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Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
238 files changed, 62770 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/doc/README b/doc/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62f2260 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Directory lout/doc + +This directory contains directories holding the four documents +that describe the Lout document formatting system: + +design `The design and implementation of the Lout document + formatting language,' Software--Practice and Experience, + vol. 23, pp1001-1041 (September 1993) + +expert An Expert's Guide to the Lout Document Formatting System + +slides A Practical Introduction to the Lout Document Formatting + System (overhead transparencies) + +user A User's Guide to the Lout Document Formatting System + +Jeffrey H. Kingston +17 November 1997 diff --git a/doc/design/README b/doc/design/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e7a8af --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/README @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Directory lout/doc/design + +This directory contains the Lout source files +for the report entitled `The design and +implementation of the Lout document formatting +language' which appeared in Software--Practice +and Experience, vol 23, pp1001-1041 (September +1993). To produce the report, type the command + + lout all > outfile.ps + +in this directory. This must be done three +times to completely resolve all cross references, +although the PostScript file outfile.ps is +printable after the first run. Auxiliary files +with .li and .ld suffixes will be created in +this directory. A copy of the final outfile.ps +is included. + +The second and third runs should produce no error +messages (although changing the paper size might +produce one or two benign ones). + +Jeffrey H. Kingston +17 September 1999 diff --git a/doc/design/all b/doc/design/all new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2755e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/all @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +@SysInclude { eq } +@SysInclude { tab } +@SysInclude { fig } +@SysInclude { report } +@SysDatabase @Reference { oldrefs } +@Report + @Title { The Design and Implementation +of the +Lout Document Formatting Language } + @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston } + @Institution { Basser Department of Computer Science, +The University of Sydney 2006, +Australia } + @DateLine { 27 January, 1993 } + @InitialLanguage { English } + @OptimizePages { Yes } + @AbstractTitle { SUMMARY } + @Abstract +{ +Lout is a high-level language for document formatting, whose ease of use +has permitted an unprecedented number of advanced features to be added +quickly and reliably. This paper charts the evolution of the design and +implementation of Lout from conception in mid-1984 to public release in +October 1991. It includes extensive discussions of remaining problems +and possible solutions. +@DP +{@B Keywords} document formatting typesetting +} + +// + +@Include { s1_0 } +@Include { s2_0 } +@Include { s2_1 } +@Include { s2_2 } +@Include { s2_3 } +@Include { s2_4 } +@Include { s2_5 } +@Include { s2_9 } +@Include { s3_0 } +@Include { s3_1 } +@Include { s3_2 } +@Include { s3_3 } +@Include { s3_4 } +@Include { s3_9 } +@Include { s4_0 } +@Include { s5_0 } +@Include { s5_1 } +@Include { s5_2 } +@Include { s5_3 } +@Include { s5_4 } +@Include { s5_5 } +@Include { s5_9 } +@Include { s6_0 } +@Include { s6_1 } +@Include { s6_2 } +@Include { s6_9 } +@Include { s7_0 } diff --git a/doc/design/mydefs b/doc/design/mydefs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5473fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/mydefs @@ -0,0 +1,591 @@ + +def @TeX { T{ /0.2fo E}X } + +def @Code + right x +{ { Helvetica Base -1p } @Font lines @Break x +} + +###################################################### +# # +# Nodes and trees. # +# # +###################################################### + +import @Fig +def @FBox + named width { 0.6c } + named height { 0.4c } + named margin { 0.1c } + right x +{ + @Box margin { margin } + { width @Wide height @High + { /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x + } + } +} + +import @Fig +def @FEllipse + named width { 0.6c } + named height { 0.4c } + named margin { 0.1c } + right x +{ + @Ellipse margin { margin } + { height @High + { /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x + } + } +} + +import @Fig +def @FCircle + named width { 0.4c } + named height { 0.4c } + named margin { 0.1c } + right x +{ + @Circle margin { margin } + { width @Wide height @High + { /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x + } + } +} + +import @Fig +def @JoinFigures + left A + named linestyle { solid } + named linewidth { 0.5 pt } + named linecap { round } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named arrow { noarrow } + named headstyle { open } + named headwidth { 0.05 cm } + named headlength { 0.15 cm } + right B +{ + @Line + from { {A"@CTR"} ++ {{A"@CTR"} @Angle {B"@CTR"} A"@CIRCUM"} } + to { {B"@CTR"} ++ {{B"@CTR"} @Angle {A"@CTR"} B"@CIRCUM"} } + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + arrow { arrow } + headstyle { headstyle } + headwidth { headwidth } + headlength { headlength } + {} +} + +import @Fig +export @LeftSub @RightSub @FirstSub @NextSub @StubSub @Node +def @Tree + named hmargin { 0.2c } + named vmargin { 0.3c } + named linestyle { solid } + named linewidth { 0.5 pt } + named linecap { round } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named arrow { noarrow } + named headstyle { open } + named headwidth { 0.05 cm } + named headlength { 0.15 cm } + body x +@Begin + + def @LeftSub + precedence 90 + associativity left + left root + named hmargin { hmargin } + named linestyle { linestyle } + named linewidth { linewidth } + named linecap { linecap } + named dashlength { dashlength } + named arrow { arrow } + named headstyle { headstyle } + named headwidth { headwidth } + named headlength { headlength } + right x + { + { /vmargin {L::x} } |hmargin root | + L@T @JoinFigures + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + arrow { arrow } + headstyle { headstyle } + headwidth { headwidth } + headlength { headlength } + T + } + + def fixroot + precedence 90 + left root + { + |0.5rt root + } + + def firstsub + precedence 90 + associativity left + named hmargin { hmargin } + named linestyle { linestyle } + named linewidth { linewidth } + named linecap { linecap } + named dashlength { dashlength } + named arrow { arrow } + named headstyle { headstyle } + named headwidth { headwidth } + named headlength { headlength } + right x + { + S::x & + S@T @JoinFigures + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + arrow { arrow } + headstyle { headstyle } + headwidth { headwidth } + headlength { headlength } + T + } + + macro @FirstSub { fixroot //vmargin |0.5rt firstsub } + + def @NextSub + precedence 90 + associativity left + left others + named hmargin { hmargin } + named linestyle { linestyle } + named linewidth { linewidth } + named linecap { linecap } + named dashlength { dashlength } + named arrow { arrow } + named headstyle { headstyle } + named headwidth { headwidth } + named headlength { headlength } + right x + { + others &hmargin S::x & + S@T @JoinFigures + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + arrow { arrow } + headstyle { headstyle } + headwidth { headwidth } + headlength { headlength } + T + } + + def @RightSub + precedence 90 + associativity left + left root + named hmargin { hmargin } + named linestyle { linestyle } + named linewidth { linewidth } + named linecap { linecap } + named dashlength { dashlength } + named arrow { arrow } + named headstyle { headstyle } + named headwidth { headwidth } + named headlength { headlength } + right x + { + root |hmargin { /vmargin {R::x} } | + R@T @JoinFigures + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + arrow { arrow } + headstyle { headstyle } + headwidth { headwidth } + headlength { headlength } + T + } + + def @StubSub + precedence 90 + associativity left + left root + named linestyle { linestyle } + named linewidth { linewidth } + named linecap { linecap } + named dashlength { dashlength } + { + root | + @Figure + shape { T@SW + T@W -- { 0.1 cm 0.7 cm } + T@E -- {-0.1 cm 0.7 cm } + T@SE + } + linestyle { linestyle } + linewidth { linewidth } + linecap { linecap } + dashlength { dashlength } + { @Null } + } + + def @Node + # named mark {} + right root + { + T:: root + # & T@W ++ { -0.2 cm 0.1 cm } @BaseOf mark + } + + @OneCol @OneRow x + +@End @Tree + + +def @ShowMarks + named linewidth { 0.015 cm } + named linestyle { dashed } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named paint { lightgrey } + named marks { both } # none, horizontal, vertical, or both + right x +{ + @Fig + { @Box margin { 0c } linewidth { linewidth } paint { paint } + { @Figure + shape { + marks @Case { + { horizontal both } @Yield + { -0.3 cm ymark {xsize ymark} ++ {0.3 cm 0} } + else @Yield {} + } + marks @Case { + both @Yield [] + else @Yield {} + } + marks @Case { + { vertical both } @Yield + { xmark -0.3 cm {xmark ysize} ++ {0 0.3 cm} } + else @Yield {} + } + } + linewidth { linewidth } + linestyle { linestyle } + dashlength { dashlength } + x + } + } +} + + import @Fig + def @DagBox + named top {} + named mid {} + named base {} + { + @OneRow { + TOP:: @FBox top + // MID:: @FBox mid + // BASE:: @FBox base + } + } + + import @Fig + def @BlackDot + named diameter { 0.07c } + { + @Circle + margin { 0c } + paint { black } + { diameter @Wide diameter @High {} + } + } + + import @Fig + def @TVShape # television shape enclosing points ne, nw, se, sw + named nw {} + named ne {} + named sw {} + named se {} + named delta { 0.5 cm } + { + @Figure + shape { + { {nw @Min sw @Min ne @Min se} -- { delta 0 } } @Label BL + { {nw @Max sw @Max ne @Max se} ++ { delta 0 } } @Label TR + BL ++ { 0 BL @YDistance TR } @Label TL + BL ++ { BL @XDistance TR 0 } @Label BR + BL + BR [ BR ++ {0 delta} ] + BR ++ {delta delta} + TR ++ {delta -delta} [ TR -- {0 delta} ] + TR + TL [ TL -- {0 delta} ] + TL -- {delta delta} + BL ++ {-delta delta} [ BL ++ {0 delta} ] + BL + } + {} + } + + import @Fig + def @FunnyArrow + named from {} + named to {} + named arrow { forward } + { + @Figure + shape {from from ++ {0 from @YDistance to} to} + arrow { arrow } + {} + } + + def "->" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\256" } #174 decimal + def "=>" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\336" } #222 decimal + macro @JP { /0.5v } + + ################################################### + # # + # Lout keywords. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @@Begin { @Code "@Begin" } + def @@Break { @Code "@Break" } + def @@Case { @Code "@Case" } + def @@Database { @Code "@Database" } + def @@End { @Code "@End" } + def @@Font { @Code "@Font" } + def @@Galley { @Code "@Galley" } + def @@Graphic { @Code "@Graphic" } + def @@HExpand { @Code "@HExpand" } + def @@HScale { @Code "@HScale" } + def @@High { @Code "@High" } + def @@Include { @Code "@Include" } + def @@Key { @Code "@Key" } + def @@LClos { @Code "@LClos" } + def @@LEnv { @Code "@LEnv" } + def @@LInput { @Code "@LInput" } + def @@Moment { @Code "@Moment" } + def @@Next { @Code "@Next" } + def @@Null { @Code "@Null" } + def @@OneCol { @Code "@OneCol" } + def @@OneRow { @Code "@OneRow" } + def @@Open { @Code "@Open" } + def @@Prepend { @Code "@Prepend" } + def @@Rotate { @Code "@Rotate" } + def @@Space { @Code "@Space" } + def @@SysDatabase { @Code "@SysDatabase" } + def @@SysInclude { @Code "@SysInclude" } + def @@SysPrepend { @Code "@SysPrepend" } + def @@Tag { @Code "@Tag" } + def @@Tagged { @Code "@Tagged" } + def @@Use { @Code "@Use" } + def @@VExpand { @Code "@VExpand" } + def @@VScale { @Code "@VScale" } + def @@Yield { @Code "@Yield" } + def @@Wide { @Code "@Wide" } + + + ################################################### + # # + # Miscellaneous, mostly graphical definitions. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @Leaders + { .. @Leaders + } + + def @HLine { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke } + @Graphic {} + } + PDF @Yield { + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l S } + @Graphic {} + } + } + } + + def @VDashLine + right length + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + length @High + { 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke } + @Graphic {} + } + PDF @Yield { + length @High + { [ __mul(3, __pt) ] 0 d 0 0 m 0 __ysize l stroke } + @Graphic {} + } + } + } + + def @LBox + right offset + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + @OneCol @OneRow + { + { //0.2c + 0.6c @High 1.2c @Wide + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath + gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke } + @Graphic {} + } + ||offset @VDashLine 1c + } + } + PDF @Yield { + @OneCol @OneRow + { + { //0.2c + 0.6c @High 1.2c @Wide + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l + __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h + q 0.9 g f Q S } + @Graphic {} + } + ||offset @VDashLine 1c + } + } + } + } + + def @Arrow + right length + { @OneCol @OneRow + { + 30d @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine} + // + length @Wide @HLine + // + "-30d" @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine} + } + } + + def @DoubleArrow + right length + { @OneCol @OneRow + { + & 180d @Rotate @Arrow length + |0io @Arrow length + } + } + + def @Put + left coord + right x + { @OneCol @OneRow + { coord / | @OneCol @OneRow x + } + } + + macro @At { //0io } + + + ################################################### + # # + # Interpolated example documents. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @LittleEndRunPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleEndRun + force into { @LittleEndRunPlace&&preceding } + {} + + def @LittleTextPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleText into { @LittleTextPlace&&preceding } + right x + { x + } + + def @LittleFootPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleFootNote into { @LittleFootPlace&&following } + right x + { x + } + + def @LittlePageColumn + right x + { + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide x + } + + def @LittlePage + right x + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + @HContract @VContract + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto + 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke } @Graphic + { //0.3c ||0.3c + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x + ||0.3c //0.3c + } + } + PDF @Yield { + @HContract @VContract + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l s } @Graphic + { //0.3c ||0.3c + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x + ||0.3c //0.3c + } + } + } + } + + def @LittleFootSect + { 1c @Wide @HLine + //0.3v @LittleFootPlace ||0.5c + } + + def @LittlePageList + right @PageNum + { + @LittlePage { # |0.5rt @PageNum //0.8v + //0.3v @LittleTextPlace + //1rt @LittleFootSect + } + // + @LittlePageList @Next @PageNum + } + + def @LittleDocument + { @LittlePage + { @LittleTextPlace + //1rt @LittleFootSect + } + // @LittlePageList 2 + // @LittleEndRunPlace + } + + def @Strange + named @Format right @Val { [@Val] } + right x + { @Format x + } diff --git a/doc/design/outfile.ps b/doc/design/outfile.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f7525a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/outfile.ps @@ -0,0 +1,11727 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) +%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 11:56:58 1999 +%%DocumentData: Binary +%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) +%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) +%%Pages: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 +%%EndComments + +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp +/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def +/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def +/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def +/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll + moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def +/in { 1440 mul } def +/cm { 567 mul } def +/pt { 20 mul } def +/em { 120 mul } def +/sp { louts mul } def +/vs { loutv mul } def +/ft { loutf mul } def +/dg { } def + +/LoutGraphic { + /louts exch def + /loutv exch def + /loutf exch def + /ymark exch def + /xmark exch def + /ysize exch def + /xsize exch def +} def + +/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def + +/LoutFont +{ findfont exch scalefont setfont +} bind def + +/LoutRecode { + { findfont dup length dict begin + {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall + /Encoding exch def + currentdict end definefont pop + } + stopped pop +} bind def + +/BeginEPSF { + /LoutEPSFState save def + /dict_count countdictstack def + /op_count count 1 sub def + userdict begin + /showpage { } def + 0 setgray 0 setlinecap + 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin + 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath + /languagelevel where + { pop languagelevel + 1 ne + { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint + } if + } if +} bind def + +/EndEPSF { + count op_count sub { pop } repeat + countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat + LoutEPSFState restore +} bind def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource encoding vec2 +/vec2 [ +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright +/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash +/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven +/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question +/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G +/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O +/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W +/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore +/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g +/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o +/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w +/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef +/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi +/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction +/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent +/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron +/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section +/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron +/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered +/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown +/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla +/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis +/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply +/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls +/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla +/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis +/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide +/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis +] def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % +% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % +% % +% Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% 24 September 1991 % +% 22 December 1992 % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% linewidth ltabhs - +% horizontal single line +/ltabhs +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhsp - +% horizontal single line with projecting ends +/ltabhsp +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhd - +% horizontal double line +/ltabhd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdb - +% horizontal double line below mark +/ltabhdb +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdnw - +% horizontal double line with northwest corner +/ltabhdnw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch 3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdne - +% horizontal double line with northeast corner +/ltabhdne +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdsw - +% horizontal double line with southwest corner +/ltabhdsw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch -3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdse - +% horizontal double line with southeast corner +/ltabhdse +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvs - +% vertical single line +/ltabvs +{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvd - +% vertical double line +/ltabvd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvdr - +% vertical double line to right of mark +/ltabvdr +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % +% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % +% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % +% % +% <point> is two numbers, a point. % +% <length> is one number, a length % +% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % +% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +errordict begin + /handleerror + { + { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto + $error /errorname get + dup lfigdict exch known + { lfigdict exch get } + { 30 string cvs } ifelse + show + ( Command: ) show + $error /command get 30 string cvs show + } stopped {} if + showpage stop + } def +end + +% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels +/lfigconcat +{ 2 copy length exch length add string + dup 0 4 index putinterval + dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval + 3 1 roll pop pop +} def + +% <string> lfigdebugprint - +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places +% /lfigdebugprint +% { print +% (; operand stack:\n) print +% count copy +% count 2 idiv +% { == +% (\n) print +% } repeat +% (\n) print +% } def + +/lfigdict 120 dict def +lfigdict begin + +% error messages +/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def +/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def +/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def +/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def +/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def +/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def + +% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> +/lfigpi 3.14159 def + +% arc directions +/clockwise false def +/anticlockwise true def + +% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> +/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> +/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> +/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def + +% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> +/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def + +% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> +/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def + +% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> +/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def + +% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> +/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def + +% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> +/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def + +% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> +/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def + +% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> +/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def + +% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> +/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def + +%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> +/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def + +% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - +/lfigsolid +{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - +/lfigdashed +{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } + { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div + 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll + 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - +/lfigcdashed +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } + { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div + 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub + ] exch 2 div setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - +/lfigdotted +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } + { 1 index exch div ceiling div + [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - +/lfignoline +{ pop pop +} def + +% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) +/lfignopaint { } def +/lfignochange { fill } def +/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def + +% line caps (and joins, not currently used) +/lfigbutt 0 def +/lfiground 1 def +/lfigprojecting 2 def +/lfigmiter 0 def +/lfigbevel 2 def + +% shape and labels of the @Box symbol +/lfigbox +{ + 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef + xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef + xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol +/lfigcurvebox +{ + + xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef + xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef + + xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef + xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef + + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + + xmark 0 + xsize xmark sub 0 + [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] + xsize xmark + xsize ysize xmark sub + [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] + xsize xmark sub ysize + xmark ysize + [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] + 0 ysize xmark sub + 0 xmark + [ xmark xmark ] + xmark 0 +} def + +% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol +% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox +/lfigshadow +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Square symbol +/lfigsquare +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol +/lfigdiamond +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S E N W S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol +/lfigellipse +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef + xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol +/lfigcircle +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols +/lfighline +{ + 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols +/lfigvline +{ + xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: +% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> +/lfigpolygon +{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll + [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + exch dup 360 exch div exch + 1 1 3 2 roll + { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn + 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll + 3 2 roll lfigpointdef + dup 3 1 roll add exch + } for + pop lfigatangle +} def + +% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true +% or <array> <index> false +/lfiggetnext +{ 2 copy exch length ge + { false } + { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse +} def + +% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> +/lfigisnumbertype +{ dup type dup + /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or +} def + +% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> +/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def + +% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 +% or <array> <index> <array> 1 +% or <array> <index> <point> 2 +/lfiggetnextitem +{ lfiggetnext + { lfigisarraytype + { 1 + } + { lfigisnumbertype + { 3 1 roll + lfiggetnext + { lfigisnumbertype + { 4 3 roll exch 2 + } + { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { pop 0 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { 0 + } ifelse +} def + +% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> +% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, +% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. +% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing +% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and +% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. +/lfigsetarc +{ + 20 dict begin + matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll + 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub + dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def + dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def + dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def + dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def + + y1s y2s eq + { -1 + } + { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div + } ifelse + /da exch def + + x1s x2s eq + { -1 + } + { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div + } ifelse + /db exch def + + da 0 gt db 0 gt and + { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def + /scalex da sqrt LMax div def + /scaley db sqrt LMax div def + scalex scaley scale + 0 0 LMax + 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle + 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div + } + { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and + { 0 0 + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle + 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div + } + { x2 y2 lineto pop + x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance + } ifelse + } ifelse + 4 -1 roll setmatrix + end +} def + +% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 +% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) +% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> +/lfigsetcurve +{ 8 copy curveto pop pop + lfigangle + 5 1 roll + 4 2 roll lfigangle + exch + 0 +} def + +% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape +% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - +/lfigpaintpath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 newpath + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + { lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr + lfigsetcurve pop pop pop + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc pop pop pop + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr moveto + } ifelse + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop pop pop cvx exec + end +} def + +% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. +% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. +% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] +/lfigdopath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + /backarrow [] def + /fwdarrow [] def + { + lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { + 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { newpath xprev yprev moveto + curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub + xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance + } ifelse + 6 index 6 index cvx exec + [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] + backarrow length 0 eq + { /backarrow exch def } + { pop } ifelse + [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def + } if + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop + pop pop pop pop + backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse + fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse + end +} def + +% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form +% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - +/lfigdoarrow +{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate + 2 get rotate + [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 + 3 index 3 index neg + 1 index 10 index mul 0 + 7 index 7 index ] + 4 1 roll pop pop pop + dup 3 1 roll + gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop + setmatrix +} def + +% arrow head styles +/lfigopen 0.0 def +/lfighalfopen 0.5 def +/lfigclosed 1.0 def + +% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both +/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def +/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def +/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def +/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def + +% lfigprevious: return previous point on path +/lfigprevious +{ lfigisnumbertype + { 2 copy } + { lfigisarraytype + { 2 index 2 index } + { 0 0 } + ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - +/lfigpointdef +{ + % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint + [ 4 2 roll transform + /itransform cvx ] cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary +% <string> lfigpromotelabels - +/lfigpromotelabels +{ + % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end exch currentdict end + { exch 20 string cvs 2 index + (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def + } forall pop begin + % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - +/lfigshowlabels +{ + % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end + currentdict + { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key + { pop pop pop pop pop } + { pop cvx exec 2 copy + newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc + 0 setgray fill + /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show + } + ifelse + } forall + begin + % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> +/lfigfixangle +{ + % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint + { dup 0 ge { exit } if + 360 add + } loop + { dup 360 lt { exit } if + 360 sub + } loop + % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y +/lfigboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def + + % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + alpha theta le + { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + alpha 180 theta sub le + { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) + alpha 180 theta add le + { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) + alpha 360 theta sub le + { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } + { + % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 +% or x2 1 +% or 0 +/lfigqroots +{ + 4 dict begin + /c exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def + disc 0 lt + { 0 + } + { disc 0 eq + { b neg 2 a mul div + 1 + } + { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div + b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div + 2 + } + ifelse + } + ifelse + end +} def + +% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> +/lfigquadrant +{ dup 90 lt + { pop 0 + } + { dup 180 lt + { pop 1 + } + { 270 lt + { 2 + } + { 3 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y +/lfigcb +{ + 6 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /alpha exch def + /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def + /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def + alpha theta1 le + { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } + { alpha theta2 ge + { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b + } + { + % else, return the intersection of line and circle + a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect + dup 0 eq + { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point + pop + a b 0.5 lfigpmul + } + { 1 eq + { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack + } + { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger + lfigpmax + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end +} def + +% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y +/lfigcurveboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 5 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + + % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly + /quad alpha lfigquadrant def + quad 0 eq + { alpha a b xmk lfigcb + } + { quad 1 eq + { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch + } + { quad 2 eq + { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch + } + { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y +/lfigdiamondcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y +/lfigellipsecircum +{ + % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points +% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y +/lfiglineintersect +{ + % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /y4 exch def + /x4 exch def + /y3 exch def + /x3 exch def + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def + x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def + y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def + y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def + y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def + + % calculate x + y21 x43 mul x1 mul + y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub + y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add + det div + + % calculate y + x21 y43 mul y1 mul + x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub + x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add + det neg div + + end + % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of polygon +% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y +/lfigpolycircum +{ + % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /theta exch def + /num exch def + /radius exch def + /alpha exch def + + % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha + alpha theta sub lfigfixangle + + % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta + 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def + + % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea + anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def + + % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line + anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin + 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul + lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul + + end + % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of a point and a circle +% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 +% or xb yb 1 +% or 0 +/lfigcircleintersect +{ + % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint + 15 dict begin + /theta exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + /r exch def + /y0 exch def + /x0 exch def + + % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 + theta sin abs 0.00001 lt + { + /a 1 def + /b -2 x0 mul def + /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 1 + } + { y1 exch y1 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { + /ct theta cos theta sin div def + /a ct ct mul 1 add def + /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def + /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xb yb 1 + } + { y1 add /ya exch def + ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def + y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xa ya xb yb 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - +/lfigcircumdef +{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint + /CIRCUM exch cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +end +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg + +% width height linethickness louteuro - +% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness +% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley +/louteuro { + 20 dict begin + /eurothick exch def + /euroheight exch def + /eurowidth exch def + /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def + /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def + /eurotheta 40 def + + % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - + % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness + /louteurobox + { + /euroboxthick exch def + /euroboxwidth exch def + newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto + eurostep euroboxthick rlineto + euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill + } def + + % lower cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub + eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox + + % upper cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add + eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox + + % circular part + /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def + /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def + newpath + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn + closepath fill + end +} def + +% path for @FullWidthRule symbol +/LoutRule +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto +} def + +% path for @Box symbol +/LoutBox +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto + closepath +} def + +% path for @CurveBox symbol +/LoutCurveBox +{ xmark 0 moveto + xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc + xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc + xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc + closepath +} def + +% path for @ShadowBox symbol +/LoutShadowBox +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto + closepath +} def + +% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - +/LoutMargSet +{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def + LoutMargDict begin + /parity exch def + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /rightx xsize def + /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note + /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note + /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + end +} def + +%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - +% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner +/LoutMargShift +{ LoutMargDict begin + + % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust + 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop + + % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity + exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq + { + % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + lefty min + + % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /lefty exch def + + % want right edge of note at coordinate zero + xsize neg exch + } + { + % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + righty min + + % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /righty exch def + + % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx + rightx exch + } ifelse + + % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates + matr setmatrix translate + end +} def + +% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users +/LoutPageSet +{ + /LoutPageDict 5 dict def + LoutPageDict begin + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /left 0 def + 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282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 128(a)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 128 128(c)m + +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 +123 128(a)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 105(b)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 1298 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 1576 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m + +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(COL)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 105(b)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 +118 105(d)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k + +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 128(a)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 105(b)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3096 1298 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3096 1806 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +3096 1862 0 1806 240 288 12 3152 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +1717 338 56 282 240 288 12 1379 1524 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt78 +156 121(|)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(COL)m + +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 128(a)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 128 128(c)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 +56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 128 128(c)m + +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 118 105(d)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 1298 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 1576 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 +56 107(COL)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore +192 fnt83 123 105(b)m +grestore +(T) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +(S) lfigpromotelabels +grestore +0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 + +0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap +0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef +T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath +pop pop +grestore + +grestore +338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 +currentdict end 70 dict begin begin 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+4183(document)s 5187(editor)s 5744(.)s 240 fnt83 5908 7423(IEEE)m +6490(Computer)s 240 fnt82 7453 7421(,)m 7560(7\21119)s 8091(\(1991\))s +8718(.)s +grestore + +grestore + +grestore + +pgsave restore +showpage + +%%Trailer +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica +%%+ font Symbol +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp +%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup +%%+ encoding vec2 +%%Pages: 41 +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/design/s1_0 b/doc/design/s1_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca487ba --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s1_0 @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +@Section + @Title { Introduction } +@Begin +@PP +Lout [1, 2] is a high-level language +for document formatting, designed and implemented by the author. The +implementation, known as Basser Lout, is a fully operational production +version written in C for the Unix operating system, +@FootNote { Unix is a trademark of "AT&T" Bell Laboratories. } +which translates Lout source code into PostScript, +@FootNote { PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. } +a device-independent graphics rendering language accepted by many +high-resolution output devices, including most laser printers. Basser +Lout is available free of charge [3]. It includes +installation instructions, C source, seven standard packages, and complete +documentation in the form of six technical reports and a manual page. +@PP +The Lout project arose out of the author's desire to bring to document +formatting languages the elegance of expression found in programming +languages like Algol-60 and Pascal. This emphasis on expressiveness +has produced an order of magnitude reduction in the cost of developing +document formatting applications. For example, an equation formatting +application, which may be difficult or impossible to add to other +systems, can be written in Lout in a few days. +@PP +When expert users can implement such applications quickly, non-experts +benefit. Although Lout itself provides only a small kernel of carefully +chosen primitives, packages written in Lout and distributed with Basser +Lout provide an unprecedented array of advanced features in a form +accessible to non-expert users. The features include rotation and scaling, +fonts, paragraph and page breaking, displays and lists, floating figures +and tables, footnotes, chapters and sections (automatically numbered), +running page headers and footers, odd-even page layouts, automatically +generated tables of contents, sorted indexes and reference lists, +bibliographic and other databases (including databases of formats for +printing references), equations, tables, diagrams, formatting of +Pascal programs, and automatically maintained cross references. +@PP +This paper charts the evolution of Lout from conception in mid-1984 to the +public release of Basser Lout in October 1991. Lout is organized around +four key concepts -- objects, definitions, galleys, and cross references -- +and they were developed in the order listed, so this paper will treat each +in turn, discussing its design, implementation, problems, and +prospects for further improvement. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s2_0 b/doc/design/s2_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef4bea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_0 @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +@Section + @Title { Objects } +@Begin +@PP +The essence of any move to a higher level is the introduction of some +abstraction which serves to organize the low-level operations, +resulting in a more succinct expression of their +common combinations at the cost of some loss of detailed control. The +early part of the Lout project was spent in the development of such an +abstraction for the building blocks of documents, one which could +explain, not just the simple phenomena of words, lines, and paragraphs, +but also the alignment of columns in tables, and the complex nested +structures of equations. +@BeginSubSections diff --git a/doc/design/s2_1 b/doc/design/s2_1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ee4c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_1 @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { genesis } + @Title { The genesis of the object abstraction } +@Begin +@PP +When one examines previous document formatting systems [4] +looking for ideas for abstractions, as the author did in 1984, the Eqn +formatting language [5] stands out like a beacon. In +Eqn, a mathematical formula such as +@ID @Eq { { x sup 2 + 1 } over 4 } +is produced by typing +@ID @Code "{ x sup 2 + 1 } over 4" +in the input file; @Code sup and @Code over are binary operators, and +braces are used for grouping. This is document formatting at a very +high level, close to the language of mathematics itself, with all +reference to font changes and spacing suppressed. +@PP +Eqn provides a single data type (let us call it the {@I expression}), +built up recursively in context-free style: where one expression may appear, +any expression may appear. This approach is common in algebra and +programming languages, where its simplicity and expressiveness have long +been appreciated; but Eqn was the first language to demonstrate its +utility in document formatting. +@PP +Each expression is treated by Eqn as a rectangle with a +{@I {horizontal axis}}, used for alignment with adjacent expressions: +@ID @ShowMarks marks { horizontal } @Eq { { x sup 2 + 1 } over 4 } +The size and rendering of the expression on the printed page are +known only to the implementation, never explicitly calculated or +accessed by the user. This prohibition is +crucial to the maintenance of the context-free property in practice. In +Lout, for example, equations, figures, tables, and arbitrary objects may +be mixed together freely. This would be impossible if size information +was hidden from the implementation in user calculations. +@PP +The object abstraction of Lout is a direct descendant of the Eqn +expression. It employs the same context-free recursive style of construction, +and each object is treated by Lout as a rectangle: +@ID @Fig { +@ShowMarks { 1c @Wide ^| 2c @Wide 0.45c @High ^/ 0.35c @High } +} +The horizontal axis, called a @I { row mark } in Lout, has a +vertical analogue called a {@I {column mark}}, creating a valuable +symmetry between horizontal and vertical. Multiple column and row marks +are permitted: +@ID @OneRow @Fig { +A:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1.2c @Wide 0.8c @High } +|1c +B:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1c @Wide 0.8c @High } +/0.5c +C:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 0.7c @Wide 0.8c @High } +|1c +D:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1.3c @Wide 0.8c @High } +// @Line linestyle { dashed } + from { A@W -- { 0.3 cm 0 } } + to { B@W ++ { 1.6 cm 0 } } +// @Line linestyle { dashed } + from { C@W -- { 0.3 cm 0 } } + to { D@W ++ { 1.6 cm 0 } } +// @Line linestyle { dashed } + from { A@NW ++ { 0 0.3 cm } } + to { C@SW -- { 0 0.3 cm } } +// @Line linestyle { dashed } + from { B@NW ++ { 0.3 cm 0.3 cm } } + to { D@SW ++ { 0.3 cm -0.3 cm } } +} +so that objects are able to represent tables. +@PP +This abstraction has some limitations, the most obvious being the restriction +of size calculations to rectangular bounding boxes. Non-rectangular and +disconnected shapes arise naturally in figures and in the characters of +fonts; the extension to them is conceptually straightforward and might +help to explain some fine points of layout such as kerning. However, +there are implementation and language design problems, particularly +when filling non-rectangular shapes with text, and so the author chose +to keep to Eqn's rectangles. +@PP +A more fundamental limitation of the object abstraction arises from the +inability of recursive data types to describe cross-linked structures, +which seem to require some means of naming the multiply referenced +parts. Lout is obliged to introduce additional abstractions to cope +with cross linking: galleys for inserting text into pages +(Section {@NumberOf galleys}), cross references (Section {@NumberOf cross}), +and labelled points in figure drawing [6]. An +abstraction closer to hypertext might form a more unified basis for +these features. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s2_2 b/doc/design/s2_2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4a3818 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_2 @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { lexical } + @Title { Grammatical and lexical structure } +@Begin +@PP +If objects are to be constructed like mathematical expressions, the +natural notation is a functional language based on operators, as in +Eqn. The grammar of Lout objects is accordingly +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { +object +nextcol +--> above --> above --> above --> above --> above --> above --> above --> +nextcol +{ object ``` infixop ``` object } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ prefixop ``` object } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ object ``` postfixop } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ noparsop } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ literalword } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ @Code "{" ``` object ``` @Code "}" } +labove gap { "1fx" } +{ object ``` object } +labove gap { "1fx" } +} +} +where {@Eq {infixop}}, {@Eq {prefixop}}, {@Eq {postfixop}}, and +{@Eq {noparsop}} are identifiers naming operators which take 0, 1 +or 2 parameters, as shown, and @Eq {literalword} is a sequence of +non-space characters, or an arbitrary sequence of characters +enclosed in double quotes. Ambiguities are resolved by precedence +and associativity. +@PP +The last production allows a meaning for expressions such as +{@Code "{}"}, in which an object is missing. The value of this +@I {empty object} is a rectangle of size 0 by 0, with one column +mark and one row mark, that prints as nothing. +@PP +The second-last production generates sequences of arbitrary objects +separated by white space, called {@I paragraphs}. Ignoring +paragraph breaking for now, the natural meaning is that the two +objects should appear side by side, and Lout's parser accordingly +interpolates an infix horizontal concatenation operator (see below) +between them. This operator is associative, so the grammatical +ambiguity does no harm. However, the Algol-60 rule that white space +should be significant only as a separator is necessarily broken by +Lout in just this one place. +@PP +Algol-like languages distinguish literal strings from identifiers by +enclosing them in quotes, but literals are far too frequent in document +formatting for this to be viable. The conventional solution is to +begin identifiers with a special character, and Lout follows Scribe +[7] in using "`@'" rather than the "`\\'" of troff +[8] and @TeX [9]. +@PP +However, Lout takes the unusual step of making an initial "`@'" +optional. The designers of Eqn apparently considered such +characters disfiguring in fine-grained input like equations, and +this author agrees. The implementation is straightforward: "`@'" is +classed as just another letter, and every word is searched for in +the symbol table. If it is found, it is an identifier, otherwise it +is a literal. A warning message is printed when a literal beginning +with "`@'" is found, since it is probably a mis-spelt identifier. No +such safety net is possible for identifiers without "`@'". +@PP +Equation formatting also demands symbols made from punctuation +characters, such as @Code "+" and {@Code "<="}. It is traditional to +allow such symbols to be juxtaposed, which means that the input +@ID @Code "<=++" +for example must be interpreted within the lexical analyser by searching +the symbol table for its prefixes in the order {@Code "<=++"}, +{@Code "<=+"}, {@Code "<="}. Although this takes quadratic time, in +practice such sequences are too short to make a more sophisticated +linear method like tries worthwhile. