
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Lb .
.It Em SYNOPSIS
Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
configuration.
.Pp
For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
generally structured as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Nm foo
\&.Op Fl v
\&.Op Fl o Ar file
\&.Op Ar
\&.Nm bar
\&.Op Fl v
\&.Op Fl o Ar file
\&.Op Ar
.Ed
.Pp
For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Vt extern const char *global;
\&.In header.h
\&.Ft "char *"
\&.Fn foo "const char *src"
\&.Ft "char *"
\&.Fn bar "const char *src"
.Ed
.Pp
And for the third, configurations (section 4):
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
.Ed
.Pp
Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
.Em SYNOPSIS .
.Pp
Some macros are displayed differently in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section, particularly
.Sx \&Nm ,
.Sx \&Cd ,
.Sx \&Fd ,
.Sx \&Fn ,
.Sx \&Fo ,
.Sx \&In ,
.Sx \&Vt ,
and
.Sx \&Ft .
All of these macros are output on their own line.  If two such
dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for
.Sx \&Ft
before
.Sx \&Fo
or
.Sx \&Fn ) ,
they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
.Sx \&Fo ,
.Sx \&Fn ,
and
.Sx \&Ft ,
which are always separated by vertical space.
.Pp
When text and macros following an
.Sx \&Nm
macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
all output lines but the first will be indented to align
with the text immediately following the
.Sx \&Nm
macro, up to the next
.Sx \&Nm ,
.Sx \&Sx ,
or
.Sx \&Ss
macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
.It Em DESCRIPTION
This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
.Em NAME .
It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
command), such as:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
The arguments are as follows:
\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
\&.It Fl v
Print verbose information.
\&.El
.Ed
.Pp
Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
effects or notable algorithmic implications.
.It Em RETURN VALUES
This section is the dual of
.Em EXIT STATUS ,
which is used for commands.
It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Rv .
.It Em ENVIRONMENT
Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,
.Xr environ 7 .
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Ev .
.It Em FILES
Documents files used.
It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how
the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Pa .
.It Em EXIT STATUS
Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.
This section is the dual of
.Em RETURN VALUES ,
which is used for functions.
Historically, this information was described in
.Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
a practise that is now discouraged.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Ex .
.It Em EXAMPLES
Example usages.
This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!
.It Em DIAGNOSTICS
Documents error conditions.
This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
Historically, this section was used in place of
.Em EXIT STATUS
for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
discouraged.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Bl
.Fl diag .
.It Em ERRORS
Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Er .
.It Em SEE ALSO
References other manuals with related topics.
This section should exist for most manuals.
Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
alphabetically.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&Xr .
.It Em STANDARDS
References any standards implemented or used.
If not adhering to any standards, the
.Em HISTORY
section should be used instead.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&St .
.It Em HISTORY
The history of any manual without a
.Em STANDARDS
section should be described in this section.
.It Em AUTHORS
Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.
.Pp
See
.Sx \&An .
.It Em CAVEATS
Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
in this section.
.It Em BUGS
Extant bugs should be described in this section.
.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
.El
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX
Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
control character ,
.Sq \&. ,
at the beginning of the line.
An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character
and the macro name.
Thus, the following are equivalent:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Pp
\&.\ \ \ \&Pp
.Ed
.Pp
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
In this section,
.Sq \-arg
refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
.Sq parm
parameters;
.Sq \&Yo
opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
.Sq \&Yc
closes it out.
.Pp
The
.Em Callable
column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial
line-macro.
If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line
macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that
.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
produces
.Sq Fl \&Sh .
.Pp
The
.Em Parsable
column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further
(ostensibly callable) macros.
If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line
will be interpreted as opaque text.
