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@Section
@Title { Objects, symbols, options, and lengths }
@Tag { objects }
@Begin
@PP
Lout is not concerned with the exact shapes of individual characters,
only with the rectangular areas they occupy:
@ID {
@Box margin { 0c } B &
@Box margin { 0c } i &
@Box margin { 0c } o &
@Box margin { 0c } l &
@Box margin { 0c } o &
@Box margin { 0c } g &
@Box margin { 0c } y
}
When letters join together into a word, the result is a larger rectangle
enclosing them all:
@ID @Box margin { 0c } Biology
When words join into lines we get even larger rectangles:
@ID @Box margin { 0c } { Biology is the study of living things. }
and so on up through paragraphs and columns to the largest rectangles,
which are pages. We call any such rectangle, whether made up of one
character, one word, one line, one paragraph, one page, or anything
object. @Index { object }
else, an @I { object }.
@PP
We also often say, for example, `the object
{@Code "@I { Hello world }"},' referring to a piece of Lout's input as
an object. This makes sense because we are anticipating the result
produced, in this case the object @I { Hello world }. It's true that if
a line break happens to fall between @I Hello and @I { world }, the
result of @Code "@I { Hello world }" is not a single rectangle. We
answer this by thinking of objects as existing before paragraph breaking
rearranges them.
@PP
Not everything is an object, however. @Code "@I" alone is not an object,
merely a symbol with the potential of producing an object when given an
object to work on. To understand this, ask yourself what rectangle
@Code "@I" alone could possibly represent: there is no such rectangle.
@PP
It helps to imagine the assembly of objects taking place before your
eyes. Look at @Code Hello and imagine the objects H, e, l, l, o being
assembled into the larger object Hello; look at @Code "Hello world"
and imagine Hello and world being assembled into Hello world. When
looking at
@ID @Code "@I { Hello world }"
you need to imagine the @Code "@I" symbol consuming the following object,
Hello world, and replacing it with the object @I { Hello world }. Here
is another example:
@ID @Code "@CurveBox { Hello world }"
The @Code "@CurveBox" symbol (Section {@NumberOf boxes}) consumes
Hello world and replaces it with the object
@ID @CurveBox { Hello world }
This brings us to a basic principle of Lout: @I { Where you can put
one object, you can put any object }. A few examples will show the
vast range of possibilities opened up by this:
@ID @Code "@CurveBox { @I Hello world }"
produces
@ID @CurveBox { @I Hello world }
It doesn't bother @Code "@CurveBox" if one of the words inside
it is in italics. Next:
@ID @Code "@I @CurveBox { Hello world }"
produces
@ID @I @CurveBox { Hello world }
The object following @Code "@I" cannot be just @Code {"@CurveBox"},
since that is not an object by itself (it needs to be applied to some
object first). So the object following @Code "@I" is
@Code {"@CurveBox { Hello world }"}, and it is this that is consumed by
@Code "@I" and modified. The @Code "@I" symbol is happy to hunt
through the object looking for words to italicize. We could go on
indefinitely in this way, producing
@ID @CurveBox { @CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world }
for example by {@Code "@CurveBox { @CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world }"}.
@PP
Symbols like @Code "@CurveBox" often have @I { options }, which are
option. @Index { option }
subsidiary symbols that modify the result. For example, @Code "@CurveBox"
has @Code "margin" and @Code "paint" options:
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@CurveBox"
" margin { 0.5c }"
" paint { lightgrey }"
"{ Hello world }"
}
Options come immediately after the main symbol, before any following
object. Each consists of the option name followed by the value we want
the option to have, always enclosed in braces. Setting out options on
separate lines as we have done above makes them easy to see but is not
compulsory (end of line and space are the same to Lout). The result,
naturally enough, is a curved box with a 0.5 centimetre margin around
its contents, painted light grey:
@ID @CurveBox
margin { 0.5c }
paint { lightgrey }
{ Hello world }
Options are optional: if you leave out an option, Lout supplies a
sensible @I default value for it. Options may be given in any
order. They are a very useful way of adding flexibility to symbols
without cluttering things up when they aren't needed. They also help
with learning: you can learn the basic symbol first and worry about
the options later.
@PP
Whenever a length is required, as in the @Code margin option above, it
length. @Index { length }
centimetres. @Index { centimetres }
inches. @Index { inches }
point.unit @Index { point (unit of measurement) }
em.unit @Index { em (unit of measurement) }
f.unit @Index { @Code f unit of measurement }
s.unit @Index { @Code s unit of measurement }
v.unit @Index { @Code v unit of measurement }
units.of @Index { units of measurement }
may be given using any one of the following seven units of measurement:
@ID @OneRow @Tab
@Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B }
vmargin { 0.5vx }
{
@Rowa A { c } B { Centimetres }
@Rowa A { i } B { Inches ({@Code "1i"} = {@Code "2.54c"}) }
@Rowa A { p } B { Points ({@Code "72p"} = {@Code "1i"}) }
@Rowa A { m } B { Ems ({@Code "12m"} = {@Code "1i"}) }
@Rowa A { f } B { @Code "1f" is the current font size }
@Rowa A { s } B { @Code "1s" is the current width of a space character }
@Rowa A { v } B { @Code "1v" is the current inter-line spacing }
}
The first four all define absolute distances and are strictly
interchangeable. It is traditional to measure font sizes in points; typical
sizes are @Code "12p" and {@Code "10p"}, but fractional sizes are allowed.
@PP
If you use the @Code "f" unit, the length will depend on the current
font size. This can be very useful. For example, the default value of
the @Code "margin" option of @Code "@CurveBox" is @Code "0.3f" (0.3
times the current font size). If you use a large font, for example in
an overhead transparency, you get a correspondingly large margin without
having to ask for it.
@PP
The @Code "s" and @Code "v" units are less useful. The @Code "v" unit
is used within paragraph symbols (Section {@NumberOf paragraphs}) to
ensure that the space between paragraphs widens with the inter-line spacing.
@End @Section
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