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s2_3 b/doc/design/s2_3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..341ea74 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_3 @@ -0,0 +1,326 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { objects } + @Title { Basic structural operators } +@Begin +@PP +A programming language may be considered complete when it attains the +power of a Turing machine, but no such criterion seems relevant to +document formatting. Instead, as the language develops and new +applications are attempted, deficiencies are exposed and the operator set is +revised to overcome them. +@PP +Lout has a repertoire of 23 primitive operators +(Figure {@NumberOf primitives}), + +@Figure + @Caption { The 23 primitive operators of Lout, in order of +increasing precedence. } + @Tag { primitives } +@Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @I A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { object {@Code "/"}gap object } + B { Vertical concatenation with mark alignment } +@Rowa + A { object {@Code "//"}gap object } + B { Vertical concatenation with left justification } +@Rowa + A { object {@Code "|"}gap object } + B { Horizontal concatenation with mark alignment } +@Rowa + A { object {@Code "||"}gap object } + B { Horizontal concatenation with top-justification } +@Rowa + A { object {@Code "&"}gap object } + B { Horizontal concatenation within paragraphs } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@OneCol"} object } + B { Hide all but one column mark of @I object } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@OneRow"} object } + B { Hide all but one row mark of @I object } +@Rowa + A { font @Code "@Font" object } + B { Render @I object in nominated font } +@Rowa + A { breakstyle @Code "@Break" object} + B { Break paragraphs of @I object in nominated style } +@Rowa + A { spacestyle @Code "@Space" object } + B { Render spaces between words in nominated style } +@Rowa + A { length {@Code "@Wide"} object } + B { Render @I object to width @I length } +@Rowa + A { length {@Code "@High"} object } + B { Render @I object to height @I length } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@HExpand"} object} + B { Expand horizontal gaps to fill available space } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@VExpand"} object} + B { Expand vertical gaps to fill available space } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@HScale"} object } + B { Horizontal geometrical scaling to fill available space } +@Rowa + A { {@Code "@VScale"} object } + B { Vertical geometrical scaling to fill available space } +@Rowa + A { angle {@Code "@Rotate"} object } + B { Rotate @I object by @I angle } +@Rowa + A { PostScript {@Code "@Graphic"} object } + B { Escape to graphics language } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@Next" object } + B { Add 1 to an object denoting a number } +@Rowa + A { object @Code "@Case" alternatives } + B { Select from a set of alternative objects } +@Rowa + A { identifier @Code "&&" object } + B { Cross reference } +@Rowa + A { cross-reference @Code "@Open" object } + B { Retrieve value from cross reference } +@Rowa + A { cross-reference @Code "@Tagged" object} + B { Attach cross referencing tag to object } +} + +which has proven adequate for a wide variety of features, including equations, +tables, and page layout, and so seems to be reasonably complete in this +pragmatic sense. In this section we introduce the eight concatenation and +mark-hiding operators. To them falls the basic task of assembling complex +objects from simple ones, and they were the first +to be designed and implemented. +@PP +Many of the operators of Eqn can be viewed as building small tables. A +built-up fraction, for example, has one column and three rows +(numerator, line, and denominator). Numerous investigations of this +kind convinced the author that operators capable of assembling the rows +and columns of tables would suffice for building all kinds of objects. +@PP +The simplest objects are empty objects and literal words like +{@Code metempsychosis}, which have one column mark and one row mark: +@ID { +@ShowMarks metempsychosis +} +To place two arbitrary objects side by side, we use the infix +operator {@Code "|"}, denoting horizontal concatenation. For +example, +@ID { +@Code "USA |0.2i Australia" +} +produces the object +@ID { +@ShowMarks USA |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia +} +The row marks are merged into one, fixing the vertical position of +the objects relative to each other; their horizontal separation is +determined by the @I gap attached to the operator, in this case 0.2 +inches. We think of the gap as part of the operator, although +strictly it is a third parameter. It may be omitted, defaulting to +{@Code "0i"}. +@PP +@I {Vertical concatenation} & , denoted by the infix operator {@Code "/"}, +is the same apart from the change of direction: +@ID { +@Code "Australia /0.1i USA" +} +produces the object +@ID { +@ShowMarks Australia /0.1i +@ShowMarks USA +} +with column marks merged and a 0.1 inch gap. +@PP +Consider now what happens when horizontal and vertical are combined: +@ID @OneRow @Code { + |1m "{" USA |1m "|0.2i" |1m Australia "}" +/1vx "/0.1i" | "{" Washington | "|" | Canberra "}" +} +The two parameters of @Code "/" now have two column marks each, and +they will be merged with the corresponding marks in the other +parameter, yielding the object + +@ID @OneRow { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + @ShowMarks USA & + { 0 ymark moveto xsize 10 pt add ymark lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke } + @Graphic {1c @Wide } + |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia +/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington | @ShowMarks Canberra + } + PDF @Yield { + @ShowMarks USA & + { [ __mul(3, __pt) ] 0 d 0 __ymark m __add(__xsize, __mul(10, __pt)) __ymark l S } + @Graphic {1c @Wide } + |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia +/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington | @ShowMarks Canberra + } + } +} +The @Code "0.2i" gap separates columns, not individual items in +columns, so a gap attached to the second @Code "|" would serve no +purpose; any such gap is ignored. If the number of marks to be merged +differs, empty columns are added at the right to equalize the number. The +four marks protruding from the result are all available for merging +with neighbouring marks by other concatenation operators. The precedence +of @Code "|" is higher than the precedence of {@Code "/"}, so the braces +could be omitted. +@PP +When lines of text are concatenated, it is conventional to measure +their separation from baseline to baseline (mark to mark in Lout), +rather than from edge to edge as above. This idea of different +reference points for measurement evolved over the years into a +system of six @I {gap modes} (Figure {@NumberOf gapmodes}), expressed +by appending a letter to the length. For example, @Code "|0.2i" is +an abbreviation for {@Code "|0.2ie"}, meaning 0.2 inches measured +from edge to edge; @Code "|0.3ix" +produces a 0.3 inch gap measured from mark to mark and widened if +necessary to prevent overstriking; and @Code "|2.5it" places its right +parameter 2.5 inches from the current left margin, irrespective of +the position of the left parameter. There is also a choice of +eleven units of measurement (inches, centimetres, multiples of the +current font size, etc.), the most interesting being +the @Code r unit: one @Code r is the column width minus the width of +the following object, so that @Code "|1rt" produces sufficient space +to right justify the following object, and @Code "|0.5rt" to center +it. These features implement spacings needed in practice rather +than suggested by theory. They work with all five concatenation +operators, horizontal and vertical. + +@Figure + @Tag { gapmodes } + @Caption { The six gap modes (@I length is any length). Hyphenation +mode has an extra property not shown here. } +@Fig { +{ /2.5vx Edge-to-edge |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code e} + /4.2vx Hyphenation |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code h} + /4.2vx Overstrike |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code o} + /4.2vx Mark-to-mark |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code x} + /4.2vx Kerning |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code k} + /4.2vx Tabulation |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code t} +} +||0.5i +@Box margin { 0c } 6c @Wide 14.5c @High 9p @Font +{ + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } @Put { 3.3c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } + @Put 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt @Eq { max(length, a+b) } } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } } + } + //4.5vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } + @Put { 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt @Eq { max(length, a, b) } } } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 0.0c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 4.0c } + @At { 2.8c @Wide 1.8c @High } @Put { @I length } + } + //5vx + @DoubleArrow 6c + //0.1c |0.5rt @I { current bound } +} +} + +@PP +When we construct a built-up fraction, the result has three row marks, but +only the second should be visible outside the object: +@ID @Eq { @ShowMarks { X over Y } } +This is a common problem, and accordingly a @Code "@OneRow" operator was +introduced for hiding all but one of the row marks of its +parameter. Normally, the first mark is the survivor, but a later mark can +be chosen by prefixing @Code "^" to the preceding concatenation operator: +@ID @Code "@OneRow { X ^/2p @HLine /2p Y }" +has the desired result, where {@Code "2p"} is two points and @Code "@HLine" +is an easy combination of Lout's graphics operators. A similar operator, +{@Code "@OneCol"}, hides column marks. +@PP +A variant of @Code "/" called @Code "//" is provided which performs +vertical concatenation but ignores all column marks and simply +left-justifies its two parameters: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"Heading //0.1i" +"A |0.2i B /0.1i" +"C | D" +} +has result +@ID { Heading //0.1i A |0.2i B /0.1i C | D } +showing that spanning columns in tables motivate the inclusion of this +operator. There is an analogous @Code "||" operator. The author +would have preferred to leave out these operators, since they +complicate the implementation, and it is interesting to examine the +prospects of doing so. +@PP +The @Code "//" operator is formally redundant, because in general +the expression @Code "x // y" can be replaced by +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@OneCol { | x } /" +"@OneCol { | y }" +} +for any objects {@Code x} and {@Code y}. By concatenating an empty +object at the left of @Code x and hiding all but that empty object's +column mark, we effectively shift {@Code x}'s column mark to its left +edge. The same goes for {@Code y}, so the @Code "/" operator has just +one column mark to merge, at the extreme left, and its effect is +indistinguishable from {@Code "//"}. +@PP +Unfortunately, if @Code y consists of two rows separated by {@Code "/"}, +as in the example above, both rows must be placed inside the +{@Code "@OneCol"}, and the table cannot be entered in the simple +row-by-row manner that non-expert users naturally expect. Another +advantage of @Code "//" is that its left parameter can be printed +before its right parameter is known; this is important when the left +parameter is an entire page. +@PP +The fifth and final concatenation operator, {@Code "&"}, is an explicit +version of the horizontal concatenation operator interpolated when +objects are separated by white space. It is formally identical to +@Code "|" except for taking higher precedence and being subject to +replacement by @Code "//1vx" during paragraph breaking +(Section {@NumberOf style}). +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s2_4 b/doc/design/s2_4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38d25e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_4 @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { objects.impl } + @Title { Implementation of objects and concatenation } +@Begin +@PP +In this section we discuss the implementation of objects and concatenation, +and especially mark alignment. The first step is to use an operator +precedence parser to convert input such as +@ID @Code "a |0.5i b /0.2i c | d" +into parse trees such as +@ID @Eq { +@Fig { +@Tree { +@Node @FCircle fraction +@FirstSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.5i } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle b } +} +@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i } +@NextSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } +} +} +} +} +Missing objects are replaced by empty objects, and sequences of +concatenation operators are consolidated: +@ID @Eq { +@Fig { +@Tree { +@Node @FCircle bar +@FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } +@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i } +@NextSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.3i } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } +} +} +} +&2m ==> &2m +@Fig { +@Tree { +@Node @FCircle bar +@FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } +@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i } +@NextSub { @Node @FCircle c } +@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.3i } +@NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } +} +} +} +to make manifest their associativity and reduce the depth of the tree +for efficiency later. +@PP +The required semantic information is the size of each subobject, +consisting of four integers: width to left and right of the +distinguished column mark, and height above and below the distinguished +row mark. These numbers are always non-negative in Basser Lout, but +this restriction is unnecessary and should be dropped. +@PP +For the leaves, which are simple words, the numbers are obtained from +font tables. For the higher levels we apply recursive rules. Suppose +that @Eq { hgap(x, g, y) } returns the desired distance between the +column marks of objects @Eq { x } and @Eq { y } when they are separated by +gap @Eq { g }: @Eq { right(x) + length(g) + left(y) } when the gap mode is +edge-to-edge, the larger of @Eq { length(g) } and +@Eq { right(x) + left(y) } when the mode is mark-to-mark, and so on. Given +an object +@ID @Eq { +X = x sub 1 ````` bar g sub 1 ````` ... ````` { "-2p" @Font "^"}bar g sub i-1 +````` x sub i ````` ... ````` bar g sub n-1 ````` x sub n +} +we may calculate its size as follows: +@ID @Eq { +left(X) ^= left( x sub 1 ) + hgap( x sub 1 , g sub 1 , x sub 2 ) ++ ... + hgap( x sub i-1 , g sub i-1 , x sub i ) +/1.4vx +right(X) ^= hgap( x sub i , g sub i , x sub i+1 ) ++ ... + hgap( x sub n-1 , g sub n-1 , x sub n ) + right( x sub n ) +/1.4vx +"above"(X) ^= "above"(x sub 1 ) up ... up "above"(x sub n ) +/1.4vx +"below"(X) ^= "below"(x sub 1 ) up ... up "below"(x sub n ) +} +where @Eq { non up } returns the larger of its two parameters. Similar +formulas are easily derived for the other operators. +@PP +For purposes of exposition we will now make the simplifying +assumptions that all gaps are {@Code "0i"}, all column marks lie at +the left edge, and all row marks lie at the top edge. Then the size +of each object can be expressed by just two numbers, width and +height, and the four formulas reduce to +@ID @Eq { +width( x sub 1 rel bar ... rel bar x sub n ) ^= +width( x sub 1 ) + ... + width( x sub n ) +/1.4vx +height( x sub 1 rel bar ... rel bar x sub n ) ^= +height( x sub 1 ) up ... up height( x sub n ) +} +The corresponding formulas for vertical concatenation are +@ID @Eq { +width( x sub 1 rel "/" ... rel "/" x sub n ) ^= +width( x sub 1 ) up ... up width( x sub n ) +/1.4vx +height( x sub 1 rel "/" ... rel "/" x sub n ) ^= +height( x sub 1 ) + ... + height( x sub n ) +} +According to these formulas, the height of +@ID @Eq { @Fig { @Tree { +@Node @FCircle fraction +@LeftSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @LeftSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle b } +} +@RightSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @LeftSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle d } +} +}}} +is +@ID @Eq { +[ height(a) up height(b)] + [ height(c) up height(d)] +} +which is correct, but for width they yield +@ID @Eq { +[ width(a) + width(b)] up [ width(c) + width(d)] +} +which is not, since it does not take the merging of column marks into +account. The asymmetry between horizontal and vertical has come +about because the row entries, such as @Eq {a} and {@Eq {b}}, are +adjacent in the tree, but the column entries, such as @Eq {a} and +{@Eq {c}}, are not. It would be possible to solve this cross-linking +problem by augmenting the size information stored in each node to +record the number of marks and the size of each, but the author has +preferred the following method which makes structural changes to the +tree instead. +@PP +If @Eq { a } and @Eq { c } share a column mark, they each might as well +have width { @Eq {width(a) up width(c) }}, since all width calculations +apply to entire columns. Accordingly, we introduce a new operator, +@Eq {COL}, defined by +@ID @Eq { width( x sub 1 bin COL ... bin COL x sub n ) = +width( x sub 1 ) up ... up width( x sub n ) +} +and replace both @Eq { a } and @Eq { c } by {@Eq { a bin COL c }}. To +prevent @Eq { COL } operators from disturbing height calculations, we +define a binary operator called @Eq { SPLIT } by +@ID @Eq { width( x bin SPLIT y) ^= width(x) +/1.4vx +height( x bin SPLIT y) ^= height(y) } +which switches height and width calculations onto different +subtrees. Then the transformation +@ID @Eq { +@Fig { @Tree { + @Node @FCircle a +}} +&2m ==> &2m +@Fig { @Tree { + @Node @FEllipse SPLIT + @LeftSub { + @Node @FEllipse COL + @LeftSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle c } + } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle a } +}} +} +# where @Eq { S } denotes a @Eq { SPLIT } node and @Eq { C } denotes a +# @Eq { COL } node, +widens @Eq { a } to @Eq {width(a) up width(c) } without affecting its height; +it is applied to every object that shares its column mark with at least +one other object. A similar transformation involving a @Eq { ROW } operator +deals with shared row marks. The effect on our little table is to replace +@ID @Eq { @Fig { @Tree { +@Node @FCircle fraction +@LeftSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @LeftSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle b } +} +@RightSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @LeftSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @RightSub { @Node @FCircle d } +} +}}} +by +@ID @Eq { @Fig maxlabels { "70" } { @Tree hmargin { "0.1c" } { +@Node @FCircle fraction +@FirstSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse SPLIT + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse COL + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle c } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse ROW + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle b } + } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse SPLIT + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse COL + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle b } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse ROW + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle b } + } + } +} +@NextSub { + @Node @FCircle bar + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse SPLIT + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse COL + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle c } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse ROW + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } + } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse SPLIT + @FirstSub { + @Node @FEllipse COL + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle b } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } + } + @NextSub { + @Node @FEllipse ROW + @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c } + @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d } + } + } +} +}}} +In fact, common subexpressions are identified (trivially) and the result +is a directed acyclic graph; each affected leaf has two parents, one for +width and one for height; and each @Eq { COL } or @Eq { ROW } node has +one parent and one child for each object lying on the corresponding +mark. The data structure roughly doubles in size, and this occurs only +rarely in practice. +@PP +This method can cope with any legal input, including +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ a // c | d } | { b / e }" +"/ { f / i } | { g | h // j }" +} +which produces overlapping spanning columns: +@ID @I @Fig { + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 1.6c } 1.2f @Font a | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font b | +// @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font c | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font d | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font e | +// @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font f | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font g | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font h | +// @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font i | + @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 1.6c } 1.2f @Font j | +} +The boxes have been added to clarify the structure. The width of this +object is formally +@ID @Eq { ((width(a) up (x + y)) + z) up (x + ((y + z) up width(j))) } +where +@IL +@ListItem @Eq { x = width(c) up width(`f`) up width(i) } +@ListItem @Eq { y = width(d`) up width(g) } +@ListItem @Eq { z = width(b) up width(e) up width(h) } +@EL +It seems clear that @Eq { y } at least must appear twice in any +expression for the width of this object made out of simple addition +and maxing operations, showing that an ordinary tree +structure is insufficient for overlapping spanning columns. The Basser +Lout interpreter actually rejects such structures, owing to the author's +doubts about the implementability of @I Constrained and @I AdjustSize +(Section {@NumberOf constraints}) on them; but with hindsight this caution +was unnecessary. +@PP +The directed acyclic graph is ordered in the sense that the order of +the edges entering and leaving each node matters. The structure is +highly dynamic, and traversals both with and against the arrows are +required. After a few ad-hoc attempts to extend the usual tree +representation had failed, the author developed a representation based +on doubly linked lists of records denoting links, whose flexibility more +than compensated for the somewhat excessive memory consumption. For example, +@ID @Eq { @Fig { + A:: @FCircle a |2c |2c B:: @FCircle b +/1.5c C:: @FCircle c | D:: @FCircle d +// A @JoinFigures arrow { forward } C +// A @JoinFigures arrow { forward } D +// B @JoinFigures arrow { forward } D +}} +is represented by +@CD @Eq { @Fig maxlabels { "300" } { +A:: @DagBox mid { @BlackDot } base { a } |2c |2c |2c |2c +B:: @DagBox mid { @BlackDot } base { b } +/1c L:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK } +| M:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK } +| | N:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK } +/1c +C:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } base { c } | | +D:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } base { d } +// @TVShape nw { A@MID@CTR } ne { A@MID@CTR } sw {L@MID@CTR } se { M@MID@CTR } +// @TVShape nw { L@TOP@CTR } ne { L@TOP@CTR } sw {C@TOP@CTR } se { C@TOP@CTR } +// @TVShape nw { M@TOP@CTR } ne { N@TOP@CTR } sw {D@TOP@CTR } se { D@TOP@CTR } +// @TVShape nw { B@MID@CTR } ne { B@MID@CTR } sw {N@MID@CTR } se { N@MID@CTR } +}} +where @Eq { LK } tags a record representing a link. The first list +in any node contains all the incoming links, the second contains the +outgoing ones. The node serves as the header for both lists. The +required operations reduce to simple appends, deletes, and traversals +of doubly linked lists, all having small constant cost. There is a +highly tuned memory allocator, and care is taken to dispose of each node +when the last incoming link is deleted, so that there is no need for +garbage collection. +@PP +In normal use the number of nodes at higher levels of the dag is small +in comparison with the leaves and their incoming links, so we may +estimate the space complexity at about 60 bytes per input word (20 bytes +per link, 40 per leaf node). Careful optimization could easily halve +this, but since memory is reclaimed after printing each page there is +little need. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s2_5 b/doc/design/s2_5 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87d826b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_5 @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { style } + @Title { Context-sensitive attributes of objects } +@Begin +@PP +Although we are free to place any object in any context, the context +must influence the appearance of the object, since otherwise +@ID @Code "A short paragraph of text." +could not appear in a variety of fonts, column widths, etc. This +influence cannot take the purely static form that block-structured +languages use to associate values with identifiers, for then an operator +could not influence the appearance of its parameters; and a state +variable solution is not compatible with the overall functional design. +@PP +The information needed from the context seems quite limited, comprising +the font family, face, and size to use, the style of paragraph breaking +required, how much space to substitute between the words of paragraphs, +and how much horizontal and vertical space is available to receive the +object. These four items constitute the so-called `style information' +of Lout. As graphics rendering hardware improves, the style information +will probably grow to include colour and texture information. +@PP +The way to deal with fonts at least is very clear: +@ID @Code "{ Times Slope 12p } @Font { Hello, world }" +should have result +@ID { { Times Slope 12p } @Font { Hello, world } } +Lout also provides @Code "@Break" and @Code "@Space" symbols for +controlling the paragraph breaking and space styles mentioned +above. These work in the same way, returning their right +parameters in the style of their left. The implementation is very +simple: one merely broadcasts the style information down into the parse +tree of the right parameter. A font, for example, is converted to an +8-bit internal name and stored in each leaf, while a breaking style is +stored in the root node of each paragraph. +@PP +The same language design can be used for available width and height, +only here the implementation is much more demanding: +@ID @Code { +"2i @Wide {" +"(1) |0.1i An example" +"containing a small" +"paragraph of filled text." +"}" +} +is guaranteed to be two inches wide: +@ID { +2i @Wide { +(1) |0.1i An example +containing a small +paragraph of filled text. +} +} +One must calculate that 1.9 inches minus the width of @Code "(1)" is +available +to the paragraph, and break it accordingly; Basser Lout does this in two +stages. In the first, upward-moving stage, widths are calculated using the +formulae of Section {@NumberOf objects}, which assume that available +space is infinite. If the upward movement reaches a @Eq { WIDE } +node, corresponding to a @Code "@Wide" operator, and +the calculated width exceeds that allowed, a second, downward-moving stage +is initiated which attempts to reduce the width by finding and breaking +paragraphs. This second stage is quite routine except at @Code "|" nodes, +whose children are the columns of a table. It is necessary to apportion +the available width (minus inter-column gaps) among the columns. Basser +Lout leaves narrow columns unbroken and breaks the remaining columns to +equal width, using up all of the available space. +@PP +The size of an object is not clearly determined when the upward-moving +size is less than the downward-moving available space, and the object +contains constructs that depend on available space (e.g. right +justification). For example, in +@ID @Code "2i @Wide { Heading // a |1rt b }" +it seems natural to assign a width of two inches to the subobject +@Code "a |1rt b" because of the right justification, but it would be +equally plausible if the width of @Code Heading was assigned to the +subobject instead. The author is conscious of having failed to resolve +this matter properly; an extra operator for controlling available space +is probably necessary. +@PP +The actual paragraph breaking is just a simple transformation on the +parse tree; the real issue is how to describe the various styles: ragged +right, adjusted, outdented, and so on. Their diversity suggests that +they should somehow be defined using more basic features; but then there +are algorithms for high-quality paragraph breaking, which presumably +must be built-in. This dilemma was not clearly grasped by the author in +1985, and he included a built-in paragraph breaker, with the @Code +"@Break" operator selecting from a fixed set of styles. A much better +solution based on galleys will be given in Section {@NumberOf horizontal}, +but, regrettably, it is not implemented. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s2_9 b/doc/design/s2_9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..648a1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s2_9 @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +@EndSubSections +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s3_0 b/doc/design/s3_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f42ff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_0 @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +@Section + @Title { Definitions } +@Begin +@PP +The need to provide a means of packaging useful pieces of code for easy +repeated use was recognised in the very earliest programming +languages. This need is even more acute in document formatting, if that +is possible, because the majority of users are not programmers and do +not understand the code they invoke. +@BeginSubSections diff --git a/doc/design/s3_1 b/doc/design/s3_1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fb44c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_1 @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { operators } + @Title { Operators } +@Begin +@PP +It is evident from the example of Eqn that user-defined operators are +needed that mimic the primitive ones in taking objects as parameters +and returning objects as results. For example, to define a superscript +operator so that +@ID @Code "2 sup n" +appears as {@Eq {2 sup @R n}}, the following operator definition may +be used: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def sup" +" precedence 50" +" associativity right" +" left x" +" right y" +"{" +" @OneRow { | {-2p @Font y} ^/0.5fk x }" +"}" +} +The @Code "sup" operator has precedence 50, is right associative, takes +two objects as parameters passed on the left and right, and returns the +object between braces as result. This object has the structure +@ID @I +2p @Font { +| @ShowMarks @Code y / @ShowMarks @Code x +} +but with the first row mark hidden by the @Code "@OneRow" operator, +and @Code y two points smaller than it would otherwise have been. The +length @Code "0.5f" specifies half the current font size; Figure +{@NumberOf gapmodes} describes the @Code k gap mode. In the Eq equation +formatting package [10] the equation as a whole is +set in italic font, and @Code 2 is an identifier whose body contains +a font change back to Roman. The digits @Code 0 to @Code 9 are classed +as punctuation characters, permitting @Code 234 for example to be +interpreted as a sequence of three identifiers. +@PP +These definitions are easily implemented by a standard symbol table +and an operator precedence parser. Algol block structure with the +usual scope rules was adopted as a matter of course. +@PP +Operators are limited to at most two parameters, left and +right, and the parameters cannot be given default values. @I Named +parameters solve both problems: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Preface" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Title { Preface }" +" right @Body" +"{" +" Bold @Font @Title" +" //0.3v @Body" +"}" +} +The default value appears just after the parameter's declaration, +between braces. Invocations have a natural syntax: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Preface" +" @Title { About this book }" +"{" +" Few observers would have supposed in 1984, that ..." +"}" +} +with the actual named parameters following directly after the +operator, before any right parameter. In this example, @Code "@Tag" +will receive its default value, and a less expert user could safely +omit the @Code "@Title" parameter as well. +@PP +Lout permits named parameters to have parameters, a feature with +applications to bibliographic databases, running headers, and other +places where a format has to be supplied before content is +known. One could go further and provide a complete lambda calculus, +with functions as first-class objects, provided care was taken not +to intimidate the non-expert user. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s3_2 b/doc/design/s3_2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c5fd70 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_2 @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { recursion } + @Title { Recursion and page layout } +@Begin +@PP +Design and implementation should proceed together in exploratory projects, +since otherwise the design too easily becomes unrealistic. Sometimes the +implementation does more than its designer intended. The author wrote the +following purely as a testing scaffold: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Page right x" +"{" +" 8i @Wide 11i @High" +" {" +" //1i ||1i x ||1i" +" //1i" +" }" +"}" +} +Only afterwards did he realize its significance: the concept of a page +had been defined outside the implementation, removing the need for +commands for setting page width and height, margins, and so on. +@PP +Defining a sequence of pages is harder, since their number is not known +in advance. A simple version of this same problem is afforded by the +leaders found in tables of contents: +@ID { +4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 53 } +} +This seemed to require recursion, specifically the definition +@ID @Code { +"def @Leaders { .. @Leaders }" +} +Note that both @Code ".." and @Code "@Leaders" are objects, so the two +spaces separating them are significant. No base case is given, and indeed +we have no boolean or conditional operators with which to express it; +but we can adopt the implicit base `if space is not sufficient, delete +{@Code "@Leaders"} and any preceding space'. Then the expression +@ID @Code "4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 53 }" +will produce the object shown above. It is hard to see how this base +could be made explicit, without violating the general principle of +keeping all size information internal. In the implementation, +@Code "@Leaders" remains unexpanded while sizes are being +calculated; then it is treated similarly to a receptive symbol, with +its body as an incoming galley (Section {@NumberOf flushing}). +@PP +With this settled, it is now clear how to define a document which is a +numbered sequence of pages. Let @Code "@Next" be a prefix operator +which returns its parameter plus one. Then +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @PageList" +" right @PageNum" +"{" +" @Page {" +" |0.5rt - @PageNum -" +" //1v @TextPlace" +" //1rt @FootSect" +" }" +" //" +" @PageList @Next @PageNum" +"}" +} +when invoked in the expression {@Code "@PageList 1"}, has for its result +the potentially infinite object +@ID @OneRow { +@LittlePage { +|0.5rt - 1 - +//1.2vx @Code "@TextPlace" +//1rt @Code "@FootSect" +} +// +@LittlePage { +|0.5rt - 2 - +//1.2vx @Code "@TextPlace" +//1rt @Code "@FootSect" +} +//0.2c +8p @Font @Code "@PageList 3" +} +Similarly, we may define @Code "@FootSect" like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @FootSect" +"{" +" def @FootList" +" right @Num" +" {" +" @FootPlace" +" //1v" +" @FootList @Next @Num" +" }" +"" +" 1i @Wide @HLine" +" //1v" +" @FootList 1" +"}" +} +so that an invocation of @Code "@FootSect" produces +@ID @OneRow @Code { +1i @Wide @HLine +"@FootPlace" +"@FootPlace" +"@FootPlace" +"..." +} +The expansion process is very similar to a BNF derivation, and would be +attempted only on demand. +@PP +Clearly, deciding which expansions to take and replacing @Code "@TextPlace" +and {@Code "@FootPlace"} by the appropriate actual text will not be easy; +this is the subject of Section {@NumberOf galleys}. The important point +for now is that we have here a very simple and flexible method of specifying +the layout of pages, which requires no specialized language features. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s3_3 b/doc/design/s3_3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d04a8db --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_3 @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { modules } + @Title { Modules } +@Begin +@PP +It is well accepted that the visibility of symbols is not adequately +controlled by Algol block structure. The author is aware of several +major problems of this kind in document formatting. +@PP +One problem is that some symbols should be visible only within +restricted parts of a document. For example, we naturally expect +equation formatting to be accomplished like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"surrounding text" +"@Eq { {x sup 2 + 1} over 4 }" +"surrounding text" +} +with the symbols {@Code "sup"}, {@Code "over"}, etc., visible only within +the equation, not in the surrounding text. +@PP +It seems natural to define these symbols within {@Code "@Eq"}, since +they are local to equations. It only remains then to decree that +symbols local to @Code "@Eq" are to be visible within its actual right +parameter, and this is done by replacing the right formal parameter with a +@I body parameter: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"export sup over" +"def @Eq" +" body @Body" +"{" +" def sup ..." +" def over ..." +"" +" Slope @Font @Body" +"}" +} +The @Code export clause lists the identifiers which are permitted to be +visible outside their usual range, the body of {@Code "@Eq"}; and the +@Code body declaration imports them into (makes them visible within) +the actual right parameter of each invocation of {@Code "@Eq"}. This +arrangement has proven very convenient for defining a variety of +special-purpose packages. +@PP +Another problem arises when global symbols, such as the ones used for +headings and paragraph separators, call on values that the non-expert +user will need to modify, such as the initial font or paragraph +indent. These values are like parameters of the document as a whole, so +it is natural to try this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"export @Heading @PP ..." +"def @BookLayout" +" named @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" named @InitialBreak { adjust 14p }" +" named @ColumnWidth { 6i }" +" ..." +"{" +" def @Heading ..." +" def @PP ..." +"}" +} +Now @Code "@Heading" and @Code "@PP" may invoke @Code "@InitialFont" +and the other parameters. To make @Code "@Heading" and @Code "@PP" +visible throughout the document, we need only add a body parameter to +@Code "@BookLayout" and present the entire document as +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@BookLayout" +" @InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 12p }" +"{" +" The document." +"}" +} +but for practical reasons given below we prefer not to enclose the +entire document in braces. Instead, we write +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @BookLayout" +" @InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 12p }" +"}" +"The document." +} +which has the same effect: @Code "@Use" makes the exported symbols of +@Code "@BookLayout" visible for the remainder of the document, and is +permitted only at the beginning. +@PP +The third feature that affects visibility, and which will prove useful +for cross referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}), is the @Code "@Open" +symbol. It makes the exported symbols of its left parameter visible +within its right parameter, and is therefore similar to the Pascal @Code +with statement. +@PP +It could be argued that Lout is over-supplied with these visibility modifying +features: the body parameter, @Code "@Use" and @Code "@Open" do not seem +sufficiently different from each another. The @Code "@Open" symbol is +the most general, being capable of replacing the other two. For +example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { x }" +"@Use { y }" +"Body of document" +} +can be replaced by +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"x @Open {" +"y @Open {" +"Body of document" +"}}" +} +and, taking the @Code "@Eq" symbol above as example, we could eliminate +its body parameter, add +@ID @Code "def @Body right x { Slope @Font x }" +to the exported definitions of {@Code "@Eq"}, and replace +@ID @Code "@Eq { object }" +by +@ID @Code "@Eq @Open { @Body { object } }" +If @Code "@Eq" is a galley (Section {@NumberOf galleys}), @Code "@Body" +must take over that function. But one would not want to write these +clumsy expressions in practice, and the enclosure of large quantities +of input in extra braces could cause Basser Lout to run out of memory +(Section {@NumberOf lookahead}). +@PP +A quite separate kind of visibility problem arises when expert +users wish to define an object or operator for repeated use within, say, +equations: +@ID @Code "def isum { sum from i=1 to n }" +As it stands this can only be placed within the @Code "@Eq" package itself, +where @Code "sum" and the other symbols are visible, but it is not desirable +to modify the source code of a standard package. Lout provides an +@Code "import" clause to solve this problem: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @Eq" +"def isum { sum from i=1 to n }" +} +may appear after @Code "@Eq" is defined, and it will make the exported symbols +of @Code "@Eq" visible within the body of {@Code "isum"}. This feature +complicates the treatment of environments (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}), +and even introduces an insecurity, when @Code isum is invoked outside an +equation. A simpler approach would be to allow only one symbol in an +@Code import clause, and treat the following definition exactly like a +local definition of that symbol; but then it would not be possible +to define symbols using the resources of more than one of the standard +packages. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s3_4 b/doc/design/s3_4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b0f5bc --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_4 @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { defs.impl } + @Title { Implementation of definitions } +@Begin +@PP +Input is processed by a hybrid parser which employs operator precedence +for objects and simple recursive descent for the headers of +definitions. A symbol table stores the body of each definition as a +parse tree, except for macros which are lists of tokens, and manages the +usual stack of static scopes, accepting @I PushScope and @I PopScope +operations as the parser enters and leaves scope regions, including +actual body parameters and the right parameter of the @Code "@Open" +operator. +@PP +As the parse proceeds, a complete call graph is constructed, recording, +for each symbol, which symbols are invoked within its body. Immediately +after the last definition is read, the transitive closure of the call +graph is computed, and used to determine whether each non-parameter +symbol is recursive or receptive (Section {@NumberOf galleys}), and +whether each parameter is invoked exactly once or not. +@PP +Purely functional systems may evaluate symbol invocations in applicative +order (where parameters are evaluated before substitution into bodies), +or in normal order (substitution before evaluation), and they may also +share the value of a parameter among all uses of it. But in Basser +Lout, the presence of context-sensitive style information (Section +{@NumberOf style}) forces normal order evaluation and prevents sharing +of parameter values. +@PP +To evaluate an unsized object (pure parse tree), its {@I environment}, +the equivalent of the stack frames in Algol-like languages, must be +available, containing the actual values of all formal parameters +that are visible within the unsized object. Environment handling is +a well-known implementation technique, so it will be discussed +only briefly here. +@PP +Environments are extra subtrees hung from the objects they refer +to. This organization makes excellent use of the ordered dag to +permit environments to be shared, and deleted when the last +reference to them is removed. Several optimizations have been +implemented. Actual parameters known to be invoked only once are moved +in from the environment, not copied; copying could lead to quadratic time +complexity. Actual parameters of the form @Code "@Next" @I object +receive an applicative pre-evaluation which prevents long chains of +@Code "@Next" symbols from forming during the generation of large page +numbers. Some environments which provably contribute nothing are +deleted, most notably when a symbol invocation has no symbols within its +actual parameters and no import list, so that only the environment of its +body need be kept; this saves a great deal of space when objects with +environments are written to auxiliary files (Section {@NumberOf cross}). +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s3_9 b/doc/design/s3_9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..648a1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s3_9 @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +@EndSubSections +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s4_0 b/doc/design/s4_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f89426 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s4_0 @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +@Section + @Tag { functional } + @Title { Implementation of the functional subset } +@Begin +@PP +The objects and definitions of Lout are very similar to those found in +other functional languages, and they form a natural subset of the +language. So we pause here and present an overview of the Basser Lout +object evaluation algorithm. +@PP +The problem is to take an unsized object (pure parse tree), its +environment (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}), and its style +(Section {@NumberOf style}), and to produce a PostScript file for +rendering the object on an output device. This file is essentially a +sequence of instructions to print a given string of characters in a +given font at a given point. +@PP +Before the algorithm begins, the parse tree must be obtained, either by +parsing input or by copying from the symbol table. Afterwards the data +structure must be disposed. The algorithm proper consists of five +passes, each a recursive traversal of the structure from the root down +to the leaves and back. +@DP +@I {1. Evaluation of unsized objects.} On the way down, calculate +environments and replace non-recursive, non-receptive symbols by their +bodies (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}); broadcast fonts to the leaves, +and paragraph breaking and spacing styles to the paragraph nodes. On the +way back up, delete @Eq { FONT }, @Eq { BREAK }, and @Eq { SPACE } nodes, +and insert @Eq { SPLIT }, @Eq { COL }, and @Eq { ROW } nodes +(Section {@NumberOf objects}). +@DP +@I {2. Width calculations and breaking.} Calculate the width of every +subobject from the bottom up. As described in Section {@NumberOf objects}, +@Eq { WIDE } nodes may trigger object breaking sub-traversals during this pass. +@DP +@I {3. Height calculations.} Calculate the height of every subobject, +from the bottom up. +@DP +@I {4. Horizontal coordinates.} Calculate the horizontal coordinate of +each subobject from the top down, and store each leaf's coordinate in +the leaf. +@DP +@I {5. Vertical coordinates and PostScript generation.} Calculate the +vertical coordinate of every subobject from the top down, and at each +leaf, retrieve the character string, font, and horizontal coordinate, +and print the PostScript instruction for rendering that leaf. +@DP +Figure {@NumberOf components} gives the amount of code required for each + +@Figure + @Tag { components } + @Caption { Major components of the Basser Lout interpreter, showing +the approximate number of lines of C code. } +@Begin +@Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @RR A ! @Col B ! @Col @RR C } + @Fmtb { @Col @RR A ! @Col B ! @Col C } +{ + @Rowa A { 1. } B { Initialization } C { 200 } + @Rowa A { 2. } B { Memory allocation, ordered dag operations } C { 400 } + @Rowa A { 3. } B { Lexical analysis, macros, file handling } C { 1,350 } + @Rowa A { 4. } B { Parsing of objects and definitions } C { 1,150 } + @Rowa A { 5. } B { Symbol table and call graph } C { 600 } + @Rowa A { 6. } B { Evaluation of pure parse trees } C { 1,650 } + @Rowa A { 7. } B { Reading, storing, and scaling of fonts } C { 600 } + @Rowa A { 8. } B { Cross references and databases } C { 1,000 } + @Rowa A { 9. } B { Width and height calculations, and breaking } C { 700 } + @Rowa A { 10. } B { @I Constrained and @I AdjustSize } C { 700 } + @Rowa A { 11. } B { Transfer of sized objects into galley tree } C { 450 } + @Rowa A { 12. } B { Galley flushing algorithm } C { 1,500 } + @Rowa A { 13. } B { Coordinate calculations and PostScript output } C { 700 } + @Rowa A { 14. } B { Debugging and error handling } C { 1,200 } + @Rowb vmargin { 0.1c } C { @Line } + @Rowa C { 12,200 } +} +@End @Figure + +pass. Symmetry between horizontal and vertical is exploited throughout +Basser Lout, and passes 2 and 3, as well as 4 and 5, are executed on +shared code. +@PP +The author can see no simple way to reduce the number of passes. The +introduction of horizontal galleys (Section {@NumberOf horizontal}) +would remove the need for the object breaking transformations within this +algorithm that are the principal obstacles in the way of the merging of +passes 2 and 3. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s5_0 b/doc/design/s5_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d176f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_0 @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +@Section + @Title { Galleys } +@Begin +@PP +With objects and definitions under control, the author faced the problem +of getting body text, footnotes, floating figures and tables, +references, index entries, and entries in the table of contents into +their places. The resulting investigation occupied three months of +full-time design work, and proceeded approximately as described in +Section {@NumberOf galleys}; the implementation occupied the years 1987-89. +@BeginSubSections diff --git a/doc/design/s5_1 b/doc/design/s5_1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab65bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_1 @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { galleys } + @Title { The galley abstraction } +@Begin +@PP +Let us take the footnote as a representative example. At some point in +the document, we wish to write +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@FootNote { footnote text }" +"following text" +} +and we expect the formatter to remove the footnote from this context and +place it at the bottom of the current page, possibly splitting some or +all of it onto a following page if space is insufficient. +@PP +An object appears in the final document at the point it is invoked, but +this basic property does not hold for footnotes: the point of +invocation and the point of appearance are different. In some way, the +footnote is attached to the document at both points, introducing a cross +linking (Section {@NumberOf genesis}) that cannot be described in purely +functional terms. +@PP +Since the interpretation of any object depends on an environment and +style inherited from the context, the first question must be whether +the footnote inherits them through the invocation point or through +the point(s) of appearance. +@PP +If symbols are to be interpreted statically as heretofore, then environments +must be inherited through the invocation point alone. Dynamic inheritance +through the point of appearance is enticing in some ways: it might +replace the body parameter, and it might help with automatic numbering, +since the number of a footnote is known only at the point of appearance; +but the implementation problems are severe, and static inheritance seems +much simpler and more comprehensible to the user. Style, at least its +available width and height part, must of necessity be inherited through +the point of appearance. For consistency, the entire style should be +inherited in this way. There is a suggestive analogy here with actual +parameters, which have a point of invocation from which they inherit an +environment, and a point of appearance within the body of the enclosing +definition, from which they inherit a style. It may be possible to treat +a footnote as the actual parameter of some symbol, therefore, although +the details seem very obscure. +@PP +But the most profound consequence of having two types of attachment +point is that it leads to two distinctive tree structures. Considering +invocation points only leads to static trees like this one: +@ID @I @Fig margin { 0.3c } { @Tree { +@Node @Ellipse { body text } +@LeftSub { @Node @Ellipse footnote } +@RightSub { + @Node @Ellipse figure + @FirstSub { @Node @Ellipse footnote } +} +}} +which shows that the body text contains a footnote and a figure, the +latter itself containing a footnote. Considering points of appearance +only gives a completely different, dynamic tree: +@ID @I @Fig margin { 0.3c } { @Tree { +@Node @Ellipse { sequence of pages } +@FirstSub { @Node @Ellipse { body text } } +@NextSub { @Node @Ellipse { footnote } } +@NextSub { @Node @Ellipse { figure } } +@NextSub { @Node @Ellipse { footnote } } +}} +The tree can be deeper, for example with sections appearing within +chapters which appear within the body text, which appears within the +final sequence of pages. Document formatting languages generally shirk +the issues raised by this dual tree structure, by making the dynamic +tree built-in, by limiting one or both trees to two levels, and so on, +providing a classic example of the impoverishing effect of failing to +permit language features to attain their natural level of generality. +@PP +We are thus led to propose a second abstraction for document formatting, +which we name the @I galley in recognition of its similarity to the +galleys used in manual typesetting. A galley consists of an object (such +as a footnote) together with a sequence of places where that object may +appear (such as the bottoms of the current and following pages). Splitting +occurs quite naturally when space at any place is insufficient to hold +the entire object. +@PP +In Lout, a footnote galley and its place of appearance are defined +as follows: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @FootPlace { @Galley }" +"" +"def @FootNote into { @FootPlace&&following }" +" right x" +"{ x }" +} +The @Code "@FootPlace" symbol contains the special symbol {@Code "@Galley"}, +indicating that it is a point of appearance for a galley. By placing +invocations of @Code "@FootPlace" at the bottoms of pages, as in Section +{@NumberOf recursion}, we define the desired points of appearance for +footnotes. Symbols whose body contains @Code "@Galley" either directly +or indirectly are called receptive symbols, meaning receptive to +galleys, and they are expanded only on demand. The effect of the +@Code "into" clause is to make each invocation of @Code "@FootNote" a +galley whose object is the result of the invocation in the usual way, +and whose sequence of points of appearance is specified by the @Code "into" +clause; in this example, the sequence of all @Code "@FootPlace" symbols +following the invocation point. +@PP +Lout permits galleys to be invoked within other galleys to arbitrary +depth, so that one may have footnotes within figures within the body +text galley, for example, creating arbitrary static trees. Receptive +symbols like @Code "@FootPlace" may appear within any galley, creating +arbitrary dynamic trees as well. The root of the dynamic tree, which +would normally consist of the sequence of pages of the complete assembled +document, is considered to be a galley whose point of appearance is the +output file. Points of appearance may be @Code preceding or @Code following +the invocation point; entries in tables of contents are the main users +of {@Code preceding}. +@PP +The galley abstraction is adequate for all of the applications listed at +the beginning of this section, except that there is no provision for +sorting index entries and references. Sorting of galleys has been added +to Lout as a built-in feature, invoked by adding a special @Code "@Key" +parameter to the galleys, and using its value as the sort key. The author +was at a loss to find any other way, or any useful generalization of this +feature. Its implementation will be discussed in Section +{@NumberOf cross.impl}. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s5_2 b/doc/design/s5_2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a81630d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_2 @@ -0,0 +1,372 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { flushing } + @Title { The galley flushing algorithm } +@Begin +@PP +Galley components are promoted one by one into the point of appearance in +the dynamic parent galley, then carried along with it, ultimately to the +root galley and the output file. This process is called @I galley +{@I flushing}: the galleys are rivers running together to the sea, and +each component is a drop of water. +@PP +Here is a snapshot of a small dynamic tree, based on the @Code "@PageList" +definitions of Section {@NumberOf recursion}: +@ID @Fig { + +@I 10p @Font { output file } A:: @Box linestyle { noline } margin { 0c } + +||2c + +{ +@I 10p @Font { root galley } +//0.2c +B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } +// +@LittlePage { +|0.5rt - 1 - +//1.2vx &2m A small +//1.2vx @Code "@Galley" * C:: @Box margin { 0.01c } linestyle { noline } +//1rt @Code "@FootSect" +} +// +@Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@PageList 2" +} + +||2c + +{ +//0.9c @I 10p @Font { body text } +//0.2c D:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font paragraph +// @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font { of text. } +// @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide @Code 8p @Font "@Input" +} + +// @Arrow from { B@W } to { A@E } +// @Arrow from { D@W } to { C@E } + +} +The components of the body text galley are lines, except for the special +receptive symbol @Code "@Input" which is a placeholder for as yet unread +input (Section {@NumberOf lookahead}). The components of the root galley are +pages, except for the concluding unexpanded invocation of {@Code "@PageList"}, +which is an inexhaustible source of more pages, expanded on demand. +@PP +The concrete data structure used by Basser Lout permits the galley +flushing algorithm to navigate the dynamic tree and find significant +features quickly: +@ID 10p @Font @Fig maxlabels { 100 } { + +A:: @Ellipse @I { HEAD } + +||1.5c + +@OneCol @OneRow { +B:: @Ellipse @I { RECEIVING * } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W } +//0.6c +C:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W } +//0.6c +D:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle D@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { D@NW } +// +@LittlePage { +|0.5rt - 1 - +//1.2vx &2m A small +//1.2vx E:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley " +//1rt F:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@FootSect " +} +// @FunnyArrow arrow { forward } from { B@E } to { E@E } +// @FunnyArrow arrow { forward } from { C@E } to { F@E } +//0.6c +C:: @Ellipse @I { GAP } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W } +//0.6c +C:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W } +//0.6c +D:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@PageList 2" +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle D@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { D@NW } +// @FunnyArrow from { C@E } to { D@W ++ { 1.8 cm 0 } } +} + +||1.0c + +A:: @Ellipse @I { HEAD } +& @Arrow from { B@E } to { A@W } + +||1.5c + +@OneCol @OneRow { +B:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font paragraph +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W } +//0.6c +B:: @Ellipse @I { GAP } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W } +//0.6c +B:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font { of text. } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { B@NW } +//0.6c +B:: @Ellipse @I { GAP } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W } +//0.6c +B:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE } +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W } +//0.6c +C:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@Input" +// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { C@NW } +// @FunnyArrow from { B@E } to { C@W ++ { 1.2 cm 0 } } +} + +} +Each galley has a @Eq { HEAD } node whose children are its component +objects, separated by @Eq { GAP } nodes recording the inter-component +gaps. +@PP +Each component is preceded by zero or more @I {galley index nodes} of +various types. Every receptive symbol has a @Eq { RECEPTIVE } index pointing +to it, so that it can be found without searching through its +component. If the symbol is currently the target of a galley, it has a +@Eq { RECEIVING } index instead which is also linked to the incoming +galley. Galleys that are currently without a target are linked to the +dynamic tree by @Eq { UNATTACHED } galley indexes, either just after their +most recent target if there has been one, or else at their point of +invocation. +@PP +Each galley should be thought of as a concurrent process, although the +implementation in C uses coroutines implemented by procedures. A galley +may promote its first component only if it has a target, sufficient space +is available at the target to receive the component, and the component +contains no receptive symbols. This last condition seems to be the key +to galley synchronization: it forces a bottom-up promotion regime, +preventing pages from flushing to output before text flushes into them, +for example. +@PP +Each galley contains a number of binary semaphores, shown as asterisks +in our snapshots when set. At any given moment, a galley process is +either running or else is suspended on one of its own semaphores. The +@Eq { HEAD } node contains a semaphore which is set when the galley has tried +to find a target and failed. Each receptive symbol has a semaphore +which is set when that symbol is preventing the first component from +being promoted. +@PP +For example, in the snapshot at the beginning of this section, the root +galley is suspended on the @Code "@Galley" symbol, but the text galley +is running. It will suspend on the @Code "@Input" symbol after the +first two components are promoted. +@PP +Every galley {@I G}, be it a list of pages, body text, a footnote, or +whatever, executes the following algorithm in parallel with every other +galley: +@DP +1. Initially @I G is unattached. Search forwards or backwards from its +@Eq { UNATTACHED } index as required, to find a receptive symbol @I S which +can expand to reveal a target for {@I G}. +@DP +2. If no @I S can be found, suspend on the attachment semaphore. Resume +later from step 1. +@DP +3. Expand @I S to reveal the target of {@I G}. Preserve {@I S}'s +semaphore by moving it to the first receptive symbol within the +expansion of {@I S}. +@DP +4. Calculate the available width and height at the target, and if +@I G is still a pure parse tree, use the environment attached to @I G +and the style information from the target to evaluate @I G as in +Section {@NumberOf functional}. +@DP +5. Examine the components of @I G one by one. For each component there +are three possibilities: +@PP +@I ACCEPT. If the component fits into the available space, and has +no other problems, then promote it into the target. If this is the +first component promoted into this target, and @I G is a forcing +galley (Section {@NumberOf lookahead}), delete every receptive symbol +preceding the target in the parent galley. If @I G is the root galley, +render the component on the output file and dispose it; +@PP +@I REJECT. If the component is too large for the available space, or a +@Eq { FOLLOWS } index (described below) forbids its promotion into this +target, then detach @I G from the target. If this was the first component +at this target, @I S has been a complete failure, so undo step 3 (Basser +Lout is not able to undo step 4); otherwise delete the target. Return to +step 1 and continue immediately; +@PP +@I SUSPEND. If the component contains a receptive symbol, it cannot be +promoted yet. If this symbol is the target of a galley that was written +to an auxiliary file on a previous run, read in that galley and flush +it. Otherwise suspend on the receptive symbol's semaphore; resume later +from step 4. +@DP +6. Terminate when the galley is empty. +@DP +At various points in this algorithm, receptive symbols (and their +semaphores) are deleted in the dynamic parent galley, possibly +permitting it to resume flushing. When this happens, Basser Lout resumes +the parent immediately after @I G suspends or terminates. Also, +whenever a component is promoted, any child galleys connected to +it by @Eq { UNATTACHED } indexes must be resumed, since these +galleys may be able to find a target now. A good example of this +situation occurs when a line of body text with one or more footnotes +is promoted onto a page. Basser Lout gives priority to such children, +suspending @I G while each is given a chance to flush. +@PP +Basser Lout searches for the first target of @I G only in regions of the +dynamic tree that will clearly precede or follow {@I G}'s invocation +point in the final printed document, whichever is specified in the +@Code into clause; subsequent targets are sought later in the same +galley as the first. An exception to this rule, whose necessity will +be made clear later, is that a first @Code following target will be +sought within a dynamic sibling galley preceding {@I G}'s invocation +point: +@ID 10p @Font @Fig { + +{ +@I { dynamic parent } +//0.2c +@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.5c @High +{ + //0.5c A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@XTarget" + //1.0c C:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Eq { UNATTACHED } + //1.3c @Code "@XTarget" +} +} + +||1.5c + +{ +//0.6c +B:: @Box margin {0c} linestyle {noline} @Code "X into { @XTarget&&following }" +//0.2c +@Box 2.8c @Wide 1.5c @High { //0.8c @Code "@GTarget" } +//1.0c +D:: @Box margin {0c} linestyle {noline} @Code "G into { @GTarget&&following }" +//0.2c +@Box 2.8c @Wide 2.5c @High {} +} + +// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} } +// @Arrow from { C@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { D@W -- {0.2 cm 0} } + +} +Here @I G will find the @Code "@GTarget" target within {@I X}. This is +dangerous, since if the first component of @I G is then promoted via +@I X into the first {@Code "@XTarget"} rather than into the second, +{@I G}'s target will not appear later in the final printed document than +its invocation point, as required by the @Code into clause. +@PP +Accordingly, when such a target is chosen, two special galley indexes +are inserted and linked together: a @Eq { PRECEDES } index at {@I G}'s +invocation point, and a @Eq { FOLLOWS } index at the first component of +{@I G}. The algorithm checks before promoting any @Eq { FOLLOWS } index +that its promotion would not place it earlier than the corresponding +@Eq { PRECEDES } index in the same galley, and rejects the component if +it would. Since @Eq { PRECEDES } and @Eq { FOLLOWS } indexes are rarely used, +this check can be implemented by linear search. +@PP +When two components are separated by {@Code "/"}, as opposed to the more +usual {@Code "//"}, each influences the horizontal position of the +other. Because of this, the @I SUSPEND action is in fact taken if a +receptive symbol occurs in any component separated from the first by +{@Code "/"} operators only. Again, linear search forwards to the first +{@Code "//"} suffices for this check. +@PP +A good illustration of these unusual cases is afforded by the +@Code "@Align" symbols from the standard DocumentLayout package. These +are used to produce displayed equations, aligned on their equals signs +despite being separated by arbitrary body text. +@PP +The @Code "@Align" symbols are packaged neatly for the convenience of +the non-expert user, but we will show just the essence of the +implementation here. First, an @Code "@AlignList" galley is created +which contains an infinite supply of @Code "@AlignPlace" receptive +symbols separated by @Code "/" operators: +@ID @Fig { + +{ +@I { body text galley } +//0.2c +@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.0c @High +{ //1.5c + A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley" +} +} + +||1.5c + +{ +//2.4c +B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@AlignList" +//0.2c +@Box { + @Code "@AlignPlace" +//1vx @Code "@AlignPlace" +//1vx @Code "..." +//1vx @Code "@EndAlignList" +} + +} + +// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} } +} +Then equations like +@ID @ShowMarks @Eq { f(x) ^= g(x) + 2 } +are created and sent to @Code "@AlignPlace&&following" targets. They +collect in the @Code "@AlignList" galley and are aligned there: +@ID @Fig { + +{ +@I { body text galley } +//0.2c +@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.0c @High +{ //1.5c + A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley" +} +} + +||1.5c + +{ +//2.4c +B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@AlignList" +//0.2c +@Box { + @Line linestyle { dashed } from { xmark ysize } to { xmark 0 } + { + @Eq { f(x) ^= g(x) + 2 } + /1vx @Eq { f(x) - g(x) ^= 2 } + /1vx @Code "..." + /1vx @Code "@EndAlignList" + } +} + +} + +// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} } +} +The @Code "@AlignList" galley does not flush, because its first +component is connected to a receptive symbol by @Code "/" operators. +@PP +After the last equation, an empty forcing galley is sent to +{@Code "@EndAlignList"}, deleting the two remaining receptive symbols from +the @Code "@AlignList" galley and permitting it to flush. @Eq { FOLLOWS } +indexes ensure that each equation finds a target placed in the body text +just after its point of invocation, so the equations return, aligned, to +approximately the points where they were invoked. Notice that the flushing +of body text is suspended until the list of equations is completed, as it +must be, since the horizontal position of the first equation cannot +be known until the last equation is added to the list. +@PP +Layout quality can occasionally be improved by rejecting a component +that could be promoted -- for example, a component of body text that +carries a footnote too large to fit on the current page. Since Lout +does not specify how breaking decisions are made, beyond the basic +constraints imposed by available space and @Code into clauses, in +principle such high quality breaking could be added to the +implementation with no change to the language. However, the +generality of the galley flushing algorithm, and its already +considerable complexity, make this a daunting problem in practice, +although a fascinating one. @TeX [9], with its unnested +set of `floating insertions' clearly identifiable as each page is begun, +has the advantage in this respect. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s5_3 b/doc/design/s5_3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ff9881 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_3 @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { constraints } + @Title { Size constraints and size adjustments } +@Begin +@PP +The galley flushing algorithm needs to know the available width and +height at each receptive symbol. These symbols may lie within +arbitrarily complex objects, and they may compete with each other for +available space (as body text and footnote targets do), so this +information must be extracted from the tree structure when required. +@PP +For example, consider the object +@ID @Code "5i @Wide { a / b }" +and suppose that the width of @Code { a } is @Eq { 1i, 2i } (@Eq {1i} to +the left of the mark, @Eq { 2i } to the right). What then is the +available width at {@Code { b }}? If we let the width of @Code b be +@Eq {l,r}, we must have +@ID @Eq { (1i up l) + (2i up r) <= 5i } +with the @Eq {non up } (i.e. max) operations arising from mark +alignment. Eliminating them gives +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { 1i + 2i ^<= 5i } +mabove { l + 2i ^<= 5i } +mabove { 1i + r ^<= 5i } +mabove { l + r ^<= 5i } +} +} +and since we assume that @Code a fits into the available space, the +first inequality may be dropped, leaving +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { l ^<= 3i } +mabove { l + r ^<= 5i } +mabove { r ^<= 4i } +} +} +Object @Code b may have width @Eq {l, r} for any @Eq { l } and +@Eq { r } satisfying these inequalities, and no others. +@PP +Here is another example: +@ID @Code "5i @High { a /2ix b }" +Assuming that @Code a has height @Eq {1i,1i}, the height @Eq {l, r} of +@Code b must satisfy +@ID @Eq { 1i + ((1i + l) up 2i) + r <= 5i } +This time the @Eq { non up } operation arises from the mark-to-mark gap +mode, which will widen the @Eq { 2i } gap if necessary to prevent +@Code a and @Code b from overlapping. This inequality can be rewritten as +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { l ^<= infinity } +mabove { l + r ^<= 3i } +mabove { r ^<= 2i } +} +} +In general, Lout is designed so that the available width or height at +any point can be expressed by three inequalities of the form +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { l ^<= x } +mabove { l + r ^<= y } +mabove { r ^<= z } +} +} +where @Eq {x }, @Eq {y} and @Eq {z} may be @Eq { infinity }. We +abbreviate these three inequalities to @Eq { l, r <= x, y, z }, and we +call @Eq {x, y, z} a {@I{size constraint}}. +@PP +The two examples above showed how to propagate the size constraint +@Eq { infinity, 5i, infinity } for +@Code "a / b" down one level to the child {@Code b}. Basser Lout +contains a complete set of general rules for all node types, too +complicated to give here. Instead, we give just one example of how +these rules are derived, using the object +@ID @OneRow { +@Eq {x sub 1} @Code "/" @Eq {x sub 2} @Code "/" @Eq {ldots} @Code +"/" @Eq {x sub n} +} +where @Eq { x sub j } has width @Eq { l sub j , r sub j } for all @Eq {j}. +@PP +Suppose the whole object has width constraint @OneCol @Eq {X,Y,Z}, and we +require the width constraint of {@Eq { x sub i }}. Let +@Eq { L = max sub j ` l sub j } and @Eq { R = max sub j ` r sub j }, +so that @OneCol @Eq {L, R} is the width of the whole object. We assume +@Eq {L, R <= X,Y,Z}. Then @Eq { x sub i } can be enlarged to any size +@Eq { l sub i ` , r sub i } satisfying +@ID @Eq { ( l sub i up L), ( r sub i up R) <= X, Y, Z } +which expands to eight inequalities: +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { l sub i ^<= X } +mabove { L ^<= X } +mabove { l sub i + r sub i ^<= Y } +mabove { l sub i + R ^<= Y } +mabove { L + r sub i ^<= Y } +mabove { L + R ^<= Y } +mabove { r sub i ^<= Z } +mabove { R ^<= Z } +} +} +Three are already known, and slightly rearranging the others gives +@ID @OneRow @Eq { +matrix { + { l sub i ^<= X } +mabove { l sub i ^<= Y - R } +mabove { l sub i + r sub i ^<= Y } +mabove { r sub i ^<= Z } +mabove { r sub i ^<= Y - L } +} +} +Therefore the width constraint of @Eq { x sub i } is +@ID @Eq { min(X, Y-R), Y, min(Z, Y-L) } +The size constraint of any node can be found by climbing the tree to a +@I WIDE or @I HIGH node where the constraint is trivial, then propagating +it back down to the node, and this is the function of procedure +{@I Constrained} in Basser Lout. +@PP +After some components have been promoted into a target, the sizes stored +in its parent and higher ancestors must be adjusted to reflect the +increased size. This is done by yet another set of recursive rules, +upward-moving this time, which cease as soon as some ancestor's size +does not change. These rules are embodied in procedure @I AdjustSize +of Basser Lout. The adjustment must be done before relinquishing +control to any other galley, but not after every component. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s5_4 b/doc/design/s5_4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b91d7ce --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_4 @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { lookahead } + @Title { The limited lookahead problem } +@Begin +@PP +Basser Lout assumes that there will be enough internal memory to hold +the symbol table plus a few pages, but not an entire document. This +section describes the consequent problems and how they were solved. +Other interpreters, notably interactive editors running on virtual +memory systems, would not necessarily need this assumption. +@PP +Although Basser Lout can read and format any legal input, its memory +consumption will be optimized when the bulk of the document resides in +galleys whose targets can be identified at the moment they are +encountered. Let us take the typical example of a root galley which +is a list of pages, a @Code "@BodyText" galley targeted into the +pages, @Code "@Chapter" galleys targeted into {@Code "@BodyText"}, +and @Code "@Section" galleys targeted into the @Code "@Chapter" +galleys: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageList" +"//" +"@BodyText" +"//" +"@Chapter {" +" @Section { ... }" +" @Section { ... }" +" ..." +" @Section { ... }" +"}" +"@Chapter {" +" ..." +"}" +} +Basser Lout is able to read and process such galleys one paragraph at +a time (strictly, from one @Code "//" at the outer level of a galley +to the next), as we now describe. +@PP +When the parser encounters the beginning of a galley, like @Code "@Chapter" +or {@Code "@Section"}, it initiates a new galley process. The special +receptive symbol @Code "@Input" is substituted for the as yet +unread right parameter of the galley. As each paragraph of the right +parameter is read, it is deleted from the parse tree and injected into +the galley's {@Code "@Input"}. The galley is then resumed. The parser +thus acts as an extra +concurrent process; it has low priority, so that input is read only when +there is nothing else to do. Since galleys may be nested, a stack of +@Code "@Input" symbols is needed, each with its own environment and +style. If a galley is encountered for which a target is not immediately +identifiable (a footnote, for example), it is read in its entirety and +hung in pure parse tree form from an @I UNATTACHED index in the usual way, +with an environment but without a style. It will be flushed later +when its component is promoted. +@PP +In addition to producing a steady flow of components from input, we must +also ensure that receptive symbols do not unduly block their +promotion. The @Code "@FootSect" symbol at the foot of each page is a +typical example: until it is deleted the page cannot be printed. +@PP +Receptive symbols are expanded only on demand, so @Code "@FootSect" can +be deleted as soon as we can prove that it is not wanted. The symbol +table can tell us that only @Code "@FootNote" galleys (with +@Code "@FootPlace&&following" targets) want it, so it might be possible +to deduce that @Code "@FootSect" may be deleted as soon as body text +enters the following page. +@PP +The author was unable to make this work, so Basser Lout requires the +user to identify those galleys which will carry the bulk of the document +({@Code "@Chapter"}, {@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@BodyText"}) as +{@I {forcing galleys}}, by writing @Code "force into" instead of +@Code "into" in their definitions. As described in the previous +section, when a forcing galley attaches to a target, all receptive +symbols preceding the target in its galley are deleted, removing all +impediments to flushing. For example, when a forcing body text galley +enters a new page, the @Code "@FootSect" symbol on the preceding page +will be deleted. It seems likely that a system which could afford to +wait until all input was read before deleting any receptive symbols +would not need forcing galleys. +@PP +Galleys whose targets are a long way from their invocation points can be +a problem. If the direction is {@Code "following"}, such galleys are +held in internal memory for a long time, unless they are to be +sorted. If the direction is +{@Code "preceding"}, then either the entire intervening document must be +held in memory (prevented by the target from flushing), or else some +forcing galley prematurely deletes the target, leaving the galley bereft. +@PP +The typical example of the latter case occurs when the galley is an +entry in the table of contents, launched backwards from the beginning of +a chapter or section. Its target in the table of contents will have +been deleted long before, to permit the rest of the document to print, +so the galley ultimately emerges as an unattached galley promoted out of +the root galley. All such galleys are written to an auxiliary file, +indexed by the missing target. On the next run, just before that target +is deleted, the auxiliary file is checked and any galleys for it are +read in and flushed. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s5_5 b/doc/design/s5_5 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af4d88b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_5 @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { horizontal } + @Title { Horizontal galleys } +@Begin +@PP +There is a strong analogy between breaking a column of text into +page-sized pieces, and breaking a paragraph into line-sized pieces. In +fact, the two differ only in direction: vertical for body text, +horizontal for paragraphs. In this section we define {@I{horizontal +galleys}}, and show how they provide an unlimited number of paragraph +breaking styles, as well as solve some other problems. Regrettably, +lack of time has prevented their incorporation into the Basser Lout +interpreter. +@PP +Imagine a galley whose components are separated by horizontal +concatenation operators instead of vertical ones, perhaps indicated by a +@Code { horizontally into } clause. Then all object breaking, including +paragraph breaking, could be replaced by galley component promotion like +this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Paragraph right x" +"{" +" def @LinePlace { @Galley }" +"" +" def @LineList" +" {" +" @HExpand @LinePlace" +" //1vx @LineList" +" }" +"" +" def @Par horizontally into { @LinePlace&&preceding }" +" right x" +" { x }" +"" +" @LineList // @Par { 0.2i @Wide {} &0i x &1rt }" +"}" +} +The @Code "@HExpand" operator, which is a primitive of Basser Lout, +horizontally expands the gaps in its right parameter until the result +fills the available space, thus implementing line adjustment, except +when the parameter contains tabulation gaps like {@Code "&1rt"}, which +cause the parameter to be already expanded. The result of +@ID @Code "@Paragraph { A short paragraph of text. }" +would then be something like +@ID 1.5i @Wide { +0.2i @Wide {} & A short paragraph of text. +} +depending on the available horizontal space. An unlimited range of +paragraph breaking styles could be defined, including ragged right, ragged +left, break-and-center, and so on. +@PP +In Basser Lout, indented paragraphs are produced by preceding them with +a horizontal concatenation operator, for example {@Code "|0.5i"}. This +has the unfortunate effect of making an indented paragraph into a single +component of the enclosing galley, so that it will always be kept +together on one page. Horizontal galleys solve this problem with a +simple change to {@Code "@LineList"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @LineList" +"{" +" |0.5i @HExpand @LinePlace" +" //1vx @LineList" +"}" +} +showing the flexibility that comes from bringing the full power of the +Lout language to bear on paragraph layout. It is easy to make provision +for a tag on the first line. +@PP +Although Basser Lout permits receptive symbols within paragraphs, they +are of little use, because their available width is calculated after +paragraph breaking, and the incoming galley cannot spread over more than +one line. With horizontal galleys, such symbols would have infinite +available width, and we could easily produce a filled paragraph of +footnotes like this: +@ID 3.5i @Wide { +@OneRow { -2p @Font 1 ^/0.3vo } & See Jones and Saunders (1982). &2m +@OneRow { -2p @Font 2 ^/0.3vo } & Or so Jacobsen (1973) asserts. &2m +@OneRow { -2p @Font 3 ^/0.3vo } & {@I ibid}, p. 327. +} +based on an infinite horizontal sequence of @Code "@FootPlace" symbols +inside a horizontal galley. +@PP +When body text is placed on pages, the length of each column varies +depending on the available vertical space. Horizontal galleys could +analogously produce lines of varying length, and so could fill +non-rectangular shapes. +@PP +An important theoretical benefit of horizontal galleys is that they +would permit horizontal and vertical to be treated in a perfectly +symmetrical way, whereas at present paragraph breaking is horizontal +only, and galley breaking is vertical only. This must simplify the +treatment of non-European languages which fill in unusual directions, +although it is not itself sufficient to implement them. +@PP +There are a few minor problems with horizontal galleys. First, the +syntactic overhead of enclosing each paragraph in @Code "@Paragraph { ... }" +or whatever is unacceptable. Permitting user-defined operators to have lower +precedence than the white space between two words might help here. Second, +the built-in paragraph breaker includes hyphenation, and it permits line +breaks in the input to determine line breaks in the output, if +desired. These features must somehow be preserved. Finally, we have +explained how the Basser Lout interpreter assigns equal width to the +wider columns of tables (Section {@NumberOf style}). The equivalent +situation in vertical galleys occurs when two receptive symbols compete +for vertical space (e.g. @Code "@TextPlace" and {@Code "@FootSect"}), +and there it is conventional to grant as much as required to the first +arrival. It is not clear to the author how these different approaches +can be reconciled. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s5_9 b/doc/design/s5_9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..648a1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s5_9 @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +@EndSubSections +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s6_0 b/doc/design/s6_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07fb62e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s6_0 @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +@Section + @Title { Cross references } +@Begin +@PP +Cross references, such as `see page 57' and `see Figure 5,' are a useful +but highly error-prone feature of documents. Scribe [7] +introduced a method of keeping them up to date automatically as the +document changes: the user gives each referenced entity a tag, and +operators are provided that return the page or sequence number of the +entity with a given tag. +@PP +A cross reference takes an object (such as a page number) from one point +in the document and copies it to another, and this generalization +suggests other applications. For example, a running header is copied +from the title of a nearby chapter, and a reference is copied from a +bibliographic database. Making the unity of these applications manifest +is an interesting language design problem. +@BeginSubSections diff --git a/doc/design/s6_1 b/doc/design/s6_1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ffc70d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s6_1 @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { cross } + @Title { The cross reference abstraction } +@Begin +@PP +In developing the cross reference abstraction, it seemed best to begin +with the database application, since it is the simplest. Database +relations are naturally mapped into Lout definitions: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Reference" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Author {}" +" named @Title {}" +" named @Journal {}" +"{}" +} +The set of all invocations of @Code "@Reference" is a relation whose +attributes are the parameters, and whose tuples are the invocations. To +complete the correspondence, we need only declare that the @Code "@Tag" +parameter is special, serving as the key attribute. +@PP +Following the database model, we next need a notation for retrieving the +invocation with a given tag: +@ID @Code "@Reference&&kingston91" +This @I {cross reference} is like an arrow pointing to the invocation. To +access its attributes, we write +@ID @Code "@Reference&&kingston91 @Open { @Author, @Title }" +The @Code "@Open" operator evaluates its right parameter in an +environment which includes the exported parameters of its left. +@PP +An invocation is chosen to be a running header because of its proximity +to the place where it is used, rather than by its tag. Such proximity +is naturally expressed by two special tags, {@Code preceding} and +{@Code following}; for example, @Code "@Sym&&following" will point to +the closest following invocation of @Code "@Sym" in the final printed +document. This is much simpler conceptually than reference to the +internal state of the document formatter at a critical moment, the usual +approach to running headers. +@PP +It turns out that the above design solves all the cross referencing +problems encountered in practice except one, which may be typified by +the problem of finding the number of the page on which the chapter whose +tag is @Code "intro" begins. Two cross referencing steps are needed, +first to {@Code "@Chapter&&intro"}, then from there to +{@Code "@Page&&preceding"}, where the page number is known. +@PP +Given our success so far, this last problem proves to be +surprisingly difficult. We first try +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Chapter&&intro @Open {" +" @Page&&preceding @Open { @PageNum }" +"}" +} +but this fails because @Code "@Page&&preceding" is evaluated in the +present context, not in the context of @Code "@Chapter&&intro" as +required. So our next attempt is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Chapter" +" named @PageNum { @Page&&preceding @Open { @PageNum } }" +" ..." +} +with the @Code "@Page&&preceding" cross reference attached to the +chapter; we write +@ID @Code "@Chapter&&intro @Open { @PageNum }" +This also fails, because parameters are evaluated after substitution, so +once again @Code "@Page&&preceding" is evaluated in the wrong context. We +could of course define a new operator specifically for this case: +@ID @Code "@Page&&{ @Preceding @Chapter&&intro }" +or some such. This is free of the annoying context-sensitivity, but it +seems quite complex, and the expected cross reference @Code "@Page&&preceding" +does not appear. +@PP +The author was lost in these obscurities for some time, and ultimately +rescued himself by looking ahead to the implementation of the +@Code preceding and @Code following tags, to see if a simple extension +of it would solve the problem. This led to the @Code "@Tagged" operator: +@ID @Code "@Page&&preceding @Tagged intro" +placed at the beginning of the body of the chapter will attach @Code intro +as an extra tag to the closest preceding invocation of {@Code "@Page"}, +so that +@ID @Code "@Page&&intro @Open { @PageNum }" +yields the desired page number. There is something low-level and ad hoc +about the @Code "@Tagged" operator, but the two cross references do +appear naturally, and it works. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s6_2 b/doc/design/s6_2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2df5478 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s6_2 @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +@SubSection + @Tag { cross.impl } + @Title { Implementation of cross references } +@Begin +@PP +Before an object can be sized and printed, the values of any cross +references within it must be known. If they refer to invocations that +have not yet been read, there is a problem. Scribe [7] +solves it by capitalizing on the fact that documents are formatted +repeatedly during the drafting process. All tagged invocations are +copied to an auxiliary file during the first run, and indexed for quick +retrieval on the second. A new auxiliary file is written during the second +run, for retrieval on the third, and so on. Cross references always lag +one run behind the rest of the document; a perfect copy may be produced +by formatting the same version twice, except in a few pathological cases +that fail to converge. +@PP +Cross referencing in Lout is implemented on top of a simple database +system. Each database is either writable or readable but not both at +once, and holds a set of key-value entries: the keys are @S ASCII +strings, and the values are Lout objects, possibly with environments, +written in Lout source. Operations are provided for writing an entry, +converting from writable to readable, retrieval by key, and sequential +retrieval in key order. +@PP +The implementation, which is quite unsophisticated, employs one or more +@S ASCII {@I{ database files}}, containing the values, and one @S ASCII +{@I{ index file}} per database, containing the keys. To write an entry, +the value is first appended to a database file, then a line like +@ID @Code "@Chapter&&intro ch1.ld 57" +is appended to the index file, giving the file and offset where the value +is stored. To convert from writable to readable, the index file is +sorted. Then retrieval by key requires a binary search of the index +file and one seek into a database file, and sequential retrieval by key +is trivial. +@PP +This database system is used in several ways. For an external database, +say of bibliographic references, the user creates the database file of +values (without environments), Lout creates the index file whenever it +cannot find one, and retrievals by key proceed as usual. Cross +references with tags other than @Code preceding and @Code following are +treated as described above, by writing all tagged invocations (with +environments) to a single database, which is converted to readable at +the end of the run for retrievals on the next run. Sorted galleys, such +as index entries, are written out indexed by target and key and retrieved +sequentially on the next run. Unsorted galleys with preceding targets +which pop off the top of the root galley without finding a target, such +as entries in tables of contents, are treated similarly, except that they +are indexed by target and a sequence number that preserves their relative +order during the sort. +@PP +When Lout processes a multi-file document, one cross reference database +file is written for each input file, but they share a common index +file. At end of run, the new index file is sorted and merged with the +old one in such a way as to preserve entries relating to files not read +on the current run. This provides some support for piecemeal +formatting, but eventually the files must all be formatted together. +@PP +When a @Code preceding or @Code following cross reference is found, +it is attached to a galley index of type @Eq { CROSS_PREC } or +{@Eq { CROSS_FOLL }}, together with an automatically generated tag composed +of the current file name and a sequence number. When a tagged +invocation is found, it is attached to a @Eq { CROSS_TARG } index. These +galley indexes are carried along through the dynamic tree, and +eventually pop off the top of the root galley, at which point it is easy +to determine which cross references refer to which invocations, since +the indexes are now in final printed document order. Each referenced +invocation is then written to the cross reference database, multiply indexed +by the generated tags of the associated cross references. On the next +run, when the same @Code preceding and @Code following cross references +are found, chances are good that the same tags will be generated, and +the appropriate values can be retrieved from the database immediately. +@PP +This approach was the genesis of the @Code "@Tagged" operator, whose +implementation is now immediate: for each @Code "@Tagged" operator we +produce one @Eq { CROSS_PREC } or @Eq { CROSS_FOLL } galley index, +replacing the generated tag with the right parameter of the @Code "@Tagged" +operator. Nothing more is required. +@End @SubSection diff --git a/doc/design/s6_9 b/doc/design/s6_9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..648a1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s6_9 @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +@EndSubSections +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/design/s7_0 b/doc/design/s7_0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2cb4245 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/design/s7_0 @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +@Section + @Title { Conclusion } +@Begin +@PP +Since its public release in October 1991, the Basser Lout interpreter +has been ported without incident to a wide variety of Unix systems and +hardware. It was tested extensively before release on its own +documentation, and the few minor bugs which have emerged since then have +all been fixed in the second release, scheduled to appear in mid-1992. +@PP +Seven substantial packages of definitions are distributed with Basser +Lout. The DocumentLayout package, and its variants ReportLayout and +BookLayout, provide the standard features that all documents +require: pages, columns, paragraphs, headings, footnotes, floating +figures and tables, chapters and sections, displays and lists, access +to bibliographic databases, cross references, and so on +[11]. The BookLayout package has extra features +needed by books, including an automatically generated table of contents, +Roman page numbers for the prefatory material, running page headers, +odd and even page layouts, and a sorted index. The Eq package formats +equations, and Pas formats Pascal programs [10]; Tab +formats tables [12]; and Fig draws figures +[6]. +@PP +The non-expert user who uses these packages perceives a system of a +standard quite similar to other fully developed batch formatters, +although the interface is considerably more coherent than, say, the troff +family's [8]. The expert user perceives a system which +is radically different from previous ones, in which a great deal can be +achieved very quickly. To take an extreme example, Pas was designed, +implemented, tested, and documented in one afternoon. Eq took about +a week, but most of that time was spent in marshalling the vast +repertoire of mathematical symbols, and fine-tuning the spacing. Most +of the effort seems to go into designing a good interface; most symbols +are implemented in just one or a few lines of Lout. +@PP +A group of about 20 satisfied non-expert users has grown up within +the author's department, mainly Honours students with no investment +in older systems to hold them back. Basser Lout has been advertised +on the Internet news as available via anonymous {@I ftp}, so the +extent of its outside user community is hard to gauge. About 50 +people have mailed comments or questions to the author; many +of these people have ported the program, written small definitions, +and modified the standard packages. +@PP +Future work could usefully begin with the improvements suggested in this +paper: overlapping spanning columns, better semantics for available +space, and especially horizontal galleys. Support for non-European +languages is also needed. However, the main task is the development of +an interactive document editor based on Lout. A structure editor similar +to Lilac [13], which already has objects and user-defined +symbols, is envisaged; since cross references are easy when the whole +document is available, the only major new problem is the treatment of +galleys, including the expansion and retraction of receptive symbols. +@LP +@LP +@B { Note. } Since the above was written the author has completed a +revised version of Basser Lout, in which the problem concerning +available space mentioned in Section {@NumberOf style} has been resolved. +@LP +@LP +@B { Acknowledgment. } The author gratefully acknowledges many +valuable discussions with Douglas W. Jones, especially during the +development of the galley abstraction; and also many helpful comments on +presentation by the anonymous referee. +@DP +@DP +@Heading { References } +@NumberedList +@LI @RefPrint kingston91 +@LI @RefPrint kingston91over +@LI @RefPrint kingston91basser +@LI @RefPrint furuta82 +@LI @RefPrint kernighan75 +@LI @RefPrint kingston91fig +@LI @RefPrint reid80 +@LI @RefPrint ossanna76 +@LI @RefPrint knuth84 +@LI @RefPrint kingston91eq +@LI @RefPrint kingston91begin +@LI @RefPrint kingston91tab +@LI @RefPrint brooks91 +@EndList +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/README b/doc/expert/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b9c3e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/README @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Directory lout/doc/expert + +This directory contains the Lout source files +for the Expert's Guide to the Lout Document +Formatting System. To produce the Guide, type +the command + + lout all > outfile.ps + +in this directory. This must be done five times to +completely resolve all cross references, although +the PostScript file outfile.ps is printable after +the first run. Auxiliary files with .li and .ld +suffixes will be created in this directory. A +copy of the final outfile.ps is included. There +should be no warning messages on the fifth run. + +Jeffrey H. Kingston +!7 September 1999 diff --git a/doc/expert/all b/doc/expert/all new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46471c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/all @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +@SysInclude { eq } +@SysInclude { tab } +@SysInclude { fig } +@SysInclude { book } +@SysDatabase @Reference { loutrefs } +@Book + @Title { An Expert's Guide to the + +Lout + +Document Formatting System } + @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston } + @Edition { Version 3.17 +September, 1999 } + @Publisher { @I { @CopyRight Copyright 1991, 1999, Jeffrey +H. Kingston, Basser Department of Computer Science, The University +of Sydney 2006, Australia.} } + @InitialLanguage { English } + @OptimizePages { Yes } +// + +@Include { preface } +@Include { pri } +@Include { det } +@Include { pre } +@Include { exa } diff --git a/doc/expert/det b/doc/expert/det new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0018d91 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Details } + @Tag { details } +@Begin +@BeginSections +@Include { det_lexi } +@Include { det_name } +@Include { det_visi } +@Include { det_filt } +@Include { det_prec } +@Include { det_size } +@Include { det_gall } +@Include { det_sort } +@Include { det_hori } +@Include { det_opti } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/expert/det_filt b/doc/expert/det_filt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d5405d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_filt @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +@Section + @Title { Filtered right and body parameters } + @Tag { filters } +@Begin +@PP +A right or body parameter may be filtered by some other computer +program before being included by Lout. As an example of such a program +we will use the Unix @Code sort command: +@ID @Code "sort -o outfile infile" +This causes file @Code outfile to contain a sorted copy of file +{@Code infile}. We incorporate this into a Lout definition as follows: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Sort" +" named @Options {}" +" right x" +"{" +" def @Filter { sort @Options -o @FilterOut @FilterIn }" +"" +" lines @Break x" +"}" +} +The presence within @Code "@Sort" of a definition of a symbol called +@Code "@Filter" tells Lout that the right parameter of @Code "@Sort" +is to be filtered before inclusion. When @Code "@Sort" is invoked, +@Code "@Filter" is evaluated and its value executed as a system +command. In addition to the symbols ordinarily available within the +body of {@Code "@Filter"}, there are three others: +@VeryWideTaggedList +@TI { @Code "@FilterIn" } { +the name of a file which will, at the time the system command is +executed, contain the actual right or body parameter of the +symbol, exactly as it appears in the input file; +} +@TI { @Code "@FilterOut" } { +the name of a file of Lout text whose contents Lout will read after +the system command has finished, as a replacement for what was put +into file {@Code "@FilterIn"}; +} +@TI { @Code "@FilterErr" } { +the name of a file that Lout will attempt to read after the system +command has finished, containing error messages produced by the +command that Lout will pass on to the user as non-fatal errors. Use +of this file is optional. +} +@EndList +It is a fatal error for the system command to return a non-zero status. +@PP +Now the @Code sort command has options @Code -u for deleting duplicate +lines, and @Code -r for reversing the sorting order. So the result of +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Sort" +" @Options { -r -u }" +"{" +"Austen, Jane" +"Dickens, Charles" +"Eliot, George" +"Hardy, Thomas" +"Bront{@Char edieresis}, Charlotte" +"}" +} +is +@ID @OneRow lines @Break +{ +Hardy, Thomas +Eliot, George +Dickens, Charles +Bront{@Char edieresis}, Charlotte +Austen, Jane +} +Unlike all the other examples in this manual, this output +is simulated. This was done so that the ability to format this +manual is not dependent on the existence of the Unix {@Code "sort"} +command, and it highlights the fact that filtered actual parameters +are by their nature of uncertain portability. +@PP +There is no need for an actual filtered parameter to obey the lexical +rules of Lout, since it is passed directly to the other program. However, +Lout must be able to work out where the parameter ends, which gives +rise to the following rules. As with a body parameter, a symbol +@Code "@Sym" with a filtered parameter must be invoked in either the +form @Code "@Sym { ... }" or the form {@Code "@Sym @Begin ... @End @Sym"}, +plus options as usual. In the former case, braces within the +actual parameter must match; in the latter case, the actual parameter +may not contain {@Code "@End"}. +@PP +If an actual filtered parameter contains @@Include, this is taken to +begin a Lout @@Include directive in the usual form (Section +{@NumberOf include}): +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Sort {" +"Austen, Jane" +"@Include { authors }" +"Hardy, Thomas" +"}" +} +The included file becomes part of {@Code "@FilterIn"}, but any braces, +@@Include, or @@End within it are not noticed by Lout. +@PP +The first character of file @Code "@FilterIn" will be the first +non-white space character following the opening @Code "{" or @@Begin, +or the first character of an included file if @@Include comes first. The +second-last character of file @Code "@FilterIn" will be the last non-white +space character preceding the closing @Code "}" or {@Code "@End @Sym"}, +or the last character of an included file if @@Include comes last. One +newline character is always appended and is the last character of file +{@Code "@FilterIn"}. This effects a compromise between the Lout convention, +that spaces following @Code "{" or preceding @Code "}" are not significant, +with the Unix convention that all text files end with a newline character. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_gall b/doc/expert/det_gall new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e68d58f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_gall @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +@Section + @Title { Galleys and targets } + @Tag { targets } +@Begin +@PP +The behaviour of galleys and their targets, as described in Section +galley.feature.in.detail @SubIndex { in detail } +targets.in.detail @SubIndex { in detail } +{@NumberOf galleys}, can be summarized in three laws: +@DP +{@I {First Law}}: The first target is the closest invocation of the +target symbol, either preceding or following the invocation point of the +galley as required, which has sufficient space to receive the first +component; +@DP +{@I {Second Law}}: Each subsequent target is the closest invocation of +the target symbol, following the previous target and lying within the same +galley, which has sufficient space to receive the first remaining component; +@DP +{@I {Third Law}}: A receptive symbol that does not receive at least one +component of any galley is replaced by @@Null. +@DP +The terms `closest,' `preceding,' and `following' refer to position in +the final printed document. This section explains the operation of +these laws in Basser Lout. +@PP +When a galley cannot be fitted into just one target, Lout must find +points in the galley where it can be split in two. The object lying +between two neighbouring potential split points is called a @I component +component @Index { Components of a galley } +of the galley. By definition, a component cannot be split. +@PP +To determine the components of a galley, expand all symbols other than +recursive and receptive ones, discard all @@Font, @@Break, @@Space, +@@SetColor, @@SetColour, and @@Language symbols, perform paragraph +breaking as required, and discard all redundant braces. Then view the +galley as a sequence of one or more objects separated by vertical +concatenation symbols; these are the components and split points, +except that concatenation symbols whose gaps are unbreakable +(Section {@NumberOf concatenation}) are not eligible to be split +points. For example, given the definition +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Section into { @SectionPlace&&preceding }" +" named @Title {}" +" right @Body" +"{" +" 15p @Font { @Title //0.7f }" +" //" +" @Body" +"}" +} +the galley +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Introduction }" +"{ This is a subject that really" +"needs no introduction. }" +} +becomes +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"Introduction" +"//0.7f" +"{}" +"//" +"This is a subject that really needs" +"//1vx" +"no introduction." +} +with four components. If @Code "@Body" had been preceded by @Code "|1.0c" in +the definition, the result would have been +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"Introduction" +"//0.7f" +"{}" +"//" +"|1.0c { This is a subject that really needs //1vx no introduction. }" +} +with @Code "//1vx" buried within one component and hence not a +potential split point. If @Code "0.7f" had been {@Code "0.7fu"}, +the gap would have been unbreakable and @Code "//0.7fu" would not +have been a potential split point. +@PP +Version 3.03 has liberalized this somewhat in the following way. When +a component consists of a horizontal sequence of two or more objects +@Eq { A sub 1 ,..., A sub n } separated by @Code "|" (not {@Code "||"}, +not {@Code "&"}), Lout will investigate the component to see whether +it can be broken up. It looks at each @Eq { A sub i } to see whether it +is a vertical concatenation of objects @Eq { A sub i1 ,..., A sub im }; if +two or more of the @Eq { A sub i } satisfy this condition, the component +will not be broken up. So now suppose we have just one @Eq { A sub i } +which is a vertical concatenation. Lout will break the component into +one component for each of the @Eq { A sub i1 ,..., A sub im }, provided +that they are separated by @Code "//" symbols (not {@Code "/"}), and +provided this can be done without introducing any apparent change into +the appearance of the component (this second rule will be satisfied if +the other @Eq { A sub j } are not very large). The example above +satisfies all these rules and will be broken up into two components, +so the @Code "//1vx" becomes a potential split point after all. +@PP +The lines of a paragraph become separate components if the paragraph +occupies an entire component before breaking; otherwise they are +enclosed in a @@OneRow symbol within one component. The same is true of +incoming components of other galleys. If a @@Galley symbol occupies an +entire component by the rules above, then the incoming components that +replace it become components of their new home: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col lines @Break B ! @Col @Code C } +{ +@Rowa + A { +"An example" +"//0.5c" +"@Galley" +"//0.5c" +"@SomethingList" +} + B { +"" +@Eq { ==> } +} + C { +"An example" +"//0.5c" +"Incoming components" +"//0.2c" +"from some other galley" +"//0.5c" +"@SomethingList" +} +} +Otherwise the incoming components are grouped within a @@OneRow symbol +and lie within one component. +@PP +This distinction has a marked effect on the vertical concatenation +b.unit.use @SubIndex { use in @Code "//1.1b" } +symbol {@Code "//1.1b"}, which calls for more space than is available +(Section {@NumberOf concatenation}). There is no room for this symbol +within any component, so it will force a split and be discarded in that +case. But it can be promoted to between two components. +@PP +Components may be separated by @Code "/" as well as by {@Code "//"}, +giving rise to column mark alignment between adjacent components: +@ID @ShowVMark { +@HContract @GreyBox { 1c @Wide ^| 1c @Wide 0.6c @High } +/0.3c +@HContract @GreyBox { 2c @Wide 0.6c @High } +/0.3c +@HContract @GreyBox { 0.5c @Wide ^| 0.8c @Wide 0.6c @High } +} +When aligned components are promoted into different targets, the meaning +of alignment becomes very doubtful. For example, what if the targets +mark.alignment.in.detail @SubIndex { in detail } +are in different columns of one page, or what if one lies within +{@Code "90d @Rotate"}? +@PP +The truth is that @Code "/" causes all the objects that share a mark to +have equal width: +@ID @ShowVMark { +@TightBox @HContract @GreyBox { 1c @Wide ^| 1c @Wide 0.6c @High } +/0.3c +@TightBox @HContract @GreyBox { 2c @Wide 0.6c @High } +/0.3c +@TightBox @HContract @GreyBox { 0.5c @Wide ^| 0.8c @Wide 0.6c @High } +} +This is a consequence of the `as wide as possible' rule (Section +{@NumberOf size}). Mark alignment occurs {@I incidentally}, whenever +the fragments are placed into similar contexts. +@PP +In this connection we must also consider the special case of a @@Galley +symbol which shares its column mark with some other object: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Galley" +"/0.2c" +"@SomethingList" +} +(The @@Galley may or may not occupy an entire component; that doesn't +matter here.) If incoming components are separated by @Code "//" rather +than by {@Code "/"}, the meaning is so doubtful that this is forbidden. In +fact, a galley whose components replace such a @@Galley must have a +single column mark running its full length; that is, its components must +all share a single column mark. This mark will be merged with the +column mark passing through each @@Galley that these components replace; +all the objects on the resulting merged mark will have equal width. +@PP +The root galley, where everything collects immediately prior to output, +root.galley.in.detail @SubIndex { in detail } +is created automatically, not by a definition. Its target is the output +file, and its object is the entire input, which typically looks like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageList" +"//" +"@Text {" +" Body text of the document ..." +"}" +} +where @Code "@PageList" expands to a sequence of pages containing +@Code "@TextPlace" symbols (see Section {@NumberOf definitions}), and +@Code "@Text" is a galley: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @TextPlace { @Galley }" +"" +"def @Text into { @TextPlace&&preceding }" +" right x" +"{" +" x" +"}" +} +The spot vacated by a galley -- its invocation point -- becomes a @@Null +object, so this root galley is effectively @Code "@PageList" alone, as +required. The @Code "@Text" galley will find its first target preceding +its invocation point, within {@Code "@PageList"}. +@PP +Printing {@PageMark rootg} the root galley on the output file is +somewhat problematical, +root.galley.printing @SubIndex { printing of } +because Lout has no way of knowing how large the paper is. Basser Lout +simply prints one root galley component per page (except it skips +components of height zero), and the user is responsible for ensuring +that each component is page-sized. Gaps between root galley +components, even unbreakable ones, have no effect on the result. +@PP +Basser Lout will promote a component only after any receptive symbols +components.promotion @SubIndex { promotion of } +promotion @Index { Promotion of components } +within it have been replaced, either by galleys or by @@Null, since +until then the component is not complete. A component which shares a +mark with following components is held up until they are all complete, +since until then their width is uncertain. +@PP +Consider a page with @Code "@TextPlace" and @Code "@FootSect" receptive +symbols. The rule just given will prevent the page from being printed +until @Code "@TextPlace" is replaced by body text, quite rightly; but +@Code "@FootSect" will also prevent its printing, even when there are no +footnotes. +@PP +Basser Lout is keen to write out pages as soon as possible, to save memory, +and it cannot afford to wait forever for non-existent footnotes. A variant +of the galley concept, called a @I {forcing galley}, +forcing.galley @Index { Forcing galley } {@PageMark forcing} +is introduced to solve this problem. A forcing galley is defined like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Text force into { @TextPlace&&preceding }" +" ..." +} +and so on. When such a galley replaces a @@Galley symbol, Lout replaces +every receptive symbol preceding the @@Galley by @@Null, thus ensuring that +as soon as text enters a page, for example, everything up to and including +the preceding page can be printed. This does not take care of the very last +page, but Basser Lout replaces all receptive symbols by @@Null when it realizes +that its input has all been read, thus allowing the last page to print. +@PP +A forcing galley causes the Third Law to be applied earlier than +expected, and this creates two problems. First, the replacement by +@@Null may be premature: a galley may turn up later wanting one of the +defunct targets. Such galleys (entries in tables of contents are +typical examples) are copied into the cross reference database and read +in during the next run just before their targets are closed, and so they +find their targets in the end. Care must be taken to ensure that +large galleys such as chapters and sections do not have defunct targets, +since the cost of copying them to and from the database is unacceptably high. +@PP +It is actually an over-simplification to say that these replacements +occur when the forcing galley replaces its @@Galley. What really happens +is that from this moment on Lout understands that it has the right to make +these replacements, and it will do each one at the first moment when not +doing it would hold things up. So there is a short period of grace when +galleys, such as the entries in tables of contents just alluded to, +can sneak into these receptive symbols. +@PP +The @Code "into" and @Code "force into" forms are actually just abbreviations +for the true way that galleys are defined, which +is by giving the symbol that is to be a galley a parameter or nested +target.sym @Index { @Code "@Target" symbol } +definition with the special name {@Code "@Target"}: +@ID @Code { +"def @Text" +" right x" +"{" +" def @Target { @TextPlace&&preceding }" +"" +" x" +"}" +} +A forcing galley is obtained by using @Code "&&&" instead of +{@Code "&&"}. @Code "@Target" may be an arbitrary object, +provided that it yields such a cross reference when evaluated. In +this way, different invocations may have different targets. +@PP +The forcing galley effect can be obtained in another way, by replacing +the @Code "@Galley" symbol to which the galley is attached by +{@Code "@ForceGalley"}. The advantage of this form is that the galley +can then be forcing at some places and not at others, using the formula +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @SomePlace right x" +"{" +" x @Case {" +" noforce @Yield @Galley" +" force @Yield @ForceGalley" +" }" +"}" +} +Now a galley may have @Code "@SomePlace" for its target, and if it +happens to attach to +@ID @Code "@SomePlace force" +it will have the effect of a forcing galley, while if it happens to +attach to +@ID @Code "@SomePlace noforce" +it will not. +@PP +Although it doesn't matter whether a galley is declared as a forcing +galley or merely arrives at a {@Code "@ForceGalley"} symbol from the +point of view of the effect on nearby targets, there is one way in +which Lout treats the two cases differently. If a forcing galley's +first component does not fit into the available space, that component +will be scaled vertically until it does. The rationale for this is +that forcing galleys are meant to carry the bulk of the document and +cannot afford to be held up because the user has inadvertently included +an over-high component, which for all Lout knows to the contrary may +not fit on any page. If this scaling is not wanted but forcing is, +the galley may be declared not forcing but all its targets may be set +to contain {@Code "@ForceGalley"}. +@PP +Within a galley, a symbol whose name is @@Enclose has a special +enclose.sym @Index @@Enclose +meaning: when components of the galley replace a @@Galley or @@ForceGalley +symbol, that symbol is first replaced by @@Enclose @@Galley or +@@Enclose @@ForceGalley. For example, +@ID @Code { +"def @Enclose" +" right x" +"{" +" @Box x" +"}" +} +within some galley definition causes each @@Galley or @@ForceGalley +symbol that receives components of the galley to be replaced by +{@Code "@Box @Galley"} or {@Code "@Box @ForceGalley"}, assuming an +appropriate definition of @Code "@Box". This is useful, for example, +when producing multi-page boxed displays, figures, and tables. +@PP +An @@Enclose symbol may have only one parameter, which must be a +right parameter. It would not make sense to allow more parameters, +since there is no suitable value to assign to them. However, the +@@Enclose symbol may contain inner definitions, and it may make use +of any symbol that is available at that point, in the usual way. +@PP +A @Code "following" galley may fail to find a first target lying in a +following component of the same galley as its invocation point. This is +a deficiency of Basser Lout, which occurs if the target has not been +read from input at the time the galley tries to find it. A workaround +is to use a @Code "preceding" galley instead, defined like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @AGalley into { @AGalleyPlace&&preceding }" +" right @Body" +"{" +" //1.1b" +" @Body" +"}" +} +and invoked like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@AGalleyPlace | @AGalley { content of galley }" +"//" +"..." +"@AGalleyPlace" +} +The first @Code "@AGalleyPlace" receives only the initial empty object, +since the @Code "//1.1b" forces a split; and the Second Law puts Basser +Lout on the right track thereafter. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_hori b/doc/expert/det_hori new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad81dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_hori @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +@Section + @Title { Horizontal galleys } + @Tag { horizontal } +@Begin +@PP +All the galleys so far have been @I { vertical galleys }: galleys +whose components are separated by vertical concatenation symbols. There +are also horizontal galleys, whose components are separated by the +horizontal concatenation operator @Code "&" (or equivalently, by +spaces). These work in the same way as vertical galleys, except for +the change of direction. For example, the following defines the +equivalent of an ordinary outdented paragraph, except that an option +is provided for varying the size of the outdent: +@ID @Code { +"def @OutdentPar" +" named outdent { 2f }" +" right x" +"{" +" def @ParPlace { @Galley }" +"" +" def @LineList" +" {" +" outdent @Wide {} | @PAdjust @ParPlace" +" //1vx @LineList" +" }" +"" +" def @ParGalley force horizontally into { @ParPlace&&preceding }" +" right x" +" {" +" x" +" }" +"" +" @PAdjust @ParPlace" +" // @ParGalley { x &1rt }" +" //1vx @LineList" +"}" +} +Notice the use of @Code "&1rt" to cancel the effect of @Code "@PAdjust" +on the last line of the paragraph. This definition has a problem in +that there will be a concluding unexpanded @Code "@LineList" symbol +which will hold up promotion of the enclosing galley; this problem +may be fixed by the same method used to end a list. +@PP +In an ideal world, there would be nothing further to say about horizontal +galleys. However there are a few differences which arise from various +practical considerations and limitations. Perhaps some day a more +perfect symmetry will be implemented. +@PP +Each vertical galley has a fixed finite width, and every component is +broken to that width. This is needed basically to trigger paragraph +breaking. However, there is no equivalent of paragraph breaking in +the vertical direction, so horizontal galleys do not have any particular +fixed height. Instead, each component has its own individual height. +@PP +When two objects are separated by {@Code "/"}, they +are assigned the same width (Section {@NumberOf targets}), and +this holds true even if the two objects are subsequently separated +by being promoted into different targets. For example, two aligned +equations will have the same width, and hence their alignment will be +preserved, even if they appear in different columns or pages. However, +even though @Code "&" aligns the marks of its two parameters, it does +not assign them a common height. This means that the height of any +component of a horizontal galley promoted into one target does not +affect the height consumed by the components promoted into any other +target. The other horizontal concatenation operator, {@Code "|"}, +does assign a common height to its two parameters; but sequences of +objects separated by this operator cannot be the components of a +horizontal galley. +@PP +Lout is able to read vertical galleys one paragraph at a time; in this +way it processes the document in small chunks, never holding more than +a few pages in memory at any time. However, horizontal galleys are +always read in completely, so they should not be extremely long. +@PP +In principle Lout should be able to hyphenate the components of +horizontal galleys when they are simple words, but this is not +implemented at present. +@PP +In an ideal world, every paragraph would be treated as a horizontal +galley. However, to do so in practice would be too slow and would +lead to excessive clumsiness in notation, so at present Lout has +two competing mechanisms in this area: the built-in paragraph +breaker with its limited set of options as given under the @Code +"@Break" operator, and horizontal galleys. As the example above +shows, horizontal galleys are in principle capable of implementing +many more paragraph styles than the built-in paragraph breaker +could ever hope to do. The recommended practical strategy is to use +the built-in paragraph breaker most of the time, and switch to +horizontal galleys only for occasional tricks, such as paragraphs +with drop capitals, circular outlines, etc. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_lexi b/doc/expert/det_lexi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0ad9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_lexi @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +@Section + @Tag { lexical } + @Title { Lexical structure (words, spaces, symbols) and macros } +@Begin +@PP +The input to Lout consists of a sequence of @I {textual units}, +textual.unit @Index {Textual unit } +which may be +either {@I{white spaces}}, +@I identifiers, +@I delimiters, +or +@I {literal words}. Each +is a sequence of @I characters chosen from: +letter @Index { Letter character } +other @Index { Other character } +quote @Index { Quote character } +escape @Index { Escape character } +comment.char @Index { Comment character } +underscore.char @Index { Underscore character } +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa A { letter } B { @Code "@ab-zAB-Z_" } +@Rowa A { white space } B { @I { space formfeed tab newline } } +@Rowa A { quote } B { @Code "\"" } +@Rowa A { escape } B { @Code "\\" } +@Rowa A { comment } B { @Code "#" } +@Rowa A { other } B { @Code "!$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?[]^`{|}~" } +} +Notice that @Code "@" and @Code "_" are classed as letters. Basser +Lout accepts the accented letters of the ISO-LATIN-1 character set +(depending on how it is installed), and these are also classed as +letters. The ten digits are classed as `other' characters, and in +fact the `other' class contains all 8-bit characters (except octal 0) +not assigned to previous classes. +@PP +A @I {white space} is a sequence of one or more white space characters. +white.space @Index { White space } +formfeed @Index { Formfeed } +space.f @Index { Space } + Lout treats the formfeed character exactly like the space character; +it is useful for getting page breaks when printing Lout source code. +@PP +A @I delimiter is a sequence of one or more `other' characters which +delimiter @Index { Delimiter } +is the name of a symbol. For example, @Code "{" and @Code "//" are +delimiters. When defining a delimiter, the name must be enclosed +in quotes: +@ID @Code { +"def \"^\" { {} ^& {} }" +} +but quotes are not used when the delimiter is invoked. A delimiter may +have delimiters and any other characters adjacent, whereas identifiers +may not be adjacent to letters or other identifiers. The complete list +of predefined delimiters is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +{ + "/" + @JL "//" + @JL "^/" + @JL "^//" +} |2.2cx { + "|" + @JL "||" + @JL "^|" + @JL "^||" +} |2.2cx { + "&" + @JL "^&" +} |2.2cx { + "&&" + @JL "{" + @JL "}" +} +} +A longer delimiter like @Code "<=" will be recognised in +preference to a shorter one like {@Code "<"}. +@PP +An @I identifier is a sequence of one or more letters which is the name of a +identifier @Index { Identifier } +symbol. It is conventional but not essential to begin identifiers with +{@Code "@"}; Basser Lout will print a warning message if it finds an +unquoted literal word (see below) beginning with {@Code "@"}, since such +words are usually misspelt identifiers. The ten digits are not letters +and may not appear in identifiers; and although the underscore character +is a letter and may be used in identifiers, it is not conventional to +do so. The complete list of predefined identifiers is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +{ "@BackEnd" + @JL "@Background" + @JL "@Begin" + @JL "@Break" + @JL "@Case" + @JL "@Common" + @JL "@Char" + @JL "@CurrFace" + @JL "@CurrFamily" + @JL "@CurrLang" + @JL "@Database" + @JL "@End" + @JL "@Enclose" + @JL "@Filter" + @JL "@FilterErr" + @JL "@FilterIn" + @JL "@FilterOut" + @JL "@Font" + @JL "@ForceGalley" + @JL "@Galley" + @JL "@Graphic" + @JL "@HAdjust" + @JL "@HContract" + @JL "@HCover" + @JL "@HExpand" + @JL "@High" + @JL "@HLimited" + @JL "@HScale" + @JL "@HShift" + @JL "@HSpan" +} |4.4cx { + "@Include" + @JL "@IncludeGraphic" + @JL "@Insert" + @JL "@KernShrink" + @JL "@Key" + @JL "@Language" + @JL "@LClos" + @JL "@LEnv" + @JL "@LInput" + @JL "@LVis" + @JL "@LUse" + @JL "@Meld" + @JL "@Merge" + @JL "@Minus" + @JL "@Moment" + @JL "@Next" + @JL "@NotRevealed" + @JL "@Null" + @JL "@OneCol" + @JL "@OneOf" + @JL "@OneRow" + @JL "@Open" + @JL "@Optimize" + @JL "@PAdjust" + @JL "@PageLabel" + @JL "@PlainGraphic" + @JL "@Plus" + @JL "@PrependGraphic" + @JL "@RawVerbatim" + @JL "@Rotate" +} |4.4cx { + "@Rump" + @JL "@Scale" + @JL "@SetColor" + @JL "@SetColour" + @JL "@Space" + @JL "@StartHSpan" + @JL "@StartHVSpan" + @JL "@StartVSpan" + @JL "@SysDatabase" + @JL "@SysInclude" + @JL "@SysIncludeGraphic" + @JL "@SysPrependGraphic" + @JL "@Tag" + @JL "@Tagged" + @JL "@Target" + @JL "@Underline" + @JL "@Use" + @JL "@VAdjust" + @JL "@VContract" + @JL "@VCover" + @JL "@Verbatim" + @JL "@VExpand" + @JL "@VLimited" + @JL "@VScale" + @JL "@VShift" + @JL "@VSpan" + @JL "@Wide" + @JL "@Yield" + @JL "@YUnit" + @JL "@ZUnit" +} +} +plus the names of the parameters of @@Moment. The symbols @@LClos, @@LEnv, +lclos @Index { @@LClos symbol } +lenv @Index { @@LEnv symbol } +linput @Index { @@LInput symbol } +lvis @Index { @@LVis symbol } +luse @Index { @@LUse symbol } +@@LInput, @@LVis and @@LUse appear in cross reference databases generated +by Lout and are not for use elsewhere. +@PP +A sequence of characters which is neither a white space, an identifier, nor a +delimiter, is by default a @I {literal word}, which means that it will +word @Index { Word } +literal.word @Index { Literal word } +quoted.word @Index { Quoted word } +pass through Lout unchanged. An arbitrary sequence of characters +enclosed in double quotes, for example @Code "\"{ }\"", is also a +literal word. Space characters may be included, but not tabs or +newlines. There are special character sequences, used only between +quotes, for obtaining otherwise inaccessible characters: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa A { @Code "\\\"" } B { produces @Code "\"" } +@Rowa A { @Code "\\\\" } B { "\\" } +@Rowa A { @Code "\\ddd" } B { the character whose ASCII code is } +@Rowa A { } B { the up to three digit octal number {@Code ddd} } +} +So, for example, @Code "\"\\\"@PP\\\"\"" produces {@Code "\"@PP\""}. +@PP +When the comment character +comment @Index { Comment } +@Code "#" is encountered, everything from +that point to the end of the line is ignored. This is useful for +including reminders to oneself, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"# Lout user manual" +"# J. Kingston, June 1989" +} +for temporarily deleting parts of the document, and so on. +@PP +@I Macros +macro @Index { Macro } +provide a means of defining symbols which stand for a +sequence of textual units rather than an object. For example, the macro +definition +@ID @Code { +"macro @PP { //1.3vx 2.0f @Wide &0i }" +} +makes Lout replace the symbol @Code "@PP" by the given textual units +before assembling its input into objects. A similar macro to this +one is used to separate the paragraphs of the present document. The +enclosing braces and any spaces adjacent to them are dropped, which can +be a problem: @Code "@PP2i" has result {@Code "//1.3vx 2.0f @Wide &0i2i"} +which is erroneous. +@PP +The meaning of symbols used within the body of a macro is determined by +where the macro is defined, not by where it is used. Due to implementation +problems, @@Open symbols will not work within macros. Named and body +parameters will work if the symbol that they are parameters of is also +present. There is no way to get a left or right brace into the body of +a macro without the matching brace. +@PP +Macros may be nested within other definitions and exported, but they may +not be parameters. They may not have parameters or nested definitions +of their own, and consequently a preceding @Code export clause (Section +{@NumberOf visibility}) would be pointless; however, an @Code import +clause is permitted. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_name b/doc/expert/det_name new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae3dac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_name @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +@Section + @Tag { named } + @Title { Named parameters } +@Begin +@PP +In addition to left and right (or body) parameters, a symbol may have +any number of {@I {named parameters}}: +parameter.named @SubIndex { @Code named parameter } +named.par @Index { @Code named parameter } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Chapter" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Title {}" +" right x" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +Their definitions appear in between those of any left and right +parameters, and each is followed by a @I {default value} between +default @Index { Default value of parameter } +braces. When @Code "@Chapter" is invoked, its named parameters are +given values in the following way: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @Tag { intro }" +" @Title { Introduction }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +That is, a list of named parameters appears immediately following the +symbol, each with its value enclosed in braces. Any right parameter +follows after them. They do not have to appear in the order they were +defined, and they can even be omitted altogether, in which case the +default value from the definition is used instead. +@PP +If the keyword @Code "compulsory" appears after @Code "named" and +before the parameter's name, Lout will print a warning message whenever +this parameter is missing. However it will still use the default value +as just described. +@PP +A named @Code "@Tag" parameter +tag.par @Index { @Code "@Tag" parameter, default value of } +does not take its default value from the definition; instead, if a default +value is needed, Lout invents a simple word which differs from every other +tag. This is important, for example, in the production of numbered +chapters and sections (Section {@NumberOf chapters}). The same thing occurs +if there is a @Code "@Tag" parameter but its value is the empty object: the +value will be replaced by an invented one. +@PP +Named parameters may have parameters, {@PageMark strange} as in the +following definition: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Strange" +" named @Format right @Val { [@Val] }" +" right x" +"{" +" @Format x" +"}" +} +The named parameter @Code "@Format" has right parameter {@Code "@Val"}, +and the default value of @Code "@Format" is this parameter enclosed in +brackets. When @Code "@Format" is invoked it must be supplied with +a right parameter, which will replace {@Code "@Val"}. Thus, +@ID @Code { +"@Strange 27" +} +equals @Code "@Format 27" and so has result +@ID { +@Strange 27 +} +The @Code "@Format" symbol is like a definition with parameters whose +body can be changed: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Strange" +" @Format { Slope @Font @Val. }" +"27" +} +still equals {@Code "@Format 27"}, but this time the result is +@ID { +@Strange + @Format { Slope @Font @Val. } +27 +} +In practice, examples of named parameters with parameters all have this +flavour of format being separated from content; running headers (Section +{@NumberOf pagelayout}) and printing styles for bibliographies +(Section {@NumberOf biblio}) are two major ones. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_opti b/doc/expert/det_opti new file mode 100644 index 0000000..981b468 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_opti @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +@Section + @Title { Optimal galley breaking } + @Tag { optimal } +@Begin +@PP +As explained in Section {@NumberOf targets}, the components of a galley +optimal.gall @Index { Optimal galley breaking } +are promoted one by one into a target. When space runs out there, the +galley searches for a new target and promotion resumes. +@PP +This process is exactly analogous to placing words onto a line until +space runs out, then moving to another line. But, as we know, that +simple method is inferior to the optimal paragraph breaking used by +Lout (copied from the @TeX system), which examines the entire paragraph +and determines the most even assignment of words to lines. +@PP +Lout offers @I { optimal galley breaking }, the equivalent for galleys +of optimal paragraph breaking. Optimal galley breaking can reduce the +size of ugly blank spaces at the bottom of pages preceding large +unbreakable displays, sometimes quite dramatically. +@PP +Optimal galley breaking is applied to each galley, horizontal or +vertical, that possesses a parameter or nested symbol called +@Code "@Optimize" whose value is {@Code Yes}. Like cross referencing, +optimize.sym @Index { @Code "@Optimize" symbol } +it takes two runs to have effect. On the first run, Lout records the +sizes of the galley's components and gaps, and also the space available +at each of its targets. At end of run this information is used to find +an optimal break, which is written to the cross-reference database. On +the second run, the optimal break is retrieved and used. +@PP +Considering that this process must cope with floating figures, +new page and conditional new page symbols, breaks for new chapters, and +evolving documents, it is surprisingly robust. If it does go badly +wrong, removing file @Code "lout.li" then running Lout twice without +changing the document may solve the problem. However, cases are known +where the optimization never converges. These are usually related to +figures and footnotes whose anchor points fall near page boundaries. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_prec b/doc/expert/det_prec new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2dd72d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_prec @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +@Section + @Title { Precedence and associativity of symbols } + @Tag { precedence } +@Begin +@PP +Every symbol in Lout has a {@I precedence}, +preceden @Index { Precedence } +which is a positive whole number. When two symbols compete for an object, +the one with the higher precedence wins it. For example, +@ID @Code { +"a | b / c" +} +is equivalent to @OneCol @Code { "{" a "|" b "}" "/" c } rather than +{@OneCol @Code { a "|" "{" b "/" c "}"} }, because @Code "|" has higher +precedence than @Code "/" and thus wins the {@Code b}. +@PP +When the two competing symbols have equal precedence, Lout applies a +second rule. Each symbol is either @I left-associative or +associativity @Index { Associativity } +{@I right-associative}. The value of @OneCol @Code { a op1 b op2 c} is taken +to be @OneCol @Code { "{" a op1 b "}" op2 c } if the symbols are both +left-associative, and @OneCol @Code "a op1 { b op2 c }" if they are +right-associative. In cases not covered by these two rules, use braces. +@PP +It sometimes happens that the result is the same regardless of how the +expression is grouped. For example, @OneCol @Code { "{" a "|" b "}" "|" c } +and @OneCol @Code { a "|" "{" b "|" c "}" } are always the same, for any +combination of objects, gaps, and variants of {@Code "|"}. In such cases +the symbols are said to be {@I associative}, and we can confidently omit +the braces. +@PP +User-defined symbols may be given a precedence and associativity: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Super" +" precedence 50" +" associativity right" +" left x" +" right y" +"{" +" @OneRow { | -2p @Font y ^/0.5fk x }" +"}" +} +They come just after any @Code into clause and before any parameter +definitions. The precedence may be +any whole number between 10 and 100, and if omitted is assigned the +value 100. The higher the number, the higher the precedence. The +associativity may be @Code left or {@Code right}, and if omitted +defaults to {@Code right}. Lout's symbols have the following +precedences and associativities: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @CC A ! @Col @CC B ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Precedence } + B { Associativity } + C { Symbols } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { 5 } + B { associative } + C { @Code "/ ^/ // ^//" } +@Rowa + A { 6 } + B { associative } + C { @Code "| ^| || ^||" } +@Rowa + A { 7 } + B { associative } + C { @Code "& ^&" } +@Rowa + A { 7 } + B { associative } + C { @Code "&" in the form of one or more white space characters } +@Rowa + A { 10-100 } + B { @Code left or @Code right } + C { user-defined symbols } +@Rowa + A { 100 } + B { @Code right } + C { @@Wide, @@High, @@Graphic, etc. } +@Rowa + A { 101 } + B { - } + C { @Code "&&" } +@Rowa + A { 102 } + B { associative } + C { @Code "&" in the form of 0 spaces } +@Rowa + A { 103 } + B { - } + C { Body parameters and right parameters of @@Open } +} +Actually the precedence of juxtaposition (two objects separated +by zero spaces) is a little more complicated. If either of the +two objects is enclosed in braces, the precedence is 7 as for +one or more spaces. If neither object is enclosed in braces, +the precedence is 102 as shown above. This complicated rule +seems to accord better with what people expect and need in +practice than a pure precedence rule can do. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_size b/doc/expert/det_size new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aea894b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_size @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +@Section + @Title { The style and size of objects } + @Tag { size } +@Begin +@PP +This section explains how Lout determines the style and size of each +object. Together, these attributes determine the object's final +appearance in the output. +style @Index { Style of an object } +@PP +The style of an object comprises the following: +@BulletList +@ListItem { Which font family, face and size to use (also defining the +@Code f unit); } +@ListItem { Whether small capitals are in effect or not; } +@ListItem { What gap to replace a single space between two objects by (also +defining the @Code s unit); } +@ListItem { The interpretation to place on white space separating +two objects ({@Code lout}, {@Code compress}, {@Code separate}, {@Code troff}, +or {@Code tex} as in Section {@NumberOf space}); } +@ListItem { The current value of the @Code y and @Code z units of +measurement (Section {@NumberOf yunit}); } +@ListItem { The kind of paragraph breaking to employ ({@Code adjust}, +{@Code ragged}, etc.) } +@ListItem { What gap to insert between the lines of paragraphs +(also defining the @Code v unit); } +@ListItem { Whether to permit hyphenation or not; } +@ListItem { What colour the object is to appear in; } +@ListItem { The language of the object; } +@ListItem { Whether @@VAdjust, @@HAdjust and @@PAdjust are in effect. } +@EndList +The style of an object depends on where it appears in the final +document. For example, the style of a parameter depends on where it is +used; the style of a galley is the style of the first target that it +attempts to attach itself to. Of course, the style of any object can be +changed by using the @@Font, @@Break, @@Space, @@SetColour or +@@SetColor, and @@Language symbols. +@PP +There are no standard default values for style, except that small capitals +are initially off, the interpretation of white space is initially {@Code +lout}, and the values of the @Code y and @Code z units are zero. Therefore +one must ensure that the root galley or each of its components is enclosed +in @@Font, @@Break, @@SetColour or @@SetColor, and @@Language symbols. From +there the style is passed to incoming galleys and the objects within +them. Enclosure in @@Space is not required because the @Code "s" unit +is also set by @@Font (Section {@NumberOf space}). +@PP +width. @Index { Width of an object } +height. @Index { Height of an object } +size. @Index { Size of an object } +The remainder of this section explains how the size of each object (its +width and height on the printed page) is determined. We will treat width +only, since height is determined in exactly the same way, except that the +complications introduced by paragraph breaking are absent. +@PP +With three exceptions (see below), the width of an object is as large as +it possibly could be without violating a @@Wide symbol or intruding into +the space occupied by neighbouring gaps or objects. As an aid to +investigating this rule, we will use the definition +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @TightBox right x" +"{" +" \"0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke\"" +" @Graphic x" +"}" +} +which draws a box around the boundary of its right parameter (Section +{@NumberOf graphic}) with no margin. The result of +@ID @Code { +"5c @Wide @TightBox metempsychosis" +} +is +@ID { +5c @Wide @TightBox metempsychosis +} +The widest that @Code "@TightBox metempsychosis" could possibly be is five +centimetres, and accordingly that is its width. The same applies to +{@Code metempsychosis}, which is five centimetres wide as well. Note +carefully that there is no object in this example whose width is equal +to the sum of the widths of the letters of {@Code metempsychosis}. +@PP +The first of the three exceptions to the `as wide as possible' rule is the +@@HContract symbol, which causes the width of its right parameter to be +reduced to a reasonable minimum (a formal definition will not be attempted): +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"5c @Wide @HContract @TightBox metempsychosis" +} +produces +@ID { +5c @Wide @HContract @TightBox metempsychosis +} +The object @Code "@HContract @TightBox metempsychosis" is still five centimetres +wide, but the object @Code "@TightBox metempsychosis" has been reduced. +@PP +The second of the three exceptions is the horizontal concatenation symbol +@Code "|" (and also {@Code "&"}). Consider this example: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"5c @Wide @TightBox { A |1c B |1c C }" +} +As usual, the right parameter of @@Wide is five centimetres wide, and +the result looks like this: +@ID { +5c @Wide @TightBox { A |1c B |1c C } +} +Lout has to apportion the size minus inter-column gaps among the three +columns. +@PP +If the columns are wide enough to require paragraph breaking, Lout will +assign sizes to the columns in such a way as to leave narrow columns +unbroken and break wider columns to equal width, occupying the full +size. Otherwise, paragraph breaking is not required, and each column +will be assigned a reasonable minimum size in the manner of @@HContract, +except that the last column receives all the leftover width. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"5c @Wide { @TightBox A |1c @TightBox B |1c @TightBox C }" +} +has result +@ID { +5c @Wide { @TightBox A |1c @TightBox B |1c @TightBox C } +} +If it is desired that the leftover width remain unused, rather than +going into the last column, an empty column can be appended, or the last +column can be enclosed in @@HContract. Two other ways to apportion the +leftover width are provided by the @@HExpand and @@HAdjust symbols +(Sections {@NumberOf hexpand} and {@NumberOf hadjust}). +@PP +The third and final exception to the `as wide as possible' rule concerns +the components of the root galley. Each is considered to be enclosed +root.galley.size @SubIndex { size of components of } +in @@HContract and @@VContract symbols. +@PP +Up to this point we have treated width as a single quantity, but of +course it has two parts: width to left and right of the mark. The +`as wide as possible' rule applies to both directions: +@ID @Code { +"@HContract { @TightBox 953^.05 /0.5c @TightBox 2^.8286 }" +} +has result +@ID { +@HContract { @TightBox 953^.05 /0.5c @TightBox 2^.8286 } +} +Leftover width usually goes to the right, as we have seen, but here some +width was available only to the left of {@Code "2.8286"} owing to the +column mark alignment. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_sort b/doc/expert/det_sort new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab3ebeb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_sort @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +@Section + @Title { Sorted galleys } + @Tag { sorted } +@Begin +@PP +When footnotes are placed at the bottom of a page, they appear there in +first come, first served order. To make galleys appear in sorted order, as +sorted.galley @Index { Sorted galleys } +is needed in bibliographies and indexes, a parameter or nested definition +with the special name @@Key +key. @Index { @@Key parameter } +is added to the galley definition, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @IndexEntry into { @IndexPlace&&following }" +" left @Key" +" right x" +"{ x }" +} +@@Key must be set to a simple word, or several words with nothing more +complex than font changes within them, when the galley is invoked: +@ID @Code { +"{ cities compare } @IndexEntry { cities, comparison of, 27 }" +} +and this key is used to sort the galleys. +@PP +If several sorted galleys with the same key are sent to the same place, +the default behaviour is to print only the first of them; the assumption +is that the others are probably unwanted duplicates. This holds good +for sorted reference lists, for example: we don't want two copies of +a reference just because we happen to cite it twice. However, the +other common example of sorted galleys, index entries, requires something +different: @I merged galleys. +@PP +Suppose that at some point of the document we insert the index entry +@ID @Code "aardvarks @IndexEntry { Aardvarks, 23 }" +while at another point we insert +@ID @Code "aardvarks @IndexEntry { Aardvarks, 359 }" +How the page numbers are worked out is not relevant here. Clearly we +would like to merge these two entries into one entry that comes out as +@ID "Aardvarks, 23, 359" +The following definition will merge two objects in this way: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Merge left x right y" +"{" +" {x @Rump y} @Case" +" {" +" \"\" @Yield x" +" else @Yield { x, x @Rump y }" +" }" +"}" +} +The @@Rump symbol is the subject of Section {@NumberOf rump}; this +says `if the two things to be merged are equal, the result is one +of them; otherwise it is the first followed by a comma and space +and then the rump of the second.' Our only problem is that this +symbol has to be applied to two galleys from widely separated +parts of the document. +@PP +Lout makes this possible by the following special rule: if a +sorted galley contains a nested definition of a symbol whose name +is @@Merge (@@Merge must have just two parameters, left and right), +merge. @Index { @@Merge symbol } +and if that sorted galley is preceded in the list of +sorted galleys destined for some target by another sorted galley +with the same key, then rather than being discarded, the second +galley is merged into the first using the @@Merge symbol. +@PP +The natural thing to do when more than two galleys have the same +key is to merge the first two, then merge the third with the +result of that, then the fourth with the result of that, and +so on. For efficiency reasons beyond our scope here, Lout does +the merging in a different order: it merges @Eq { n } galleys +by merging the first @Eq { lfloor n slash 2 rfloor } together, +then the last @Eq { lceil n slash 2 rceil } together, then +merging the result. Of course, if the @@Merge symbol is +associative this has the same effect. The @@Merge symbol above +is not strictly associative, but it is close enough in practice. The +total time it takes to merge @Eq { n } galleys with equal keys +is @Eq { O ( n sup 2 ) } or somewhat higher (but always polynomial +in @Eq { n }) depending on how many times the parameters occur +within the body of @@Merge; to do it in the natural linear order +would take Lout exponential time. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/det_visi b/doc/expert/det_visi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..870f781 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/det_visi @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +@Section + @Tag { visibility } + @Title { Nested definitions, body parameters, extend, import, and export } +@Begin +@PP +A definition may contain +nested.def @Index { Nested definitions } +other definitions at the beginning of its body: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @NineSquare" +" right x" +"{" +" def @Three { x |0.2i x |0.2i x }" +"" +" @Three /0.2i @Three /0.2i @Three" +"}" +} +A parameter like @Code x may be invoked anywhere within the body of the +symbol it is a parameter of, including within nested definitions. A +nested symbol like @Code "@Three" may be invoked anywhere from the +beginning of its own body to the end of the body of the symbol it is +defined within. So, assuming an appropriate definition of +{@Code "@Box"}, +@ID @Code { +"@NineSquare @Box" +} +has result +@ID @Fig { +@NineSquare @Box { 0.2i @Wide 0.2i @High } +} +Nested definitions may themselves contain nested definitions, to +arbitrary depth. +@PP +There are three special features which permit a nested symbol or +parameter to be invoked outside its normal range; that is, outside the +body of the enclosing symbol. The first and simplest of these features +is the {@I {body parameter}}, +parameter.body @SubIndex { @Code body parameter } +body.par @Index { @Code body parameter } +an alternative form of right parameter. The Eq equation formatting +package @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user, Chapter 7 } is a classic example +of the use of a body parameter. In outline, it looks like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"export \"+\" sup over" +"" +"def @Eq" +" body x" +"{" +" def \"+\" ..." +" def sup ..." +" def over ..." +" ..." +"" +" Slope @Font x" +"}" +} +First we list those nested symbols and parameters that we intend to +refer to outside the body of @Code "@Eq" in an @Code export clause, +export @Index { @Code export clause } +preceding the definition as shown. Only exported symbols may be +invoked outside the body of {@Code "@Eq"}. The body parameter is like a +right parameter except that the exported symbols are visible within it: +@ID @Code { +"@Eq { {x sup 2 + y sup 2} over 2 }" +} +calls on the nested definitions of @Code "@Eq" to produce the result +@ID { +@Eq { {x sup 2 + y sup 2} over 2 } +} +The body parameter's value must be enclosed in braces. The term `body +parameter' is a reminder that the value is interpreted as if it was +within the body of the symbol. +@PP +A body parameter may not be exported, and in fact a body parameter may +be invoked only within the body of the enclosing symbol, not within +any nested definitions. For example, @Code "x" above may not be invoked +within {@Code "sup"}. This restriction is needed to avoid the +possibility of recursion, when the actual body parameter invokes an +exported nested definition which invokes the body parameter, etc. +@PP +The second place where exported symbols may be used is in the right +parameter of the @@Open symbol, and following its alternative form, +@@Use (Section {@NumberOf open}). +@PP +Exported nested symbols and parameters may be made visible within +a subsequent definition or macro by preceding it with an @Code import +import @Index { @Code import clause } +clause, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @Eq" +"def pythag { sqrt { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } }" +} +Note however that @Code pythag can only be used with some invocation of +{@Code "@Eq"}: within the body parameter of an invocation of {@Code "@Eq"}, +within the right parameter of an {@Code "@Eq&&tag @Open"}, or following +a {@Code "@Use { @Eq ... }"}. There may be several symbols in the +@Code import clause. +@PP +In a similar way to {@Code "import"}, a definition may be preceded +by {@Code "extend"} followed by a symbol name: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"extend @Eq" +"def pythag { sqrt { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } }" +} +The effect of this is just as though the definition of @Code "pythag" +had occurred directly after the existing definitions within +{@Code "@Eq"}, with {@Code "pythag"} added to {@Code "@Eq"}'s +export list. This is useful for extending the capabilities of a +package of definitions like @Code "@Eq" without modifying its source +file. The essential differences to @Code "import" are that all the +symbols of @Code "@Eq" become visible within {@Code "pythag"}, not +just the exported ones, and only one symbol may follow the +@Code "extend" keyword. +@PP +Actually, more than one symbol may follow {@Code extend}, but this +usage indicates a `path name' of the symbol. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"extend @DocumentLayout @ReportLayout" +"def @Keywords ..." +} +causes the definition of @Code "@Keywords" to occur directly after +the existing definitions of {@Code "@ReportLayout"}, which itself +lies within {@Code "@DocumentLayout"}. +@PP +A named parameter may also be preceded by an @Code "import" clause. +As usual, the meaning is that the visible local definitions of +the import symbol(s) are visible within the body (the default +value) of the named parameter. But furthermore, those symbols +will be visible within all invocations of the parameter. For +example, suppose we define +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Diag" +" import @Algebra named linewidth { 1p }" +" import @Algebra named dashlength { 2p }" +" ..." +} +Then, if @Code "@Algebra" exports symbols {@Code "+"}, +{@Code "-"}, and so on, we may write +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Diag" +" linewidth { 1f - 2p }" +" dashlength { 1f + 2p }" +} +using the symbols from {@Code "@Algebra"}. There may be several +symbols after the @Code "import" keyword. All these symbols +share an important restriction: they may not have parameters. +This is necessary because Lout would be unable to determine +suitable values for any such parameters, if they did exist. +@PP +As an exception to the rule just given, a named parameter may +import the symbol it is a parameter of: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"export @Cell" +"def @Tbl" +" import @Tbl named @Format { ... }" +} +In this example the exported definitions of @Code "@Tbl" (i.e. +{@Code "@Cell"}) will be visible within {@Code "@Format"}. However, +they may only be used in actual parameters, not in the default +value of the named parameter. This is owing to implementation +problems: at the time the default value of {@Code "@Format"} is +read, the exported symbols have not been read and are consequently +not known. +@PP +Since @Code "@Cell" is nested within {@Code "@Tbl"}, the +value of an invocation of @Code "@Cell" may depend on the value +of parameters of {@Code "@Tbl"}. If @Code "@Cell" is used within +an actual {@Code "@Format"} parameter, its value depends on the +value of parameters of the invocation of {@Code "@Tbl"} of which +the {@Code "@Format"} parameter is a part. +@PP +A definition, macro, or named parameter may have several alternative +names, like this: +@ID @Code "macro @CD @CentredDisplay @CenteredDisplay { ... }" +This is useful for abbreviated and alternative spellings, as shown. The +names appear together, and they may subsequently be used interchangeably. +@PP +If one name of a symbol appears in an export or import list, its other +names are automaticaly included as well, and should not also appear +in the list. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/exa b/doc/expert/exa new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ade9d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Examples } + @Tag { examples } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter presents some examples taken from the various +packages available with Basser Lout. The reader who masters these +examples will be well prepared to read the packages themselves. The +examples have not been simplified in any way, since an important part of +their purpose is to show Lout in actual practice. +@BeginSections +@Include { exa_equa } +@Include { exa_para } +@Include { exa_page } +@Include { exa_chap } +@Include { exa_bibl } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/expert/exa_bibl b/doc/expert/exa_bibl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1e1930 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa_bibl @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +@Section + @Title { Bibliographies } + @Tag { biblio } +@Begin +@PP +bibliographies @Index { Bibliographies } +The first step in the production of a bibliography is to create a +database of references based on the definition +reference.example @Index { @Code "@Reference" example } +@ID @Code { + "export @Type @Author @Title @Institution @Number @Publisher" +//1vx " @Year @Proceedings @Journal @Volume @Pages @Comment" +//1vx "" +//1vx "def @Reference" +//1vx " named @Tag" |2f "{ TAG? }" + /1vx " named @Type" | "{ TYPE? }" + /1vx " named @Author" | "{ AUTHOR? }" + /1vx " named @Title" | "{ TITLE? }" + /1vx " named @Institution" | "{ INSTITUTION? }" + /1vx " named @Number" | "{ NUMBER? }" + /1vx " named @Publisher" | "{ PUBLISHER? }" + /1vx " named @Year" | "{ YEAR? }" + /1vx " named @Proceedings" | "{ PROCEEDINGS? }" + /1vx " named @Journal" | "{ JOURNAL? }" + /1vx " named @Volume" | "{ VOLUME? }" + /1vx " named @Pages" | "{ PAGES? }" + /1vx " named @Comment" | "{ @Null }" +//1vx "{ @Null }" +} +For example, the database might contain +@IL +@LI @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { strunk1979style }" +" @Type { Book }" +" @Author { Strunk, William and White, E. B. }" +" @Title { The Elements of Style }" +" @Publisher { MacMillan, third edition }" +" @Year { 1979 }" +"}" +} + +@LI @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { kingston92 }" +" @Type { TechReport }" +" @Author { Kingston, Jeffrey H. }" +" @Title { Document Formatting with Lout (Second Edition) }" +" @Number { 449 }" +" @Institution { Basser Department of Computer" +"Science F09, University of Sydney 2006, Australia }" +" @Year { 1992 }" +"}" +} +@EL +Since named parameters are optional, we have one for every conceivable +type of attribute, and simply leave out those that do not apply in any +particular reference. We can print a reference by using the @@Open +symbol to get at its attributes: +@ID @Code { +"@Reference&&strunk1979style @Open" +"{ @Author, {Slope @Font @Title}. @Publisher, @Year. }" +} +The right parameter of @@Open may use the exported parameters of the +left, and so the result is +@ID { +@Reference&&strunk1979style @Open +{ @Author, {Slope @Font @Title}. @Publisher, @Year. } &0io +} +Incidentally, we are not limited to just one database of references; +several @@Database symbols can nominate the same symbol, and invocations of +that symbol can appear in the document itself as well if we wish. +@PP +The second step is to create a database of print styles for the various +types of reference (Book, TechReport, etc.), based on the following +definition: +@ID @Code { +"export @Style" +"def @RefStyle" +" left @Tag" +" named @Style right reftag {}" +"{}" +} +Notice that the named parameter @Code "@Style" has a right parameter +{@Code "reftag"}. The style database has one entry for each type of +reference: +@ID @Code { +"{ Book @RefStyle @Style" +" { @Reference&&reftag @Open" +" { @Author, {Slope @Font @Title}. @Publisher, @Year. @Comment }" +" }" +"}" +"" +"{ TechReport @RefStyle @Style" +" { @Reference&&reftag @Open" +" { @Author, {Slope @Font @Title}. Tech. Rep. @Number (@Year)," +"@Institution. @Comment }" +" }" +"}" +} +and so on. The following prints the reference whose tag is +@Code strunk1979style in the Book style: +@ID @Code { +"@RefStyle&&Book @Open { @Style strunk1979style }" +} +It has result +@ID { +@RefStyle&&Book @Open { @Style strunk1979style } &0io +} +Notice how the @Code "@Style" parameter of @Code "@RefStyle" is given the +parameter {@Code strunk1979style}, which it uses to open the appropriate +reference. +@PP +We can consult the @Code "@Type" attribute of a reference to find out +its style, which brings us to the following definition for printing out +a reference in the style appropriate to it: +@ID @Code { +"def @RefPrint" +" right reftag" +"{ @RefStyle&&{ @Reference&&reftag @Open { @Type } }" +" @Open { @Style reftag }" +"}" +} +For example, to evaluate {@Code "@RefPrint strunk1979style"}, Lout first +evaluates +@ID @Code { +"@Reference&&strunk1979style @Open { @Type }" +} +whose result is {@Code { @Reference&&strunk1979style @Open { @Type } }}, +and then evaluates +@ID @Code { +"@RefStyle&&Book @Open { @Style strunk1979style }" +} +as before. Complicated as this is, with its two databases and clever +passing about of tags, the advantages of separating references from +printing styles are considerable: printing styles may be changed +easily, and non-expert users need never see them. +@PP +Finally, we come to the problem of printing out a numbered list of +references, and referring to them by number in the body of the +document. The first step is to create a numbered list of places that +galleys containing references may attach to: +referencesection.example @Index { @Code "@ReferenceSection" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @ReferenceSection" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Title { References }" +" named @RunningTitle { dft }" +" named style right tag { tag. }" +" named headstyle right @Title { @Heading @Title }" +" named indent { @DispIndent }" +" named gap { @DispGap }" +" named start { 1 }" +"{" +" def @RefList right num" +" {" +" @NumberMarker num & indent @Wide {style num} | @RefPlace" +" //gap @RefList @Next num" +" }" +"" +" @Protect headstyle @Title" +" // @PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @Title @MajorContentsEntry {@PageOf @Tag}" +" // @Runner" +" @FootEven { |0.5rt 0.8f @Font @B @PageNum }" +" @FootOdd { |0.5rt 0.8f @Font @B @PageNum }" +" //@DispGap @RefList start" +" // @Runner" +" @TopEven { @B @PageNum }" +" @TopOdd { @I {@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title} |1rt @B @PageNum }" +"}" +} +We place the expression @Code "@ReferenceSection" at the point where we +want the list of references to appear; its value is something like +@ID @Code { +"1. @RefPlace" +"2. @RefPlace" +"3. @RefPlace" +"..." +} +where @Code "@RefPlace" is @Code "@Galley" as usual. We can scatter +multiple lists of references through the document if we wish (at the end +of each chapter, for example), simply by placing @Code "@ReferenceSection" +at each point. +@PP +Our task is completed by the following definition: +ref.example @Index { @Code "@Ref" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @Ref right x" +"{" +" def sendref into { @RefPlace&&following }" +" right @Key" +" {" +" @NumberMarker&&preceding @Tagged x &" +" @PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged x &" +" @RefPrint x" +" }" +"" +" @NumberMarker&&x @Open { @Tag } sendref x" +"}" +} +Given this definition, the invocation {@Code "@Ref strunk1979style"} has result +@ID @Code "@NumberMarker&&strunk1979style @Open { @Tag }" +plus the galley {@Code "sendref strunk1979style"}. We first +follow what happens to the galley. +@PP +According to its @Code into clause, the galley will replace a +@Code "@RefPlace" in the nearest following {@Code "@ReferenceSection"}. If +every such galley is a sorted galley whose key is the reference's tag, as +this one is, they will appear sorted by tag. The galley's object is +@ID @Code { +"@NumberMarker&&preceding @Tagged strunk1979style &" +"@PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged strunk1979style &" +"@RefPrint strunk1979style" +} +The result of the @@Tagged symbol is always @@Null, so this prints the +@Code strunk1979style reference in the appropriate style at the +{@Code "@RefPlace"}, as desired. +@PP +Now @Code "@NumberMarker&&preceding" is the nearest preceding invocation of +@Code "@NumberMarker" in the final document. This must be the invocation of +@Code "@NumberMarker" just before the @Code "@RefPlace" that received +the galley, and so this invocation of @Code "@NumberMarker" is given @Code +strunk1979style as an additional tag by the @@Tagged symbol. Its original tag +was the number of the reference place, which means that +@ID @Code { +"@NumberMarker&&strunk1979style @Open { @Tag }" +} +has for its result the number of the reference place that received the +@Code strunk1979style galley, and this is the desired result of +{@Code "@Ref strunk1979style"}. +@PP +It might seem that if we refer to the @Code strunk1979style reference twice, +two copies will be sent to the reference list and it will appear +twice. However, when more than one sorted galley with the same key is sent +to the same place, only one of them is printed (Section {@NumberOf galleys}); +so provided that sorted galleys are used there is no problem. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/exa_chap b/doc/expert/exa_chap new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51926c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa_chap @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +@Section + @Title { Chapters and sections } + @Tag { chapters } +@Begin +@PP +The definitions of chapters and sections from the DocumentSetup package +chapters. @Index { Chapters and sections } +of Version 2 (in Version 3, the BookSetup extension of DocumentSetup) +form the subject of this section. They allow a chapter to be entered +like this: +document.layout.chapters @SubIndex { chapters and sections } +@ID @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @Title { ... }" +" @Tag { ... }" +"@Begin" +" ..." +"@End @Chapter" +} +Within the chapter a sequence of sections may be included by writing +@ID @Code { +"@BeginSections" +"@Section { ... }" +"..." +"@Section { ... }" +"@EndSections" +} +These are numbered automatically, and an entry is made for each in a +table of contents. +@PP +The user of the DocumentSetup package can find the number of the chapter or +section with a given tag by writing @Code "@NumberOf tag" at any point +in the document. This feature is based on the following definitions: +numberof.example @Index { @Code "@NumberOf" example } +@ID @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @NumberMarker right @Tag { @Null }" +"" +"def @NumberOf right x" +"{ @NumberMarker&&x @Open { @Tag } }" +} +Each chapter and section will contain one invocation of +{@Code "@NumberMarker"}; a full explanation will be given later. +@PP +A sequence of places for receiving chapters is easily defined: +@ID @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @ChapterList right @Tag" +"{" +" @Galley" +" //@ChapterGap @ChapterList @Next @Tag" +"}" +} +@Code "@ChapterGap" will usually be {@Code "1.1b"}, ensuring that each +chapter begins on a new page. The @Code "@Chapter" galley itself is +defined as follows: +chapter.example @Index { @Code "@Chapter" example } +@IndentedList +@LI @Code { +"export @FootNote @BeginSections @EndSections @Section" +"def @Chapter force into { @ChapterList&&preceding }" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Title {}" +" named @RunningTitle { dft }" +" body @Body" +"{" +" def @FootNote right x { @ColFootNote x }" +"" +" def @BeginSections ..." +" def @EndSections ..." +" def @Section ..." +} +@LI @Code { +" def @ChapterTitle" +" {" +" @ChapterNumbers @Case {" +" {Yes yes} @Yield { Chapter {@NumberOf @Tag}. |2s @Title }" +" else @Yield @Title" +" }" +" }" +"" +" def @ChapterNum" +" {" +" @ChapterNumbers @Case {" +" {Yes yes} @Yield { Chapter {@NumberOf @Tag} }" +" else @Yield @Null" +" }" +" }" +} +@LI @Code { +" ragged @Break @BookTitleFormat @ChapterTitle" +" // @NumberMarker {" +" @ChapterList&&@Tag @Open { @Tag }" +" }" +" // @ChapterList&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @NumberMarker&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // { @ChapterTitle } @MajorContentsEntry {@PageOf @Tag}" +" // @Runner" +" @FootEven { |0.5rt 0.8f @Font @B @PageNum }" +" @FootOdd { |0.5rt 0.8f @Font @B @PageNum }" +" // @Body" +" //@SectionGap @ChapRefSection" +" // @Runner" +" @TopEven { @B @PageNum |1rt @I @ChapterNum }" +" @TopOdd { @I {@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title} |1rt @B @PageNum }" +"}" +} +@EndList +We will see the symbols for sections shortly. Notice how their use has +been restricted to within the right parameter of {@Code "@Chapter"}, by +nesting them and using a body parameter. +@PP +The meaning of @Code "@FootNote" within @Code "@Chapter" has been set +to {@Code "@ColFootNote"}, which produces a footnote targeted to +{@Code "@ColFootList"} (see Section {@NumberOf pagelayout}). In other +words, footnotes within chapters go at the foot of the column, not at +the foot of the page. (Of course, in single-column books this +distinction is insignificant.) @Code "@ChapterTitle" and +@Code "@ChapterNum" are trivial definitions which vary depending on +whether the user has requested numbered chapters or not. +@PP +Each invocation of @Code "@Chapter" has its own unique {@Code "@Tag"}, +either supplied by the user or else inserted automatically by Lout. We +now trace the cross referencing of chapter numbers on a hypothetical +third chapter whose tag is {@Code "euclid"}. +@PP +@Code "@ChapterList&&preceding @Tagged euclid" attaches @Code "euclid" +as an extra tag to the first invocation of @Code "@ChapterList" +preceding itself in the final printed document. But this +@Code "@ChapterList" must be the target of the chapter, and so +@ID @Code "@ChapterList&&euclid @Open { @Tag }" +is 3, the number of the chapter ({@Code "@Tag"} refers to the parameter +of {@Code "@ChapterList"}, not the parameter of {@Code "@Chapter"}). + Consequently the invocation of +@Code "@NumberMarker" within the chapter is equal to +{@Code "@NumberMarker 3"}. +@PP +@Code "@NumberMarker&&preceding @Tagged euclid" attaches @Code "euclid" +to {@Code "@NumberMarker 3"} as an extra tag, and so +{@Code "@NumberOf euclid"}, which expands to +@ID @Code "@NumberMarker&&euclid @Open { @Tag }" +must be equal to 3, as required. This scheme could be simplified by +placing the invocation of @Code "@NumberMarker" within +@Code "@ChapterList" rather than within {@Code "@Chapter"}, but it turns +out that that scheme does not generalize well to sections and subsections. +@PP +There is a trap for the unwary in the use of @Code preceding and +{@Code following}. Suppose that the invocation of @Code "@NumberMarker" +within @Code "@Chapter" is replaced by the seemingly equivalent +@ID @Code "@NumberMarker { @ChapterList&&preceding @Open { @Tag } }" +Now suppose that @Code "@NumberOf euclid" appears somewhere within +Chapter 7. It will expand to +@ID @Code "@NumberMarker&&euclid @Open { @Tag }" +which would now be equal to +@ID @Code "@ChapterList&&preceding @Open { @Tag }" +whose value, evaluated as it is within Chapter 7, is 7, not 3. Use of +@Code preceding or @Code following within the parameter +of a symbol, rather than within the body, is likely to be erroneous. +@PP +Much of the remainder of the definition of @Code "@Chapter" is fairly +self-explanatory: there is a heading, a tag sent to mark the page on +which the chapter begins, a @Code "@ContentsEntry" galley sent to the +table of contents, galleys for the figures and tables of the chapter to +collect in, @Code "@Body" where the body of the chapter goes, and +@Code "@ChapRefSection" to hold a concluding list of references. This +leaves only the two invocations of @Code "@Runner" to explain. +@PP +The first @Code "@Runner" is just below the heading. It will be the target +of the @Code "@Runner&&following" cross reference at the beginning of the +first page of the chapter (see Section {@NumberOf pagelayout}), which +consequently will have null running headers and the given footers. +@PP +The second @Code "@Runner" appears at the very end of the chapter, hence +on its last page. Since no invocations of @Code "@Runner" lie between +it and the first {@Code "@Runner"}, it will be the target of +@Code "@Runner&&following" on every page from the second page of the +chapter to the last, inclusive, and will supply the format of their +headers and footers. +@PP +The interested reader might care to predict the outcome in unusual +cases, such as when the heading occupies two pages, or when a chapter +occupies only one, or (assuming a change to the gap between chapters) +when a chapter starts halfway down a page. Such predictions can be made +with great confidence. +@PP +The expression @Code "@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title" appearing in the second +@Code "@Runner" returns the value of the @Code "@RunningTitle" parameter +of @Code "@Chapter" if this is not equal to the default value +{@Code "dft"}, or @Code "@Title" otherwise: +orelse.example @Index { @Code "@OrElse" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @OrElse" +" left x" +" right y" +"{" +" x @Case {" +" dft @Yield y" +" else @Yield x" +" }" +"}" +} +This produces the effect of +@ID @Code { +"named @RunningTitle { @Title }" +} +which unfortunately is not permissible as it stands, because @Code "@Title" +is not visible within the default value of {@Code "@RunningTitle"}. +@PP +Finally, the definitions for sections omitted earlier are as follows: +section.example @Index { @Code "@Section" example } +@IndentedList +@LI @Code { +"def @EndSectionsPlace { @Galley }" +"def @EndSections force into { @EndSectionsPlace&&preceding } {}" +"macro @BeginSections { //@SectionGap @SectionList 1 // @EndSectionsPlace // }" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @Section force into { @SectionList&&preceding }" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Title {}" +" named @RunningTitle { dft }" +" body @Body" +"{" +" def @SectionTitle" +" {" +" @SectionNumbers @Case {" +" {Yes yes} @Yield { {@NumberOf @Tag}. |2s @Title }" +" else @Yield @Title" +" }" +" }" +"" +" @Heading @Protect @SectionTitle" +" // @NumberMarker {" +" {@ChapterList&&@Tag @Open { @Tag }}.{" +" @SectionList&&@Tag @Open { @Tag }}" +" }" +" // @ChapterList&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @SectionList&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @NumberMarker&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // @PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged @Tag" +" // { &3f @SectionTitle } @ContentsEntry {@PageOf @Tag}" +" //0io @Body" +"}" +} +@EndList +The @Code "@BeginSections" macro invokes {@Code "@SectionList"}, +preceded by the appropriate gap and followed by an @Code "@EndSectsPlace" +for closing the list of sections when the @Code "@EndSections" symbol is +found. @Code "@Section" itself is just a copy of @Code "@Chapter" with +slight changes to the format. The parameter of @Code "@NumberMarker" is +a simple generalization of the one within {@Code "@Chapter"}. Notice +that we have taken care that the value of this parameter be +a juxtaposition of simple words: although +@ID @Code { +"{@ChapterList&&@Tag @Open { @Tag }}. &" +"{@SectionList&&@Tag @Open { @Tag }}" +} +is formally equivalent, @Code "&" was not permitted within a +@Code "@Tag" parameter until recently. +@PP +The DocumentSetup package also contains definitions for subsections in the +same style. They raise the question of whether Lout is capable of +producing subsections should the user place {@Code "@BeginSections"}, +{@Code "@Section"}, and {@Code "@EndSections"} within a {@I section}, +and whether such nesting could proceed to arbitrary depth. Arbitrary +nesting of sections within sections is available now, although the +numbering would of course be wrong. The author has worked out +definitions which provide correct numbering to arbitrary depth, with an +arbitrary format for each level. These were not incorporated into +DocumentSetup because the author considers sub-subsections to be poor +style, and he prefers separate names for the symbols at each level. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/exa_equa b/doc/expert/exa_equa new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67852b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa_equa @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +@Section + @Title { An equation formatting package } + @Tag { eq } +@Begin +@PP +In this section we describe the design and implementation of the Eq +eq. @Index { Eq equation formatting package } +equation formatting package. Equation formatting makes a natural first +example, partly because its requirements have strongly influenced the +design of Lout, and partly because no cross references or galleys are +required. +@PP +To the author's knowledge, Eq is the first equation formatter to be +implemented as a collection of high-level definitions. This approach +has significant advantages: the basics of language and layout are +trivial, so the implementor can concentrate on fine-tuning; and the +definitions, being readily available, can be improved, extended, or even +replaced. +@PP +As described in the User's Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user }, an +equation is entered in a format based on the one introduced by the eqn +language of Kernighan and Cherry @Cite { $kernighan1975eqn }: +kernighan.b @Index { Kernighan, B. } +cherry.l @Index { Cherry, L. } +@ID @Code { +"@Eq { { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } over 2 }" +} +The result is +@ID @Eq { { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } over 2 } +In outline, the definition of the @Code "@Eq" symbol is +eq.example @Index { @Code "@Eq" example } +@ID @Code { +"export sup over \"+\" \"2\" \"<=\"" +"def @Eq" +" body @Body" +"{" +" def sup precedence 60 left x right y { ... }" +" def over precedence 54 left x right y { ... }" +" def \"2\" { Base @Font \"2\" }" +" def \"+\" { {Symbol Base} @Font \"+\" }" +" def \"<=\" { {Symbol Base} @Font \"\\243\" }" +" ..." +"" +" Slope @Font 1.2f @Break 0c @Space @Body" +"}" +} +A body parameter is used to restrict the visibility of the equation +formatting symbols (there are hundreds of them). The equation as a whole +is set in Slope (i.e. Italic) font, and symbols such as @Code "\"2\"" and +@Code "\"+\"" are defined when other fonts are needed. Precedences are +used to resolve ambiguities such as {@Code "a sup b over c"}. Eq takes +all spacing decisions on itself, so to prevent white space +typed by the user from interfering, the equation is enclosed in +{@Code "0c @Space"}. We will discuss the {@Code "1.2f @Break"} later. +@PP +Thus have we disposed of the language design part of the equation +formatting problem; it remains now to define the twenty or so symbols +with parameters, and get the layout right. +@PP +Every equation has an {@I axis}: an imaginary horizontal line through +the centre of variables, through the bar of built-up fractions, and so +on. We can satisfy this requirement by ensuring that the result of each +symbol has a single row mark, on the axis. For example, the +superscripting symbol is defined as follows: +sup.example @Index { @Code "sup" example } +@ID @Code { +"def sup" +" precedence 60" +" associativity left" +" left x" +" named gap { @SupGap }" +" right y" +"{" +" @HContract @VContract {" +" | @Smaller y" +" ^/gap x" +" }" +"}" +} +The @Code "@VContract" and @Code "^/" symbols together ensure that the axis +of the result is the axis of the left parameter. A @Code "gap" +parameter has been provided for varying the height of the superscript, +with default value @Code "@SupGap" defined elsewhere as +{@Code "0.40fk"}. It is important that such gaps be expressed in units +that vary with the font size, so that they remain correct when the size +changes. Collecting the default values into symbols like @Code +"@SupGap" ensures consistency and assists when tuning the values. Here +is another characteristic definition: +over.example @Index { @Code "over" example } +@ID @Code { +"def over" +" precedence 54" +" associativity left" +" left x" +" named gap { 0.2f }" +" right y" +"{" +" @HContract @VContract {" +" |0.5rt @OneCol x" +" ^//gap @HLine" +" //gap |0.5rt @OneCol y" +" }" +"}" +} +Both parameters are centred, since we do not know which will be the +wider; we use @@OneCol to make sure that the entire parameter is +centred, not just its first column, and @@HContract ensures that the +fraction will never expand to fill all the available space, as Lout objects +have a natural tendency to do (Section {@NumberOf size}). @Code "@HLine" +is a horizontal line of the width of the column: +hline.example @Index { @Code "@Hline" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @HLine" +" named line { \"0.05 ft setlinewidth\" }" +"{ " +" { \"0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto\" line \"stroke\" } @Graphic {}" +"}" +} +Here we are relying on the expanding tendency just mentioned. +@PP +The remaining symbols are quite similar to these ones. We conclude with +a few fine points of mathematical typesetting mentioned by a leading +authority, D. E. Knuth @Cite { $knuth1984tex }. +knuth.d @Index { Knuth, D. } +@PP +Some symbols, such as @Eq {lessequal} and @Eq { notequal }, should have a +thick space on each side; others, such as @Eq {plus} and @Eq {minus}, +have a medium space; others have a thin space on the right only. This +would be easy to do except that these spaces are not wanted in +superscripts and subscripts: +@ID @Eq { r sup n+1 - 1 } +In effect, the definition of such symbols changes depending on the +context; but Lout does not permit such a change. Luckily, the so-called +`style' information set by the @@Font, @@Break, and @@Space symbols can +change in this way. Accordingly, Eq uses the @Code y unit, which is +part of style, for these spaces: +@ID @Code { +"def @MedGap { 0.20y }" +"" +"def \"+\" { &@MedGap plus &@MedGap }" +"" +"def @HSqueeze right x { 0.2f @YUnit x }" +} +In the equation as a whole, the y unit is initially set to +{@Code 1f}, and so @Code "@MedGap" ordinarily supplies 20% of this +amount. But superscripts and subscripts are enclosed in the +@Code "@HSqueeze" symbol, which, by changing the y unit, ensures that +any @Code "@MedGap" within them is much smaller than usual. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/exa_page b/doc/expert/exa_page new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31ab1d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa_page @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +@Section + @Title { Page layout } + @Tag { pagelayout } +@Begin +@PP +The page layout +page.layout.inpractice @SubIndex { in practice } +document.layout.page.layout. @SubIndex { page layout } +definitions given in Section {@NumberOf definitions}, +although correct, are very basic. In this section we present the +definitions used by the DocumentLayout package for laying out the pages +of books, including running page headers and footers, different formats +for odd and even pages, and so on. The present document is produced with +these definitions. +@PP +We begin with a few definitions which permit the user to create cross +references of the `see page 27' variety which will be kept up to date +automatically. The user marks the target page by placing +@Code {"@PageMark intro"}, for example, at the point of interest, and +refers to the marked page as @Code "@PageOf intro" elsewhere: +pageof.example @Index { @Code "@PageOf" example } +@IndentedList +@LI @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @PageMarker right @Tag { @Null }" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @PageMark right x" +"{" +" @PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged x" +"}" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @PageOf right x" +"{" +" @PageMarker&&x @Open { @Tag }" +"}" +} +@EndList +We will see below that an invocation of @Code "@PageMarker" appears before +each page, with @Code "@Tag" parameter equal to the +page number. Suppose that {@Code "@PageMark intro"}, which expands to +@ID @Code "@PageMarker&&preceding @Tagged intro" +happens to fall on page 27 of the final printed document (of course, its +value is @@Null which makes it invisible). Then the effect of @@Tagged +is to attach @Code "intro" as an extra tag to the first invocation of +{@Code "@PageMarker"} preceding that final point, and this must be +{@Code "@PageMarker 27"}. Therefore the expression +@ID @Code "@PageMarker&&intro @Open { @Tag }" +will open the invocation {@Code "@PageMarker 27"} and yield the value of +its @Code "@Tag" parameter, 27. Thus, {@Code "@PageOf intro"} appearing +anywhere in the document yields 27. +@PP +Next we have some little definitions for various parts of the +page. {@Code "@FullPlace"} will be the target of full-width body text: +@ID @Code { +"def @FullPlace { @Galley }" +} +{@Code "@ColPlace"} will be the target of body text within one column: +@ID @Code { +"def @ColPlace { @Galley }" +} +{@Code "@TopList"} will be the target of figures and tables: +@ID @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @TopList right @Tag" +"{" +" @Galley" +" //@TopGap @TopList @Next @Tag" +"}" +} +We have taken a shortcut here, avoiding an unnecessary @Code "@TopPlace" +symbol. @Code "@FootList" and {@Code "@FootSect"} define a sequence of +full-width targets at the foot of the page for footnotes, +preceded by a short horizontal line: +footsect.example @Index { @Code "@FootSect" example } +@IndentedList +@LI @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @FootList right @Tag" +"{" +" @Galley" +" //@FootGap @FootList @Next @Tag" +"}" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @FootSect" +"{" +" @FootLen @Wide @HLine" +" //@FootGap @FootList 1 ||@FootLen" +"}" +} +@EndList +Similarly, @Code "@ColFootList" and @Code "@ColFootSect" provide a +sequence of targets for footnotes within one column: +@ID @Code { +"export @Tag" +"def @ColFootList right @Tag" +"{" +" @Galley" +" //@FootGap @ColFootList @Next @Tag" +"}" +"" +"def @ColFootSect" +"{" +" @ColFootLen @Wide @HLine" +" //@FootGap @ColFootList 1 ||@ColFootLen" +"}" +} +The next definition provides a horizontal sequence of one or more columns: +collist.example @Index { @Code "@ColList" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @ColList right col" +"{" +" def @Column" +" { @VExpand { @ColPlace //1rt @OneRow { //@MidGap @ColFootSect } } }" +"" +" col @Case {" +" Single @Yield @Column" +" Double @Yield { @DoubleColWidth @Wide @Column ||@ColGap @ColList col }" +" Multi @Yield { @MultiColWidth @Wide @Column ||@ColGap @ColList col }" +" }" +"}" +} +Each column consists of a @Code "@ColPlace" at the top and a +@Code "@FootSect" at the foot. The @@VExpand symbol ensures that +whenever a column comes into existence, it will expand vertically so +that the bottom-justification @Code "//1rt" has as much space as +possible to work within. The @Code "col" parameter determines whether +the result has a single column, double columns, or multiple columns. +@PP +The {@Code "@Page"} symbol places its parameter in a page of fixed width, +height, and margins: +page.example @Index { @Code "@Page" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @Page right x" +"{" +" @PageWidth @Wide @PageHeight @High {" +" //@PageMargin ||@PageMargin" +" @HExpand @VExpand x" +" ||@PageMargin //@PageMargin" +" }" +"}" +} +@@HExpand and @@VExpand ensure that the right parameter occupies all the +available space; this is important when the right parameter is unusually +small. The @@High symbol gives the page a single row mark, ensuring that +it will be printed on a single sheet of paper (page {@PageOf rootg}). +@PP +Next we have {@Code "@OnePage"}, defining a typical page of a book or +other document: +onepage.example @Index { @Code "@OnePage" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @OnePage" +" named @Columns {}" +" named @PageTop {}" +" named @PageFoot {}" +"{" +" @Page {" +" @PageTop" +" //@MidGap @TopList" +" //@MidGap @FullPlace" +" //@MidGap @ColList @Columns" +" // //1rt @OneRow { //@MidGap @FootSect //@MidGap @PageFoot }" +" }" +"}" +} +The page top and page foot, and the number of columns, are parameters +that will be given later when @Code "@OnePage" is invoked. The body of +the page is a straightforward combination of previous definitions. The +@Code "//" symbol protects the following @Code "//1rt" from deletion in +the unlikely event that all the preceding symbols are replaced by +@@Null. The following object is enclosed in @@OneRow to ensure that +all of it is bottom-justified, not just its first component. +@PP +Before presenting the definition of a sequence of pages, we must detour +to describe how running page headers and footers (like those in the +present document) are produced. These are based on the +@Code "@Runner" symbol: +runner.example @Index { @Code "@Runner" example } +@ID @Code { +"export @TopOdd @TopEven @FootOdd @FootEven" +"def @Runner" +" named @TopOdd right @PageNum { @Null }" +" named @TopEven right @PageNum { @Null }" +" named @FootOdd right @PageNum { @Null }" +" named @FootEven right @PageNum { @Null }" +" named @Tag {}" +"{ @Null }" +} +The four parameters control the format of running headers and footers on +odd and even pages respectively. Invocations of {@Code "@Runner"}, for +example +@ID @Code { +"@Runner" +" @TopEven { @B @PageNum |1rt @I { Chapter 4 } }" +" @TopOdd { @I { Examples } |1rt @B @PageNum }" +} +will be embedded in the body text of the document, and, as we will see +in a moment, are accessed by @Code "@Runner&&following" cross references +on the pages. Notice how the @Code "@PageNum" parameter of each +parameter allows the format of the running header to be specified while +leaving the page number to be substituted later. +@PP +We may now define {@Code "@OddPageList"}, whose result is a sequence of +pages beginning with an odd-numbered page: +oddpagelist.example @Index { @Code "@OddPageList" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @OddPageList" +" named @Columns {}" +" right @PageNum" +"{" +" def @EvenPageList ..." +"" +" @PageMarker @PageNum" +" // @Runner&&following @Open {" +" @OnePage" +" @Columns { @Columns }" +" @PageTop { @TopOdd @PageNum }" +" @PageFoot { @FootOdd @PageNum }" +" }" +" // @EvenPageList" +" @Columns { @Columns }" +" @Next @PageNum" +"}" +} +Ignoring @Code "@EvenPageList" for the moment, notice first that the +invocation of @Code "@OnePage" is enclosed in +{@Code "@Runner&&following @Open"}. Since {@Code "@Runner&&following"} +refers to the first invocation of @Code "@Runner" appearing after itself +in the final printed document, the symbols @Code "@TopOdd" and +@Code "@FootOdd" will take their value from the first invocation of +@Code "@Runner" following the top of the page, even though @Code "@FootOdd" +appears at the foot of the page. Their @Code "@PageNum" parameters are +replaced by {@Code "@PageNum"}, the actual page number parameter of +{@Code "@OddPageList"}. +@PP +After producing the odd-numbered page, @Code "@OddPageList" invokes +{@Code "@EvenPageList"}: +evenpagelist.example @Index { @Code "@EvenPageList" example } +@ID @Code { +"def @EvenPageList" +" named @Columns {}" +" right @PageNum" +"{" +" @PageMarker @PageNum" +" // @Runner&&following @Open {" +" @OnePage" +" @Columns { @Columns }" +" @PageTop { @TopEven @PageNum }" +" @PageFoot { @FootEven @PageNum }" +" }" +" // @OddPageList" +" @Columns { @Columns }" +" @Next @PageNum" +"}" +} +This produces an even-numbered page, then passes the ball back to +@Code "@OddPageList" -- a delightful example of what computer +scientists call mutual recursion. The two page types differ only in +their running headers and footers, but other changes could easily be made. +@PP +It was foreshadowed earlier that an invocation of @Code "@PageMarker" +would precede each page, and this has been done. Although this @Code +"@PageMarker" is a component of the root galley, it will not cause a +page to be printed, because Basser Lout skips components of height zero. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/exa_para b/doc/expert/exa_para new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b9f60f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/exa_para @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +@Section + @Title { Paragraphs, displays, and lists } + @Tag { paras } +@Begin +@PP +The remaining sections of this chapter are all based on Version 2 of +the DocumentLayout package. Version 3, which is similar but more elaborate, +is described from the user's perspective in the +document.layout @Index { DocumentLayout package } +User's Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user }. In 26 pages of Lout, the +DocumentLaytout package defines many features required in the formatting +of simple documents, technical reports, and books, including displays, +lists, page layout, cross references, tables of contents, footnotes, +figures, tables, references, chapters, sections, and sorted indexes. +@PP +The symbols used for separating paragraphs and producing displays and +document.layout.paras @SubIndex { paragraphs } +lists may lack the excitement of more exotic features, but they can +teach some important lessons about robust design. The following macro +for separating paragraphs produces a 0.3 cm vertical space and a 1 cm +indent on the following line, and is clearly on the right track: +@ID @Code "macro @PP { //0.3c &1c }" +Nevertheless it has several major problems. +@PP +The @Code "&" symbol is subject to widening during line adjustment, so +it should be replaced by {@Code "1c @Wide {}"}. But then white space +following the symbol will affect the result, so an extra @Code "&0i" must +be added. If the document is printed double spaced, this paragraph gap +will fail to widen: it should be expressed in terms of the @Code "v" unit, +with mark-to-mark spacing mode. Similarly, the paragraph indent should +probably be made proportional to the font size. +@PP +`Magic numbers' like @Code "0.3c" should not be buried in definitions +where they cannot be changed easily, or kept consistent with similar +definitions during tuning. They are much better placed as symbols, +possibly parameters of the enclosing package: +@ID @Code { +"def @DocumentLayout" pp.example @Index { @Code "@PP" example } +" named @ParaGap { 1.3vx }" +" named @ParaIndent { 2f }" +" ..." +"@Begin" +"" +" macro @PP { //@ParaGap @ParaIndent @Wide &0i }" +" macro @LP { //@ParaGap }" +" ..." +"@End @DocumentLayout" +} +and we have arrived at the definition of @Code "@PP" as it appears in +the DocumentLayout package. +@PP +A display is a table in which the first column is blank: +document.layout.displays @SubIndex { displays } +@ID lines @Break { +@I { preceding text } +@Code "//@DispGap |@DispIndent" @I display +@Code "//@DispGap" +@I { following text } +} +Edge-to-edge is the appropriate spacing mode before and after displays, +since the display could be a table or figure whose mark does not +correspond to a baseline. Thus, @Code "1v" is a reasonable value for +{@Code "@DispGap"}. +@PP +The ordinary user cannot be expected to type the Lout source shown +above; a more appropriate syntax is +indented.display.example @Index { @Code "@IndentedDisplay" example } +@ID lines @Break { +@I { preceding text } +@Code "@IndentedDisplay {" @I display @Code "}" +@I { following text } +} +This presents a problem: if @Code "@IndentedDisplay" is made a definition +with a right parameter, its result will be an object separated from the +surrounding text only by white space, hence part of the paragraph; while +if it is a macro, the final @Code "//@DispGap" cannot be included in it. + The solution adopted in the DocumentLayout package uses a galley and a macro: +@ID @Code { +" def @DispPlace { @Galley }" +" def @Disp into { @DispPlace&&preceding }" +" right x" +" {" +" @OneRow x" +" }" +"" +" macro @IndentedDisplay" +" {" +" //@DispGap |@DispIndent @DispPlace |" +" //@DispGap // @Disp" +" }" +} +@Code "@DispPlace" and @Code "@Disp" are not exported, so there is +no danger of a name clash with some other symbol. The ordinary user's +syntax expands to +@ID lines @Break { +@I { preceding text } +@Code "//@DispGap |@DispIndent @DispPlace |" +@Code "//@DispGap // @Disp {" @I display @Code "}" +@I { following text } +} +and the @Code "@Disp" galley appears at the preceding +{@Code "@DispPlace"}, being itself replaced by @@Null. The @Code "//" +symbol protects the preceding @Code "//@DispGap" from being deleted by +this @@Null when there is no following text. +@PP +An automatically numbered list +document.layout.lists @SubIndex { lists } +numbered @Index { Numbered list } +could have an arbitrarily large number of +items, so, by analogy with sequences of pages, we see immmediately that +recursion must be involved: +@ID @Code { +"def @List right num" +"{" +" @DispIndent @Wide num. | @ItemPlace" +" //@DispGap @List @Next num" +"}" +} +Notice how the @@Next symbol works in conjunction with the recursion to +produce an ascending sequence of numbers; the result of @Code "@List 1" +will be +@ID @Code { +"1. @ItemPlace" +"2. @ItemPlace" +"3. @ItemPlace" +"..." +} +We can follow this with items which are galleys targeted to +{@Code "@ItemPlace&&preceding"}, and @Code "@List" will expand just +enough to accommodate them. +@PP +The usual problem with recursive-receptive symbols now arises: there is +always one unexpanded {@Code "@List"}, and until it can be removed the +galley containing it will appear to be incomplete and will be prevented at +that point from flushing into its parent (see page {@PageOf forcing}). We +adopt the usual solution: a forcing galley into a later target will +replace the last @Code "@List" by @@Null. This brings us to the +definitions as they appear in DocumentLayout: +indented.list.example @Index { @Code "@IndentedList" example } +@IndentedList +@LI @Code { +"def @ItemPlace { @Galley }" +"def @ListItem into { @ItemPlace&&preceding }" +" right x" +"{ x }" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @EndListPlace { @Galley }" +"def @EndList force into { @EndListPlace&&preceding }" +"{}" +} +@LI @Code { +"def @RawIndentedList" +" named style right tag {}" +" named indent { @DispIndent }" +" named gap { @DispGap }" +" named start { 1 }" +"{" +" def @IList right num" +" {" +" indent @Wide {style num} | @ItemPlace" +" //gap @IList @Next num" +" }" +"" +" @IList start // @EndListPlace" +"}" +} +@EndList +Now given the input +@ID @Code { +"@RawIndentedList" +"@ListItem { first item }" +"@ListItem { second item }" +"..." +"@ListItem { last item }" +"@EndList" +} +@Code "@RawIndentedList" will expand to receive the items, and will be +closed off by {@Code "@EndList"}. +@PP +The {@Code indent}, {@Code gap}, and {@Code start} parameters are +straightforward (note that the burden of typing @Code 1 has been lifted +from the ordinary user), but the @Code style parameter has a parameter +of its own (see page {@PageOf strange}). It is used like this: +@ID @Code { +"def @RawNumberedList { @RawIndentedList style { tag. } }" +"def @RawParenNumberedList { @RawIndentedList style { (tag) } }" +} +In {@Code "@RawNumberedList"}, @Code "style" is given the value +{@Code "tag."