.Pp
The
.Em Scope
column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
.Ss Block full-explicit
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
All macros contains bodies; only
.Sx \&Bf
contains a head.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
\(lBbody...\(rB
\&.Yc
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX"
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
.It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
.It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
.It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
.It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
.It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
.It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
.It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
.It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
.El
.Ss Block full-implicit
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
All macros have bodies; some
.Po
.Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
.Fl hyphen ,
.Fl dash ,
.Fl enum ,
.Fl item
.Pc
don't have heads; only one
.Po
.Sx \&It Fl column
.Pc
has multiple heads.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
\(lBbody...\(rB
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
.It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
.It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
.It Sx \&Nm  Ta    \&No     Ta  Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
.It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
.It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
.El
.Pp
Note that the
.Sx \&Nm
macro is a
.Sx Block full-implicit
macro only when invoked as the first macro
in a
.Em SYNOPSIS
section line, else it is
.Sx In-line .
.Ss Block partial-explicit
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
.Po
.Sx \&Fo ,
.Sx \&Eo
.Pc
and/or tail
.Pq Sx \&Ec .
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
\(lBbody...\(rB
\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB

\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
.It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
.It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
.It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
.It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
.It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
.It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
.It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
.It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
.It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
.It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
.It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
.It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
.It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
.It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
.It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
.It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
.It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
.It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
.It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
.It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
.It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
.It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
.It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
.It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
.El
.Ss Block partial-implicit
Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by
.Sx Reserved Characters
or end of line.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable
.It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
.It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
.El
.Pp
Note that the
.Sx \&Vt
macro is a
.Sx Block partial-implicit
only when invoked as the first macro
in a
.Em SYNOPSIS
section line, else it is
.Sx In-line .
.Ss In-line
Closed by
.Sx Reserved Characters ,
end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.
In-line macros have only text children.
If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
.Pq n ,
then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb

\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...

\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments
.It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
.It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
.It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
.It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
.It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
.It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
.It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
.It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
.It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
.It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
.It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
.It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
.It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
.It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
.El
.Sh REFERENCE
This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
alphabetically.
For the scoping of individual macros, see
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
.Ss \&%A
Author name of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.  Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
.Sx \%%A
line.  Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated
forename(s) first, then full surname.
.Ss \&%B
Book title of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
referring to book titles.
.Ss \&%C
Publication city or location of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
this macro is not implemented in
.Xr groff 1 .
.Ss \&%D
Publication date of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.  This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax
described in
.Sx Dates .
.Ss \&%I
Publisher or issuer name of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%J
Journal name of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%N
Issue number (usually for journals) of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%O
Optional information of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%P
Book or journal page number of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%Q
Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.  Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
.Sx \&%Q
line.
.Ss \&%R
Technical report name of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&%T
Article title of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context
when referring to article titles.
.Ss \&%U
URI of reference document.
.Ss \&%V
Volume number of an
.Sx \&Rs
block.
.Ss \&Ac
Closes an
.Sx \&Ao
block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
.Ss \&Ad
Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in
memory, not a physical (post) address.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ad [0,$]
.D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000
.Ss \&An
Author name.
This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although
these may not be specified along with a parameter:
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
.It Fl split
Renders a line break before each author listing.
.It Fl nosplit
The opposite of
.Fl split .
.El
.Pp
In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author
listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're
interspersed by other macros or text, are split.
Thus, specifying
.Fl split
will cause the first listing also to be split.
If not in the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.An -nosplit
.D1 \&.An J. D. Ullman .
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
the effects of
.Fl split
or
.Fl nosplit
are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies
.Sx \&An Fl nosplit
in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS
section.
.Ss \&Ao
Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets.
Does not have any head arguments.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Aq .
.Ss \&Ap
Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space.
This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
form of a function:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Fn execve Ap d
.Ed
.Ss \&Aq
Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
.Sx \&Lk
or
.Sx \&Mt ,
or to note pre-processor
.Dq Li #include
statements, which should use
.Sx \&In .
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Ao .
.Ss \&Ar
Command arguments.
If an argument is not provided, the string
.Dq file ...
is used as a default.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1
.D1 \&.Ar
.D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
.Ss \&At
Formats an AT&T version.
Accepts at most one parameter:
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
A version of
.At .
.It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
A system version of
.At .
.El
.Pp
Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.At
.D1 \&.At V.1
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Bc
Closes a
.Sx \&Bo
block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
.Ss \&Bd
Begins a display block.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Bd
.Fl type
.Op Fl offset Ar width
.Op Fl compact
.Ed
.Pp
A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively
offset or justified in a manner different from that
of the enclosing context.