}, where @Code tag is its own right parameter, so the value +of @Code "{style num}" within @Code "@IList" is {@Code "num."}; while in +{@Code "@RawParenNumberedList"}, @Code "{style num}" is {@Code "(num)"}. In +this way we achieve an unlimited variety of numbering formats without +having to rewrite @Code "@RawIndentedList" over and over. +@PP +These list symbols are objects without surrounding space, so macros +similar to those used for displays are needed: +@ID @Code { +"macro @NumberedList { //@DispGap @RawNumberedList //@DispGap }" +"macro @ParenNumberedList { //@DispGap @RawParenNumberedList //@DispGap }" +} +and so on. +@PP +Lists numbered by Roman numerals +roman @Index { Roman numerals } +present a problem, because @@Next will +not increment Roman numerals. Instead, they must be stored in a +database: +@ID @Code { +"def @Roman" +" left @Tag" +" right @Val" +"{ @Val }" +"" +"@SysDatabase @Roman { standard }" +} +@Code "@SysDatabase" is preferred over @Code "@Database" here because +this database should be kept in a standard place and shared by +everyone. The database itself, a file called @Code "standard.ld" in +Basser Lout, contains invocations of {@Code "@Roman"}, each enclosed in +braces: +@ID @Code { +"{ 1 @Roman i }" +"{ 2 @Roman ii }" +"..." +"{ 100 @Roman c }" +} +Then @Code "@Roman&&12" for example has value {@Roman&&12}, and +@ID @Code { +"def @RawRomanList { @RawIndentedList style { {@Roman&&tag}. } }" +} +produces a list numbered by Roman numerals. The counting still +proceeds in Arabic, but each Arabic numeral is converted to Roman by the +cross reference. Since arbitrary objects may be stored in databases, +arbitrary finite sequences of objects may be `counted' in this way. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/mydefs b/doc/expert/mydefs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7f0d15 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/mydefs @@ -0,0 +1,442 @@ + + def "->" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\256" } #174 decimal + def "=>" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\336" } #222 decimal + macro @JP { /0.5v } + + def @Code right x + { { Helvetica Base -1p } @Font lines @Break x } + + macro @JL { //1vx } + + ################################################### + # # + # Lout keywords. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @@BackEnd { @Code "@BackEnd" } + def @@Background { @Code "@Background" } + def @@Begin { @Code "@Begin" } + def @@Break { @Code "@Break" } + def @@Case { @Code "@Case" } + def @@Char { @Code "@Char" } + def @@Common { @Code "@Common" } + def @@CurrLang { @Code "@CurrLang" } + def @@CurrFamily { @Code "@CurrFamily" } + def @@CurrFace { @Code "@CurrFace" } + def @@Database { @Code "@Database" } + def @@End { @Code "@End" } + def @@Enclose { @Code "@Enclose" } + def @@Font { @Code "@Font" } + def @@ForceGalley { @Code "@ForceGalley" } + def @@Galley { @Code "@Galley" } + def @@Graphic { @Code "@Graphic" } + def @@HAdjust { @Code "@HAdjust" } + def @@HCover { @Code "@HCover" } + def @@HContract { @Code "@HContract" } + def @@HExpand { @Code "@HExpand" } + def @@HLimited { @Code "@HLimited" } + def @@High { @Code "@High" } + def @@HScale { @Code "@HScale" } + def @@HShift { @Code "@HShift" } + def @@HSpan { @Code "@HSpan" } + def @@Include { @Code "@Include" } + def @@IncludeGraphic { @Code "@IncludeGraphic" } + def @@KernShrink { @Code "@KernShrink" } + def @@Key { @Code "@Key" } + def @@Language { @Code "@Language" } + def @@LClos { @Code "@LClos" } + def @@LEnv { @Code "@LEnv" } + def @@LInput { @Code "@LInput" } + def @@LUse { @Code "@LUse" } + def @@LVis { @Code "@LVis" } + def @@Meld { @Code "@Meld" } + def @@Merge { @Code "@Merge" } + def @@Moment { @Code "@Moment" } + def @@Next { @Code "@Next" } + def @@NotRevealed { @Code "@NotRevealed" } + def @@Null { @Code "@Null" } + def @@OneCol { @Code "@OneCol" } + def @@OneOf { @Code "@OneOf" } + def @@OneRow { @Code "@OneRow" } + def @@Open { @Code "@Open" } + def @@PAdjust { @Code "@PAdjust" } + def @@PageLabel { @Code "@PageLabel" } + def @@PlainGraphic { @Code "@PlainGraphic" } + def @@PrependGraphic { @Code "@PrependGraphic" } + def @@RawVerbatim { @Code "@RawVerbatim" } + def @@Rotate { @Code "@Rotate" } + def @@Rump { @Code "@Rump" } + def @@Insert { @Code "@Insert" } + def @@Scale { @Code "@Scale" } + def @@SetColor { @Code "@SetColor" } + def @@SetColour { @Code "@SetColour" } + def @@Space { @Code "@Space" } + def @@StartHSpan { @Code "@StartHSpan" } + def @@StartVSpan { @Code "@StartVSpan" } + def @@StartHVSpan { @Code "@StartHVSpan" } + def @@SysDatabase { @Code "@SysDatabase" } + def @@SysInclude { @Code "@SysInclude" } + def @@SysIncludeGraphic { @Code "@SysIncludeGraphic" } + def @@SysPrependGraphic { @Code "@SysPrependGraphic" } + def @@Tag { @Code "@Tag" } + def @@Tagged { @Code "@Tagged" } + def @@Underline { @Code "@Underline" } + def @@Use { @Code "@Use" } + def @@VAdjust { @Code "@VAdjust" } + def @@VContract { @Code "@VContract" } + def @@VCover { @Code "@VCover" } + def @@VExpand { @Code "@VExpand" } + def @@Verbatim { @Code "@Verbatim" } + def @@VLimited { @Code "@VLimited" } + def @@VScale { @Code "@VScale" } + def @@VShift { @Code "@VShift" } + def @@VSpan { @Code "@VSpan" } + def @@Wide { @Code "@Wide" } + def @@Yield { @Code "@Yield" } + def @@YUnit { @Code "@YUnit" } + def @@ZUnit { @Code "@ZUnit" } + + + ################################################### + # # + # Miscellaneous, mostly graphical definitions. # + # # + ################################################### + + + def @TeX + { @OneCol { T &0.4fo {-0.2f @VShift E} &0.45fo X } + } + + export sp sb + def @Equation + body x + @Begin + + def sp left x right y { @OneRow { | "-2p" @Font y ^/0.5fk x } } + def sb left x right y { @OneRow { x ^/0.5fk | "-2p" @Font y } } + + Slope @Font x + + @End @Equation + + def @Super + left x + right y + { @OneRow { | -2p @Font y ^/0.5fk x } + } + + def @NineSquare + right x + { + def @Three { x |0.2i x |0.2i x } + + @Three /0.2i @Three /0.2i @Three + } + + def @Leaders + { .. @Leaders + } + + def @HLine + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { {0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke} @Graphic {} } + PDF @Yield { {0 0 m __xsize 0 l s} @Graphic {} } + } +# { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke } @Graphic {} + } + + def @VDashLine + right length + { + length @High { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { { 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke } @Graphic {} } + +# VT: double quotes required: + PDF @Yield { { "__pt 3 0 d 0 0 m 0 __ysize l s" } @Graphic {} } + } +# { 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke } @Graphic {} + } + } + + def @LBox + right offset + { @HContract @VContract + { + { //0.2c + 0.6c @High 1.2c @Wide + + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath + gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke } @Graphic {} + } + PDF @Yield { + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l + __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h + q 0.9 g f Q s } @Graphic {} + } + } + +# { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto +# xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath +# gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke } +# @Graphic {} + } + ||offset @VDashLine 1c + } + } + + def @Arrow + right length + { @OneCol @OneRow + { + 30d @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine} + // + length @Wide @HLine + // + "-30d" @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine} + } + } + + def @DoubleArrow + right length + { @OneCol @OneRow + { + & 180d @Rotate @Arrow length + |0io @Arrow length + } + } + + def @Put + left coord + right x + { @OneCol @OneRow + { coord / | @OneCol @OneRow x + } + } + + macro @At { //0io } + + + ################################################### + # # + # Interpolated example documents. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @LittleEndRunPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleEndRun + force into { @LittleEndRunPlace&&preceding } + {} + + def @LittleTextPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleText into { @LittleTextPlace&&preceding } + right x + { x + } + + def @LittleFootPlace { @Galley } + def @LittleFootNote into { @LittleFootPlace&&following } + right x + { x + } + + def @LittlePageColumn + right x + { + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide x + } + + def @LittlePage + right x + { + @HContract @VContract { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto + 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke } @Graphic + { //0.3c ||0.3c + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x + ||0.3c //0.3c + } + } + PDF @Yield { + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l + 0 __ysize l h s } @Graphic + { //0.3c ||0.3c + 9px @Break 8p @Font + 2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x + ||0.3c //0.3c + } + } + } +# { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto +# 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke } @Graphic +# { //0.3c ||0.3c +# 9px @Break 8p @Font +# 2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x +# ||0.3c //0.3c +# } + } + } + + def @LittleFootSect + { 1c @Wide @HLine + //0.3v @LittleFootPlace ||0.5c + } + + def @LittlePageList + right @PageNum + { + @LittlePage { # |0.5rt @PageNum //0.8v + //0.3v @LittleTextPlace + //1rt @LittleFootSect + } + // + @LittlePageList @Next @PageNum + } + + def @LittleDocument + { @LittlePage + { @LittleTextPlace + //1rt @LittleFootSect + } + // @LittlePageList 2 + // @LittleEndRunPlace + } + + def @ShowMarks + named linewidth { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { 0.015 cm } + PDF @Yield { __mul(0.015, __cm) } + } + } + named linestyle { dashed } + named dashlength { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { 0.15 cm } + PDF @Yield { __mul(0.15, __cm) } + } + } + named paint { lightgrey} + right x + { + @HContract @VContract @Fig + { @Box margin { 0c } linewidth { linewidth } paint { paint } + { @Figure + shape { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + -0.3 cm ymark + {xsize ymark} ++ {0.3 cm 0} [] + xmark -0.3 cm + {xmark ysize} ++ {0 0.3 cm} + } + PDF @Yield { "" # VT: PDF currently has no output + } + } + } + linewidth { linewidth } + linestyle { linestyle } + dashlength { dashlength } + x + } + + } + } + + def @ShowVMark + named linewidth { 0.015 cm } + named linestyle { dashed } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named paint { light } + right x + { + @Fig + { + @Figure + shape { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + xmark -0.3 cm + {xmark ysize} ++ {0 0.3 cm} + } + PDF @Yield { "" # VT: PDF currently has no output + } + } + } + linewidth { linewidth } + linestyle { linestyle } + dashlength { dashlength } + x + } + } + + def @ShowHMark + named linewidth { 0.015 cm } + named linestyle { dashed } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named paint { light } + right x + { + @Fig + { + @Figure + shape { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + -0.3 cm ymark + {xsize ymark} ++ {0.3 cm 0} + } + PDF @Yield { "" # VT: PDF currently has no output + } + } + } + linewidth { linewidth } + linestyle { linestyle } + dashlength { dashlength } + x + } + } + + def @Strange + named @Format right @Val { [@Val] } + right x + { @Format x + } + + def @TightBox right x + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + "0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke" + @Graphic x + } + PDF @Yield { + "0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h s" + @Graphic x + } + } + } + + def @GreyBox right x + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + "0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill" + @Graphic x + } + PDF @Yield { + "0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h 0.8 g f" + @Graphic x + } + } + } diff --git a/doc/expert/outfile.ps b/doc/expert/outfile.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..477b7da --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/outfile.ps @@ -0,0 +1,15746 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) +%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 12:08:04 1999 +%%DocumentData: Binary +%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) +%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) +%%Pages: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 +%%EndComments + +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp +/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def +/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def +/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def +/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll + moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def +/in { 1440 mul } def +/cm { 567 mul } def +/pt { 20 mul } def +/em { 120 mul } def +/sp { louts mul } def +/vs { loutv mul } def +/ft { loutf mul } def +/dg { } def + +/LoutGraphic { + /louts exch def + /loutv exch def + /loutf exch def + /ymark exch def + /xmark exch def + /ysize exch def + /xsize exch def +} def + +/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def + +/LoutFont +{ findfont exch scalefont setfont +} bind def + +/LoutRecode { + { findfont dup length dict begin + {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall + /Encoding exch def + currentdict end definefont pop + } + stopped pop +} bind def + +/BeginEPSF { + /LoutEPSFState save def + /dict_count countdictstack def + /op_count count 1 sub def + userdict begin + /showpage { } def + 0 setgray 0 setlinecap + 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin + 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath + /languagelevel where + { pop languagelevel + 1 ne + { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint + } if + } if +} bind def + +/EndEPSF { + count op_count sub { pop } repeat + countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat + LoutEPSFState restore +} bind def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource encoding vec2 +/vec2 [ +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright +/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash +/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven +/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question +/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G +/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O +/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W +/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore +/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g +/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o +/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w +/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef +/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi +/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction +/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent +/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron +/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section +/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron +/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered +/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown +/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla +/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis +/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply +/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls +/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla +/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis +/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide +/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis +] def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % +% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % +% % +% Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% 24 September 1991 % +% 22 December 1992 % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% linewidth ltabhs - +% horizontal single line +/ltabhs +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhsp - +% horizontal single line with projecting ends +/ltabhsp +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhd - +% horizontal double line +/ltabhd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdb - +% horizontal double line below mark +/ltabhdb +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdnw - +% horizontal double line with northwest corner +/ltabhdnw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch 3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdne - +% horizontal double line with northeast corner +/ltabhdne +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdsw - +% horizontal double line with southwest corner +/ltabhdsw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch -3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdse - +% horizontal double line with southeast corner +/ltabhdse +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvs - +% vertical single line +/ltabvs +{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvd - +% vertical double line +/ltabvd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvdr - +% vertical double line to right of mark +/ltabvdr +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % +% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % +% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % +% % +% <point> is two numbers, a point. % +% <length> is one number, a length % +% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % +% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +errordict begin + /handleerror + { + { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto + $error /errorname get + dup lfigdict exch known + { lfigdict exch get } + { 30 string cvs } ifelse + show + ( Command: ) show + $error /command get 30 string cvs show + } stopped {} if + showpage stop + } def +end + +% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels +/lfigconcat +{ 2 copy length exch length add string + dup 0 4 index putinterval + dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval + 3 1 roll pop pop +} def + +% <string> lfigdebugprint - +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places +% /lfigdebugprint +% { print +% (; operand stack:\n) print +% count copy +% count 2 idiv +% { == +% (\n) print +% } repeat +% (\n) print +% } def + +/lfigdict 120 dict def +lfigdict begin + +% error messages +/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def +/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def +/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def +/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def +/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def +/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def + +% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> +/lfigpi 3.14159 def + +% arc directions +/clockwise false def +/anticlockwise true def + +% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> +/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> +/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> +/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def + +% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> +/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def + +% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> +/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def + +% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> +/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def + +% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> +/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def + +% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> +/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def + +% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> +/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def + +% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> +/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def + +% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> +/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def + +%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> +/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def + +% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - +/lfigsolid +{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - +/lfigdashed +{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } + { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div + 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll + 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - +/lfigcdashed +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } + { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div + 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub + ] exch 2 div setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - +/lfigdotted +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } + { 1 index exch div ceiling div + [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - +/lfignoline +{ pop pop +} def + +% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) +/lfignopaint { } def +/lfignochange { fill } def +/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def + +% line caps (and joins, not currently used) +/lfigbutt 0 def +/lfiground 1 def +/lfigprojecting 2 def +/lfigmiter 0 def +/lfigbevel 2 def + +% shape and labels of the @Box symbol +/lfigbox +{ + 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef + xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef + xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol +/lfigcurvebox +{ + + xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef + xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef + + xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef + xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef + + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + + xmark 0 + xsize xmark sub 0 + [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] + xsize xmark + xsize ysize xmark sub + [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] + xsize xmark sub ysize + xmark ysize + [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] + 0 ysize xmark sub + 0 xmark + [ xmark xmark ] + xmark 0 +} def + +% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol +% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox +/lfigshadow +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Square symbol +/lfigsquare +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol +/lfigdiamond +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S E N W S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol +/lfigellipse +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef + xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol +/lfigcircle +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols +/lfighline +{ + 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols +/lfigvline +{ + xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: +% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> +/lfigpolygon +{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll + [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + exch dup 360 exch div exch + 1 1 3 2 roll + { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn + 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll + 3 2 roll lfigpointdef + dup 3 1 roll add exch + } for + pop lfigatangle +} def + +% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true +% or <array> <index> false +/lfiggetnext +{ 2 copy exch length ge + { false } + { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse +} def + +% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> +/lfigisnumbertype +{ dup type dup + /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or +} def + +% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> +/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def + +% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 +% or <array> <index> <array> 1 +% or <array> <index> <point> 2 +/lfiggetnextitem +{ lfiggetnext + { lfigisarraytype + { 1 + } + { lfigisnumbertype + { 3 1 roll + lfiggetnext + { lfigisnumbertype + { 4 3 roll exch 2 + } + { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { pop 0 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { 0 + } ifelse +} def + +% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> +% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, +% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. +% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing +% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and +% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. +/lfigsetarc +{ + 20 dict begin + matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll + 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub + dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def + dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def + dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def + dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def + + y1s y2s eq + { -1 + } + { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div + } ifelse + /da exch def + + x1s x2s eq + { -1 + } + { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div + } ifelse + /db exch def + + da 0 gt db 0 gt and + { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def + /scalex da sqrt LMax div def + /scaley db sqrt LMax div def + scalex scaley scale + 0 0 LMax + 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle + 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div + } + { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and + { 0 0 + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle + 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div + } + { x2 y2 lineto pop + x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance + } ifelse + } ifelse + 4 -1 roll setmatrix + end +} def + +% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 +% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) +% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> +/lfigsetcurve +{ 8 copy curveto pop pop + lfigangle + 5 1 roll + 4 2 roll lfigangle + exch + 0 +} def + +% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape +% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - +/lfigpaintpath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 newpath + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + { lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr + lfigsetcurve pop pop pop + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc pop pop pop + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr moveto + } ifelse + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop pop pop cvx exec + end +} def + +% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. +% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. +% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] +/lfigdopath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + /backarrow [] def + /fwdarrow [] def + { + lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { + 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { newpath xprev yprev moveto + curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub + xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance + } ifelse + 6 index 6 index cvx exec + [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] + backarrow length 0 eq + { /backarrow exch def } + { pop } ifelse + [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def + } if + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop + pop pop pop pop + backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse + fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse + end +} def + +% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form +% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - +/lfigdoarrow +{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate + 2 get rotate + [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 + 3 index 3 index neg + 1 index 10 index mul 0 + 7 index 7 index ] + 4 1 roll pop pop pop + dup 3 1 roll + gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop + setmatrix +} def + +% arrow head styles +/lfigopen 0.0 def +/lfighalfopen 0.5 def +/lfigclosed 1.0 def + +% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both +/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def +/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def +/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def +/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def + +% lfigprevious: return previous point on path +/lfigprevious +{ lfigisnumbertype + { 2 copy } + { lfigisarraytype + { 2 index 2 index } + { 0 0 } + ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - +/lfigpointdef +{ + % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint + [ 4 2 roll transform + /itransform cvx ] cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary +% <string> lfigpromotelabels - +/lfigpromotelabels +{ + % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end exch currentdict end + { exch 20 string cvs 2 index + (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def + } forall pop begin + % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - +/lfigshowlabels +{ + % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end + currentdict + { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key + { pop pop pop pop pop } + { pop cvx exec 2 copy + newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc + 0 setgray fill + /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show + } + ifelse + } forall + begin + % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> +/lfigfixangle +{ + % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint + { dup 0 ge { exit } if + 360 add + } loop + { dup 360 lt { exit } if + 360 sub + } loop + % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y +/lfigboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def + + % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + alpha theta le + { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + alpha 180 theta sub le + { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) + alpha 180 theta add le + { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) + alpha 360 theta sub le + { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } + { + % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 +% or x2 1 +% or 0 +/lfigqroots +{ + 4 dict begin + /c exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def + disc 0 lt + { 0 + } + { disc 0 eq + { b neg 2 a mul div + 1 + } + { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div + b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div + 2 + } + ifelse + } + ifelse + end +} def + +% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> +/lfigquadrant +{ dup 90 lt + { pop 0 + } + { dup 180 lt + { pop 1 + } + { 270 lt + { 2 + } + { 3 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y +/lfigcb +{ + 6 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /alpha exch def + /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def + /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def + alpha theta1 le + { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } + { alpha theta2 ge + { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b + } + { + % else, return the intersection of line and circle + a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect + dup 0 eq + { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point + pop + a b 0.5 lfigpmul + } + { 1 eq + { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack + } + { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger + lfigpmax + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end +} def + +% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y +/lfigcurveboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 5 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + + % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly + /quad alpha lfigquadrant def + quad 0 eq + { alpha a b xmk lfigcb + } + { quad 1 eq + { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch + } + { quad 2 eq + { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch + } + { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y +/lfigdiamondcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y +/lfigellipsecircum +{ + % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points +% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y +/lfiglineintersect +{ + % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /y4 exch def + /x4 exch def + /y3 exch def + /x3 exch def + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def + x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def + y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def + y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def + y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def + + % calculate x + y21 x43 mul x1 mul + y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub + y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add + det div + + % calculate y + x21 y43 mul y1 mul + x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub + x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add + det neg div + + end + % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of polygon +% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y +/lfigpolycircum +{ + % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /theta exch def + /num exch def + /radius exch def + /alpha exch def + + % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha + alpha theta sub lfigfixangle + + % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta + 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def + + % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea + anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def + + % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line + anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin + 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul + lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul + + end + % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of a point and a circle +% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 +% or xb yb 1 +% or 0 +/lfigcircleintersect +{ + % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint + 15 dict begin + /theta exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + /r exch def + /y0 exch def + /x0 exch def + + % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 + theta sin abs 0.00001 lt + { + /a 1 def + /b -2 x0 mul def + /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 1 + } + { y1 exch y1 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { + /ct theta cos theta sin div def + /a ct ct mul 1 add def + /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def + /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xb yb 1 + } + { y1 add /ya exch def + ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def + y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xa ya xb yb 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - +/lfigcircumdef +{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint + /CIRCUM exch cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +end +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg + +% width height linethickness louteuro - +% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness +% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley +/louteuro { + 20 dict begin + /eurothick exch def + /euroheight exch def + /eurowidth exch def + /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def + /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def + /eurotheta 40 def + + % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - + % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness + /louteurobox + { + /euroboxthick exch def + /euroboxwidth exch def + newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto + eurostep euroboxthick rlineto + euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill + } def + + % lower cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub + eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox + + % upper cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add + eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox + + % circular part + /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def + /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def + newpath + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn + closepath fill + end +} def + +% path for @FullWidthRule symbol +/LoutRule +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto +} def + +% path for @Box symbol +/LoutBox +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto + closepath +} def + +% path for @CurveBox symbol +/LoutCurveBox +{ xmark 0 moveto + xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc + xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc + xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc + closepath +} def + +% path for @ShadowBox symbol +/LoutShadowBox +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto + closepath +} def + +% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - +/LoutMargSet +{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def + LoutMargDict begin + /parity exch def + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /rightx xsize def + /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note + /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note + /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + end +} def + +%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - +% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner +/LoutMargShift +{ LoutMargDict begin + + % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust + 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop + + % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity + exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq + { + % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + lefty min + + % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /lefty exch def + + % want right edge of note at coordinate zero + xsize neg exch + } + { + % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + righty min + + % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /righty exch def + + % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx + rightx exch + } ifelse + + % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates + matr setmatrix translate + end +} def + +% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users +/LoutPageSet +{ + /LoutPageDict 5 dict def + LoutPageDict begin + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /left 0 def + 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5632(signi\207cant)s 6635(,)s 6742(38)s 220 fnt35 +4816 9502(@Space)m 240 fnt82 5713 9505(symbol)m 6420(,)s 6527(43)s +220 fnt35 4816 9214(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 6226 9217(symbol)m +6933(,)s 7040(50)s 220 fnt35 4816 8926(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k +240 fnt82 6372 8929(symbol)m 7079(,)s 7186(50)s 220 fnt35 +4816 8638(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 6214 8641(symbol)m 6921(,)s +7028(50)s 4816 8353(Style)m 5363(of)s 5634(an)s 5917(object)s +6508(,)s 6615(23)s 220 fnt35 4816 8062(sup)m 240 fnt82 +5222 8065(e)m 3(xample)k 6032(,)s 6139(70)s 4816 7777(Symbol)m +5563(,)s 5670(4)s 220 fnt35 4816 7486(@SysDatabase)m 240 fnt82 +6396 7489(symbol)m 7103(,)s 7210(61)s 220 fnt35 4816 7198(@SysInclude)m +240 fnt82 6164 7201(symbol)m 6871(,)s 6978(66)s 220 fnt35 +4816 6910(@SysIncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 6933 6913(symbol)m 7640(,)s +7747(65)s 220 fnt35 4816 6622(@SysPrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 +7055 6625(symbol)m 7762(,)s 7869(65)s 220 fnt35 4816 6046(t)m +240 fnt82 4933 6049(g)m 1(ap)k 5331(mode)s 5866(,)s +5973(37)s 4816 5761(T)m 19(ables)k 5432(,)s 5539(2)s +4816 5473(T)m 19(ab)k 4(ulation)k 5886(g)s 1(ap)k +6284(mode)s 6819(,)s 6926(37)s 220 fnt35 4816 5182(@T)m 26(ag)k +240 fnt82 5439 5185(parameter)m 9(,)k 6491(def)s 2(ault)k +7212(v)s 6(alue)k 7780(of)s 7998(,)s 8105(16)s +220 fnt35 4816 4894(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 5805 4897(symbol)m +6512(,)s 6619(59)s 4816 4609(T)m 19(ar)k 4(get)k +5476(of)s 5747(cross)s 6289(reference)s 7179(,)s 7286(8)s +4816 4321(T)m 19(ar)k 4(get)k 5476(of)s 5747(a)s +5913(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6494(,)s 6601(11)s +220 fnt35 4816 4030(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 5703 4033(symbol)m +6410(,)s 6517(30)s 5056 3745(in)m 5299(detail)s 5831(,)s +5938(25)s 4816 3457(T)m 4912 3409(E)m 5020 3457(X)m 5056 3169(h)m 1(yphenation)k +6243(,)s 6350(39)s 5056 2881(optimal)m 5841(paragraph)s 6854(breaking)s +7691(,)s 7798(39)s 4816 2593(T)m 16(e)k 3(xtual)k +5582(unit)s 5961(,)s 6068(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 2014(@Under)m -3(line)k +240 fnt82 6031 2017(symbol)m 6738(,)s 6845(67)s 4816 1729(Underscore)m +5974(character)s 6855(,)s 6962(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 1438(@Use)m +240 fnt82 5481 1441(symbol)m 6188(,)s 6295(60)s 220 fnt35 +4816 862(v)m 240 fnt82 4985 865(unit)m 5364(,)s 5471(37)s +5056 577(ef)m 6(fect)k 5652(on)s 5949(paragraph)s 6962(breaking)s +7799(,)s 7906(42)s 220 fnt35 4816 286(@V)m 17(Adjust)k +240 fnt82 5833 289(symbol)m 6540(,)s 6647(49)s +grestore + +grestore + +grestore + +pgsave restore +showpage + +%%Page: 94 100 +%%BeginPageSetup +%%PageResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Helvetica +/pgsave save def +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold +/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode +/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic +/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode +/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def +0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth +%%EndPageSetup +gsave +0 0 translate +240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic +gsave +LoutPageSet +grestore +gsave +0 16840 translate +0.0000 rotate +9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 +0 LoutMargSet +grestore +240 fnt84 0 13840(94)m 240 fnt83 8539 13843(Inde)m 4(x)k +220 fnt35 0 13246(@VContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 1252 13249(symbol)m +1959(,)s 2066(48)s 220 fnt35 0 12958(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k +240 fnt82 1006 12961(symbol)m 1713(,)s 1820(50)s 220 fnt35 +0 12670(@V)m 17(erbatim)k 240 fnt82 1129 12673(symbol)m 1836(,)s +1943(67)s 0 12385(V)m 26(ertical)k 797(concatenation)s 2129(,)s +2236(36)s 220 fnt35 0 12094(@VExpand)m 240 fnt82 1161 12097(symbol)m +1868(,)s 1975(48)s 220 fnt35 0 11806(@VLimited)m 240 fnt82 +1123 11809(symbol)m 1830(,)s 1937(48)s 220 fnt35 0 11518(@VScale)m +240 fnt82 969 11521(symbol)m 1676(,)s 1783(49)s 220 fnt35 +0 11230(@VShift)m 240 fnt82 863 11233(symbol)m 1570(,)s 1677(48)s +220 fnt35 0 10942(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 927 10945(symbol)m 1634(,)s +1741(50)s 220 fnt35 0 10366(w)m 240 fnt82 216 10369(unit)m +595(,)s 702(37)s 0 10081(White)m 640(space)s 1174(,)s +1281(13)s 240 9793(when)m 816(signi\207cant)s 1819(,)s 1926(38)s +220 fnt35 0 9502(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 774 9505(symbol)m 1481(,)s +1588(47)s 0 9217(W)m 9(idth)k 646(of)s 917(an)s +1200(object)s 1791(,)s 1898(24)s 0 8929(W)m 19(ord)k +531(,)s 638(14)s 220 fnt35 0 8350(x)m 240 fnt82 +168 8353(g)m 1(ap)k 566(mode)s 1101(,)s 1208(37)s +220 fnt35 0 7774(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 753 7777(symbol)m +1460(,)s 1567(56)s 220 fnt35 0 7486(@YUnit)m 240 fnt82 +814 7489(symbol)m 1521(,)s 1628(44)s 220 fnt35 0 6910(@ZUnit)m +240 fnt82 802 6913(symbol)m 1509(,)s 1616(44)s +grestore + +grestore + +grestore + +pgsave restore +showpage + +%%Trailer +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica +%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique +%%+ font Symbol +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-BoldItalic +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp +%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup +%%+ encoding vec2 +%%Pages: 100 +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/expert/pre b/doc/expert/pre new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72a4fa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Predefined symbols } + @Tag { symbols } +@Begin +@BeginSections +@Include { pre_begi } +@Include { pre_conc } +@Include { pre_font } +@Include { pre_brea } +@Include { pre_spac } +@Include { pre_yuni } +@Include { pre_colo } +@Include { pre_lang } +@Include { pre_oner } +@Include { pre_wide } +@Include { pre_hshi } +@Include { pre_hexp } +@Include { pre_hcon } +@Include { pre_hlim } +@Include { pre_hadj } +@Include { pre_hsca } +@Include { pre_cove } +@Include { pre_span } +@Include { pre_scal } +@Include { pre_rota } +@Include { pre_back } +@Include { pre_kshr } +@Include { pre_rump } +@Include { pre_inse } +@Include { pre_oneo } +@Include { pre_next } +@Include { pre_case } +@Include { pre_mome } +@Include { pre_null } +@Include { pre_gall } +@Include { pre_notr } +@Include { pre_cros } +@Include { pre_tagg } +@Include { pre_open } +@Include { pre_data } +@Include { pre_grap } +@Include { pre_plai } +@Include { pre_incg } +@Include { pre_prep } +@Include { pre_incl } +@Include { pre_bend } +@Include { pre_verb } +@Include { pre_unde } +@Include { pre_page } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_back b/doc/expert/pre_back new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37de5c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_back @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Background" } + @Tag { background } +@Begin +@PP +background.sym @Index { @@Background symbol } +The @@Background symbol will print its left parameter in the +background of its right parameter. That is, the result has +the size of the right parameter, but the left parameter will +be printed first in the same space, with its marks aligned with +the marks of the right parameter. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_begi b/doc/expert/pre_begi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9adbb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_begi @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Begin" and "@End" } + @Tag { begin } +@Begin +@PP +The body of a symbol @Code "@Sym" may be enclosed in @@Begin and +begin. @Index { @@Begin symbol } +end. @Index { @@End symbol } +@@End @Code "@Sym" instead of the more usual braces: +@ID @Code { +"def @Section" +" named @Title {}" +" right @Body" +"@Begin" +" @Title //2v @Body" +"@End @Section" +} +They may also enclose the right or body parameter of a symbol invocation: +@ID @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @Title { Introduction }" +"@Begin" +"This subject needs no introduction." +"@End @Chapter" +} +Apart from their utility as documentation aids, these forms allow Basser +Lout to pinpoint mismatched braces, which can otherwise create total +havoc. For this reason, they should enclose the major parts of documents, +such as chapters and sections. Note that braces cannot be +replaced by @@Begin and @@End in general. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_bend b/doc/expert/pre_bend new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f742a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_bend @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +@Section + @Tag { backend } + @Title { "@BackEnd" and the PlainText and PDF back ends } +@Begin +@PP +backend.sym @Index { @@BackEnd symbol } +The @@BackEnd symbol, which takes no parameters, has for its result a +string naming the back end currently in use. Three back ends are available, +PostScript, PDF and PlainText. The symbol is generally used like this: +@ID @Code { +"@BackEnd @Case {" +" PlainText @Yield { ... }" +" PostScript @Yield { ... }" +" PDF @Yield { ... }" +"}" +} +to obtain different objects depending on the back end. No @Code else +is required since these are the only possible values. +@PP +When a @Code "@Case" symbol has @Code "@BackEnd" for its left parameter +and the left parameter of each @Code "@Yield" symbol within it consists +of a sequence of one or more literal words (including {@Code else}), Lout +will optimize by evaluating the @Code "@Case" symbol at the time it is +read. This optimization ensures that there is only a small once-only +performance penalty for multiple back ends, and it permits these +@Code "@Case" symbols (but no other symbols) to appear within the object +following @Code "@Include" and @Code "@PrependGraphic" symbols. +@PP +The PlainText back end differs from the PostScript one in two main +respects. First, there is effectively just one font: although all +the font commands work exactly as usual, they don't actually change +anything. Each character in this font is taken to be one tenth +of one inch wide and 20 points high. Second, the output is an +ordinary text file, not a PostScript file. +@PP +Clearly, with ordinary text output the possibility of advanced graphics +features such as rotation and scaling is curtailed. Nevertheless, all +symbols have well-defined (possibly null) effects in the PlainText +back end, so there is no additional danger of crashing the system or +obtaining grossly unreasonable output by a change to PlainText. +@PP +The PlainText back end is obtained by the @Code "-p" option to Basser +Lout. The character size can be changed by adding two lengths to +the @Code "-p" option, like this: +@ID @Code "lout -p0.1i12p ..." +which invokes the PlainText back end with each character being 0.1 +inches wide and 12 points high. However, experience suggests that +the best approach is to define all horizontal lengths as multiples of +the @Code "s" unit (the width of a space, hence the width of all +characters) and to define all vertical lengths as multiples of the +@Code "f" unit (the font size, equal to the height of every character), +and not to change the character size in the command line. +@PP +There is a @Code "-P" option which is identical with the @Code "-p" +option except that it inserts a form-feed character between each two +components of the output, but not before the first or after the last. +@PP +The PDF back end is obtained by typing {@Code "lout -Z"}. It is similar +to PostScript but much more limited in functionality. Consult a separate +document distributed with Lout for further information. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_brea b/doc/expert/pre_brea new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b91b2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_brea @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Break" } + @Tag { break } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Break symbol influences the appearance of paragraphs (Section +{@NumberOf concatenation}), offering a fixed set of nine styles: +@IL + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code adjust @@Break @I object } +adjust.break @Index { @Code adjust @@Break } +|2m Break the paragraphs of {@I object} into lines, and apply @@PAdjust +(Section {@NumberOf hadjust}) to every line except the last in +each paragraph; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code outdent @@Break @I object } +outdent.break @Index { @Code outdent @@Break } +|2m Like {@Code adjust}, except that @Code "2.0f @Wide {} &0i" is +inserted at the beginning of every line except the first, creating +an outdented paragraph; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code ragged @@Break @I object } +ragged.break @Index { @Code ragged @@Break } +|2m Break the paragraphs of {@I object} into lines, but do not adjust +the lines (`ragged right'); +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code cragged @@Break @I object } +cragged.break @Index { @Code cragged @@Break } +|2m Like {@Code ragged}, except that each line will be centred with +respect to the others; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code rragged @@Break @I object } +rragged.break @Index { @Code rragged @@Break } +|2m Like {@Code ragged}, except that each line will be right-justified with +respect to the others (`ragged left'); +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code oragged @@Break @I object } +oragged.break @Index { @Code oragged @@Break } +|2m The obvious combination of {@Code ragged} and {@Code outdent}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code lines @@Break @I object } +lines.break @Index { @Code lines @@Break } +|2m Break the paragraphs of {@I object} into lines at the same points +that they are broken into lines in the input, and also at concatenation +symbols of the form {@Code "&"}{@I k}{@Code "b"} for any {@I k} greater +than 1. Do not adjust the lines. Any spaces at the start of a line +other than the first line will appear in the output; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code clines @@Break @I object } +clines.break @Index { @Code clines @@Break } +|2m Break the paragraphs of {@I object} into lines as for @Code "lines" +@@Break, then centre each line with respect to the others; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code rlines @@Break @I object } +rlines.break @Index { @Code rlines @@Break } +|2m Break the paragraphs of {@I object} into lines as for @Code "lines" +@@Break, then right-justify each line with respect to the others. +} + +@EL +If the paragraph was an entire component of a galley, so will each of +its lines be; otherwise the lines are enclosed in a {@Code "@OneRow"} +symbol after breaking. +@PP +The length of the gap used to separate the lines produced by paragraph +breaking is always {@Code 1v}. However, the @Code v unit itself and the +v.unit.effect @SubIndex { effect on paragraph breaking } +gap mode may be changed: +@IL + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @I gap @Code "@Break" @I object } +|2m Within {@I object}, take the value of the @Code "v" unit to be the +length of {@I gap}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt + & @I gap @Code "@Break" @I object } +|2m Within {@I object}, take the value of the @Code "v" unit to be +larger by the length of @I gap than it would otherwise have been; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt -- & @I gap @Code "@Break" @I object } +|2m Within {@I object}, take the value of the @Code "v" unit to be +smaller by the length of @I gap than it would otherwise have been. +} + +@EL +In each case, the mode of @I gap is adopted within {@I object}. +@PP +The @@Break symbol also controls hyphenation: +@IL + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code "hyphen @Break" @I object } +hyphen.break @Index { @Code hyphen @@Break } +|2m Permit hyphenation within the paragraphs of {@I object}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code "nohyphen @Break" @I object } +nohyphen.break @Index { @Code nohyphen @@Break } +|2m Prohibit hyphenation within the paragraphs of {@I object}; all +hyphenation gaps without exception revert to edge-to-edge mode. +} + +@EL +The @@Break also has options which control widow and orphan lines: +@IL + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code "unbreakablefirst @Break" @I object } +hyphen.break @Index { @Code hyphen @@Break } +|2m Prevent column and page breaks (i.e. prevent a galley from splitting) +between the first and second lines of the paragraphs of {@I object}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code "unbreakablelast @Break" @I object } +nohyphen.break @Index { @Code nohyphen @@Break } +|2m Prevent column and page breaks between the last and second +last lines of the paragraphs of {@I object}. +} + +@EL +These options work by adding the @Code "u" (unbreakable) suffix to the +appropriate gaps during paragraph breaking, so their precise effect is +as described for this suffix. These options may be countermanded by +@Code "breakablefirst @Break" and @Code "breakablelast @Break". +@PP +Several options may be given to the @@Break symbol simultaneously, in +any order. For example, +@ID @Code "{ adjust 1.2fx hyphen } @Break ..." +is a typical initial value. There may be empty objects and @@Null objects +in the left parameter of @@Break; these are ignored. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_case b/doc/expert/pre_case new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0f22e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_case @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Case" } + @Tag { case } +@Begin +@PP +case.sym @Index { @@Case symbol } +yield.sym @Index { @@Yield symbol } +The @@Case symbol selects its result from a list of alternatives, +depending on a tag: +@ID @Code { +"@Day @Case {" +" { 1 21 31 } @Yield st" +" { 2 22 } @Yield nd" +" { 3 23 } @Yield rd" +" else @Yield th" +"}" +} +In this example the result will be st if @Code "@Day" is 1, 21, or 31, +and nd if @Code "@Day" is 2 or 22, etc. The effect is similar to +accessing a database, though in a more compact form. The right parameter +is a sequence of @@Yield symbols, each with a left parameter whose value is +a sequence of one or more juxtapositions of simple words, and a right +parameter which may be any object. +@PP +We first describe the behaviour when the value of the left parameter of +@@Case is a juxtaposition of one or more simple words. Then the result of +the @@Case is the right parameter of the first @@Yield whose left parameter +contains either the value of the left parameter of the @@Case, or the special +value {@Code else}. If there is no such @@Yield it is an error. +@PP +When the left parameter of @@Case is not a juxtaposition of simple +words, the result is the right parameter of the first @@Yield whose +left parameter is {@Code else}, or an error otherwise. This permits +examples like +@ID @Code { +"@RunningTitle @Case {" +" dft @Yield @Title" +" else @Yield @RunningTitle" +"}" +} +where a running title is returned unless it has the value {@Code dft} +(which presumably means that no running title was supplied), in which +case an ordinary title is returned instead. +@PP +When a receptive symbol is placed within a @@Case, it should be included +in each alternative, since otherwise Basser Lout may become confused when +trying to predict whether the symbol will be a part of the result or +not. Alternatively, if it can be guaranteed that the receptive symbol +will never be searched for when the cases that it does not lie within +are selected, that is all right too. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_colo b/doc/expert/pre_colo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21ae85b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_colo @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@SetColour" and "@SetColor" } + @Tag { colour } +@Begin +@PP +The @@SetColour and @@SetColor symbols, +setcolour.sym @Index { @@SetColour symbol } +setcolor.sym @Index { @@SetColor symbol } +which have identical effect, return their right parameter in +the colour specified by their left parameter. The form of +the left parameter is implementation-dependent; in Basser Lout +it must be an object whose value is a sequence of words comprising +a PostScript command for setting colour. For example, +@ID @Code "{ 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } @SetColour { hello, world }" +produces the red result +@ID { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } @SetColour { hello, world } + } + PDF @Yield { + { 1.0 0.0 0.0 rg 1.0 0.0 0.0 RG } @SetColour { hello, world } + } + } +} +Of course, a colour output device is needed to see the effect; on +a monochrome device the result will be some shade of grey. The +@@SetColour command will not accept an empty left parameter +(it refuses to believe that this could cause a change of colour), +but otherwise it trusts the user to supply something sensible. +@PP +The @@SetColour command accepts the special value {@Code "nochange"} +for the left parameter. This value causes the right parameter to have +the colour it would have had without the @@SetColour command. +@PP +There is no default colour, so the user must ensure that the root galley +or each of its components is enclosed in a @@SetColour symbol whose +left parameter is not {@Code "nochange"}. +@PP +Lout makes no attempt to understand colour, it simply prints +the PostScript commands when appropriate. This has the advantage +of permitting access to any of PostScript's colour models (some +require initialization which can be supplied using @@PrependGraphic), +but the disadvantage of offering no way to make relative changes +(`as before only redder,' and so on). +@PP +For those who wish to obtain colour without working very hard, +the @Code setrgbcolor command used above is available in every +version of PostScript, requires no initialization, and is simple +to use. The three numbers, which range from 0.0 to 1.0, determine +the intensity of red, green, and blue respectively. Some useful +values for the left parameter are +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @I B } +{ +@Rowa A { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } B { red } +@Rowa A { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } B { green } +@Rowa A { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor } B { blue } +@Rowa A { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor } B { white } +@Rowa A { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor } B { grey } +@Rowa A { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } B { black } +} +Colouring an object white is useful for producing an empty space +whose size is that of some object. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_conc b/doc/expert/pre_conc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ce6e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_conc @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +@Section + @Title { Concatenation symbols and paragraphs } + @Tag { concatenation } +@Begin +@PP +There are ten concatenation symbols, in three families: +concatenation. @Index { Concatenation symbols } +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code C ! @Col @Code D ! @Col E } +{ +@Rowa A { "/" } B { "^/" } C { "//" } D { "^//" } E { Vertical concatenation } +@Rowa A { "|" } B { "^|" } C { "||" } D { "^||" } E { Horizontal concatenation } +@Rowa A { "&" } B { "^&" } C { } D { } E {In-paragraph concatenation} +} +Each symbol produces an object which combines together the two +parameters. The right parameter must be separated from the symbol by at +least one white space character. +@PP +The vertical concatenation symbol @Code "/" places its left parameter +vertical.concatenation @Index { Vertical concatenation } +above its right parameter with their column marks aligned. If one +parameter has more column marks than the other, empty columns are +inserted at the right to equalize the numbers. The variant @Code "//" +ignores column marks and left-justifies the objects. +@PP +The horizontal concatenation symbols @Code "|" and @Code "||" are horizontal +horizontal.concatenation @Index { Horizontal concatenation } +analogues of @Code "/" and {@Code "//"}: they place their two parameters side +by side, with row mark alignment or top-justification respectively. The +in.paragraph.concatenation @Index { In-paragraph concatenation } +in-paragraph concatenation symbol @Code "&" produces horizontal concatenation +within a paragraph; its special properties are treated in detail at the +end of this section. +@PP +The concatenation symbols in any one family are @I { mutually associative }, +which means that +@ID { +@Code "{" @I x {@Code "|"}{@I p} @I y @Code "}" {@Code "|"}{@I q} @I z +} +is always the same as +@ID { +@I x {@Code "|"}{@I p} @Code "{" @I y {@Code "|"}{@I q} @I z @Code "}" +} +for any objects {@I x}, {@I y}, and {@I z}, any gaps @I p and @I q (defined +below), and any choice of {@Code "|"}, {@Code "^|"}, {@Code "||"}, and +{@Code "^||"}. In practice we always omit such braces, since they are +redundant and can be misleading. The result of the complete sequence of +concatenations will be called the {@I{whole concatenation object}}, and +the objects which make it up will be called the {@I components}. +@PP +One mark is designated as the @I { principal mark }, usually the mark of +principal.mark @Index { Principal mark } +the first component. A later mark can be chosen for this honour by +attaching {@Code "^"} to the preceding concatenation symbol. See Section +{@NumberOf onerow} for examples. +@PP +A {@I gap}, +gap @Index Gap +specifying the distance between the two +parameters, may follow any concatenation symbol. There may be no spaces +between a concatenation symbol and its gap. A missing gap is taken +to be {@Code 0ie}. The gap is effectively a third parameter of the +concatenation symbol, and it may be an arbitrary object provided that it +evaluates to a juxtaposition of simple words. In general, the gap must +be enclosed in braces, like this: +@ID @Code { +"//{ @Style&&mystyle @Open { @TopMargin } }" +} +but the braces may be omitted when the object is a juxtaposition of +simple words or an invocation of a symbol without parameters, as in +@Code "//0.3vx" and {@Code "||@Indent"}. +@PP +A gap consists of a length plus a gap mode plus an optional indication +of unbreakability. A @I length +length @Index { Length } +is represented by an decimal number (which may not be negative) followed +by a unit of measurement. For example, @Code "2.5c" represents the +length 2.5 centimetres. Figure {@NumberOf units} gives the full selection +of units of measurement. +c.unit @Index { @Code c unit } +p.unit @Index { @Code p unit } +m.unit @Index { @Code m unit } +f.unit @Index { @Code f unit } +s.unit @Index { @Code s unit } +v.unit @Index { @Code v unit } +w.unit @Index { @Code w unit } +b.unit @Index { @Code b unit } +r.unit @Index { @Code r unit } +d.unit @Index { @Code d unit } + +@Figure + @Caption { The thirteen units of measurement provided by Lout. } + @Tag { units } +@Begin + @Tab + vmargin { 0.3v } + side { yes } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } + { + @Rowa above { yes } A { c } B { Centimetres. } + @Rowa A { i } B { Inches. +} + @Rowa A { p } B { Points ({@Code 72p} = {@Code 1i}). +} + @Rowa A { m } B { Ems ({@Code 12m} = {@Code 1i}). +} + @Rowa A { f } B { +One @Code f equals the size of the current font, as specified by +the @@Font symbol (Section {@NumberOf font}). This unit is +appropriate for lengths that should change with the font size. +} + @Rowa A { s } B { +One @Code s equals the preferred gap between two words in the +current font, as specified in the definition of the font, or by the +@@Space symbol (Section {@NumberOf break}). +} + @Rowa A { v } B { +One @Code v equals the current gap between lines introduced during +paragraph breaking, as specified by the @@Break symbol (Section +{@NumberOf break}). This unit is appropriate for lengths, such as the +spaces between paragraphs, which should change with the inter-line gap. +} + @Rowa A { w } B { +One @Code w equals the width of the following component, or its height if the +symbol is vertical concatenation. +} + @Rowa A { b } B { +One @Code b equals the width of the whole concatenation object, +or its height if the symbol is vertical concatenation. +} + @Rowa A { r } B { +One @Code r equals one @Code b minus one {@Code w}. This unit is used +for centring, and for left and right justification. +} + @Rowa A { d } B { +Degrees. This unit may only be used with the @Code "@Rotate" symbol. +} + @Rowa A { y } B { +One @Code y equals the current value set by the @Code "@YUnit" +symbol (Section {@NumberOf yunit}). This unit is not used internally +by Lout; it is included for the convenience of application packages. +} + @Rowa below { yes } A { z } B { +One @Code z equals the current value set by the @Code "@ZUnit" +symbol (Section {@NumberOf yunit}). This unit is not used internally +by Lout; it is included for the convenience of application packages. +} + } +@End @Figure + +@PP +After the length comes an optional @I {gap mode}, +gap.mode @Index { Gap mode } +which is a single letter following the length, indicating how the length +is to be measured. As shown in Figure {@NumberOf gapmodes}, + +@Figure + @Tag { gapmodes } + @Caption { The six gap modes provided by Lout. } +@Begin +@Fig { +{ /2.5vx Edge-to-edge |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code e} + /4vx Hyphenation |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code h} + /4vx Overstrike |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code o} + /4vx Mark-to-mark |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code x} + /4vx Kerning |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code k} + /4vx Tabulation |0.3i {@Code "|"} &1p {@I l} &1p {@Code t} +} +||0.5i +@Box margin { 0c } 6c @Wide 13.2c @High 9p @Font +{ + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I l } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c } + @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I l } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } @Put { 3.3c @Wide { &0.5rt @I l } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } + @Put 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt { max( {@I {l, a+b+l"/10"}}) } } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } + @Put { 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt max( {@I {l, a, b}})}} + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c } + @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } } + } + //4vx + @OneRow { + @At { 1c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co } + @At { 4c @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co } + @At { 0.0c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 4.0c } + @At { 2.8c @Wide 1.8c @High } @Put { @I l } + } + //5vx + @DoubleArrow 6c + //0.1c |0.5rt @I { current bound } +} + +} +@End @Figure +with edge-to-edge gap mode +edge.to.edge @Index { Edge-to-edge gap mode } +e.gap.mode @Index { @Code e gap mode } +the length @I l is measured from the trailing edge +of the first object to the leading edge of the second. Edge-to-edge is the +default mode: the @Code e may be omitted. Hyphenation gap mode is +hyphenation.gap @Index { Hyphenation gap mode } +h.gap.mode @Index { @Code h gap mode } +similar, except as explained at the end of this section. +@PP +Mark-to-mark, +mark.to.mark @Index { Mark-to-mark gap mode } +x.gap.mode @Index { @Code x gap mode } +overstrike, +overstrike @Index { Overstrike gap mode } +o.gap.mode @Index { @Code o gap mode } +and kerning +kerning.mode @Index { Kerning gap mode } +k.gap.mode @Index { @Code k gap mode } +measure the length from the last mark +of the first object to the first mark of the second. In the case of +mark-to-mark, if the length is too small to prevent the objects +almost overlapping, it is widened until they no longer do. (The extra +@I { "l/10" } is not applied when plain text output is in effect.) Kerning +also widens, with the aim of preventing the mark of either object from +overlapping the other object; this mode is used for subscripts and +superscripts. +@PP +tabulation @Index { Tabulation gap mode } +t.gap.mode @Index { @Code t gap mode } +centring @Index { Centring } +right.justif @Index { Right justification } +Tabulation ignores the first object and places the leading edge of the +second object at a distance @I l from the left edge of the whole +concatenation object. It is the main user of the @Code b and @Code r +units of measurement; for example, @Code "|1rt" will right-justify the +following component, and @Code "|0.5rt" will centre it. +@PP +The value @Code "|0rt" separating the first and second items in a +sequence of horizontally concatenated objects is somewhat special in +that it denotes left justification of the object to its left in the +available space. This is identical with @Code "|0ie" when the object to +the left also has the principal mark; but when it does not, @Code "|0rt" +will cause the object to the left to appear further to the left than it +would otherwise have done, if space to do so is available. +@PP +A gap is optionally concluded with an indication of unbreakability, +which is a letter @Code "u" appended to the gap. A paragraph will +never be broken at an unbreakable gap, nor will a galley be broken +across two targets at such a gap. Basser Lout's implementation is +slightly defective in that it ignores any unbreakable indication +in the gap separating the first component promoted into any target +from the second. +@PP +When two objects are separated only by zero or more white space +white.space.when @SubIndex { when significant } +space.f.when @SubIndex { when significant } +characters (spaces, tabs, newlines, and formfeeds), Lout inserts +{@Code "&"}{@I k}{@Code "s"} between the two objects, where @I k is the +number of spaces. Precisely, @I k is determined by discarding all space +characters and tabs that precede newlines (these are invisible so are +better ignored), then counting 1 for each newline, formfeed or space, +and 8 for each tab character. The gap will be unbreakable if @I k +is zero. +@PP +A sequence of two or more objects separated by @Code "&" symbols is a +paragraph.breaking.in.detail @SubIndex { in detail } +{@I paragraph}. Lout breaks paragraphs into lines automatically as +required, by converting some of the @Code "&" symbols into +{@Code "//1vx"}. Unbreakable gaps are not eligible for this +conversion. `Optimal' line breaks are chosen, using a +method adapted from @TeX @Cite { $knuth1984tex }. +tex @RawIndex { @TeX } +tex.optimal @SubIndex { optimal paragraph breaking } +@PP +If an @Code "&" symbol whose gap has hyphenation mode +hyphenation @Index { Hyphenation gap mode } +tex.hyphenation @SubIndex { hyphenation } +is chosen for replacement by {@Code "//1vx"}, a hyphen will be appended to +the preceding object, unless that object is a word which already ends with +a hyphen. For example, +@ID @Code { +Long words may be "hyph &0ih enat &0ih ed." +} +could have the following result, depending where the line breaks fall: +@ID 2i @Wide { +Long words may be hyph &0ih enat &0ih ed. +} +Basser Lout inserts hyphenation gaps automatically as required, again +following the method of @TeX, which approximates the hyphenations in +Webster's dictionary. To prevent the hyphenation of a single word, +enclose it in quotes. Further control over paragraph breaking and +hyphenation is provided by the @@Break and @@Space symbols (Sections +{@NumberOf break} and {@NumberOf space}). +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_cove b/doc/expert/pre_cove new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5cf45e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_cove @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HCover" and "@VCover" } + @Tag { hcover } +@Begin +@PP +hcover. @Index { @@HCover symbol } +vcover. @Index { @@VCover symbol } +The @@VCover symbol vertically scales its right parameter so that it +covers every object that shares its row mark. For example, +@ID @Code "@VCover ( 45d @Rotate Hello @VCover )" +produces +@ID @ShowHMark { @VCover ( 45d @Rotate Hello @VCover ) } +The row mark has been added to show clearly where it lies. This should be +compared with +@ID @Code "@VScale ( 45d @Rotate Hello @VScale )" +which produces +@ID @ShowHMark { @VScale ( 45d @Rotate Hello @VScale ) } +Scaling abandons mark alignment and so is able to exactly cover the +rest of the row, whereas covering preserves mark alignment and so +is obliged in general to more than cover the rest of the row. +@PP +If the parameter of @@VCover has zero vertical size, this is taken +to mean that covering is not required after all and the @@VCover is +silently ignored. If however the parameter has non-zero size above +the mark but zero size below, or vice versa, this is taken to be an error +since scaling cannot make the parameter cover the rest of the row. +@PP +@@HCover is similar, horizontally covering all objects that share +its column mark. Neither symbol works well near galley targets, +because the scale factor to apply is determined before any galley +flushing takes place. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_cros b/doc/expert/pre_cros new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d300e86 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_cros @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +@Section + @Title { The cross reference symbols "&&" and "&&&" } + @Tag { crossref } +@Begin +@PP +The cross reference symbol @Code "&&" takes the name of a symbol (not an +object) for its left parameter, and an object whose value must be a +simple word, or several simple words, for its right parameter. The +result is a cross reference, which may be thought of as an arrow pointing +from the cross reference symbol to the beginning of an invocation of the +named symbol. +@PP +The invocation pointed to, known as the @I target of the cross +reference, is generally one whose @@Tag parameter has value equal +to the right parameter of the cross reference symbol. Three special tags, +{@Code preceding}, {@Code following}, and {@Code foll_or_prec}, point +respectively to the first invocation preceding the cross reference in +the final printed document, to the first invocation following it, and +to the first following it if such exists else to the first preceding it. +@PP +A cross reference may be used in four ways: where an object is +expected, in which case its value is a copy of the target; with the +@@Open and @@Use symbols; with the @@Tagged symbol; and in the +@Code into clause or @Code "@Target" symbol of a galley definition, in +which case the value of the tag must be {@Code preceding}, +{@Code following}, or {@Code foll_or_prec}. +@PP +Within an @Code "into" clause or @Code "@Target" symbol, the alternative +form @Code "&&&" is acceptable and indicates a forcing galley (Section +{@NumberOf targets}). +@PP +Except within an @Code into clause or @Code "@Target" symbol, the symbol +referred to must have a @@Tag parameter. This is so even if the right +parameter of the cross reference is {@Code preceding}, {@Code following}, +or {@Code foll_or_prec}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_data b/doc/expert/pre_data new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7bb643 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_data @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Database and @SysDatabase" } + @Tag { database } +@Begin +@PP +database.sym @Index { @@Database symbol } +The @@Database symbol is used to declare the existence of a file +of symbol invocations that Lout may refer to when evaluating cross +references. In Basser Lout, for example, +@ID @Code { +"@Database @Months @WeekDays { standard }" +} +means that there is a file called @Code "standard.ld" containing +invocations of the previously defined symbols @Code "@Months" and +{@Code "@WeekDays"}. A @@Database symbol may appear anywhere a definition +or a @@Use symbol may appear. Different definitions packages may refer to a +common database, provided the definitions they give for its symbols are +compatible. An entry is interpreted as though it appears at the point +where the cross reference that retrieves it does, which allows symbols +like @Code "@I" for @Code "Slope @Font" to be used in databases. The +database file may not contain @@Database or @@Include symbols, and each +invocation within it must be enclosed in braces. +@PP +Basser Lout constructs an {@I {index file}}, +index.file @Index { Index file (for databases) } +which in this example is called {@Code "standard.li"}, the first time it +ever encounters the database, as an aid to searching it. If the database +file is changed, its index file must be deleted by the user so that +Basser Lout knows to reconstruct it. There is also an installation +option which allows this deletion to be done automatically on suitable +systems (including Unix). +@PP +Basser Lout searches for databases in the current directory first, then +in a sequence of standard places. To search the standard places only, use +sysdatabase.sym @Index { @@SysDatabase symbol } +@@SysDatabase. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_font b/doc/expert/pre_font new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f014e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_font @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Font" and "@Char" } + @Tag { font } +@Begin +@PP +A @I font +font. @Index { Fonts } +is a collection of characters which may be +printed. Many fonts come in {@I families}, +family @Index { Family of a font } +face @Index { Face of a font } +which are groups of fonts that +have been designed to go together. For example, the Times family +includes the following fonts: +@ID { Times Base } @Font { + Base @Font { Times Base } +//1vx Slope @Font { Times Slope } +//1vx Bold @Font { Times Bold } +//1vx BoldSlope @Font { Times BoldSlope } +} +Thus, each font has two names: its @I { family name } (Times, +Helvetica, etc.) and its @I { face name } (Base, Slope, etc.). Times +Base is more commonly called Times Roman, and Times Slope is more +commonly called Times Italic. Lout avoids these names in favour of +generic names which can be applied to many font families. +@PP +Ligatures, +ligatures @Index Ligatures +kerning @Index Kerning +such as fl for {@OneCol f}l and fi for {@OneCol f}i, are considered by +Basser Lout to be an integral part of the font: if the font definition +(see below) mentions them, they will be used. Similarly, kerning (fine +adjustment of the space between adjacent characters to improve the +appearance) is done whenever indicated in the font definition. Enclosing +one of the letters in @@OneCol is one sure way to disable a ligature or kern. +@PP +The @@Font symbol +font.sym @Index { @@Font symbol } +returns its right parameter in a font and size specified by its left: +@ID { +@Code "{ Times Base 12p } @Font" @I object +} +The family and face names must have appeared together in a {@Code fontdef}; +the size is arbitrary and may be given in any one of the {@Code "c"}, +{@Code "i"}, {@Code "p"}, {@Code "m"}, {@Code "f"}, {@Code "s"}, and +{@Code "v"} units of measurement (Section {@NumberOf concatenation}), +although @Code 10p and @Code 12p are the most common sizes for text. There +may be empty objects and @@Null objects in the left parameter of @@Font; +these are ignored. +@PP +When a @@Font symbol is nested inside the right parameter of +another @@Font symbol, the inner one determines the font of its +own right parameter. However, it may be abbreviated so as to inherit +part of the outer symbol: +@ID @Code { +"{ Times Base 12p } @Font" +"{ hello, Slope @Font hello, 15p @Font hello }" +} +has result +@ID { +{ Times Base 12p } @Font +{ hello, Slope @Font hello, 15p @Font hello } +} +The first inner @@Font inherits the outer family and size, changing only +the face; the second inherits the outer family and face. When a family +name is given, it must be followed immediately by a face name. A size +change may appear first or last. +@PP +Sizes of the form +{@I length} and --{@I length} may also be used, +meaning that the font size is to be @I length larger or smaller than +the inherited value. For example, --{@Code "2p"} is often used for +superscripts and subscripts. These forms are highly recommended, since +they don't need to be changed if a decision is made to alter the font +size of the document as a whole. +@PP +The @@Font symbol also switches to and from small capitals: +"smallcaps" @Index { small capitals } +@ID @Code { +"smallcaps @Font ..." +"nosmallcaps @Font ..." +} +These may be nested, and they cooperate with other font changes. The +precise effect depends on the font (see below). There is a default +value (@Code {"nosmallcaps"}), so it is not necessary to mention this +attribute when giving an initial font. +@PP +There are two predefined symbols, @@CurrFamily and @@CurrFace, which +respectively return the family and face names of the current font. For +example, right now @@CurrFamily is @CurrFamily and @@CurrFace is +@CurrFace. +@PP +When Lout runs, the first thing it reads is a list of font definitions, +font.def @Index { @Code fontdef } +like these: +@ID { + @Code "fontdef Times Base {" @I implementation-dependent @Code "}" +//1vx @Code "fontdef Times Slope {" @I implementation-dependent @Code "}" +} +Each line tells Lout of the existence of a font, and assigns it a family +name and a face name. There are a few fonts which are the only members +of their families; even though these fonts do not need a face name, they +must be given one by their {@Code fontdef}. The part between braces may +vary with different implementations of Lout; it is supposed to contain +the information Lout needs to work with the font. +@PP +In Basser Lout Version 3, this implementation-dependent part consists of +a PostScript font name, an +adobe @Index { Adobe Systems, Inc. } +Adobe font metrics (formerly AFM) file whose FontName entry must agree +with the PostScript font name just mentioned, the name of a Lout +Character Mapping (LCM) file, and the word @Code Recode or {@Code NoRecode}: +@ID @Code +"fontdef Times Base { Times-Roman Ti-Ro LtLatin1.LCM Recode }" +It seems to have become an invariable rule at Adobe Systems that the font +name and the file name should be the same, but some operating systems do +not permit such long file names, so Lout does not use them. The files are +searched for in standard places. Consult the PostScript Reference Manual +@Cite { $adobe1990ps } for general information about fonts and encoding +vectors; briefly, an 8-bit +lcm. @Index { LCM file } +character code @I c in Lout's input is mapped to the character in the +Adobe font metrics file whose name appears on the line labelled @I c in the +LCM file. The LCM file also defines various character-to-character +mappings, such as upper-case to lower-case, which are used for various +purposes, such as the production of small capitals. If the word +@Code NoRecode appears, Lout assumes that the given encoding vector is +already associated with this font in the PostScript interpreter, and +optimizes its output accordingly. +@PP +If there are two font definitions with the same family and face name, +it is an error unless the second one has the same font name and file name +as the first, in which case it is silently ignored. A PostScript font +name and file may appear in two or more font definitions, allowing one +PostScript font to have two or more equally valid Lout names, and +different LCM files. +@PP +The @@Char symbol +char @Index { @@Char symbol } +allows a character to be specified by its name (its PostScript name in +Basser Lout) rather than by its code: +@ID @Code "@Char nine" +is equivalent to @Code "9" in most fonts. This is useful as a +documentation aid and to be sure of getting the right character even if the +encoding vector of the font is changed. However @@Char will fail if the +character named is not in the encoding vector of the current font. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_gall b/doc/expert/pre_gall new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a13aab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_gall @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Galley" and "@ForceGalley" } + @Tag { galley } +@Begin +@PP +These symbols +galley.sym @Index { @@Galley symbol } +galley.sym @Index { @@ForceGalley symbol } +both act as a placeholder for a galley. That is, they may be replaced +by components of a galley. In the case of @@ForceGalley the galley will +then have a forcing galley effect at this point although it need not be +declared using {@Code "force into"}. See Section {@NumberOf targets} +for a detailed discussion of galleys, forcing galleys, and targets. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_grap b/doc/expert/pre_grap new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e75dd21 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_grap @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Graphic" } + @Tag { graphic } +@Begin +@PP +graphic.sym @Index { @@Graphic symbol } +diagrams @Index { Diagrams } +Lout does not provide the vast repertoire of graphical objects (lines, +circles, boxes, etc.) required by diagrams. Instead, it provides an +escape route to some other language that does have these features, via +its @@Graphic symbol: +postscript.graphic @SubIndex { used by @@Graphic } +@ID @OneRow @OneRow @Code { +"{ 0 0 moveto" +" 0 ysize lineto" +" xsize ysize lineto" +" xsize 0 lineto" +" closepath" +" stroke" +"}" +"@Graphic" +"{ //0.2c" +" ||0.2c hello, world ||0.2c" +" //0.2c" +"}" +} +The result of the above invocation of the symbol @@Graphic is +@ID @OneRow @OneRow { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto + 0 ysize lineto + xsize ysize lineto + xsize 0 lineto + closepath + stroke + } + @Graphic + { //0.2c + ||0.2c hello, world ||0.2c + //0.2c + } + } + PDF @Yield { + { 0 0 m + 0 __ysize l + __xsize __ysize l + __xsize 0 l + s + } + @Graphic + { //0.2c + ||0.2c hello, world ||0.2c + //0.2c + } + } + } +} +@PP +The right parameter always appears as part of the result, and indeed the +result is always an object whose size is identical to the size of the +right parameter with @@OneCol and @@OneRow applied to +it. From now on we refer to this part of the result as the {@I base}. +@PP +The left parameter is implementation-dependent: that is, its +meaning is not defined by Lout, and different implementations could +require different values for it. The following description applies to +Basser Lout, which uses the PostScript page description language +@Cite { $adobe1990ps }. Similar but more restricted possibilities exist +with the PDF back end (see a separate document distributed with Lout); +to include both, use the @@BackEnd symbol like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @BackEnd @Case {" +" PostScript @Yield" +" {" +" ..." +" }" +" PDF @Yield" +" {" +" ..." +" }" +" }" +" @Graphic" +" {" +" ..." +" }" +"}" +} +Returning to PostScript, the left parameter refers to a coordinate system +whose origin is the bottom left-hand corner of the base. It may use the symbols +@Code xsize and @Code ysize to denote the horizontal and vertical size +of the base; similarly, @Code xmark and @Code ymark denote the positions +of the base's column and row marks: +@ID @OneRow 9p @Font @Fig { + { &1rt @I ysize /0ik &1rt @I ymark /0ik &1rt 0 } |0.4c + { / + |0ik @ShowMarks { 1c @High 1.5c @Wide ^| 3c @Wide ^/ 2c @High } + |0ik / + } + /0.2c + | 0 | @I xmark | @I xsize +} +In addition to these four symbols and 0, lengths may be denoted in +centimetres, inches, points, ems, f's, v's and s's using the notation +@ID @OneRow @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + hmargin { 1m } + @Fmta { @Col {@I l @Code A} ! @Col {instead of Lout's} ! @Col {{@I l}B} } +{ +@Rowa A { cm } B { c } +@Rowa A { in } B { i } +@Rowa A { pt } B { p } +@Rowa A { em } B { m } +@Rowa A { ft } B { f } +@Rowa A { vs } B { v } +@Rowa A { sp } B { s } +} +Note that there must be a space between the number and its unit, +unlike Lout proper. +@PP +A point within the base (and, with care, a point outside it) may +be denoted by a pair of lengths. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"xmark ymark" +} +is the point where the marks cross, and +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"0 2 cm" +} +is a point on the left edge, two centimetres above the bottom left-hand +corner. These two numbers are called the @I {x coordinate} and the +@I {y coordinate} of the point. +@PP +The first step in specifying a graphic object is to define a +{@I path}. A path can be thought of as the track of a pen moving over +the page. The pen may be up (not drawing) or down (drawing a line or +curve) as it moves. The entire path is a sequence of the following +items: +@LP +2i @Wide { |1rt @I {x y} @Code moveto } +|2m Lift the pen and move it to the indicated point. +@JP +2i @Wide { |1rt @I {x y} @Code lineto } +|2m Put the pen down and draw a straight line to the indicated point. +@JP +2i @Wide { |1rt @I {x y r angle1 angle2} @Code arc } +|2m Put the pen down and draw a circular arc whose centre has +coordinates @I x and @I y and whose radius is {@I r}. The arc begins +at the angle @I angle1 measuring counterclockwise from the point +directly to the right of the centre, and proceeds counterclockwise to +{@I angle2}. If the arc is not the first thing on the path, a straight +line will be drawn connecting the current point to the start of the arc. +@JP +2i @Wide { |1rt @I {x y r angle1 angle2} @Code arcn } +|2m As for arc, but the arc goes clockwise from @I angle1 to +{@I angle2 }. +@JP +2i @Wide @Code { |1rt closepath } +|2m Draw a straight line back to the point most recently moved to. +@LP +The first item should always be a {@Code moveto}, {@Code arc}, or +{@Code arcn}. It should be clear from this that the path given earlier: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"0 0 moveto" +"0 ysize lineto" +"xsize ysize lineto" +"xsize 0 lineto" +"closepath" +} +traces around the boundary of the base with the pen down. +@PP +Once a path is set up, we are ready to @I paint it onto the page. There +are two choices: we can either @I stroke it, which means to display it +as described; or we can @I fill it, which means to paint everything +inside it grey or black. For stroking the two main options are +@IL +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @I length @Code setlinewidth } +|2m The pen will draw lines of the given width. +} +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code "[" @I length @Code {"]" 0 setdash} } +|2m The pen will draw dashed lines when it is down, with the dashes each +of the given length. +} +@EL +These options are followed by the word {@Code "stroke"}. So, for example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto" +" 2 pt setlinewidth [ 5 pt ] 0 setdash stroke" +"}" +"@Graphic { 3i @Wide }" +} +has result +@ID @OneRow { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 2 pt setlinewidth [ 5 pt ] 0 setdash stroke + } + @Graphic { 3i @Wide } + } + PDF @Yield { + { [ __mul(5, __pt) ] 0 d __mul(2, __pt) w 0 0 m __xsize 0 l S + } + @Graphic { 3i @Wide } + } + } +} +@PP +When filling in the region enclosed by a path, the main option is +{@Code setgray}, which determines the shade of grey to use, on a scale +from 0 (black) to 1 (white). So, for example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath" +" 0.8 setgray fill" +"}" +"@Graphic" +"{ 2c @Wide 2c @High }" +} +has result +@ID @OneRow { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath + 0.8 setgray fill + } + @Graphic + { 2c @Wide 2c @High } + } + PDF @Yield { + { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l 0 __ysize l h + 0.8 g f + } + @Graphic + { 2c @Wide 2c @High } + } + } +} +@PP +There are many other options. The value of the left parameter of +@@Graphic may be any fragment of the PostScript page description language +@Cite { $adobe1990ps }. Here are two other examples: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +xsize 2 div +} +denoting a length equal to half the horizontal size of the base, and +@ID @OneRow @Code { +gsave fill grestore stroke +} +which both fills and strokes the path. Since Basser Lout does not check +that the left parameter is valid PostScript, it is possible to cause +mysterious errors in the printing device, resulting in no output, if an +incorrect value is given. It is a good idea to encapsulate graphics +objects in carefully tested definitions, like those of the Diag figure +drawing package @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user, Chapter 9 }, +diag @Index { Diag diagram-drawing package } +to be sure of avoiding these errors. +@PP +PostScript experts may find the following information helpful when +designing advanced graphics features. The left parameter of @@Graphic +may have two parts, separated by {@Code "//"}: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code "{" @I {first part} @Code "//" @I {second part} @Code "} @Graphic" +@I object +} +If there is no {@Code "//"}, the second part is taken to be empty. The +PostScript output has the form +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code gsave +@I x @I y @Code translate +@I {Code which defines {@Code xsize}, {@Code ysize}, {@Code xmark}, {@Code ymark}, {@Code ft}, {@Code vs}, and {@Code sp} } +@Code gsave +@I {first part} +@Code grestore +@I {Code which renders the right parameter in translated coordinates} +@I {second part} +@Code grestore +} +where @Eq {x, y} is the position of the lower left corner of the +base. Having two parts permits bracketing operations, like @Code save +and @Code restore or @Code begin and {@Code end}, to enclose an +object. See the source file of the Diag package for examples. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hadj b/doc/expert/pre_hadj new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ca9fe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hadj @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HAdjust", "@VAdjust", and "@PAdjust" } + @Tag { hadjust } +@Begin +@PP +padjust. @Index { @@PAdjust symbol } +hadjust. @Index { @@HAdjust symbol } +vadjust. @Index { @@VAdjust symbol } +adjustment @Index { Adjustment of object } +These symbols spread their right parameter apart until it occupies +all the space available to it; @@HAdjust adjusts @Code "|" sequences, +@@VAdjust adjusts @Code "/" sequences, and @@PAdjust adjusts @Code "&" +sequences. For example, +@ID @Code { +"4i @Wide @PAdjust { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 }" +} +has result +@ID { +4i @Wide @PAdjust { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } +} +More precisely, the widening is effected by enlarging the size of each +component except the last by an equal fraction of the space that would +otherwise be left over -- just the opposite of the usual procedure, +which assigns all the leftover space to the last component (Section +{@NumberOf size}). +@PP +@@PAdjust is used by the @Code adjust and @Code outdent options of +the @@Break symbol (Section {@NumberOf break}). It has a slight +peculiarity: it will not enlarge components when the immediately +following gap has width 0. This is to prevent space from appearing +(for example) between a word and an immediately following comma. The +other two symbols will enlarge such components. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hcon b/doc/expert/pre_hcon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d409c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hcon @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HContract" and "@VContract" } + @Tag { hcontract } +@Begin +@PP +hcontract. @Index { @@HContract symbol } +vcontract. @Index { @@VContract symbol } +contraction @Index { Contraction of object } +The @@HContract symbol reduces the size of its right parameter to a +reasonable minimum (after paragraph breaking). For example, +@ID @Code "5i @Wide @HContract { A |1rt B }" +has result +@ID { 5i @Wide @HContract { A |1rt B } } +in which the B is much closer to the A than it would otherwise have +been. @@VContract is similar, but in a vertical direction. See +Section {@NumberOf size} for a more extensive discussion. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hexp b/doc/expert/pre_hexp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..937e746 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hexp @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HExpand" and "@VExpand" } + @Tag { hexpand } +@Begin +@PP +hexpand. @Index { @@HExpand symbol } +vexpand. @Index { @@VExpand symbol } +expansion @Index { Expansion of object } +The @@HExpand symbol causes its right parameter to be as wide as it +possibly could be without violating a @@Wide symbol or intruding into +the space occupied by neighbouring gaps or objects. The @@VExpand +symbol is similar, but it affects height. For example, in the object +@ID @Code { +"8i @Wide 11i @High {" +" //1i ||1i @HExpand @VExpand x ||1i" +" //1i" +"}" +} +object @Code x could have any size up to six inches wide by nine inches +high, so the @@HExpand and @@VExpand symbols cause it to have exactly +this size. This is important, for example, if @Code x contains +@Code "|1rt" or {@Code "/1rt"}; without the expansion these might not +move as far across or down as expected. +@PP +As Section {@NumberOf size} explains in detail, most objects are +already as large as they possibly could be. Consequently these symbols +are needed only rarely. @@HExpand includes a @@OneCol effect, and +@@VExpand includes a @@OneRow effect. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hlim b/doc/expert/pre_hlim new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccf9548 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hlim @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HLimited" and "@VLimited" } + @Tag { hlimited } +@Begin +@PP +hlimited. @Index { @@HLimited symbol } +vlimited. @Index { @@VLimited symbol } +The @@HLimited symbol limits the width available to recursive +and receptive symbols within its right parameter to whatever +is available without increasing the existing size of the +@@HLimited object. So this symbol acts like @@Wide with +respect to limiting the space occupied by recursive and receptive +symbols, except that instead of enforcing a fixed constant limit, +it enforces whatever size is already in place. +@PP +The @@VLimited symbol is exactly the same, except that it +applies vertically rather than horizontally. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hsca b/doc/expert/pre_hsca new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e224685 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hsca @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HScale" and "@VScale" } + @Tag { hscale } +@Begin +@PP +hscale. @Index { @@HScale symbol } +vscale. @Index { @@VScale symbol } +scaling @Index { Scaling of object } +@@HScale causes its right parameter to expand to fill the space available, +by geometricallly scaling it: +@ID @Code { +"4i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 }" +} +has result +@ID { +4i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } +} +and +@ID @Code { +"0.5i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 }" +} +has result +@ID { +0.5i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } +} +@@HScale first applies @@HContract to its parameter, then horizontally +scales it to the actual size. The principal mark of the right parameter +has no effect on the result; the parameter is scaled to the actual size +and positioned to fill the space available. (Taking account of alignment +of the principal mark only causes trouble in practice.) +@PP +@@VScale is similar, but in a vertical direction. @@HScale and @@VScale +each have both a @@OneCol and a @@OneRow effect. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_hshi b/doc/expert/pre_hshi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d28222 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_hshi @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@HShift" and "@VShift" } + @Tag { hshift } +@Begin +@PP +The @@HShift symbol +hshift.sym @Index { @@HShift symbol } +returns its right parameter with principal mark shifted as prescribed +by its left parameter: +@IL + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code + & @I length @@HShift @I object } +|2m Principal mark shifted to the right by {@I length}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @Code - & @I length @@HShift @I object } +|2m Principal mark shifted to the left by {@I length}; +} + +@LI { +2i @Wide { |1rt @I length @@HShift @I object } +|2m Principal mark shifted so as to lie @I length to the right +of the left edge of {@I object}; +} + +@EL +In each chase @@HShift includes a @@OneCol effect. +@PP +The units of measurement of @I length may be {@Code "c"}, {@Code "i"}, +{@Code "p"}, {@Code "m"}, {@Code "f"}, {@Code "s"}, {@Code "v"}, or +{@Code "w"}. In the latter case, @Code "1w" is taken to be the width +of the right parameter, so that, for example, @Code "0.5w @HShift" will +centre the principal column mark within the right parameter. +@PP +vshift.sym @Index { @@VShift symbol } +The @@VShift symbol is similar except that it applies vertically to the +principal row mark: @Code + & @I length shifts it down, @Code - & @I +length shifts it up, and @I length shifts it to @I length below the top +edge of the object. With @@VShift, @Code "1w" is taken to be the height +of the right parameter. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_incg b/doc/expert/pre_incg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a370c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_incg @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@IncludeGraphic" and "@SysIncludeGraphic" } + @Tag { includegraphic } +@Begin +@PP +includegraphic.sym @Index { @@IncludeGraphic symbol } +sysincludegraphic.sym @Index { @@SysIncludeGraphic symbol } +postscript.includegraphic @SubIndex { used by @@IncludeGraphic } +These symbols instruct Lout to incorporate a separately created +illustration: +@ID @Code "@IncludeGraphic \"myportrait.eps\"" +The parameter is implementation-dependent; in Basser Lout it is an +object whose value is a simple word denoting the name of a file. This +file should ideally be a PostScript EPS Version 3.0 file +@Cite { $adobe1990ps }, since then Lout will keep careful track of what +resources are required for printing that file. However, any PostScript +file containing the @Code "%%BoundingBox:" comment and not requiring +unusual resources is likely to work. +@PP +The result of @@IncludeGraphic is an ordinary Lout object with marks +through its centre. It may be rotated, scaled, and generally +treated like any other object. Basser Lout determines its size by +consulting the bounding box information in the file. If this cannot be +found, a warning message is printed and the result object has zero size. +@PP +@@IncludeGraphic searches the same directories that @@Include does +(Section {@NumberOf include}). @@SysIncludeGraphic is the same as +@@IncludeGraphic, except that it searches only the directories searched +by @@SysInclude. +@PP +If the file name ends in any of {@Code ".gz"}, {@Code "-gz"}, {@Code ".z"}, +{@Code "-z"}, {@Code "_z"}, or {@Code ".Z"}, the file will first be +uncompressed using the @Code "gunzip" command into a temporary file +called @Code "lout.eps" in the current directory. This file is removed +immediately after it is copied into the output file. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_incl b/doc/expert/pre_incl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c531096 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_incl @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +@Section + @Tag { include } + @Title { "@Include and @SysInclude" } +@Begin +@PP +include.sym @Index { @@Include symbol } +sysinclude.sym @Index { @@SysInclude symbol } +These symbols instruct Lout to temporarily switch to reading another +file, whose name appears in braces following the symbol. For example, +@ID @Code { +"@Include { \"/usr/lout/fontdefs\" }" +} +will cause the contents of file "/usr/lout/fontdefs" to be read at the +point it occurs. After that file is read, the current file is resumed. The +included file may contain arbitrary Lout text, including other +@@Include commands. The file is searched for first in the current +directory, then in a sequence of standard places which are not necessarily the +same places that databases are searched for. @@SysInclude searches the +standard places only. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_inse b/doc/expert/pre_inse new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e981359 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_inse @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Insert" } + @Tag { insert } +@Begin +@PP +insert.sym @Index { @@Insert symbol } +The @@Insert symbol inserts its left parameter at the beginning of the +first paragraph of its right parameter: +@ID @Code "X @Insert { A B // C // D }" +is equivalent to +@ID @Code "{ XA B // C // D }" +Notice that a zero-width space separates @Code { X } from the first +paragraph, so if some wider space is required it must be placed at the +end of @Code { X }. The @Code "@Insert" operation is applied to the +value of the right parameter after evaluation. +@PP +The only known use for this symbol is to attach something like +@B { Figure 6 } to the front of a multi-paragraph caption. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_kshr b/doc/expert/pre_kshr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..517cb89 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_kshr @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@KernShrink" } + @Tag { kernshrink } +@Begin +@PP +kernshrink. @Index { @@KernShrink symbol } +This symbol returns its right parameter unchanged in appearance but +occupying a slightly smaller bounding box. The reduction is by the +amount of kerning that would be applied if the right parameter was +immediately @I followed by the left parameter. For example, +@ID @Code ". @KernShrink P" +has result +@ID @Box margin { 0c } { . @KernShrink P } +where a box of size 0 has been drawn around the result to make its +extent clear. Compare this with `P' alone: +@ID @Box margin { 0c } { P } +in which the bounding box exactly encloses the object, or at least +is supposed to. The bounding box is smaller on the right by the +amount of kerning that would be applied between `P' and `.'. +@PP +The only known use for this symbol is to produce tucked-in subscripts +in the Eq equation formatting package. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_lang b/doc/expert/pre_lang new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50d3539 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_lang @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Language" and "@CurrLang" } + @Tag { language } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Language symbol informs Lout that its right parameter is written +language.sym @Index { @@Language symbol } +in the language of its left parameter: +@ID @Code "Danish @Language { ... }" +Basser Lout Version 3 uses this information in two ways: to hyphenate +words appropriately to that language, and to change the value of the +@@CurrLang symbol (see below). Other uses, such as right-to-left +formatting of certain languages, may be added in the future. +@PP +The left parameter must either be empty (which means to leave the current +language unchanged) or else it must have been given in a @Code "langdef" +langdef.sym @Index { @Code langdef language definition } +language definition at the beginning of the input: +@ID { +@Code "langdef Danish Dansk {" @I implementation-dependent @Code "}" +} +After @Code "langdef" comes a sequence of one or more simple words, +which are alternative names for the language being defined. Following +them comes an implementation-dependent part between braces. In Basser +Lout Version 3 this part contains the name of the Lout hyphenation +information file (minus its .lh suffix) to be used when hyphenating +words in this language, followed by a sequence of words which define +the ends of sentences. For example: +@ID @Code "langdef English { english . : ? ! .) ?) !) }" +defines a language called English with hyphenation patterns file +{@Code english.lh} and seven ways to end a sentence. The use of +these sentence endings is described in Section {@NumberOf space}. If +there is no hyphenation file available, this is indicated by writing +@Code "-" for the file name; if there are no sentence ends, they are +simply omitted. +@PP +The @@CurrLang symbol, which has no parameters, evaluates to the first +currlang.sym @Index { @@CurrLang symbol } +name given in the @Code "langdef" of the language in force at the point +where it is invoked: +@ID @Code "Dansk @Language { This is @CurrLang. }" +has result +@ID { Dansk @Language { This is @CurrLang. } } +It is typically used with the @@Case symbol like this: +@ID @Code { +"@CurrLang @Case {" +" Danish @Yield tirsdag" +" English @Yield Tuesday" +" French @Yield Mardi" +"}" +} +This example evaluates to the name of the third day of the week in the +current language. +@PP +The current language is part of the style of an object, like its +font. As explained in Section {@NumberOf size}, style is inherited +through the point of appearance, which for language can be +unexpected. For example, an index entry which originates in a French +chapter but appears in an English index will have English for its +language, so must be explicitly set to French using @@Language. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_mome b/doc/expert/pre_mome new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4d377c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_mome @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Moment" } + @Tag { moment } +@Begin +@PP +The predefined symbol @@Moment +moment.sym @Index { @@Moment symbol } +has the following definition: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Moment" +" named @Tag {}" +" named @Second {}" +" named @Minute {}" +" named @Hour {}" +" named @Day {}" +" named @Month {}" +" named @Year {}" +" named @Century {}" +" named @WeekDay {}" +" named @YearDay {}" +" named @DaylightSaving {}" +"{}" +} +It may be used like any other symbol. Lout provides an invocation of +@@Moment with tag {@Code now}, whose other parameters are numbers +encoding the current date and time: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@Second" } + B { the current second, usually between 00 and 59 } +@Rowa + A { "@Minute" } + B { the current minute, between 00 and 59 } +@Rowa + A { "@Hour" } + B { the current hour, between 00 and 23 } +@Rowa + A { "@Day" } + B { the current day of the month, between 1 and 31 } +@Rowa + A { "@Month" } + B { the current month, between 1 (January) and 12 (December) } +@Rowa + A { "@Year" } + B { the current year of the century, between 00 and 99 } +@Rowa + A { "@Century" } + B { the current century, e.g. 19 or 20 } +@Rowa + A { "@WeekDay" } + B { the current day of the week, between 1 (Sunday) and 7 (Saturday) } +@Rowa + A { "@YearDay" } + B { the current day of the year, between 0 and 365 } +@Rowa + A { "@DaylightSaving" } + B { an implementation-dependent number that may encode the +daylight saving currently in effect } +} +date @Index { Date, printing of current } +Unix manual entries state that @Code "@Second" can be as high as 61, to +allow for leap seconds. Judicious use of databases can convert these +numbers into useful dates. For example, +@ID @Code { +"@Moment&&now @Open { @Day {@Months&&@Month}, @Century{@Year} }" +} +produces something like +@Moment&&now @Open { @Day {@Months&&@Month}, @Century{@Year} } +given a suitable database of months. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_next b/doc/expert/pre_next new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c65d7db --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_next @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Next" } + @Tag { next } +@Begin +@PP +next.sym @Index { @@Next symbol } +The @@Next symbol returns its parameter +plus one. It is rather clever at working this out: it hunts through +the parameter from right to left, looking for a number to increment: +@ID @Code { +"@Next (3.99)" +} +has result {@Next (3.99)}. If @@Next cannot find a digit inside +its parameter, it is an error. Roman numerals are handled by storing +them in a database, as explained in Section {@NumberOf paras}; +@@Next will not increment a Roman numeral. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_notr b/doc/expert/pre_notr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..169faeb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_notr @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@NotRevealed" } + @Tag { notrevealed } +@Begin +@PP +The @@NotRevealed symbol +notrevealed.sym @Index { @@NotRevealed symbol } +exerts fine control over the process of expanding receptive symbols. It +may appear only within the body of a definition, immediately following +the name of a receptive symbol. For example: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def A { @Galley }" +"" +"def B { @Galley }" +"" +"def ABList" +"{" +" A" +" // B @NotRevealed" +" // ABList" +"}" +} +The meaning is that the symbol immediately preceding @@NotRevealed, @Code B +in this example, is not revealed to galleys which encounter @Code "ABList" +while searching for targets; to such galleys it appears that @Code "ABList" +contains @Code A only, not {@Code B}, hence only galleys targeted to +@Code A will expand {@Code "ABList"}. However, after @Code "ABList" +is expanded by such a galley, @Code B will be available as a target in +the usual way. +@PP +Apart from this meaning, @@NotRevealed has no effect at all, and the +body of the definition may be understood by deleting @@NotRevealed and +any preceding space. Thus, the symbol preceding @@NotRevealed may have +named and right parameters in the usual way; these would follow after +the @@NotRevealed symbol. +@PP +This symbol was introduced to overcome a problem with floating figures +treated as displays. It turned out to be essential to specify the +layout of a column (in part) as +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@BodyTextPlace" +"// @FigurePlace" +"// @BodyTextPlace" +"// @FigurePlace" +"// @BodyTextPlace" +"..." +} +so that figures could alternate with body text down the column. However, +some means was needed to ensure that in the absence of any figures there +could only be one @Code "@BodyTextPlace" in the column, since otherwise +various problems arose, for example the @Code "@NP" symbol merely causing +a skip from one @Code "@BodyTextPlace" to the next in the same column, +rather than to the first in the next column. Also, without this feature +the optimal page breaker's attempts to end a column early would be +frustrated by Lout then discovering that plenty of space existed at a +following @Code "@BodyTextPlace" in the same column. The solution is +based on @Code "ABList" above; each occurrence of @Code "@BodyTextPlace" +after a @Code "@FigurePlace" is not revealed in the enclosing definition, +and so cannot be found by body text galleys unless a figure has +previously attached to the preceding {@Code "@FigurePlace"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_null b/doc/expert/pre_null new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b97081 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_null @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Null" } + @Tag { null } +@Begin +@PP +This symbol +null.sym @Index { @@Null symbol } +provides a convenient way to remove unwanted +concatenation symbols. If there is a concatenation symbol +preceding @@Null, the @@Null and the +concatenation symbol are both deleted. Otherwise, if there is a +following concatenation symbol, it and the @@Null are both deleted. +Otherwise, @@Null becomes an empty object. +@PP +These rules apply to a fully parenthesized version of the expression. For +example, in +@ID @Code { +"... //1vx @Null |0.5i ..." +} +it is the horizontal concatenation symbol following @@Null that +disappears, because in the fully parenthesized version +@ID @Code { +"... //1vx { @Null |0.5i ... }" +} +there is no concatenation symbol preceding the @@Null. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_oneo b/doc/expert/pre_oneo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc662cb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_oneo @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@OneOf" } + @Tag { oneof } +@Begin +@PP +oneof.sym @Index { @@OneOf symbol } +The @@OneOf symbol returns one of the sequence of objects which is +its right parameter as its result: +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@OneOf { + @ResultA + @ResultB + @ResultC +} +} +The choice is made to ensure that whatever galley target is required +at the moment is found. For example, if we are evaluating @@OneOf +as part of an attempt to attach a galley whose target is +{@Code "@SomeTarget"}, then the result above will be +{@Code "@ResultA"} if it contains {@Code "@SomeTarget"}, or else +{@Code "@ResultB"} if it contains {@Code "@SomeTarget"}, or else +{@Code "@ResultC"} (whether or not it contains the target, or +if there is no target). +@PP +Use of @@OneOf in conjunction with recursive symbols can lead +to problems. Consider this example: +@ID @Code { +"def @Recursive {" +"" +" def @ChoiceA { @APlace // @Recursive }" +"" +" def @ChoiceB { @BPlace // @Recursive }" +"" +" @OneOf {" +" @ChoiceA" +" @ChoiceB" +" }" +"}" +} +Lout believes that expanding @Code "@Recursive" is the right thing +to do when searching for either of the galley targets {@Code "@APlace"} +and {@Code "@BPlace"}. When searching for @Code "@BPlace" this leads +Lout to expand {@Code "@Recursive"}, then {@Code "@ChoiceA"}, then +the {@Code "@Recursive"} symbol within {@Code "@ChoiceA"}, and so on +infinitely. This problem can be avoided by attaching a +@Code "@NotRevealed" symbol to each of the inner @Code "@Recursive" +symbols: these are then not available for expansion until a +decision has been made to expand the symbol they lie within. In +this particular example it would be simpler to write +@ID @Code { +"def @Recursive {" +"" +" @OneOf {" +" @APlace" +" @BPlace" +" }" +" // @Recursive" +"}" +} +but this factoring is not possible when the recursive calls have +parameters that are required to differ in the two cases. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_oner b/doc/expert/pre_oner new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e0dbce --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_oner @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@OneCol" and "@OneRow" } + @Tag { onerow } +@Begin +@PP +The @@OneRow symbol +onerow.sym @Index { @@OneRow symbol } +principal.mark.effect @SubIndex { effect on @@OneCol and @@OneRow } +returns its right parameter modified so that only the principal row mark +protrudes. This is normally the first row mark, but another one may be +chosen by preceding it with @Code "^/" or {@Code "^//"}. For example, +@ID @Code { +"@OneRow { |0.5rt Slope @Font x + 2 ^//1p @HLine //1p |0.5rt 5 }" +} +has result +@LP +@ID { +@ShowMarks +@OneRow { |0.5rt Slope @Font x + 2 ^//1p @HLine //1p |0.5rt 5 } +} +@LP +with one row mark protruding from the bar as shown. Compare this with +@ID @Code { +"@OneRow { |0.5rt Slope @Font x + 2 //1p @HLine //1p |0.5rt 5 }" +} +where the mark protrudes from the numerator: +@LP +@ID { +@ShowMarks +@OneRow { |0.5rt Slope @Font x + 2 //1p @HLine //1p |0.5rt 5 } +} +onecol.sym @Index { @@OneCol symbol } +@@OneCol has the same effect on columns as @@OneRow does on rows, with +the symbols @Code "^|" and @Code "^||" (or {@Code "^&"}) determining +which mark is chosen. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_open b/doc/expert/pre_open new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d332570 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_open @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Open and @Use" } + @Tag { open } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Open symbol +open.sym @Index { @@Open symbol } +takes a cross reference or symbol +invocation for its left parameter, and an arbitrary object, which must +be enclosed in braces, for its right parameter. The right parameter +may refer to the exported parameters and nested definitions of the invocation +denoted by the left parameter, and its value is the @@Open +symbol's result. The target of the cross reference may lie in an +external database (Section {@NumberOf database}). Any symbol available +outside the @@Open which happens to have the same name as one of the +symbols made available by the @@Open will be unavailable within the @@Open. +@PP +use.sym @Index { @@Use symbol } +The @@Use symbol is an @@Open symbol in a +different form. It may only appear among or after the definitions +in Lout's input, and it is equivalent to enclosing the remainder of the +input in an @@Open symbol. For example, +@ID @OneRow { + @I definitions +//1vx @Code "@Use" @Code "{" @I x @Code "}" +//1vx @Code "@Use" @Code "{" @I y @Code "}" +//1vx @I { rest of input } +} +is equivalent to +@ID @OneRow { + @I definitions +//1vx @I x @Code "@Open" +//1vx @Code "{" &4mt @I y @Code "@Open" +//1vx &4mt @Code "{" @I { rest of input } +//1vx &4mt @Code "}" +//1vx @Code "}" +} +The @@Use symbol allows a set of standard packages to be opened without +the inconvenience of enclosing the entire document in @@Open symbols. Such +enclosure could cause Basser Lout to run out of memory. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_page b/doc/expert/pre_page new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cccff13 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_page @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +@Section + @Tag { pagelabel } + @Title { "@PageLabel" } +@Begin +@PP +pagelabel.sym @Index { @@PageLabel symbol } +The @@PageLabel symbol associates a page label in the PostScript +output file with the page within which (or just before which) the symbol +occurs, so that PostScript viewers are able to index the page +by this label. (The label is printed in the @Code "%%Page" comment +preceding the page in the PostScript output file.) For example, +@ID @Code "@PageLabel iv" +associates the label @Code "iv" with the page. The label may be +an arbitrary object; if its value is not a simple word, it will +be replaced by {@Code "?"}. +@PP +@@PageLabel is unrelated to Lout's cross referencing mechanism; +it is for communicating a label to the PostScript output file, not to +other parts of Lout. The result of @@PageLabel is a null object. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_plai b/doc/expert/pre_plai new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f0319e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_plai @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@PlainGraphic" } + @Tag { plaingraphic } +@Begin +@PP +plaingraphic.sym @Index { @@PlainGraphic symbol } +The @@PlainGraphic symbol is avery rudimentary analogue for plain text +output of the @@Graphic symbol for PostScript output. Its result is +its right parameter printed on a background created by repeated +printings of its left parameter, which must be a simple word. For +example, +@ID @Verbatim { "." @PlainGraphic 5s @Wide } +would produce five dots. @@PlainGraphic is used in the @Code tbl +table-drawing package to produce plain-text rules. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_prep b/doc/expert/pre_prep new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d53845b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_prep @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +@Section + @Tag { prependgraphic } + @Title { "@PrependGraphic and @SysPrependGraphic" } +@Begin +@PP +prependgraphic.sym @Index { @@PrependGraphic symbol } +sysprependgraphic.sym @Index { @@SysPrependGraphic symbol } +postscript.prependgraphic @SubIndex { used by @@PrependGraphic } +These symbols, which may appear anywhere that a definition or @@Use +symbol may appear, tell Lout to include the contents of a file in the +preamble of its output. For Basser Lout this means that the file must +contain PostScript (and ideally it would begin and end with the +@Code "%%BeginResource" and @Code "%%EndResource" comments of +DSC 3.0). For example, +@ID @Code { +"@SysPrependGraphic { diagf.lpg }" +} +appears at the start of the Diag package; the file @Code diagf.lpg +contains a number of PostScript definitions used by Diag for drawing +diagrams. It saves a lot of space to include them just once at the +start like this, rather than with every diagram. @@PrependGraphic and +@@SysPrependGraphic search for the file in the same places as @@Include and +@@SysInclude respectively. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_rota b/doc/expert/pre_rota new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00e28ff --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_rota @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Rotate" } + @Tag { rotate } +@Begin +@PP +rotate.sym @Index { @@Rotate symbol } +rotation @Index { Rotation of object } +The @@Rotate symbol will rotate its +right parameter counterclockwise an amount given in degrees (positive or +negative) by its left parameter. For example, +@ID @Code { +"30d @Rotate { hello, world }" +} +has result +@ID { +30d @Rotate { hello, world } +} +Before rotating the object, @@OneCol and @@OneRow are applied to it. The +result is a rectangle whose marks pass through the point where the +original marks crossed: +@ID { + @ShowMarks + { 0.6c @Wide 0.3c @High ^| 2.2c @Wide ^/ 0.2c @High } + +&4m => &4m + + @ShowMarks + { + 30d @Rotate + { @ShowMarks + { 0.6c @Wide 0.3c @High ^| 2.2c @Wide ^/ 0.2c @High } + } + } +} +As this example shows, rotation by an angle other than a multiple of +ninety degrees introduces quite a lot of white space. So, for example, the +result of +@ID { +@Code { "-30d" "@Rotate" 30d "@Rotate" } @I object +} +is a much larger object than {@I object}, despite the fact that one +rotation cancels the other. +@PP +Rotation of objects containing receptive and recursive symbols is +permitted, but for angles other than multiples of ninety degrees it is +best to make the size of the rotated object clear with @@Wide and +@@High symbols: +@ID @Code { +"30d @Rotate 5i @Wide 4i @High" +"{ //1i @TextPlace" +" //1i" +"}" +} +This is because for angles other than multiples of ninety degrees the +space available for @Code "@TextPlace" to occupy is indeterminate, and +the result is poor. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_rump b/doc/expert/pre_rump new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0270202 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_rump @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +@Section + @Title { {"@Common"}, {"@Rump"}, and "@Meld" } + @Tag { rump } +@Begin +@PP +common.sym @Index { @@Common symbol } +rump.sym @Index { @@Rump symbol } +meld.sym @Index { @@Meld symbol } +The @@Common and @@Rump symbols compare two paragraph objects: +@ID @Code "{ Aardvark, 29 } @Common { Aardvark, 359 }" +If either parameter is not a paragraph object, it is converted into +a single-object paragraph first. The result of @@Common is the +common prefix of the two paragraphs; that is, those initial objects +which are equal in the two paragraphs. In the example above, the +result is {@Code "Aardvark,"}. The result of @@Rump is that part of +the second object which is not included in @@Common; the result of +@ID @Code "{ Aardvark, 29 } @Rump { Aardvark, 359 }" +is {@Code "359"}. +@PP +If the two objects have nothing in common, the result of @@Common will +be an empty object and the result of @@Rump will be the second +object. If the two objects are identical, the result of @@Common will +be the first object, and the result of @@Rump will be an empty object. +@PP +The only known use for @@Rump and @@Common is to implement merged index +entries (Section {@NumberOf sorted}). +@PP +The @@Meld symbol returns the minimum meld of two paragraphs, that +is the shortest paragraph that contains the two original paragraphs +as subsequences. For example, +@ID @Code "{ Aardvark , 1 , 2 } @Meld { Aardvark , 2 , 3 }" +produces +@ID { Aardvark , 1 , 2 } @Meld { Aardvark , 2 , 3 } +The result is related to the well-known +longest common substring, in that the meld contains everything not in +the lcs plus one copy of everything in the lcs. This function is +well-suited to melding complex index entries. Note that there must be +a non-zero amount of space before each comma, otherwise each will become +part of the preceding word, and, since @@Meld compares the two paragraphs +word by word, the result will be different and less satisfactory. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_scal b/doc/expert/pre_scal new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e1b1a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_scal @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Scale" } + @Tag { scale } +@Begin +@PP +scale. @Index { @@Scale symbol } +This symbol geometrically scales its right parameter by the scale factor +given in its left parameter: +@ID @Code "1.0 @Scale Hello 2.0 @Scale Hello 0.5 @Scale Hello" +has result +@ID { 1.0 @Scale Hello 2.0 @Scale Hello 0.5 @Scale Hello } +The left parameter can be two scale factors, in which case the first +applies horizontally, and the second vertically: +@ID @Code "{0.5 2.0} @Scale Hello" +has result +@ID { {0.5 2.0} @Scale Hello } +The left parameter may be empty, in which case Lout will scale the +object by a common factor horizontally and vertically so as to occupy +all available horizontal space: +@ID @Code "{} @Scale { Hello world }" +has result +@LD {} @Scale { Hello world } +The right parameter may be any object. @@Scale has both a @@OneCol and +a @@OneRow effect, and the marks of the result coincide with the principal +marks of the right parameter. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_spac b/doc/expert/pre_spac new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f44d840 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_spac @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Space" } + @Tag { space } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Space symbol +space.sym @Index { @@Space symbol } +changes the value of the @Code s unit of measurement (Section +s.unit.space @SubIndex { and @@Space symbol } +{@NumberOf concatenation}) within its right parameter to the value +given by the left parameter: +@ID { +@Code "1c @Space { a b c d }" +} +has result +@ID { +1c @Space { a b c d } +} +As for the @@Break symbol, the left parameter of @@Space may be given +relative to the enclosing @Code s unit, and it may include a gap +mode. Note that the @@Font symbol also sets the @Code s unit. +@PP +The left parameter of the @@Space symbol may also hold any one of the +five special values {@Code lout}, {@Code compress}, {@Code separate}, +{@Code troff}, and {@Code tex}, which control the way in which Lout +treats white space separating two objects. The names {@Code troff} +and {@Code tex} indicate that the behaviour of these options is +inspired by these other document formatting systems. +@PP +The default setting, {@Code lout}, produces as many spaces in the output as +there are in the input. The {@Code compress} setting causes all sequences +of two or more white space characters to be treated the same as one white +space character. The {@Code separate} setting is like {@Code compress} +but also causes zero white spaces between two objects (but not within +one word) to be treated the same as one white space character. +@PP +The {@Code troff} setting is the same as {@Code lout} except that +wherever a sentence ends at the end of a line, one extra space is +added. Formally, when two objects are separated by white space +characters which include at least one newline character, and the +first object is a word ending in any one of a certain set of +sequences of characters, the extra space is added. The set of +sequences of characters depends on the current language and is defined +in the @Code langdef for that language (see Section {@NumberOf language}). +@PP +The {@Code tex} option is the most complicated. First, the +{@Code compress} option is applied. Then, at every sentence ending, +whether or not at the end of a line, one extra space is added. A +sentence ending is defined as for {@Code troff} except that, in addition +to the preceding word having to end in one of a certain set of sequences of +characters, the character preceding that sequence must exist and must +be a lower-case letter. A character is a lower-case letter if, in the +Lout Character Mapping file (Section {@NumberOf font}) associated with +the current font, an upper-case equivalent of the character is defined. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_span b/doc/expert/pre_span new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e527652 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_span @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@StartHSpan","@StartVSpan", "@StartHVSpan", "@HSpan", and "@VSpan" } + @Tag { hspan } +@Begin +@PP +starthspan. @Index { @@StartHSpan symbol } +startvspan. @Index { @@StartVSpan symbol } +starthvspan. @Index { @@StartHVSpan symbol } +hspan. @Index { @@HSpan symbol } +vspan. @Index { @@VSpan symbol } +These symbols work together to produce spanning columns and rows in +a more flexible way than is possible in practice with @Code "//" and +{@Code "||"}. An object +@ID @Code "@StartHSpan object" +causes @Code object to be printed, but occupying all the horizontal space +to the right on the row mark on which it lies up to and including the rightmost +@@HSpan symbol on that mark not preceded by @@StartHVSpan, @@StartHSpan, +@@StartVSpan, or @@VSpan. The column mark of this spanning object is not +constrained to align with any of the column marks of the columns it spans. +@PP +If there is no @@HSpan symbol anywhere to the right of @@StartHSpan, then +the object spans only its own column. This means that it occupies that +column as usual but its mark is not constrained to align with those of the +other objects in the column. +@PP +Similarly, the @@StartVSpan symbol causes its object to occupy all +the vertical space below it on the column mark on which it lies, down to and +including the bottommost @@VSpan symbol on that mark not preceded by a +@@StartHVSpan, @@StartHSpan, @@StartVSpan, or @@HSpan; and if there +is no @@VSpan symbol anywhere below it on that mark, then the object +spans only its own row, occupying its row but with its mark not constrained +to align with the row mark. +@PP +The @@StartHVSpan symbol combines the effects of @@StartHSpan and +@@StartVSpan, allowing an object to span both columns and rows +simultaneously. For example, in +@ID @Code { +"@StartHVSpan x | | @HSpan" +"/" +"@VSpan | |" +} +the object @Code x will occupy a rectangular area spanning three columns, +two rows, and the gaps between them. +@PP +The objects lying in the region spanned should all be empty, or the +@@HSpan and @@VSpan symbols can be used to document the spanning that +is occurring. At present there may be no galley targets or recursive symbols +within the right parameter of @@StartHSpan, @@StartVSpan, or +@@StartHVSpan. However, the right parameter may otherwise be an +arbitrary object, including paragraphs of text that require breaking. +@PP +If the right parameter of @@StartHSpan, @@StartVSpan, or @@StartHVSpan +occupies more horizontal or vertical space than all of the spanned columns +or rows combined require, the extra space goes into the last spanned column +or row. Overlapping spanning rows and columns are permitted. Gaps spanned +by span objects are unbreakable (their @Code "u" indicator is set +automatically and cannot be revoked). +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_tagg b/doc/expert/pre_tagg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df6cdc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_tagg @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Tagged" } + @Tag { tagged } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Tagged +tagged.sym @Index { @@Tagged symbol } +symbol takes a cross reference for its left parameter and an object, whose +value must be a juxtaposition of simple words, or several words, or an empty +object, for its right parameter. It has the effect of attaching its +right parameter as an additional tag to the invocation denoted by its +left parameter, unless the right parameter is empty, in which case @@Tagged +does nothing. The result of @@Tagged is always @@Null, which makes it +effectively invisible. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_unde b/doc/expert/pre_unde new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1261449 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_unde @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +@Section + @Tag { underline } + @Title { "@Underline" } +@Begin +@PP +underline.sym @Index { @@Underline symbol } +The @@Underline symbol underlines its right parameter, but only if that +parameter is a word or a paragraph: +@ID @Code "We @Underline { really do } mean this." +produces +@ID { We @Underline { really do } mean this. } +It is not possible to underline an arbitrary object using this symbol; +the @@Underline symbol will be ignored if this is attempted. +@PP +It is very easy to @I define a symbol which will underline an arbitrary +object, using the @@Graphic symbol. This raises the question of why +@@Underline is needed at all. The answer is that @@Underline has two +properties that distinguish it from symbols based on @@Graphic. +@PP +First, when @@Underline both contains a paragraph and is used within a +paragraph, as in the example above, the inner and outer paragraphs are +merged into one, permitting the underlined text to break over several +lines. This is how the @@Font symbol works too, but symbols based on +@@Graphic do not permit this merging. +@PP +Second, Adobe font files specify the correct position and thickness of +underlining for each font, and the @@Underline symbol follows these +specifications. The font used is the font of the first object underlined, +if it is a simple word, or else the font of the enclosing paragraph. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_verb b/doc/expert/pre_verb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..725df85 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_verb @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +@Section + @Tag { verbatim } + @Title { "@Verbatim and @RawVerbatim" } +@Begin +@PP +verbatim.sym @Index { @@Verbatim symbol } +rawverbatim.sym @Index { @@RawVerbatim symbol } +These symbols instruct Lout to read the following text (enclosed in braces) +verbatim, that is, turning off all special character meanings. For example, +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@Verbatim { "hello" } +} +produces +@ID @Verbatim { "hello" } +@@Verbatim ignores all characters after the opening brace up to but not +including the first non-white-space character. @@RawVerbatim differs from +@@Verbatim only in that it ignores all characters after the opening brace +up to but not including the first non-white-space character, or up to and +including the first newline character, whichever comes first. This +variant is useful in cases such as +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@RawVerbatim { + var x: Real +begin +} +} +where the first line of the verbatim text begins with white space which +would be ignored by @@Verbatim. Both symbols ignore all white spaces +at the end of the verbatim text, preceding the closing brace. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_wide b/doc/expert/pre_wide new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6526957 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_wide @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@Wide" and "@High" } + @Tag { wide } +@Begin +@PP +The @@Wide symbol +wide.sym @Index { @@Wide symbol } +returns its right parameter modified to have the width given by its left +parameter, which must be a length (Section {@NumberOf concatenation}) +whose unit of measurement is {@Code "c"}, {@Code "i"}, {@Code "p"}, +{@Code "m"}, {@Code "f"}, {@Code "s"}, or {@Code "v"}. If the right +parameter is not as wide as required, white space is added at the right; +if it is too wide, its paragraphs are broken (Section {@NumberOf break}) +so that it fits. A @@OneCol operation is included in the effect of @@Wide, +since it does not make sense for an object of fixed width to have two column +marks. +@PP +high.sym @Index { @@High symbol } +The @@High symbol similarly ensures that its result is of a given height, +by adding white space at the bottom. In this case it is an error for the +right parameter to be too large. A @@OneRow operation is included. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pre_yuni b/doc/expert/pre_yuni new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b06b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pre_yuni @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +@Section + @Title { "@YUnit" and "@ZUnit" } + @Tag { yunit } +@Begin +@PP +The @@YUnit symbol +yunit.sym @Index { @@YUnit symbol } +zunit.sym @Index { @@ZUnit symbol } +changes the value of the @Code y unit of measurement (Section +{@NumberOf concatenation}) within its right parameter to the value +given by the left parameter: +@ID { +@Code "1c @YUnit { ... }" +} +ensures that the value of @Code "1y" within the right parameter will +be {@Code "1c"}. The @@ZUnit symbol is similar, setting the value +of the @Code z unit in its right parameter. Both units have default +value zero. The left parameter may not include a gap mode, nor may it +use the {@Code w}, {@Code b}, {@Code r}, or of course {@Code d} units, +but it may begin with @Code "+" or @Code "-" to indicate that value is +to be added to or subtracted from the current value. Any negative result +of using @Code "-" will be silently replaced by zero. +@PP +These units are not used internally by Lout. They are supplied as +part of the style information for the convenience of application +packages. For example, the Eq equation formatting package uses them +to fine-tune the appearance of equations. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/preface b/doc/expert/preface new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1150929 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/preface @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +@Preface + @Tag { preface } +@Begin +@PP +@IndexBlanks +This manual is addressed to those who wish to become +expert users of the Lout document formatting system. An expert user +is someone who understands the principles of document formatting +that Lout embodies, and is able to apply them, for example to design +a document format or a special-purpose package. In contrast, a non-expert +user is someone who simply uses Lout to format documents. +@PP +Chapter {@NumberOf principles} explains these principles, and it +should be read carefully and in sequence. Chapters {@NumberOf details} +and {@NumberOf symbols} are for reference; respectively, they +contain descriptions of the detailed operation of Lout's major +components, and a complete description of each predefined symbol. The +final chapter presents a collection of advanced examples. +@PP +This manual presents Version 3 of Basser Lout, publicly released in +September 1994 @Cite { $kingston1995lout.program }. This manual was +rendered into PostScript +postscript @Index { PostScript } +by Version 3.17 of the Basser Lout interpreter, using the symbols +described in the User's Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user }. +@DP +@Heading { Acknowledgment. } Version 3 has benefited from hundreds of +comments received since the release of Version 1 in October 1991. Not +every suggestion could be followed, but many have been, and the +encouragement was greatly appreciated. +@End @Preface diff --git a/doc/expert/pri b/doc/expert/pri new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f24cb02 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pri @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Principles } + @Tag { principles } +@Begin +@LP +The Lout document formatting language is based on just four key ideas: +objects, definitions, cross references, and galleys. This chapter +concentrates on them, postponing the inevitable details. +@BeginSections +@Include { pri_obje } +@Include { pri_defi } +@Include { pri_cros } +@Include { pri_gall } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/expert/pri_cros b/doc/expert/pri_cros new file mode 100644 index 0000000..677794e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pri_cros @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +@Section + @Tag { cross } + @Title { Cross references } +@Begin +@PP +A cross reference +cross.ref @Index { Cross reference } +in common terminology is something like `see Table 6' +or `see page 57' -- a reference within a document to some other part of +it. Readers find them very useful, but they are a major +problem for authors. As the document is revised, Table 6 +becomes Table 7, the thing on page 57 moves to page 63, and all the +cross references must be changed. +@PP +The Scribe +scribe @Index { Scribe } +document formatter, developed by Brian K. Reid @Cite { $reid1980scribe }, +reid.brian @Index { Reid, Brian K. } +introduced a scheme for keeping track of cross +references. It allows you to give names to tables, figures, etc., and to +refer to them by name. The formatter inserts the appropriate numbers in +place of the names, so that as the document is revised, the +cross references are kept up to date automatically. Lout has adopted +and extended this scheme. +@PP +In Lout, automatic cross referencing works in the following way. First +define a symbol with a parameter with the special name @Code "@Tag": +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Table" +" left @Tag" +" right @Value" +"{" +" ||1i @Value" +"}" +} +When this symbol is invoked, the value given to @Code "@Tag" should be a +simple word like {@Code "cities"}, or several simple words juxtaposed +like {@Code "cities compare"}; it serves to name the invocation: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ cities compare } @Table" +"{" +" Washington |0.5i Canberra" +"}" +} +We may now refer to this invocation elsewhere in the document, using the +@I {cross reference} @Code "@Table&&{ cities compare }". Here @Code "&&" +is the {@I {cross reference symbol}}; its left parameter is a symbol and +its right parameter is the value of the @Code "@Tag" parameter of some +invocation of that symbol. Of course it's simplest if you use just a +one-word tag; then no braces are needed. +@PP +A cross reference is not an object; the reader should think of it as +an arrow in the final printed document, beginning at the cross reference +and ending at the top of the target +target.cr @Index { Target of cross reference } +#@ID 8p @Font { +# { @LittlePage // @LittlePage } +# ||0io ||0.7c +# { //2c +# { @Code "@Table&&cities" } +# //0.1c +# ||0.5c 90d @Rotate @Arrow 2.5c +# //0.05c +# @HContract @VContract +# @Fig { @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1.5c @Wide 1c @High } } +# } +#} +#@PP +invocation. Three special values may be given to the right parameter of +{@Code "&&"}: {@Code preceding}, {@Code following}, and +preceding. @Index { @Code preceding } +following. @Index { @Code following } +foll_or_prec. @Index { @Code following } +{@Code foll_or_prec}. The cross +reference @Code "@Table&&preceding" points to some table +appearing earlier in the final printed document than itself; that is, the +arrow is guaranteed to point backwards through the document. Usually it +points to the nearest preceding invocation. Similarly, +@Code "@Table&&following" points forwards, usually to the +nearest following invocation. @Code "@Table&&foll_or_prec" is the same as +@Code "@Table&&following" if it exists, otherwise it is the same as +{@Code "@Table&&preceding"}. +@PP +This section has been concerned with what a cross reference is -- an +arrow from one point in a document to another -- but not with how it is +used. One simple way to use a cross reference is to put it where an +object is expected, like this: +@ID @Code { +"a | @Table&&cities | c" +} +In this case the cross reference will be replaced by a copy of the +invocation it points to: in the example just given, a table will appear +between @Code a and @Code c. Other applications of cross references may be +found in Chapter {@NumberOf examples}, including finding the number of +the page where something appears, producing running page headers and footers, +and accessing databases of Roman numerals, references, etc. Cross +references are also used by galleys, as will be explained in the next section. +@PP +The implementation of cross referencing copies every symbol invocation with +a @Code "@Tag" parameter into the @I { cross-reference database }, +a collection of files whose names end in {@Code ".ld"} indexed by one file +whose name is {@Code "lout.li"}. It is generally the case that the bulk +content of a symbol such as the table above is contained in its right or +body parameter, and that this bulk content is not needed by cross references +to the symbol. Hence, to save space in the database, Lout replaces the +right parameter of each symbol it writes into it by the word "???" whenever +the right parameter appears to be large. The table above would appear as +"???" because of this optimization, and in general, the user must ensure +that any content required by cross references is contained in parameters +other than the right or body parameter. This optimization does not apply +when the symbol being written into the cross-reference database is a galley. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pri_defi b/doc/expert/pri_defi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..002db15 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pri_defi @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +@Section + @Title { Definitions } + @Tag { definitions } +@Begin +@PP +The features of Lout are very general. They do not assume that documents +are composed of pages, nor that there are such things as margins and +footnotes, for example. @I Definitions +definitions. @Index { Definitions } +bridge the gap between Lout's general features and the +special features -- footnotes, equations, pages -- that particular +documents require. They hold the instr&-uct&-ions for producing these +special features, conveniently packaged ready for use. +@PP +For example, consider the challenge posed by `@TeX', which is the name of +one of Lout's most illustrious rivals @Cite { $knuth1984tex }. Lout solves it +easily enough, like this: +@ID @Code { +"T{ /0.2fo E }X" +} +but to type this every time @TeX is mentioned would be tedious and +error-prone. So we place a definition at the beginning of the document: +@ID @Code { +"def @TeX { T{ /0.2fo E }X }" +} +Now @Code "@TeX" stands for the object following it between +braces, and we may write +@ID @Code { +consider the challenge posed by "`@TeX'", ... +} +as the author did earlier in this paragraph. +@PP +A @I symbol +symbol. @Index Symbol +is a name, like {@Code "@TeX"}, which stands for +something other than itself. The initial @Code "@" is not compulsory, +but it does make the name stand out clearly. A @I definition of a symbol +declares a name to be a symbol, and says what the symbol stands for. The +@I body of a definition +body.of @Index { Body of a definition } +is the part following the name, between the braces. To @I invoke +invocation @Index { Invocation of a symbol } +a symbol is to make use of it. +@PP +Another expression ripe for packaging in a definition is +@ID @Code { +"@OneRow { | -2p @Font n ^/0.5fk 2 }" +} +which produces @OneRow { | -2p @Font n ^/0.5sk 2 } (see +Chapter {@NumberOf details}). But this time we would like to be able to write +@ID { +@I object @Code "@Super" @I object +} +so that @Code { a "@Super" 2 } would come out as {a @Super 2}, and so +on, for in this way the usefulness of the definition is greatly +increased. Here is how it is done: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Super" +" left x" +" right y" +"{ @OneRow { | -2p @Font y ^/0.5fk x }" +"}" +} +This definition says that @Code "@Super" has two {@I parameters}, +parameter @Index Parameter +@Code x and {@Code y}. When @Code "@Super" is invoked, all occurrences +of @Code x in the body will be replaced by the object just to the left +of {@Code "@Super"}, and all occurrences of @Code y will be replaced by +the object just to the right. So, for example, the expression +@ID @Code { +"2 @Super { Slope @Font n }" +} +is equal to +@ID @Code { +"@OneRow { | -2p @Font { Slope @Font n } ^/0.5fk 2 }" +} +and so comes out as {2 @Super {Slope @Font n}}. +@PP +Lout permits definitions to invoke themselves, a peculiarly circular +thing to do which goes by the name of +recursion @Index Recursion +@I recursion. Here is an example +of a recursive definition: +@ID @Code { +"def @Leaders { .. @Leaders }" +} +The usual rule is that the value of an invocation of a symbol is a copy of +the body of the symbol's definition, so the value of @Code "@Leaders" must be +@ID @Code { +".. @Leaders" +} +But now this rule applies to this new invocation of {@Code "@Leaders"}; +substituting its body gives +@ID @Code { +".. .. @Leaders" +} +and so on forever. In order to make this useful, +an invocation of a recursive symbol is replaced by its body only if +sufficient space is available. So, for example, +@ID @Code { +"4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 62 }" +} +has for its result the object +@ID { +4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 62 } +} +with Lout checking before each replacement of @Code "@Leaders" by +@OneCol @Code { ".." "@Leaders" } that the total length afterwards, +including the other words, would not exceed four inches. +@PP +The remaining issue is what happens when Lout decides that it is time to +stop. The obvious thing to do is to replace the last invocation by an +empty object: +@ID @Code { +".. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. {}" +} +As the example shows, this would leave a small trailing space, which +is a major headache. Lout fixes this +by replacing the last invocation with a different kind of empty object, +called @@Null, whose effect is to make an adjacent concatenation symbol +disappear, preferably one preceding the @@Null. Thus, when Lout +replaces @Code "@Leaders" by @@Null in the expression +@ID @Code { +".. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. @Leaders" +} +the trailing space, which is really a horizontal concatenation symbol, +disappears as well. This is taken into account when deciding +whether there is room to replace @Code "@Leaders" by its body. +@PP +The remainder of this section is devoted to showing how definitions may +be used to specify the @I {page layout} +page.layout @RawIndex { Page layout } +page.layout.basic @SubIndex { principles of } +of a document. To begin with, +we can define a page like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @Page" +"{" +" //1i ||1i" +" 6i @Wide 9.5i @High" +" { @TextPlace //1rt @FootSect }" +" ||1i //1i" +"}" +} +Now @Code "@Page" is an eight by +eleven and a half inch object, with one inch margins, a place at the top for +text, and a section at the bottom for footnotes (since @Code "//1rt" +bottom-justifies the following object). It will be +convenient for us to show the effect of invoking @Code "@Page" like this: +@ID @Code +{ { //0.5ix 8p @Font "@Page" &2m => } &2m +@LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +} +with the invoked symbol appearing to the left of the arrow, and its body to +the right. +@PP +The definition of a vertical list of pages should come as no surprise: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @PageList" +"{" +" @Page // @PageList" +"}" +} +This allows invocations like the following: +@ID @Code @HExpand @HScale { +{ //0.5ix 8p @Font "@PageList" } +||1m { //0.5ix => } ||1m +{ @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } + //0.2c 8p @Font "@PageList" +} +||1m { //0.5ix => } ||1m +{ @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } + // @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } + //0.2c 8p @Font "@PageList" +} +||1m { //0.5ix => } ||1m +{ @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } + // @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +} +} +setting @Code "@PageList" to @Code @@Null on the last step. Any +number of pages can be generated. +@PP +A definition for @Code "@TextPlace" is beyond us at present, since +@Code "@TextPlace" must be replaced by different parts of the text +of the document on different pages. But we can +define @Code "@FootSect" to be a small space followed by a +horizontal line followed by a list of places where footnotes go: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @FootList " +"{ " +" @FootPlace //0.3v @FootList" +"} " +" " +"def @FootSect" +"{ " +" //0.3v 1i @Wide @HLine" +" //0.3v @FootList " +"} " +} +assuming that @Code "@HLine" will produce a horizontal line of the +indicated width. With this definition we can generate pages like this: +@ID @Code { +@LittlePage { "@TextPlace" + //1rt + "@FootSect" + } +||2m { //0.5ix => } ||2m +@LittlePage { "@TextPlace" + //1rt + @OneRow { 1c @Wide @HLine + //0.1c + "@FootList" + } + } +||2m { //0.5ix => } ||2m +@LittlePage { "@TextPlace" + //1rt + @OneRow { 1c @Wide @HLine + //0.1c + "@FootPlace" + //0.1c + "@FootList" + } + } +} +and so on for arbitrarily many footnotes. +@PP +We will see in the next section how invocations of @Code "@PageList", +@Code "@FootSect" and @Code "@FootList" are replaced by their bodies only +when the need to insert text and footnotes obliges Lout to do so; +otherwise the invocations are replaced by @@Null. In this way, the +right number of pages is made, the small line appears only on pages that +have at least one footnote, and unnecessary concatenation symbols +disappear. +@PP +This approach to page layout is the most original contribution Lout has +made to document formatting. It is extraordinarily flexible. Two-column +pages? Use +@ID @Code { +"{2.8i @Wide @TextPlace} ||0.4i {2.8i @Wide @TextPlace}" +} +instead of {@Code "@TextPlace"}. Footnotes in smaller type? Use +@Code { -2p "@Font" "@FootPlace" } instead of {@Code "@FootPlace"}. And +on and on. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pri_gall b/doc/expert/pri_gall new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9efb3c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pri_gall @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +@Section + @Title { Galleys } + @Tag { galleys } +@Begin +@PP +It is time to pause and ask ourselves how close we are to achieving our +aim of producing neatly formatted documents. We can certainly produce +the pieces of a document: +@ID { + +nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@DP +In the world of music England is supposed to be a mere province. If she +produces an indifferent composer or performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign students of +musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, he is +considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} + +||1c + +@LittlePageColumn +{ { 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v}Blom, Eric. @I {Some Great Composers.} Oxford, 1944. +} + +||1c + +@Code { + @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +// @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +// @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +//0.2c 8p @Font "@PageList" +} + +} +but when we try to merge them together, we encounter two obstacles. +@PP +First, when an object is entered at a certain place in the document, it +appears at that place. But a footnote is naturally entered immediately +after the point it refers to (`{-2p @Font PURCELL}' in this case), yet it +appears somewhere else: at the bottom of a page. +@PP +Second, all our features build up larger objects out of smaller ones, +but the -2p @Font PURCELL object, for example, must be broken down into +page-sized pieces. This occurs when the available space at the +`somewhere else' is insufficient to hold the entire object, so this +second obstacle arises out of the first. +@PP +Lout's last major feature, which we introduce to overcome these +obstacles, is the @I galley +galley.feature @Index { Galleys } +(the name is borrowed from the galleys +used in manual typesetting). A galley is an object plus a cross +reference which points to where the object is to appear. The example +above has three galleys: +@ID { + +{ +//0.1c + +nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@DP +In the world of music England is supposed to be a mere province. If she +produces an indifferent composer or performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign students of +musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, he is +considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} { //0.4c 180d @Rotate @Arrow 2.0c } + +} + +||0io ||4.8c + +@Code { + @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +// @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +// @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +//0.2c 8p @Font "@PageList" +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 1i @I -2p @Font {to printer} + +||0io ||2.0c +{ +//3.9c + +{ @Arrow 1.7c } nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn +{ { 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v}Blom, Eric. @I {Some Great Composers.} Oxford, 1944. +} +} +} +A galley replaces the invocation pointed to by its cross reference. If +space is not sufficient there to hold it all, the remainder of the +galley is split off (the vertical concatenation symbol preceding it +being discarded) and it replaces later invocations of the same symbol. +This is exactly what is required to get text and footnotes onto pages. +@PP +To create a galley, first define a symbol with a +special @Code into +into @Index { @Code into clause } +clause, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def @FootNote into { @FootPlace&&following }" +" right x" +"{" +" 8p @Font x" +"}" +} +An invocation of such a symbol will then be a galley whose object is the +result of the invocation, and whose cross reference is given by the +@Code into clause. The right parameter of the cross reference must be +one of {@Code preceding}, {@Code following}, and {@Code foll_or_prec}. +@PP +A symbol, like @Code "@FootPlace", which is the @I target of a galley, +target.g @Index { Target of a galley } +must contain the special symbol @@Galley exactly once in its body; often +this is all that the body contains: +@ID @Code { +"def @FootPlace { @Galley }" +} +It is this special symbol that is replaced by the incoming galley, in +fact, not the @Code "@FootPlace" symbol as a whole. +@PP +A symbol which contains @@Galley, either directly within its body or +indirectly within the body of a symbol it invokes, is called a @I receptive +receptive @Index { Receptive symbol } +symbol, meaning receptive to galleys. @Code "@FootPlace" is receptive, which +makes @Code "@FootList", @Code "@FootSect" and @Code "@PageList" +receptive since they invoke @Code "@FootPlace". If no galley replaces +any @@Galley within some invocation of a receptive symbol, that +invocation is replaced by @@Null. The advantages of this rule for page +layout were explained at the end of Section {@NumberOf definitions}. +@PP +Let us now follow through the construction of our example +document. Initially there is just the one @I root +root.galley @Index { Root galley } +galley, containing an unexpanded invocation of @Code "@PageList": +@ID { ||5c +10p @Font @Code "@PageList" 180d @Rotate @Arrow 1i @I -2p @Font {to printer} +} +Then the -2p @Font PURCELL galley appears, targeted to a @Code +"@TextPlace". Lout knows that there is a @Code "@TextPlace" hidden +inside @Code "@PageList", so it expands @Code "@PageList": +@ID { + +{ +//0.1c + +nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@DP +In the world of music England is supposed to be a mere province. If she +produces an indifferent composer or performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign students of +musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, he is +considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} { //0.4c 180d @Rotate @Arrow 2.2c } +} + +||0io ||5c + +@Code { + @LittlePage { "@TextPlace" //1rt "@FootSect" } +//0.2c 8p @Font "@PageList" +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 1i @I -2p @Font {to printer} + +} +After promoting the first line into @Code "@TextPlace", the footnote +galley attached to it appears and demands an invocation of +@Code "@FootPlace" following its attachment point +(`{-2p @Font PURCELL}'). Such a @Code "@FootPlace" is found at +the bottom of the first page, inside @Code "@FootSect", which is +accordingly expanded, and the footnote is promoted onto the page: +@ID { + +{ +//1.2c + +nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn { +In the world of music England is supposed to be a mere province. If she +produces an indifferent composer or performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign +students of musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, +he is considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 2.2c +} + +||0io ||5c + +{ +nohyphen @Break @LittleDocument +// +@LittleText { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@LittleFootNote +{ { 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v}Blom, Eric. @I {Some Great Composers.} Oxford, 1944. +//1vx @Code "@FootList" +} +//1vx @Code "@TextPlace" } +// +@LittleEndRun +//0.2c 8p @Font @Code "@PageList" +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 1i -2p @Font @I {to printer} + +} +Now the promotion of the -2p @Font PURCELL galley resumes. When the +first page is filled, Lout searches forwards for another @Code "@TextPlace" +to receive the remainder, once again expanding a @Code "@PageList": +@ID { + +{ +//4.85c + +nohyphen @Break @LittlePageColumn { +performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign +students of musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, +he is considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 2.2c +} + +||0io ||5c + +{ +nohyphen @Break @LittleDocument +// +@LittleText { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@LittleFootNote +{ { 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v}Blom, Eric. @I {Some Great Composers.} Oxford, 1944. +} +@DP + @HExpand {In the world of music} +//1vx @HExpand {England is supposed to} +//1vx @HExpand {be a mere province. If} +//1vx @HExpand {she produces an indifferent composer or} +} +// +@LittleEndRun +// @LittlePage { @Code "@TextPlace" //1rt @Code "@FootSect" } +//0.2c 8p @Font @Code "@PageList" +} 180d @Rotate @Arrow 1i -2p @Font @I {to printer} + +} +and so on. All these expansions and replacements are done with total +integrity. For example, if Lout finds after expanding @Code "@FootSect" +that the page is too full to accept even the first line of the footnote, +@Code "@FootSect" is reset to unexpanded and the search for a target for +the footnote moves on. And the cross reference direction, @Code +preceding or @Code following, is always obeyed (although lack of space +sometimes prevents Lout from choosing the nearest target). Only the +root galley contains receptive symbols in our running example, but +any galley may contain them. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/expert/pri_obje b/doc/expert/pri_obje new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcb9177 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/expert/pri_obje @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +@Section + @Title { Objects } + @Tag { objects } +@Begin +@PP +Since our aim is to produce neatly formatted documents, we should begin by +looking at a typical example of such a document: +@ID { +nohyphen @Break @LittleDocument +// +@LittleText { +@DP +|0.5rt {@B PURCELL}{ 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v} +@LittleFootNote +{ { 0.8f @Font 1 ^//0.2v}Blom, Eric. @I {Some Great Composers.} Oxford, 1944. +} +@DP +In the world of music England is supposed to be a mere province. If she +produces an indifferent composer or performer, that is regarded +elsewhere as perfectly normal and natural; but if foreign students of +musical history have to acknowledge a British musical genius, he is +considered a freak. +@PP +Such a freak is Henry Purcell. Yet if we make a choice of fifteen of +the world's musical classics, as here, we find that we cannot omit this +English master. +} +// +@LittleEndRun +} +It is a large rectangle made from three smaller rectangles -- its +pages. Each page is made of lines; each line is made of words, +although it makes sense for any rectangle (even a complete document) to +be part of a line, provided it is not too large. +@PP +Lout deals with something a little more complicated than rectangles: +@I objects. An object +objec @Index { Object } +is a rectangle with at least one @I {column mark} +column.mark @Index { Column mark } +mark.alignment @Index { Mark alignment } +alignment @RawIndex { Alignment @I see mark alignment } +protruding above and below it, and at least one @I {row mark} +row.mark @Index { Row mark } +protruding to the left and right. The simplest objects contain words like +metempsychosis, and have one mark of each type: +@ID { +@ShowMarks metempsychosis +} +The rectangle exactly encloses the word; its column mark is at the left +edge, and its row mark passes through the middle of the lower-case +letters. The rectangle and marks do not appear on the printed page, but +to understand what Lout is doing you have to imagine them. +@PP +To place two objects side by side, we separate them by the +symbol @Code "|", which denotes the act of @I {horizontal +concatenation}. So, if we write +@ID { +@Code "USA | Australia" +} +the result will be the object +@ID { +@ShowMarks USA | @ShowMarks Australia +} +Notice that this object has two column marks, but still only one row mark, +because @Code "|" merges the two row marks +together. This merging of row marks fixes the vertical +position of each object with respect to the other, but it does not +determine how far apart they are. This distance, or {@I gap}, +may be given just after the symbol, as in @Code "|0.5i" for example, +which specifies horizontal concatenation with a gap of half an inch. If +no gap is given, it is assumed to be {@Code "0i"}. +@PP +@I {Vertical concatenation} & , denoted by {@Code "/"}, +is the same apart from the change of direction: +@ID { +@Code "Australia /0.1i USA" +} +has result +@ID { +@ShowMarks Australia /0.1i +@ShowMarks USA +} +The usual merging of marks occurs, and now the gap determines the +vertical separation. Horizontal and vertical can be combined: +@ID @Code { + |1m USA |1m "|0.2i" |1m Australia +/1vx "/0.1i" | Washington | "|" | Canberra +} +has result +@ID { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + @ShowMarks USA & + { 0 ymark moveto xsize 10 pt add ymark lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke } + @Graphic {1c @Wide } + |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia +/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington | @ShowMarks Canberra + } + PDF @Yield { + @ShowMarks USA & + { [ __mul(3, __pt) ] 0 d 0 __ymark m __add(__xsize, __mul(10, __pt)) __ymark l S } + @Graphic {1c @Wide } + |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia +/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington | @ShowMarks Canberra + } + } +} +tables @Index { Tables } +There are several things to note carefully here. White space (including +tabs and newlines) adjacent to a concatenation symbol is ignored, so +it may be used to lay out the expression clearly. The symbol +@Code "|" takes precedence over {@Code "/"}, which means that the rows +are formed first, then vertically concatenated. The symbol @Code "/" will +merge two or more column marks, creating multiple +columns (and @Code "|" will merge two or more row marks). This +implies that the gap @Code "0.2i" used above is between +columns, not individual items in columns; a gap in the second row +would therefore be redundant, and so is omitted. +@PP +A variant of @Code "/" called @Code "//" left-justifies +two objects instead of merging their marks. +@PP +By enclosing an object in braces, it is possible to override the +braces @Index { Braces } +set precedences. Here is another expression for the table +above, in which the columns are formed first: +@ID @Code { + |1m "{ USA" |1m "/0.1i" |1m "Washington }" +/1vx "|0.2i" | "{ Australia" | "/" | "Canberra }" +} +Braces have no effect other than to alter the grouping. +@PP +@I {Paragraph breaking} occurs when an object is too wide to fit +paragraph.breaking @Index { Paragraph breaking } +into the space available to it; by breaking its paragraphs into lines, +its width is reduced to an acceptable amount. The available +space is determined by the @@Wide symbol, whose form is +@ID { +@I length @@Wide @I object +} +and whose result is the given object modified to have exactly the given +length. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"5i @Wide {" +"Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of" +"Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The" +"king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth" +"murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king. (51 words)" +"|0.5i" +"Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the" +"prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland" +"in his place. (26 words)" +"}" +} +has for its result the following five inch wide object +@Cite { $strunk1979style }: +@ID { +5i @Wide { +Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of +Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The +king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth +murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king. (51 words) +|0.5i +Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the +prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland +in his place. (26 words) +} +} +A paragraph of text can be included anywhere, and it will be broken +automatically if necessary to fit the available space. The spaces +between words are converted into concatenation symbols. +@PP +These are the most significant of Lout's object-building symbols. There +are others, for changing fonts, controlling paragraph breaking, printing +graphical objects like boxes and circles, and so on, but +they do not add anything new in principle. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/slides/README b/doc/slides/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a494b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/slides/README @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Directory lout/doc/slides + +This directory contains the Lout source of +a set of overhead transparencies entitled +`A Practical Introduction to the Lout +Document Formatting System.' To format +the transparencies, type + + lout all > outfile.ps + +in this directory. This needs to be done +twice to resolve all cross references. +There should be no error messages at all +after the second run. A copy of the final +outfile.ps is included. + +Jeff Kingston +17 September 1999 diff --git a/doc/slides/all b/doc/slides/all new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98c7d6c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/slides/all @@ -0,0 +1,680 @@ +@SysInclude { eq } +@SysInclude { tab } +@SysInclude { fig } +@SysInclude { pas } +@SysInclude { graph } +@SysInclude { cprint } +@SysInclude { slides } +@SysDatabase @Reference { loutrefs } +@OverheadTransparencies + @Title { A Practical Introduction to the + +Lout + +Document Formatting System +} + @RunningTitle { lout } + @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston } + @Institution { +Basser Dept. of Computer Science +The University of Sydney +} + @InitialLanguage { English } +// + +@Overhead + @Title { A simple input file } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"Hello, world" +"@End @Text" +} +@LP +@LP +@Heading { How to format it } +@ID @Code { +"lout filename > out.ps" +"ghostview out.ps" +"mpr out.ps" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +Hello, world +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Headings and paragraphs } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"@Heading { Introduction }" +"@PP" +"The design of the Lout formatting" +"system was undertaken with the" +"needs of the @I { ordinary user }" +"very much in mind." +"@End @Text" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Heading { Introduction } +@PP +The design of the Lout formatting +system was undertaken with the +needs of the @I { ordinary user } +very much in mind. +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Displays } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"You certainly don't want to return to" +"his office and report:" +"@IndentedDisplay @I {" +"`I can't find an efficient algorithm, I" +"guess I'm just too dumb.'" +"}" +"To avoid serious damage to your" +"position in the company, it would" +"be better if ..." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +You certainly don't want to return to +his office and report: +@IndentedDisplay @I { +`I can't find an efficient algorithm, I +guess I'm just too dumb.' +} +To avoid serious damage to your +position in the company, it would +be better if ... +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Paragraph breaking styles } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"You certainly don't want to return to" +"his office and report:" +"@ID { ragged nohyphen } @Break @I {" +"`I can't find an efficient algorithm, I" +"guess I'm just too dumb.'" +"}" +"To avoid serious damage to your" +"position in the company, it would" +"be better if ..." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +You certainly don't want to return to +his office and report: +@ID { ragged nohyphen } @Break @I { +`I can't find an efficient algorithm, I +guess I'm just too dumb.' +} +To avoid serious damage to your +position in the company, it would +be better if ... +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Lists } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@Heading { Operating Instructions }" +"@NumberedList" +"@ListItem { Press small green lever. }" +"@ListItem { Wait approximately 10 seconds" +"until red light flashes. }" +"@ListItem { If smoke emerges from rear of unit," +"call Service Department. }" +"@EndList" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Heading { Operating Instructions } +@NumberedList +@ListItem { Press small green lever. } +@ListItem { Wait approximately 10 seconds +until red light flashes. } +@ListItem { If smoke emerges from rear of unit, +call Service Department. } +@EndList +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Technical reports } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { report }" +"@Report" +" @Title { ... }" +" @Author { ... }" +" @Institution { ... }" +" @DateLine { ... }" +"//" +"@Abstract { ... }" +"@Section { ... }" +"@Section { ... }" +"@Section { ... }" +"@Appendix { ... }" +"@Appendix { ... }" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Sections } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@Section" +" @Tag { dfs }" +" @Title { Depth-first search }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"We turn now to our first algorithm" +"on general graphs ..." +"@End @Section" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Heading { 10.6. Depth-first search } +@PP +We turn now to our first algorithm +on general graphs ... +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Cross references } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"For further information, consult" +"Section @NumberOf dfs on page" +"@PageOf { dfs }." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +For further information, consult +Section 10.6 on page 245. +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { References } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@Database @Reference { myrefs }" +"..." +"For the details, consult the User's" +"Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user }." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +For the details, consult the User's +Guide [1]. +@LP +... +@LP +@Heading { References } +@NumberedList +@LI @RefPrint kingston1995lout.user +@LI ... +@EndList +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Database file myrefs.ld } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { kingston1995lout.user }" +" @Type { Book }" +" @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston }" +" @Title { A User's Guide to the Lout" +"Document Formatting System (Version 3) }" +" @Institution { Basser Department of" +"Computer Science }" +" @Address { University of Sydney" +"2006, Australia }" +" @Year { 1994 }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Books (and theses) } +@Begin +@BulletList +@LI { Title page, preface, introduction } +@LI { Automatic table of contents } +@LI { Prefatory pages numbered in Roman numerals } +@LI { Chapters, sections, subsections, appendices } +@LI { References at end of chapters or book } +@LI { Running page headers } +@LI { Odd-even page formats } +@LI { Sorted index } +@EndList +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Making a sorted index } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@PP" +"There are several possible ways to implement the" +"@I Partition procedure," +"partition @Index { @I Partition (in {@I Quicksort}) }" +"but the following seems to be the best. Starting ..." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Heading { Index } +@LD lines @Break { +... +partial order, 227 +@I Partition (in {@I Quicksort}), 189 +postorder traversal + of binary tree, 19 + topological ordering, 229 +... +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Equation formatting } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { eq }" +"..." +"Since @Eq { T(n-i) = T(0) = 0 } we have" +"@IndentedDisplay @Eq {" +"T(n) = big sum from i=0 to n-1 2 sup i = 2 sup n - 1" +"}" +"for the number of disk moves made by the Towers" +"of Hanoi algorithm, given @Eq { n } disks." +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +Since @Eq { T(n-i) = T(0) = 0 } we have +@IndentedDisplay @Eq { +T(n) = big sum from i=0 to n-1 2 sup i = 2 sup n - 1 +} +for the number of disk moves made by the Towers of Hanoi +algorithm, given @Eq { n } disks. +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Another equation } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@CenteredDisplay @Eq {" +"big int supp 1 on 0 `" +"dx over sqrt { 1 - x sup 2 }" +"= pi over 2" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@CenteredDisplay @Eq { +big int supp 1 on 0 ` +dx over sqrt { 1 - x sup 2 } += pi over 2 +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Tables } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { tab }" +"..." +"@Tab" +" @Fmta { @Col @I A ! @Col B }" +"{" +"@Rowa" +" A { Fortran }" +" B { The first ... language }" +"@Rowa" +" A { Algol-60 }" +" B { Said to be ... successors }" +"@Rowa" +" A { Pascal }" +" B { The famous ... successors }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Tab + vmargin { 0.4v } + @Fmta { @Col @I A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Fortran } + B { The first high-level +programming language } +@Rowa + A { Algol-60 } + B { Said to be a better +language than most of its successors } +@Rowa + A { Pascal } + B { The most famous of +Algol-60's successors } +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Another table } +@Begin +@RID @Code { +"@Tab" +" hmargin { 0.4c }" +" vmargin { 0.3v }" +" side { single }" +" @Fmta { @Col @B @CC X @Over A,B,C }" +" @Fmtb { @Col @I A ! @Col B !! @Col C }" +"{" +"" +"@Rowa above { single }" +" X { Value of mathematical ... dollars) }" +"" +"@Rowb above { double }" +" A { Quadratic formula }" +" B { @Eq { x ^= { ... } over 2a } }" +" C { 3^.5 }" +"" +"@Rowb below { single }" +" A { Binomial theorem }" +" B { @Eq { ( a + b ) sup n ^= ... b sup n-k } }" +" C { 12^ }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +0.6 @Scale @Tab + hmargin { 0.4c } + vmargin { 0.3v } + side { single } + @Fmta { @Col @B @CC X @Over A,B,C } + @Fmtb { @Col @I A ! @Col B !! @Col C } +{ +@Rowa + above { single } + X { Value of mathematical formulae (millions of dollars) } +@Rowb + above { double } + A { Quadratic formula } + B { @Eq { x ^= { minus b +- sqrt { b sup 2 - 4ac } } over 2a } } + C { 3^.5 } +@Rowb + below { single } + A { Binomial theorem } + B { @Eq { ( a + b ) sup n ^= big sum from k=0 to infty +matrix atleft { ( } atright { ) } { n above k } a sup k b sup n-k +} } + C { 12^ } +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Pascal programs } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { pas }" +"..." +"@ID @Pas {" +"procedure DoPriAbstract(root: PriEntry);" +"begin" +" if root^.leftchild <> nil then begin" +" DoPriAbstract(root^.leftchild);" +" write(', ');" +" end;" +" PriKeyAbstract(root^.key);" +" write(':');" +" PriValueAbstract(root^.value);" +" if root^.rightchild <> nil then begin" +" write(', ');" +" DoPriAbstract(root^.rightchild);" +" end;" +"end;" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Pas { +procedure DoPriAbstract(root: PriEntry); +begin + if root^.leftchild <> nil then begin + DoPriAbstract(root^.leftchild); + write(', '); + end; + PriKeyAbstract(root^.key); + write(':'); + PriValueAbstract(root^.value); + if root^.rightchild <> nil then begin + write(', '); + DoPriAbstract(root^.rightchild); + end; +end; +} &0io +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Basic graphics } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"45d @Rotate 1.5 @Scale @Box {" +" Hello, world" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@ID @Code { +45d @Rotate 1.5 @Scale @Box { + Hello, world +} +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Advanced graphics } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { fig }" +"..." +"@Fig {" +"@Box" +" margin { 0c }" +" paint { black }" +"@Ellipse" +" linestyle { noline }" +" paint { white }" +"{ Hello, world }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Fig { +@Box + margin { 0c } + paint { black } +@Ellipse + linestyle { noline } + paint { white } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Point labelling } +@Begin +@ID @Code { +"@Fig {" +"A::" +"{" +" 1:: @Ellipse { 3c @Wide 2c @High }" +" //3c" +" 2:: @Box { 3c @Wide 2c @High }" +"}" +"@ShowLabels" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage { +@Fig { +A:: +{ + 1:: @Ellipse { 3c @Wide 2c @High } + //3c + 2:: @Box { 3c @Wide 2c @High } +} +@ShowLabels +} +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead + @Title { Graphs } +@Begin +@LP +@ID -1p @Font @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths" +"(per 100 million vehicle km) }" +"{" +" @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed }" +" { 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4" +" 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage @Graph + width { 9 cm } + height { 6 cm } + abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths +(per 100 million vehicle km) } +{ + @Data + points { plus } + pairs { dashed } + { + 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 + } +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@RID @Code { +"-2p @Font @Graph" +" style { axes }" +" xorigin { 0 } yorigin { 0 }" +" xticks { 10@ 50@ 100@ 200@ 500@ }" +" objects { @NE at { 300 2 } @I { Exponential }" +" @SE at { ... } @I { Uniform } }" +" belowcaption { @I n }" +"{" +" @Data points { filledcircle } { ... }" +" @Data points { filledcircle } { ... }" +"" +" @Data pairs { dashed }" +" { 10 2 500 2 }" +"" +" @Data pairs { dashed }" +" {" +" xloop from { 10 } to { 500 } by { 20 } do" +" {" +" x sqrt { pi*x / 4 } + 1" +" }" +" }" +"}" +} +@End @Overhead + +@Overhead @Begin +@ShowPage -2p @Font @Graph + style { axes } + xorigin { 0 } + yorigin { 0 } + width { 10 cm } + height { 7 cm } + xticks { 10@ 50@ 100@ 200@ 500@ } + objects { + @NE at { 300 2 } @I { Exponential } + @SE at { 300 sqrt { pi*300/4 } + 1 } @I { Uniform } + } + belowcaption { @I n } + belowgap { 0 cm } +{ + @Data points { filledcircle } + { 10 1.97 50 2.01 100 2.00 200 2.0 500 2.00 } + + @Data points { filledcircle } + { 10 3.53 50 7.45 100 9.32 200 13.41 500 21.63 } + + @Data pairs { dashed } + { 10 2 500 2 } + + @Data pairs { dashed } + { + xloop from { 10 } to { 500 } by { 20 } do + { + x sqrt { pi*x / 4 } + 1 + } + } +} +@End @Overhead diff --git a/doc/slides/mydefs b/doc/slides/mydefs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69417f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/slides/mydefs @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +def @Code right x { { Helvetica Base -2p } @Font lines @Break x } + +import @BasicSetup +def @ShowPage right x +{ + @Box margin { 1i } 4i @Wide 5i @High { x // } +} diff --git a/doc/slides/outfile.ps b/doc/slides/outfile.