By default, the block is preceded by a vertical space.
.Pp
Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the
following arguments:
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
.It Fl ragged
Only left-justify the block.
.It Fl unfilled
Do not justify the block at all.
.It Fl filled
Left- and right-justify the block.
.It Fl literal
Alias for
.Fl unfilled .
.It Fl centered
Centre-justify each line.
.El
.Pp
The type must be provided first.
Secondary arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
.It Fl offset Ar val
Offset by the value of
.Ar val ,
which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:
.Bl -item
.It
As one of the pre-defined strings
.Ar indent ,
the width of standard indentation;
.Ar indent-two ,
twice
.Ar indent ;
.Ar left ,
which has no effect;
.Ar right ,
which justifies to the right margin; and
.Ar center ,
which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
.It
As a precalculated width for a named macro.
The most popular is the imaginary macro
.Ar \&Ds ,
which resolves to
.Ar 6n .
.It
As a scaling unit following the syntax described in
.Sx Scaling Widths .
.It
As the calculated string length of the opaque string.
.El
.Pp
If not provided an argument, it will be ignored.
.It Fl compact
Do not assert a vertical space before the block.
.El
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact
   Hello       world.
\&.Ed
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&D1
and
.Sx \&Dl .
.Ss \&Bf
Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Bf
.Oo
.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
.Oc
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Fl emphasis
and
.Cm \&Em
argument are equivalent, as are
.Fl symbolic
and
.Cm \&Sy,
and
.Fl literal
and
.Cm \&Li .
Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
scope or
.Sx \&Ef
is encountered.
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Li ,
.Sx \&Ef ,
and
.Sx \&Sy .
.Ss \&Bk
Begins a collection of macros or text not breaking the line.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
.Pp
Subsequent arguments are ignored.
The
.Fl words
argument is required.
.Pp
Each line within a keep block is kept intact, so the following example
will not break within each
.Sx \&Op
macro line:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Bk \-words
\&.Op Fl f Ar flags
\&.Op Fl o Ar output
\&.Ek
.Ed
.Pp
Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
Doing so will clobber the right margin.
.Ss \&Bl
Begins a list composed of one or more list entries.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Bl
.Fl type
.Op Fl width Ar val
.Op Fl offset Ar val
.Op Fl compact
.Op HEAD ...
.Ed
.Pp
A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument.
Other arguments are
.Fl width ,
defined per-type as accepting a literal or
.Sx Scaling Widths
value;
.Fl offset ,
also accepting a literal or
.Sx Scaling Widths
value setting the list's global offset; and
.Fl compact ,
suppressing the default vertical space printed before each list entry.
A list entry is specified by the
.Sx \&It
macro, which consists of a head and optional body (depending on the list
type).
A list must specify one of the following list types:
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
.It Fl bullet
A list offset by a bullet.
The head of list entries must be empty.
List entry bodies are positioned after the bullet.
The
.Fl width
argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
.It Fl column
A columnated list.
The
.Fl width
argument has no effect.
The number of columns is specified as parameters to the
.Sx \&Bl
macro.
These dictate the width of columns either as
.Sx Scaling Widths
or literal text.
If the initial macro of a
.Fl column
list is not an
.Sx \&It ,
an
.Sx \&It
context spanning each line is implied until an
.Sx \&It
line macro is encountered, at which point list bodies are interpreted as
described in the
.Sx \&It
documentation.
.It Fl dash
A list offset by a dash (hyphen).
The head of list entries must be empty.
List entry bodies are positioned past the dash.
The
.Fl width
argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
.It Fl diag
Like
.Fl inset ,
but with additional formatting to the head.
The
.Fl width
argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
.It Fl enum
An enumerated list offset by the enumeration from 1.
The head of list entries must be empty.
List entry bodies are positioned after the enumeration.
The
.Fl width
argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
.It Fl hang
Like
.Fl tag ,
but instead of list bodies positioned after the head, they trail the
head text.
The
.Fl width
argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
.It Fl hyphen
Synonym for
.Fl dash .
.It Fl inset
List bodies follow the list head.
The
.Fl width
argument is ignored.
.It Fl item
This produces blocks of text.
The head of list entries must be empty.
The
.Fl width
argument is ignored.
.It Fl ohang
List bodies are positioned on the line following the head.
The
.Fl width
argument is ignored.
.It Fl tag
A list offset by list entry heads.  List entry bodies are positioned
after the head as specified by the
.Fl width
argument.
.El
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&It .
.Ss \&Bo
Begins a block enclosed by square brackets.
Does not have any head arguments.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Bo 1 ,
\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bq .
.Ss \&Bq
Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
.Sx \&Op ,
.Sx \&Oo ,
and
.Sx \&Oc .
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bo .
.Ss \&Brc
Closes a
.Sx \&Bro
block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
.Ss \&Bro
Begins a block enclosed by curly braces.
Does not have any head arguments.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Bro 1 , ... ,
\&.Va n \&Brc
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Brq .
.Ss \&Brq
Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bro .
.Ss \&Bsx
Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
no argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Bsx 1.0
.D1 \&.Bsx
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Bt
Prints
.Dq is currently in beta test.
.Ss \&Bx
Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Bx 4.4
.D1 \&.Bx
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Cd
Configuration declaration.
This denotes strings accepted by
.Xr config 8 .
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
white-space and align consecutive
.Sx \&Cd
declarations.
This practise is discouraged.
.Ss \&Cm
Command modifiers.
Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Cm ControlPath
.D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Fl .
.Ss \&D1
One-line indented display.
This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
statements.
It is followed by a newline.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bd
and
.Sx \&Dl .
.Ss \&Db
Start a debugging context.
This macro is parsed, but generally ignored.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
.Ss \&Dc
Closes a
.Sx \&Do
block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
.Ss \&Dd
Document date.
This is the mandatory first macro of any
.Nm
manual.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Cm date
.Pp
The
.Cm date
field may be either
.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
.Xr cvs 1 ,
or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
.Sx Dates .
If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
.D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Dt
and
.Sx \&Os .
.Ss \&Dl
One-line intended display.
This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
invocations.
It is followed by a newline.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bd
and
.Sx \&D1 .
.Ss \&Do
Begins a block enclosed by double quotes.  Does not have any head
arguments.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.D1 \&Do April is the cruellest month \&Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Dq .
.Ss \&Dq
Encloses its arguments in double quotes.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
\&.Dq April is the cruellest month
\e(em T.S. Eliot
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Do .
.Ss \&Dt
Document title.
This is the mandatory second macro of any
.Nm
file.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Dt
.Oo
.Cm title
.Oo
.Cm section
.Op Cm volume | arch
.Oc
.Oc
.Ed
.Pp
Its arguments are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
.It Cm title
The document's title (name), defaulting to
.Qq UNKNOWN
if unspecified.
It should be capitalised.
.It Cm section
The manual section.
This may be one of
.Ar 1
.Pq utilities ,
.Ar 2
.Pq system calls ,
.Ar 3
.Pq libraries ,
.Ar 3p
.Pq Perl libraries ,
.Ar 4
.Pq devices ,
.Ar 5
.Pq file formats ,
.Ar 6
.Pq games ,
.Ar 7
.Pq miscellaneous ,
.Ar 8
.Pq system utilities ,
.Ar 9
.Pq kernel functions ,
.Ar X11
.Pq X Window System ,
.Ar X11R6
.Pq X Window System ,
.Ar unass
.Pq unassociated ,
.Ar local
.Pq local system ,
.Ar draft
.Pq draft manual ,
or
.Ar paper
.Pq paper .
It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
.Qq 1
if unspecified.
.It Cm volume
This overrides the volume inferred from
.Ar section .
This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
.Ar USD
.Pq users' supplementary documents ,
.Ar PS1
.Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
.Ar AMD
.Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
.Ar SMM
.Pq system managers' manuals ,
.Ar URM
.Pq users' reference manuals ,
.Ar PRM
.Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
.Ar KM
.Pq kernel manuals ,
.Ar IND
.Pq master index ,
.Ar MMI
.Pq master index ,
.Ar LOCAL
.Pq local manuals ,
.Ar LOC
.Pq local manuals ,
or
.Ar CON
.Pq contributed manuals .
.It Cm arch
This specifies a specific relevant architecture.
If
.Cm volume
is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used
subsequent that.
It, too, is optional.
It must be one of
.Ar alpha ,
.Ar amd64 ,
.Ar amiga ,
.Ar arc ,
.Ar arm ,
.Ar armish ,
.Ar aviion ,
.Ar hp300 ,
.Ar hppa ,
.Ar hppa64 ,
.Ar i386 ,
.Ar landisk ,
.Ar loongson ,
.Ar luna88k ,
.Ar mac68k ,
.Ar macppc ,
.Ar mvme68k ,
.Ar mvme88k ,
.Ar mvmeppc ,
.Ar pmax ,
.Ar sgi ,
.Ar socppc ,
.Ar sparc ,
.Ar sparc64 ,
.Ar sun3 ,
.Ar vax ,
or
.Ar zaurus .
.El
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 1
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Dd
and
.Sx \&Os .
.Ss \&Dv
Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ
.D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Er .
.Ss \&Dx
Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
value if no argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1
.D1 \&.Dx
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Ec
Close a scope started by
.Sx \&Eo .
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Cm TERM
.Pp
The
.Cm TERM
argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
will emulate
.Sx \&Dc .
.Ss \&Ed
End a display context started by
.Sx \&Bd .
.Ss \&Ef
Ends a font mode context started by
.Sx \&Bf .
.Ss \&Ek
Ends a keep context started by
.Sx \&Bk .
.Ss \&El
Ends a list context started by
.Sx \&Bl .
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bl
and
.Sx \&It .
.Ss \&Em
Denotes text that should be emphasised.
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
stylistically decorating technical terms.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Em Warnings!
.D1 \&.Em Remarks :
.Ss \&En
This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
.Ss \&Eo
An arbitrary enclosure.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Cm TERM
.Pp
The
.Cm TERM
argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
will emulate
.Sx \&Do .
.Ss \&Er
Display error constants.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Er EPERM
.D1 \&.Er ENOENT
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Dv .
.Ss \&Es
This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
.Ss \&Ev
Environmental variables such as those specified in
.Xr environ 7 .
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY
.D1 \&.Ev PATH
.Ss \&Ex
Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values.
This macro must have first the
.Fl std
argument specified, then an optional
.Ar utility .
If
.Ar utility
is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in
.Sx \&Nm
is provided.
.Ss \&Fa
Function argument.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa
.Op Cm argtype
.Cm argname
.Ed
.Pp
This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
Most often, the
.Sx \&Fa
macro is used in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
within
.Sx \&Fo
section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
comma.
Furthermore, if the following macro is another
.Sx \&Fa ,
the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
.D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
.D1 \&.Fa foo
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Fo .
.Ss \&Fc
Ends a function context started by
.Sx \&Fo .
.Ss \&Fd
Historically used to document include files.
This usage has been deprecated in favour of
.Sx \&In .
Do not use this macro.
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
and
.Sx \&In .
.Ss \&Fl
Command-line flag.
Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
Prints a fixed-width hyphen
.Sq \-
directly followed by each argument.
If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
output.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fl a b c
.D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b
.D1 \&.Fl
.D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Cm .
.Ss \&Fn
A function name.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
.Op Cm functype
.Cm funcname
.Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
.Ed
.Pp
Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
are delimited by commas.
If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"
.D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"
.D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
\&.Ft functype
\&.Fn funcname
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
and
.Sx \&Ft .
.Ss \&Fo
Begin a function block.
This is a multi-line version of
.Sx \&Fn .
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
.Pp
Invocations usually occur in the following context:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
.br
.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
.br
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
.br
\.\.\.
.br
.Pf \. Sx \&Fc
.Ed
.Pp
A
.Sx \&Fo
scope is closed by
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
.Sx \&Fa ,
.Sx \&Fc ,
and
.Ss \&Ft
A function type.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ft int
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
\&.Ft functype
\&.Fn funcname
.Ed
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
.Sx \&Fn ,
and
.Sx \&Fo .
.Ss \&Fx
Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
if no argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Fx 7.1
.D1 \&.Fx
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Hf
This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
.Ss \&Ic
Designate an internal or interactive command.
This is similar to
.Sx \&Cm
but used for instructions rather than values.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ic hash
.D1 \&.Ic alias
.Pp
Note that using
.Sx \&Bd No Fl literal
or
.Sx \&D1
is preferred for displaying code; the
.Sx \&Ic
macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
.Ss \&In
An
.Qq include
file.
In the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is
preceded by
.Qq #include ,
the arguments is enclosed in angled braces.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.In sys/types
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
.Ss \&It
A list item.
The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
.Pp
Lists
of type
.Fl hang ,
.Fl ohang ,
.Fl inset ,
and
.Fl diag
have the following syntax:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args
.Pp
Lists of type
.Fl bullet ,
.Fl dash ,
.Fl enum ,
.Fl hyphen
and
.Fl item
have the following syntax:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
.Pp
with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
.Sx \&It
until either a closing
.Sx \&El
or another
.Sx \&It .
.Pp
The
.Fl tag
list has the following syntax:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
.Pp
Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
.Fl bullet
and family.
The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
arguments correspond to the list's contents.
.Pp
The
.Fl column
list is the most complicated.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
.Pp
The
.Cm args
are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,
delimited by tabs or the special
.Sq \&Ta
pseudo-macro.
Lines subsequent the
.Sx \&It
are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.
Calling the pseudo-macro
.Sq \&Ta
will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be
interpreted as a macro).  Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be
used within the
.Sx \&It
line itself.
Subsequent this, only the
.Sq \&Ta
pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.
Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited
phrases on an
.Sx \&It ,
for example,
.Pp
.D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
.Pp
will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Bl .
.Ss \&Lb
Specify a library.
The syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library
.Pp
The
.Cm library
parameter may be a system library, such as
.Cm libz
or
.Cm libpam ,
in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
printed in quotes.
This is most commonly used in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section as described in
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Lb libz
.D1 \&.Lb mdoc
.Ss \&Li
Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
stylistically decorating technical terms.
.Ss \&Lk
Format a hyperlink.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Mt .
.Ss \&Lp
Synonym for
.Sx \&Pp .
.Ss \&Ms
.Ss \&Mt
Format a
.Qq mailto:
hyperlink.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
.Ss \&Nd
A one-line description of the manual's content.
This may only be invoked in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section subsequent the
.Sx \&Nm
macro.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
.Pp
The
.Sx \&Nd
macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
.Sx \&Sh
invocation.
Do not assume this behaviour: some
.Xr whatis 1
database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
arguments and will display macros verbatim.
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Nm .
.Ss \&Nm
The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
the manual page.
When first invoked, the
.Sx \&Nm
macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
Usually, the first invocation happens in the
.Em NAME
section of the page.
The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
called again without arguments later in the page.
The
.Sx \&Nm
macro uses
.Sx Block full-implicit
semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
.Sx In-line
semantics.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS
\&.Nm cat
\&.Op Fl benstuv
\&.Op Ar
.Ed
.Pp
In the
.Em SYNOPSIS
of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
.Sx \&Fn
macro rather than
.Sx \&Nm
to mark up the name of the manual page.
.Ss \&No
A
.Qq noop
macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef
.Ss \&Ns
.Ss \&Nx
Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if
no argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Nx 5.01
.D1 \&.Nx
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Ox ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Oc
Closes multi-line
.Sx \&Oo
context.
.Ss \&Oo
Multi-line version of
.Sx \&Op .
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Oo
\&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
\&.Oc
.Ed
.Ss \&Op
Command-line option.
Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
.D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Oo .
.Ss \&Os
Document operating system version.
This is the mandatory third macro of
any
.Nm
file.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system
.Pp
The optional
.Cm system
parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
This is the suggested form.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Os
.D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
.D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Dd
and
.Sx \&Dt .
.Ss \&Ot
Unknown usage.
.Pp
.Em Remarks :
this macro has been deprecated.
.Ss \&Ox
Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
if no argument is provided.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ox 4.5
.D1 \&.Ox
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
and
.Sx \&Ux .
.Ss \&Pa
A file-system path.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
.D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Lk .
.Ss \&Pc
Close parenthesised context opened by
.Sx \&Po .
.Ss \&Pf
Removes the space
.Pq Qq prefix
between its arguments.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix
.Pp
The
.Cm suffix
argument may be a macro.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix
.Ss \&Po
Multi-line version of
.Sx \&Pq .
.Ss \&Pp
Break a paragraph.
This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
and/or text.
.Ss \&Pq
Parenthesised enclosure.
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&Po .
.Ss \&Qc
.Ss \&Ql
.Ss \&Qo
.Ss \&Qq
.Ss \&Re
Closes a
.Sx \&Rs
block.
Does not have any tail arguments.
.Ss \&Rs
Begins a bibliographic
.Pq Dq reference
block.
Does not have any head arguments.
The block macro may only contain
.Sx \&%A ,
.Sx \&%B ,
.Sx \&%C ,
.Sx \&%D ,
.Sx \&%I ,
.Sx \&%J ,
.Sx \&%N ,
.Sx \&%O ,
.Sx \&%P ,
.Sx \&%Q ,
.Sx \&%R ,
.Sx \&%T ,
.Sx \&%U ,
and
.Sx \&%V
child macros (at least one must be specified).
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
\&.Rs
\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
\&.%A J. D. Ullman
\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
\&.%I Addison-Wesley
\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
\&.%D 1979
\&.Re
.Ed
.Pp
If an
.Sx \&Rs
block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
line.
.Ss \&Rv
.Ss \&Sc
.Ss \&Sh
.Ss \&Sm
Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
.Pp
By default, spacing is
.Cm on .
When switched
.Cm off ,
no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines
still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
.Ss \&So
.Ss \&Sq
.Ss \&Ss
.Ss \&St
.Ss \&Sx
.Ss \&Sy
.Ss \&Tn
.Ss \&Ud
Prints out
.Dq currently under development.
.Ss \&Ux
Format the UNIX name.
Accepts no argument.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Ux
.Pp
See also
.Sx \&At ,
.Sx \&Bsx ,
.Sx \&Bx ,
.Sx \&Dx ,
.Sx \&Fx ,
.Sx \&Nx ,
and
.Sx \&Ox .
.Ss \&Va
A variable name.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Va foo
.D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;
.Ss \&Vt
A variable type.
This is also used for indicating global variables in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
Note that it accepts
.Sx Block partial-implicit
syntax when invoked as the first macro in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section, else it accepts ordinary
.Sx In-line
syntax.
.Pp
Note that this should not be confused with
.Sx \&Ft ,
which is used for function return types.
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Vt unsigned char
.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
.Pp
See also
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
and
.Sx \&Va .
.Ss \&Xc
Close a scope opened by
.Sx \&Xo .
.Ss \&Xo
Open an extension scope.
This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;
since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.
.Ss \&Xr
Link to another manual
.Pq Qq cross-reference .
Its syntax is as follows:
.Pp
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section
.Pp
The
.Cm name
and
.Cm section
are the name and section of the linked manual.
If
.Cm section
is followed by non-punctuation, an
.Sx \&Ns
is inserted into the token stream.
This behaviour is for compatibility with
.Xr groff 1 .
.Pp
Examples:
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
.Ss \&br
.Ss \&sp
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
.Pq Qq groff .
The term
.Qq historic groff
refers to groff versions before the
.Pa doc.tmac
file re-write
.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .
.Pp
Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
.Pp
.Bl -dash -compact
.It
Old groff fails to assert a newline before
.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .
.It
groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
.Pf non- Sx \&Fa
children of
.Sx \&Fo
regarding spacing between arguments.
In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed
by a single space and the trailing
.Sq \&)
suppresses prior spacing.
.It
groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
.Sx \&Ft
and
.Sx \&Fn
in the
.Em SYNOPSIS :
at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior
.Sx \&Fn
has been invoked.
In mandoc, this is not the case.
See
.Sx \&Ft
and
.Sx \&Fn
for the normalised behaviour.
.It
Historic groff does not break before an
.Sx \&Fn
when not invoked as the line macro in the
.Em SYNOPSIS
section.
.It
Historic groff formats the
.Sx \&In
badly: trailing arguments are trashed and
.Em SYNOPSIS
is not specially treated.
.It
groff does not accept the
.Sq \&Ta
pseudo-macro as a line macro.
mandoc does.
.It
The comment syntax
.Sq \e."
is no longer accepted.
.It
In groff, the
.Sx \&Pa
macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
certain list types.
mandoc does.
.It
Historic groff does not print a dash for empty
.Sx \&Fl
arguments.
mandoc and newer groff implementations do.
.It
groff behaves irregularly when specifying
.Sq \ef
.Sx Text Decoration
within line-macro scopes.
mandoc follows a consistent system.
.It
In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would
move to prior lines.
Furthermore, the
.Sq f
scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
.It
In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a
standalone double-quote in formatted output.
This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.
.It
Display offsets
.Sx \&Bd
.Fl offset Ar center
and
.Fl offset Ar right
are disregarded in mandoc.
Furthermore, troff specifies a
.Fl file Ar file
argument that is not supported in mandoc.
Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),
.Fl ragged
and
.Fl filled
are aliases, as are
.Fl literal
and
.Fl unfilled .
.It
Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.
.It
The vertical bar
.Sq \(ba
made historic groff
.Qq go orbital
but has been a proper delimiter since then.
.It
.Sx \&It Fl nested
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
nested and
.Fl enum
lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
.It
Some manuals use
.Sx \&Li
incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
delimiter to render.
This is not supported in mandoc.
.It
In groff, the
.Sx \&Cd ,
.Sx \&Er ,
.Sx \&Ex ,
and
.Sx \&Rv
macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.
mandoc does not have these restrictions.
.It
Newer groff and mandoc print
.Qq AT&T UNIX
prior to unknown arguments of
.Sx \&At ;
older groff did nothing.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr mandoc 1 ,
.Xr mandoc_char 7
.Sh AUTHORS
The
.Nm
reference was written by
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .
.\"
.\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats.
.\" .
.\" .
.\" .Sh CAVEATS
.\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.
.\" .
.\" .Pp
.\" .Bl -dash -compact
.\" .It
.\" .Sq \&Fa
.\" should be
.\" .Sq \&Va
.\" as function arguments are variables.
.\" .It
.\" .Sq \&Ft
.\" should be
.\" .Sq \&Vt
.\" as function return types are still types.  Furthermore, the
.\" .Sq \&Ft
.\" should be removed and
.\" .Sq \&Fo ,
.\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as
.\" .Sq \&Va .
.\" .It
.\" .Sq \&Va
.\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a
.\" variable name and optional, preceding type.
.\" .It
.\" .Sq \&Fd
.\" is ambiguous.  It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the
.\" synopsis section.
.\" .Sq \&In
.\" should be used, instead.
.\" .It
.\" Only the
.\" .Sq \-literal
.\" argument to
.\" .Sq \&Bd
.\" makes sense.  The remaining ones should be removed.
.\" .It
.\" The
.\" .Sq \&Xo
.\" and
.\" .Sq \&Xc
.\" macros should be deprecated.
.\" .It
.\" The
.\" .Sq \&Dt
.\" macro lacks clarity.  It should be absolutely clear which title will
.\" render when formatting the manual page.
.\" .It
.\" A
.\" .Sq \&Lx
.\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la
.\" .Sq \&Ox ,
.\" .Sq \&Nx
.\" etc.).
.\" .It
.\" There's no way to refer to references in
.\" .Sq \&Rs/Re
.\" blocks.
.\" .It
.\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via
.\" .Sq \&An
.\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section.
.\" .El
.\" .