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed978e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/slides/outfile.ps @@ -0,0 +1,4470 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) +%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 11:58:48 1999 +%%DocumentData: Binary +%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) +%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) +%%Pages: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 +%%EndComments + +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp +/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def +/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def +/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def +/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll + moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def +/in { 1440 mul } def +/cm { 567 mul } def +/pt { 20 mul } def +/em { 120 mul } def +/sp { louts mul } def +/vs { loutv mul } def +/ft { loutf mul } def +/dg { } def + +/LoutGraphic { + /louts exch def + /loutv exch def + /loutf exch def + /ymark exch def + /xmark exch def + /ysize exch def + /xsize exch def +} def + +/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def + +/LoutFont +{ findfont exch scalefont setfont +} bind def + +/LoutRecode { + { findfont dup length dict begin + {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall + /Encoding exch def + currentdict end definefont pop + } + stopped pop +} bind def + +/BeginEPSF { + /LoutEPSFState save def + /dict_count countdictstack def + /op_count count 1 sub def + userdict begin + /showpage { } def + 0 setgray 0 setlinecap + 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin + 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath + /languagelevel where + { pop languagelevel + 1 ne + { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint + } if + } if +} bind def + +/EndEPSF { + count op_count sub { pop } repeat + countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat + LoutEPSFState restore +} bind def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource encoding vec2 +/vec2 [ +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef +/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright +/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash +/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven +/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question +/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G +/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O +/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W +/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore +/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g +/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o +/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w +/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef +/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi +/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction +/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent +/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron +/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section +/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron +/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered +/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown +/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla +/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis +/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply +/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls +/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla +/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis +/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide +/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis +] def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % +% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % +% % +% Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% 24 September 1991 % +% 22 December 1992 % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% linewidth ltabhs - +% horizontal single line +/ltabhs +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhsp - +% horizontal single line with projecting ends +/ltabhsp +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhd - +% horizontal double line +/ltabhd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdb - +% horizontal double line below mark +/ltabhdb +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdnw - +% horizontal double line with northwest corner +/ltabhdnw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch 3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdne - +% horizontal double line with northeast corner +/ltabhdne +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch 3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdsw - +% horizontal double line with southwest corner +/ltabhdsw +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize exch -3 mul moveto + -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto + -3 mul 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabhdse - +% horizontal double line with southeast corner +/ltabhdse +{ dup dup dup dup + 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + 0 exch -3 mul moveto + 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto + 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvs - +% vertical single line +/ltabvs +{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvd - +% vertical double line +/ltabvd +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def + +% linewidth ltabvdr - +% vertical double line to right of mark +/ltabvdr +{ dup dup + 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto + 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto + setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke +} def +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % +% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % +% % +% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % +% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % +% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % +% % +% <point> is two numbers, a point. % +% <length> is one number, a length % +% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % +% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +errordict begin + /handleerror + { + { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto + $error /errorname get + dup lfigdict exch known + { lfigdict exch get } + { 30 string cvs } ifelse + show + ( Command: ) show + $error /command get 30 string cvs show + } stopped {} if + showpage stop + } def +end + +% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels +/lfigconcat +{ 2 copy length exch length add string + dup 0 4 index putinterval + dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval + 3 1 roll pop pop +} def + +% <string> lfigdebugprint - +% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places +% /lfigdebugprint +% { print +% (; operand stack:\n) print +% count copy +% count 2 idiv +% { == +% (\n) print +% } repeat +% (\n) print +% } def + +/lfigdict 120 dict def +lfigdict begin + +% error messages +/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def +/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def +/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def +/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def +/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def +/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def +/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def + +% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> +/lfigpi 3.14159 def + +% arc directions +/clockwise false def +/anticlockwise true def + +% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> +/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> +/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> +/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def + +% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> +/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def + +% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> +/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def + +% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> +/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def + +% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> +/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def + +% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> +/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def + +% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> +/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def + +% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> +/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def + +% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> +/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def + +%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> +/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def + +% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - +/lfigsolid +{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - +/lfigdashed +{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } + { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div + 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll + 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - +/lfigcdashed +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } + { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div + 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub + ] exch 2 div setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - +/lfigdotted +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } + { 1 index exch div ceiling div + [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash + } ifelse stroke +} def + +% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - +/lfignoline +{ pop pop +} def + +% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) +/lfignopaint { } def +/lfignochange { fill } def +/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def +/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def + +% line caps (and joins, not currently used) +/lfigbutt 0 def +/lfiground 1 def +/lfigprojecting 2 def +/lfigmiter 0 def +/lfigbevel 2 def + +% shape and labels of the @Box symbol +/lfigbox +{ + 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef + xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef + xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol +/lfigcurvebox +{ + + xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef + xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef + xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef + + xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef + xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef + xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef + + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + + xmark 0 + xsize xmark sub 0 + [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] + xsize xmark + xsize ysize xmark sub + [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] + xsize xmark sub ysize + xmark ysize + [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] + 0 ysize xmark sub + 0 xmark + [ xmark xmark ] + xmark 0 +} def + +% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol +% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox +/lfigshadow +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Square symbol +/lfigsquare +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + SW SE NE NW SW +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol +/lfigdiamond +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S E N W S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol +/lfigellipse +{ + xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef + S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef + xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef + [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol +/lfigcircle +{ + xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef + CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef + [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S +} def + +% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols +/lfighline +{ + 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols +/lfigvline +{ + xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef + xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef +} def + +% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: +% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> +/lfigpolygon +{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef + 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll + [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef + exch dup 360 exch div exch + 1 1 3 2 roll + { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn + 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll + 3 2 roll lfigpointdef + dup 3 1 roll add exch + } for + pop lfigatangle +} def + +% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true +% or <array> <index> false +/lfiggetnext +{ 2 copy exch length ge + { false } + { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse +} def + +% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> +/lfigisnumbertype +{ dup type dup + /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or +} def + +% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> +/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def + +% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 +% or <array> <index> <array> 1 +% or <array> <index> <point> 2 +/lfiggetnextitem +{ lfiggetnext + { lfigisarraytype + { 1 + } + { lfigisnumbertype + { 3 1 roll + lfiggetnext + { lfigisnumbertype + { 4 3 roll exch 2 + } + { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { 3 2 roll pop 0 + } ifelse + } + { pop 0 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { 0 + } ifelse +} def + +% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> +% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, +% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. +% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing +% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and +% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. +/lfigsetarc +{ + 20 dict begin + matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll + 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub + dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def + dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def + dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def + dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def + + y1s y2s eq + { -1 + } + { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div + } ifelse + /da exch def + + x1s x2s eq + { -1 + } + { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div + } ifelse + /db exch def + + da 0 gt db 0 gt and + { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def + /scalex da sqrt LMax div def + /scaley db sqrt LMax div def + scalex scaley scale + 0 0 LMax + 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle + 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div + } + { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and + { 0 0 + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance + 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle + 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle + 2 copy eq { 360 add } if + 2 copy 8 2 roll + 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse + 2 index 1 index + { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse + 2 index 2 index + { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse + 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise + { exch sub } { sub } ifelse + dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div + } + { x2 y2 lineto pop + x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle + x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance + } ifelse + } ifelse + 4 -1 roll setmatrix + end +} def + +% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 +% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) +% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> +/lfigsetcurve +{ 8 copy curveto pop pop + lfigangle + 5 1 roll + 4 2 roll lfigangle + exch + 0 +} def + +% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape +% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - +/lfigpaintpath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 newpath + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + { lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr + lfigsetcurve pop pop pop + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc pop pop pop + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr moveto + } ifelse + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop pop pop cvx exec + end +} def + +% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. +% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. +% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] +/lfigdopath +{ + 10 dict begin + 0 + /prevseen false def + /curveseen false def + /backarrow [] def + /fwdarrow [] def + { + lfiggetnextitem + dup 0 eq { pop exit } + { + 1 eq + { /curveseen true def + /curve exch def + curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if + } + { /ycurr exch def + /xcurr exch def + prevseen + { newpath xprev yprev moveto + curveseen + { curve length 4 eq + { xprev yprev + curve 0 get curve 1 get + curve 2 get curve 3 get + xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve + } + { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr + curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse + curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse + 7 1 roll + lfigsetarc + } ifelse + } + { xcurr ycurr lineto + xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub + xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance + } ifelse + 6 index 6 index cvx exec + [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] + backarrow length 0 eq + { /backarrow exch def } + { pop } ifelse + [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def + } if + /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + /prevseen true def + /curveseen false def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop + pop pop pop pop + backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse + fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse + end +} def + +% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form +% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - +/lfigdoarrow +{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll + dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate + 2 get rotate + [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 + 3 index 3 index neg + 1 index 10 index mul 0 + 7 index 7 index ] + 4 1 roll pop pop pop + dup 3 1 roll + gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop + setmatrix +} def + +% arrow head styles +/lfigopen 0.0 def +/lfighalfopen 0.5 def +/lfigclosed 1.0 def + +% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both +/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def +/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def +/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def +/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def + +% lfigprevious: return previous point on path +/lfigprevious +{ lfigisnumbertype + { 2 copy } + { lfigisarraytype + { 2 index 2 index } + { 0 0 } + ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - +/lfigpointdef +{ + % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint + [ 4 2 roll transform + /itransform cvx ] cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary +% <string> lfigpromotelabels - +/lfigpromotelabels +{ + % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end exch currentdict end + { exch 20 string cvs 2 index + (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def + } forall pop begin + % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - +/lfigshowlabels +{ + % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint + currentdict end + currentdict + { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key + { pop pop pop pop pop } + { pop cvx exec 2 copy + newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc + 0 setgray fill + /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show + } + ifelse + } forall + begin + % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> +/lfigfixangle +{ + % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint + { dup 0 ge { exit } if + 360 add + } loop + { dup 360 lt { exit } if + 360 sub + } loop + % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y +/lfigboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def + + % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + alpha theta le + { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + alpha 180 theta sub le + { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } + { + % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) + alpha 180 theta add le + { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } + { + % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) + alpha 360 theta sub le + { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } + { + % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 +% or x2 1 +% or 0 +/lfigqroots +{ + 4 dict begin + /c exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def + disc 0 lt + { 0 + } + { disc 0 eq + { b neg 2 a mul div + 1 + } + { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div + b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div + 2 + } + ifelse + } + ifelse + end +} def + +% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> +/lfigquadrant +{ dup 90 lt + { pop 0 + } + { dup 180 lt + { pop 1 + } + { 270 lt + { 2 + } + { 3 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y +/lfigcb +{ + 6 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + /alpha exch def + /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def + /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def + alpha theta1 le + { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) + a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div + } + { alpha theta2 ge + { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) + b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b + } + { + % else, return the intersection of line and circle + a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect + dup 0 eq + { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point + pop + a b 0.5 lfigpmul + } + { 1 eq + { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack + } + { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger + lfigpmax + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end +} def + +% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y +/lfigcurveboxcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint + 5 dict begin + /xmk exch def + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + + % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly + /quad alpha lfigquadrant def + quad 0 eq + { alpha a b xmk lfigcb + } + { quad 1 eq + { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch + } + { quad 2 eq + { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch + } + { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y +/lfigdiamondcircum +{ + % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y +/lfigellipsecircum +{ + % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint + 4 dict begin + /b exch def + /a exch def + lfigfixangle /alpha exch def + b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def + a b mul alpha cos mul denom div + a b mul alpha sin mul denom div + end + % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points +% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y +/lfiglineintersect +{ + % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /y4 exch def + /x4 exch def + /y3 exch def + /x3 exch def + /y2 exch def + /x2 exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def + x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def + y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def + y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def + y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def + + % calculate x + y21 x43 mul x1 mul + y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub + y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add + det div + + % calculate y + x21 y43 mul y1 mul + x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub + x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add + det neg div + + end + % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point on circumference of polygon +% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y +/lfigpolycircum +{ + % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint + 13 dict begin + /theta exch def + /num exch def + /radius exch def + /alpha exch def + + % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha + alpha theta sub lfigfixangle + + % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta + 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def + + % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea + anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def + + % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line + anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin + 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul + lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul + + end + % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% find point of intersection of a point and a circle +% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 +% or xb yb 1 +% or 0 +/lfigcircleintersect +{ + % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint + 15 dict begin + /theta exch def + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + /r exch def + /y0 exch def + /x0 exch def + + % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 + theta sin abs 0.00001 lt + { + /a 1 def + /b -2 x0 mul def + /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 1 + } + { y1 exch y1 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } + { + /ct theta cos theta sin div def + /a ct ct mul 1 add def + /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def + /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def + a b c lfigqroots dup + 0 eq + { pop + 0 + } + { 1 eq + { y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xb yb 1 + } + { y1 add /ya exch def + ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def + y1 add /yb exch def + yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def + xa ya xb yb 2 + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + end + % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint +} def + +% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - +/lfigcircumdef +{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint + /CIRCUM exch cvx + currentdict end + 3 1 roll + % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt + % { def } + % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } + % ifelse + def + begin + % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint +} def + +end +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutGraphPrependGraphic +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/graphf.lpg +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Graph (Version 1.0) % +% % +% Version 1.0 by Jeffrey H. Kingston, December 1993. % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +errordict begin + /handleerror + { + { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont + 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto + $error /errorname get + dup lgraphdict exch known + { lgraphdict exch get } + { 30 string cvs } ifelse + show + ( Command: ) show + $error /command get 30 string cvs show + } stopped {} if + showpage stop + } def +end + +/lgraphdict 200 dict def +lgraphdict begin + +% error messages +/dictfull (dictfull error) def +/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error) def +/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: expression too complex?) def +/limitcheck (limitcheck error: graph too complex or too large?) def +/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of graph?) def +/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of graph?) def +/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt symbol?) def +/rangecheck (rangecheck error: undefined expression (e.g. divide by zero)?) def +/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def + +% random number between x and y inclusive: x y dorand num +/dorand { 1 index sub 1 add rand exch mod add } def + +% log to given base: base num dolog num +/dolog { ln exch ln div } def + +% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> max <num> +/max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + +% add two points: <point> <point> padd <point> +/padd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def + +% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> psub <point> +/psub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def + +% distance between two points: <point> <point> distance <length> +/distance { psub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def + +% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> atangle <point> +/atangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul padd } def + +% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> angle <angle> +/angle { psub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def + + +% set up for line +% - linesetup <length> <dashlength> +/linesetup +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint xprev yprev trpoint + 4 copy moveto lineto distance dashlength +} def + +% set up for icon-avoiding line +% - ilinesetup <length> <dashlength> +/ilinesetup +{ newpath + xprev yprev trpoint xcurr ycurr trpoint 4 copy + 4 copy angle symbolsize 1.5 mul exch 4 2 roll pop pop atangle + 6 2 roll 4 2 roll + 4 copy angle symbolsize 1.5 mul exch 4 2 roll pop pop atangle + 4 copy moveto lineto distance dashlength +} def + + +% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> solid - +/solid +{ pop pop [] 0 setdash linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a dashed line: <length> <dashlength> dashed - +/dashed +{ 2 copy 2 mul le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } + { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div + 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll + 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash + } ifelse linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a cdashed line: <length> <dashlength> cdashed - +/cdashed +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } + { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div + 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub + ] exch 2 div setdash + } ifelse linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> dotted - +/dotted +{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or + { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } + { 1 index exch div ceiling div 0.99999 mul + [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash + } ifelse gsave 1 setlinecap linewidth setlinewidth stroke grestore newpath +} def + +% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> noline - +/noline +{ pop pop +} def + +% stroke a y histogram: - yhisto - +/yhisto +{ xprev yleft trpoint yextra sub moveto + xprev yprev trpoint lineto + xcurr yprev trpoint lineto + xcurr yleft trpoint yextra sub lineto + linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke an x histogram: - xhisto - +/xhisto +{ xleft yprev trpoint exch xextra sub exch moveto + xcurr yprev trpoint lineto + xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto + xleft ycurr trpoint exch xextra sub exch lineto + linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a surface y histogram: - surfaceyhisto - +/surfaceyhisto +{ firstpair + { xprev yleft trpoint yextra sub moveto + xprev yprev trpoint lineto + } + { xprev yprev trpoint moveto + } ifelse + xcurr yprev trpoint lineto + lastpair + { xcurr yleft trpoint yextra sub lineto + } + { xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto + } ifelse + linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a surface x histogram: - surfacexhisto - +/surfacexhisto +{ firstpair + { xleft yprev trpoint exch xextra sub exch moveto + } + { xprev yprev trpoint moveto + } ifelse + xcurr yprev trpoint lineto + xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto + lastpair + { xleft ycurr trpoint exch xextra sub exch lineto + } if + linewidth setlinewidth stroke +} def + +% stroke a filled y histogram: - filledyhisto - +/filledyhisto +{ + linewidth setlinewidth + xprev yleft trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div add exch yextra sub moveto + xprev yprev trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div add exch lineto + xcurr yprev trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch lineto + xcurr yleft trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch yextra sub lineto + closepath fill +} def + +% stroke a filled x histogram: - filledxhisto - +/filledxhisto +{ + linewidth setlinewidth + xleft yprev trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div add exch xextra sub exch moveto + xcurr yprev trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div add lineto + xcurr ycurr trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div sub lineto + xleft ycurr trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch xextra sub exch lineto + closepath fill +} def + + +% cross: show a small cross +/cross +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto + symbolsize 2 mul symbolsize 2 mul rlineto + 0 symbolsize -2 mul rmoveto + symbolsize -2 mul symbolsize 2 mul rlineto + [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% plus: show a small plus +/plus +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto + symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto + symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto + 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto + [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% square: show a small square +/square +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto + symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto + 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto + symbolsize -2 mul 0 rlineto + closepath [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% filledsquare: show a small filled square +/filledsquare +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto + symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto + 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto + symbolsize -2 mul 0 rlineto + closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill +} def + +% diamond: show a small diamond +/diamond +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto + symbolsize symbolsize neg rlineto + symbolsize symbolsize rlineto + symbolsize neg symbolsize rlineto + closepath [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% filleddiamond: show a small filled diamond +/filleddiamond +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto + symbolsize symbolsize neg rlineto + symbolsize symbolsize rlineto + symbolsize neg symbolsize rlineto + closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill +} def + +% circle: show a small circle +/circle +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint symbolsize 0 360 arc [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% filledcircle: show a small filled circle +/filledcircle +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint symbolsize 0 360 arc gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill +} def + +% triangle: show a small triangle +/triangle +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + 0 symbolsize 1.5 mul rmoveto + symbolsize neg symbolsize -2.5 mul rlineto + symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto + closepath [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% filledtriangle: show a small filled triangle +/filledtriangle +{ newpath + xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto + 0 symbolsize 1.5 mul rmoveto + symbolsize neg symbolsize -2.5 mul rlineto + symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto + closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill +} def + + +%plog: like log only with a base, and protected from failing if <= 0 +% base x plog res +/plog { dup 0 le { pop pop 0 } { ln exch ln div } ifelse } def + +% xtr: transform one x value logarithmically if xlog > 1 +% <num> xtr <num> +/xtr +{ xlog 1 gt + { xlog exch plog + } if +} def + +% ytr: transform one y value logarithmically if ylog > 1 +% <num> ytr <num> +/ytr +{ ylog 1 gt + { ylog exch plog + } if +} def + +% % trpoint: transform (x, y) in graph space into (x', y') in print space +% % x y trpoint x' y' +% /trpoint +% { exch xtr trxmin sub trxmax trxmin sub div xwidth mul xextra add +% exch ytr trymin sub trymax trymin sub div ywidth mul yextra add +% } def + + +% trpoint: transform (x, y) in graph space into (x', y') in print space +% x y trpoint x' y' +/trpoint +{ exch xtr xdecr { trxmax exch sub } { trxmin sub } ifelse + trxmax trxmin sub div xwidth mul xextra add + + exch ytr ydecr { trymax exch sub } { trymin sub } ifelse + trymax trymin sub div ywidth mul yextra add +} def + + +% yonly: interpolate x values 1, 2, ... into data +% [ data ] yonly [ newdata ] +/yonly +{ dup /tmp exch def + length [ exch 1 exch 1 exch + { dup tmp exch 1 sub get + } for + ] +} def + +% xonly: interpolate y values 1, 2, ... into data +% [ data ] yonly [ newdata ] +/xonly +{ dup /tmp exch def + length [ exch 1 exch 1 exch + { dup tmp exch 1 sub get exch + } for + ] +} def + +% xandy: no interpolation of x or y values +% [ data ] xandy [ data ] +/xandy {} def + + +% expstringwidth: calculate width of string containing optional exponent +% <string> expstringwidth <width> +/expstringwidth +{ (^) search + { exch pop stringwidth pop exch stringwidth pop 0.7 mul add } + { stringwidth pop } + ifelse +} def + +% expstringshow: show string containing optional exponent +% <string> expstringshow - +/expstringshow +{ (^) search + { exch pop show 0 0.5 ft rmoveto + gsave currentfont 0.7 scalefont setfont show grestore + } + { show + } + ifelse +} def + +% concatenate two strings: <string> <string> strconcat <string> +/strconcat +{ 2 copy length exch length add string + dup 0 4 index putinterval + dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval + 3 1 roll pop pop +} def + +% lgen: generate one label automatically +% num lgen num string +/lgen { dup 20 string cvs } def + +% loglgen: generate one logarithmic label (with exponent) +% <base> <exponent> loglgen <string> +/loglgen +{ 20 string cvs exch 20 string cvs + (^) strconcat exch strconcat +} def + + +% printxtick: print one x tick +% xpos printxtick - +/printxtick +{ newpath + yleft trpoint moveto 0 yextra neg rmoveto + 0 xticklength neg rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% printxlabel: print one x label +% (xlabel) xpos printxlabel - +/printxlabel +{ yleft trpoint moveto 0 yextra neg rmoveto + 0 xticklength neg rmoveto 0 0.9 ft neg rmoveto + xlog 1 gt { 0 0.3 ft neg rmoveto } if + dup expstringwidth -2 div 0 rmoveto expstringshow +} def + +% printytick: print one y tick +% ypos printytick - +/printytick +{ newpath + xleft exch trpoint moveto xextra neg 0 rmoveto + yticklength neg 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% printylabel: print one y label +% (ylabel) ypos printylabel - +/printylabel +{ xleft exch trpoint moveto xextra neg 0 rmoveto + yticklength neg 0 rmoveto -0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto + dup expstringwidth neg 0 rmoveto expstringshow +} def + +% printrtick: print one r tick +% ypos printrtick - +/printrtick +{ newpath + xright exch trpoint moveto xextra 0 rmoveto + rticklength 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% printrlabel: print one r label +% (rlabel) ypos printrlabel - +/printrlabel +{ xright exch trpoint moveto xextra 0 rmoveto + rticklength 0 rmoveto 0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto + expstringshow +} def + +% printticks: print ticks and labels +% /tickproc /labelproc [ tickandlabeldata ] min printticks - +/printticks +{ /prev exch def + { dup type dup dup /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or + { pop dup /prev exch def 2 index cvx exec + } + { /stringtype eq + { prev 2 index cvx exec + } + { pop + } ifelse + } ifelse + } forall + pop pop +} def + + +% printxaxistick: print one x axis tick +% xpos printxaxistick - +/printxaxistick +{ newpath + yaxis trpoint moveto 0 xticklength -2 div rmoveto + 0 xticklength rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% printxaxislabel: print one x axis label +% (xlabel) xpos printxaxislabel - +/printxaxislabel +{ yaxis trpoint moveto + 0 xticklength -2 div rmoveto 0 0.9 ft neg rmoveto + xlog 1 gt { 0 0.3 ft neg rmoveto } if + dup expstringwidth -2 div 0 rmoveto expstringshow +} def + +% printyaxistick: print one y axis tick +% ypos printyaxistick - +/printyaxistick +{ newpath + xaxis exch trpoint moveto + yticklength -2 div 0 rmoveto + yticklength 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke +} def + +% printyaxislabel: print one y axis label +% (ylabel) ypos printyaxislabel - +/printyaxislabel +{ xaxis exch trpoint moveto + yticklength -2 div 0 rmoveto -0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto + dup expstringwidth neg 0 rmoveto expstringshow +} def + + +% <val> minmax - +% perform minv := min(minv, val); maxv := max(maxv, val) +% allowing for the possibility of minv, maxv, val being false (undefined) +/minmax +{ dup false eq + { pop } + { minv false eq + { dup /minv exch def /maxv exch def } + { dup minv lt + { /minv exch def } + { dup maxv gt + { /maxv exch def } + { pop } + ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse + } ifelse +} def + +% <ticks> ticksundef <ticks> <bool> +% returns true iff the ticks array is undefined (one false entry) +/ticksundef +{ dup length 1 eq + { dup 0 get false eq + } + { false } + ifelse +} def + +% <number> integral <boolean> +% true if the number has an integral value +/integral { dup round eq } def + +% ticksep ticks xory alldata minval maxval axis base ticksandlimits ticks min max base +% ticksandlimits: sort out value of x or y ticks and limits and log base +/ticksandlimits +{ /base exch def + /minv false def + /maxv false def + + % min and max of user-supplied minval, maxval, and axis + minmax minmax minmax + + % min and max of data points + { 0 get dup dup length 1 sub 3 index exch 2 exch + { get minmax dup + } for pop pop + } forall + pop dup + + % min and max of tick values + { dup type /stringtype eq + { pop } { minmax } ifelse + } forall + + % fix minv and maxv if undefined (false) or equal + minv false eq + { /minv -1 def /maxv 1 def } + { minv maxv eq + { minv 0 lt + { /minv 2 minv mul def /maxv 0 def + } + { minv 0 eq + { /minv -1 def /maxv 1 def + } + { /minv 0 def /maxv 2 maxv mul def + } ifelse + } ifelse + } if + } ifelse + + % invent ticks if undefined + ticksundef + { pop /ticksep exch def + + % if base is reasonable and minv is positive, logarithmic ticks + base 1 gt minv 0 gt and + { + % get integral log of minv and maxv + /logminv base minv plog floor cvi def + /logmaxv base maxv plog ceiling cvi def + + % if minv close to base, make it 1; reset minv and maxv + logminv 1 eq logmaxv 4 ge and { /logminv 0 def } if + /minv base logminv exp def + /maxv base logmaxv exp def + + % ticks := [ base**logminv, ... , base**logmaxv ] + [ logminv 1 logmaxv + { dup base exch exp + exch base exch loglgen + } for + ] + } + { % non-logarithmic ticks + { + % fix tick separation if undefined (0) or too small + /base 0 def + /delta maxv minv sub def + ticksep delta 30 div le + { /ticksep 10 delta log 1 sub ceiling exp def + ticksep delta 2 div ge + { /ticksep ticksep 2 div def } + { ticksep delta 5 div lt + { /ticksep 2 ticksep mul def + } if + } ifelse + } if + + % adjust minv and maxv to be multiples of ticksep + /minv minv ticksep div floor ticksep mul def + /maxv maxv ticksep div ceiling ticksep mul def + /delta maxv minv sub def + + % if minv or maxv near zero, move to zero and redo + minv ticksep eq + { /minv 0 def } + { maxv ticksep neg eq { /maxv 0 def } { exit } ifelse + } ifelse + } loop + + % if minv, maxv, and ticksep are all integral, set "makeint" to true + /makeint minv integral maxv integral ticksep integral and and def + + % ticks := [ minv, minv+ticksep, ... , maxv ] + [ 0 1 delta ticksep div round + { ticksep mul minv add makeint { cvi } if lgen } + for + ] + } ifelse + } + { exch pop + } ifelse + minv maxv base +} def + +% xset: set up all data for x axis, including limits and ticks +% xticksep xticks 0 alldata xmin xmax xlog xextra xdecr xaxis xticklength xset - +/xset +{ /xticklength exch def + /xaxis exch def + /xdecr exch def + /xextra exch def + xaxis exch ticksandlimits + /xlog exch def /xmax exch def /xmin exch def /xticks exch def + /xleft xdecr { xmax } { xmin } ifelse def + /xright xdecr { xmin } { xmax } ifelse def + /xwidth xsize xextra 2 mul sub def + /trxmin xmin xtr def /trxmax xmax xtr def +} def + +% yset: set up all data for y axis, including limits and yticks +% yticksep yticks 0 alldata ymin ymax ylog yextra ydecr yaxis yticklength yset - +/yset +{ /yticklength exch def + /yaxis exch def + /ydecr exch def + /yextra exch def + yaxis exch ticksandlimits + /ylog exch def /ymax exch def /ymin exch def /yticks exch def + /yleft ydecr { ymax } { ymin } ifelse def + /yright ydecr { ymin } { ymax } ifelse def + /ywidth ysize yextra 2 mul sub def + /trymin ymin ytr def /trymax ymax ytr def +} def + +% rset: set up all data for y axis (again), but including limits and rticks +% rticksep rticks 0 alldata ymin ymax ylog yextra ydecr yaxis rticklength rset - +/rset +{ /rticklength exch def + /yaxis exch def + /ydecr exch def + /yextra exch def + yaxis exch ticksandlimits + /ylog exch def /ymax exch def /ymin exch def /rticks exch def + /yleft ydecr { ymax } { ymin } ifelse def + /yright ydecr { ymin } { ymax } ifelse def + /ywidth ysize yextra 2 mul sub def + /trymin ymin ytr def /trymax ymax ytr def +} def + +% norset: set up data for no rticks +% - norset - +/norset +{ /rticklength 0 def + /rticks [] def +} def + +% framestyle: print a frame around the graph +/framestyle +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto + 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke + /printxtick /printxlabel xticks xleft printticks + /printytick /printylabel yticks ymin printticks + /printrtick /printrlabel rticks ymin printticks +} def + +% nonestyle: print nothing around the graph +/nonestyle +{ +} def + +% axesstyle: print axes for the graph (unless axis values missing) +/axesstyle +{ + xaxis false eq yaxis false eq or + { framestyle } + { xaxis yaxis trpoint dup 0 exch moveto xsize exch lineto + dup 0 moveto ysize lineto stroke + /printxaxistick /printxaxislabel xticks xleft printticks + /printyaxistick /printyaxislabel yticks ymin printticks + } ifelse +} def + +% rundata: run all data sets +/rundata +{ alldata + { gsave + dup dup dup dup + 4 get /dopaint exch def + 3 get /initrun exch def + 2 get /pairs exch def + 1 get /points exch def + 0 get /data exch def + dopaint + { data length 4 ge + { initrun + newpath + data 0 get ymin trpoint yextra sub moveto + 0 2 data length 2 sub + { dup 1 add + data exch get /ycurr exch def + data exch get /xcurr exch def + xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto + } for + data dup length 2 sub get ymin trpoint yextra sub lineto + closepath fill + } if + } if + initrun + data length 2 ge + { + /xcurr data 0 get def + /ycurr data 1 get def + points + data length 4 ge + { 2 2 data length 2 sub + { /xprev xcurr def + /yprev ycurr def + dup dup 2 eq /firstpair exch def + data length 2 sub eq /lastpair exch def + dup 1 add + data exch get /ycurr exch def + data exch get /xcurr exch def + pairs + points + } for + } if + } if + grestore + } forall +} def + +end +%%EndResource + +%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup +% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg + +% width height linethickness louteuro - +% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness +% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley +/louteuro { + 20 dict begin + /eurothick exch def + /euroheight exch def + /eurowidth exch def + /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def + /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def + /eurotheta 40 def + + % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - + % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness + /louteurobox + { + /euroboxthick exch def + /euroboxwidth exch def + newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto + eurostep euroboxthick rlineto + euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill + } def + + % lower cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub + eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox + + % upper cross stroke + 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add + eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox + + % circular part + /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def + /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def + newpath + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc + eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn + closepath fill + end +} def + +% path for @FullWidthRule symbol +/LoutRule +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto +} def + +% path for @Box symbol +/LoutBox +{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto + closepath +} def + +% path for @CurveBox symbol +/LoutCurveBox +{ xmark 0 moveto + xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc + xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc + xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc + closepath +} def + +% path for @ShadowBox symbol +/LoutShadowBox +{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto + xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto + xsize xmark sub xmark lineto + xmark 2 mul xmark lineto + closepath +} def + +% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - +/LoutMargSet +{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def + LoutMargDict begin + /parity exch def + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /rightx xsize def + /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note + /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note + /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def + end +} def + +%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - +% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner +/LoutMargShift +{ LoutMargDict begin + + % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust + 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop + + % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity + exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq + { + % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + lefty min + + % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /lefty exch def + + % want right edge of note at coordinate zero + xsize neg exch + } + { + % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note + righty min + + % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position + ysize sub dup /righty exch def + + % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx + rightx exch + } ifelse + + % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates + matr setmatrix translate + end +} def + +% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users +/LoutPageSet +{ + /LoutPageDict 5 dict def + LoutPageDict begin + /matr matrix currentmatrix def + /left 0 def + /right xsize def + /foot 0 def + /top ysize def + end + +} def + +%%EndResource + +%%EndProlog + +%%BeginSetup +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman +/Times-Romanfnt82 vec2 /Times-Roman LoutRecode +/fnt82 { /Times-Romanfnt82 LoutFont } def +%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica +/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode +/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def +%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica-Oblique +/Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 vec2 /Helvetica-Oblique LoutRecode +/fnt36 { /Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 LoutFont } def +%%EndSetup + +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +%%PageResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Helvetica +%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique +/pgsave save def +0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth +%%EndPageSetup + +gsave +0 0 translate +400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 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/linewidth currentlinewidth def + /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } +{ false } +] ] def +0 [ 10 lgen 50 lgen 100 lgen 200 lgen 500 lgen ] 0 alldata false false 0 +0 false 0 0.5 ft xset +0 [ false ] 1 alldata false false 0 +0 false 0 0.5 ft yset +norset +rundata axesstyle +grestore +1953 535 0 535 360 480 90 0 -535 LoutGr2 +300 2 trpoint translate 0 ysize translate gsave +grestore +360 fnt83 108 182(Exponential)m +grestore +grestore +1428 533 0 533 360 480 90 0 -533 LoutGr2 +300 3.14159 300 4 div mul sqrt 1 add trpoint translate 0 0 translate gsave +grestore +360 fnt83 108 182(Uniform)m grestore +grestore +end + +grestore +360 fnt83 4189 3901(n)m +grestore + +grestore + +grestore + +grestore + +pgsave restore +showpage + +%%Trailer +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica +%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique +%%+ font Symbol +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp +%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutGraphPrependGraphic +%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup +%%+ encoding vec2 +%%Pages: 42 +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/user/README b/doc/user/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd69ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/README @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Directory lout/doc/user + +This directory contains the Lout source files for the User's Guide +to the Lout Document Formatting System. To produce the Guide, +type the command + + lout all > op + +in this directory. This must be done five times to completely +resolve all cross references, although the PostScript file op is +printable after the first run. Auxiliary files with .li and .ld +suffixes will be created in this directory. + +The first run will produce a large number of error messages, +nearly all beginning with "unresolved cross reference". These +should gradually go away on later runs. The following shows the +error message output on the fifth run for A4 size printing: + +lout file "cpp_tabs" (from "cpp" line 24, from "all" line 38): + 53,23: c2lout: C text ended inside a comment + 55,35: c2lout: C text ended inside a comment + +These two warnings point to two places where a C program text ended +inside a comment, which in these cases was deliberate so is no problem. +If you set the document in Letter size paper, you will also get a +couple of other warning messages pointing to places where Lout had +to slightly scale a display to fit the smaller page. + +Optimal page breaking has been turned off for this document owing to +repeated failure to converge, caused by footnotes and floating figures +close to large unbreakable displays. + +A copy of the final PostScript output file (A4 paper size) is +stored at "ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/jeff/lout/lout.3.17.user.ps.gz". + +Jeffrey H. Kingston +17 September 1999 diff --git a/doc/user/all b/doc/user/all new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b131f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/all @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +@SysInclude { tab } +@SysInclude { tbl } +@SysInclude { eq } +@SysInclude { fig } +@SysInclude { graph } +@SysInclude { pas } +@SysInclude { diag } +@SysInclude { cprint } +@SysInclude { book } +# @Include { letterbook } # for testing Letter size formatting + +@SysDatabase @Reference { loutrefs } + +@Book + @Title { A User's Guide to the + +Lout + +Document Formatting System +} + @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston } + @Edition { Version 3.17 +September, 1999 } + @Publisher { +Copyright @CopyRight 1991, 1999 Jeffrey H. Kingston, +Basser Department of Computer Science, +The University of Sydney 2006, Australia. ISBN 0 86758 951 5. +} + @InitialLanguage { English } + # @OptimizePages { Yes } +// + +@Include { preface } +@Include { bas } +@Include { str } +@Include { typ } +@Include { fmt } +@Include { ref } +@Include { tbl } +@Include { equ } +@Include { bgr } +@Include { dia } +@Include { gra } +@Include { cpp } +@Include { pascal } +@Include { ap_qck } +@Include { ap_byp } diff --git a/doc/user/ap_byp b/doc/user/ap_byp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1c1bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ap_byp @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +@Appendix + @Title { Bypass Symbols } + @Tag { bypass } +@Begin +@PP +The `bypass' symbols described in this appendix are intended to be +used only in Lout which is generated by computer programs. Their +purpose is to bypass the Lout cross reference database, and so reduce +the number of passes needed to finalise a document. These symbols +should not be used by people, because that would only lead back to the +consistency problems that prompted the introduction of cross references +in the first place. +@PP +To produce a bypass table of contents, set the @Code "@MakeContents" +setup file option to @Code "Bypass" and use @Code "@BypassContentsEntry" +symbols at the outermost level just before the introduction or first +chapter: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@BypassContentsEntry" } +@Rowa + A { " indent { 0f }" } + B { the indent, e.g. {@Code "0f"}, {@Code "2f"}, {@Code "4f"} ... } +@Rowa + A { " number {}" } + B { the section (etc.) number e.g. {@Code "5.2"} } +@Rowa + A { " title {}" } + B { the section (etc.) title e.g. @Code "Azaleas" } +@Rowa + A { " pagenum {}" } + B { the page number e.g. @Code "@PageOf azaleas" } +} +For major entries such as chapters, use @Code "@BypassMajorContentsEntry" +with the same options. This increases the vertical spacing and uses +bold font. When @Code "@MakeContents" is {@Code "Bypass"}, no contents +entries will be produced automatically. +@PP +To bypass Lout's automatic numbering of large-scale structure symbols, +use the @Code "@BypassNumber" option: +@ID @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Azaleas }" +" @Tag { azaleas }" +" @BypassNumber { 5.2 }" +"..." +} +Give the full `path number' (5.2, B.3 or whatever) of the symbol. There is +a @Code "@BypassNumber" option for every symbol that has a @Code "@Title" +option and is usually assigned a number automatically by Lout, plus +@Code "@Figure" and {@Code "@Table"}. No changes to the setup file are +required in order to use {@Code "@BypassNumber"}, and it is permitted +for some large-scale structure symbols to have this option and others not. +@PP +To produce a bypass reference list, set the @Code "@MakeReferences" +setup file option to @Code "Bypass" and place reference entries at the +end of the document, after the last chapter or other large-scale structure +symbol but before any bypass index entries (see below), like this: +@ID @Code { +"@BypassReference" +" label { [Kin94a] }" +" value { @RefPrint kingston1995lout.expert }" +} +The two options are objects which become the label and value of the +reference entry. The @Code "value" option can be any object, including +an explicit reference; but @Code "@RefPrint" does not introduce any +cross-referencing delay if the @Code "@Reference" symbols lie in a +separate database file. No sorting or removal of duplicate entries +will be done by Lout. When @Code "@MakeReferences" is {@Code "Bypass"}, +@Code "@Cite" and related symbols are ignored. +@PP +There is also @Code "@BypassChapReference" with the same options for +producing bypass chapter reference lists; these symbols should be +placed at the outer level immediately after the preface, introduction, +chapter or appendix that they refer to. +@PP +To produce bypass indexes, set the @Code "@MakeIndex" setup file +option to {@Code Bypass} and use the @Code "@BypassRawIndex" symbol +repeatedly at the very end of the document, enclosed in +@Code "@BypassBeginIndex" and @Code "@BypassEndIndex" symbols: +@ID @Code { +"@BypassBeginIndex" +"@BypassRawIndex indent { 0f } { Azaleas, @PageOf azaleas }" +"..." +"@BypassEndIndex" +} +The @Code "indent" option gives the indent ({@Code "0f"}, @Code {"1f"}, +@Code {2f}, etc.), and the right parameter is as for @Code "@RawIndex". No +@Code "@PageMark" operations, sorting, merging, or attachment of page +numbers will be done by Lout. When @Code "@MakeIndex" is {@Code Bypass}, +@Code "@Index" and related symbols are ignored. At present, bypass +index symbols work only in books, not with ordinary documents or +technical reports. There are corresponding symbols for creating +bypass indexes A and B. +@End @Appendix diff --git a/doc/user/ap_qck b/doc/user/ap_qck new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92ea7ad --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ap_qck @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +@Appendix + @Title { Lout Quick Reference Guide } +@Begin +10p @Font 1.15fx @Break @OneCol +@Tab @Fmta { @Col 20c @Wide A ! @Col 20c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa A { +@Heading { 1. Running Lout } +@LD @Code { +"lout filename > postscript.ps" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 2. Ordinary documents (simple form) } +@LD @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 3. Ordinary documents (full form) } +@LD @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Document" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageHeaders { Simple }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @ColumnNumber { 1 }" +" @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +"//" +"@Text @Begin" +"..." +"@BeginSections" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@EndSections" +"@End @Text" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 4. Technical reports } +@LD @Code { +"@SysInclude { report }" +"@Report" +" @Title { ... }" +" @Author { ... }" +" @Institution { ... }" +" @DateLine { No }" +" @CoverSheet { Yes }" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageHeaders { Simple }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @ColumnNumber { 1 }" +"//" +"@Abstract ... @End @Abstract" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@Appendix ... @End @Appendix" +} +} + +B { +@Heading { 5. Large-scale structure symbols } +@LL +@LI @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { ... }" +" @RunningTitle { ... }" +" @Tag { ... }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Section" +} +@LI lines @Break { +@Code "@Section / @SubSection / @SubSubSection" +@Code "@Appendix / @SubAppendix / @SubSubAppendix" +@Code "@BeginSubSections" ... @Code "@EndSubSections" if inner. +} +@EndList + +@LP +@Heading { 6. Cross references } +@LD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col @Code B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@Tag { foo }" } + B { "@PageOf foo" } +@Rowa + A { "@PageMark foo" } + B { "@NumberOf foo" } +} + +@LP +@Heading { 7. Font changes } +@LL +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@B { bold font }" } + B { "@I { italic font }" } +@Rowa + A { "@BI { bold-italic font }" } + B { "@R { Roman font }" } +@Rowa + A { "@S { small-caps font}" } + B { "@F { fixed-width font }" } +@Rowa + B { "@II { italic bold or Roman }" } +} +@LI @Code { +"{ family face size } @Font { ... }" +} +@LI @Code { +"Times Helvetica Courier ..." +"Base Slope Bold BoldSlope ..." +"10p 12p +2p -2p 2.0f ..." +} +@EndList + +@LP +@Heading { 8. Paragraph breaking styles } +@LL +@LI @Code { +"{ breakstyle linesep hyphen } @Break { ... }" +} +@LI @Code { +"adjust ragged lines clines ..." +"1.2fx 2vx 0.9vx ..." +"hyphen nohyphen" +} +@EndList + +@LP +@Heading { 9. New paragraph and new page } +@LD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa A { "@PP" } B { Plain paragraph } +@Rowa A { "@LP" } B { Left paragraph } +@Rowa A { "@LLP" } B { New line } +@Rowa A { "@DP" } B { Display paragraph } +@Rowa A { "@NP" } B { New page } +@Rowa A { "@CNP" } B { Conditional new page } +} +} + +} # end first table +@LP +10p @Font 1.15fx @Break @OneCol +@Tab @Fmta { @Col 20c @Wide A ! @Col 20c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa A { +@Heading { 10. Displays and headings } +@LL +@LI @Code { +"@CD @Heading { A centred heading }" +"@ID { An indented display }" +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa A { "@D" } B { "@Display" } +@Rowa A { "@LD" } B { "@LeftDisplay" } +@Rowa A { "@ID" } B { "@IndentedDisplay" } +@Rowa A { "@QD" } B { "@QuotedDisplay" } +@Rowa A { "@CD" } B { "@CentredDisplay" } +@Rowa B { "@CenteredDisplay" } +@Rowa B { "@RightDisplay" } +} +@EndList + +@LP +@Heading { 11. Lists} +@LL +@LI @Code { +"@List" +"@ListItem { A list item }" +"@ListItem { Another list item }" +"@EndList" +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@L" } + B { "@List" } +@Rowa + A { "@LL" } + B { "@LeftList" } +@Rowa + A { "@IL" } + B { "@IndentedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@QL" } + B { "@QuotedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@CL" } + B { "@CentredList" } +@Rowa + B { "@CenteredList" } +@Rowa + A { "@NL" } + B { "@NumberedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@RL" } + B { "@RomanList" } +@Rowa + A { "@UCRL" } + B { "@UCRomanList" } +@Rowa + A { "@AL" } + B { "@AlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { "@UCAL" } + B { "@UCAlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { "@PNL" } + B { "@ParenNumberedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@PRL" } + B { "@ParenRomanList" } +@Rowa + A { "@PUCRL" } + B { "@ParenUCRomanList" } +@Rowa + A { "@PAL" } + B { "@ParenAlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { "@PUCAL" } + B { "@ParenUCAlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { "@BL" } + B { "@BulletList" } +@Rowa + A { "@SL" } + B { "@StarList" } +@Rowa + A { "@DL" } + B { "@DashList" } +} +@LI @Code { +"@TaggedList" +"@TagItem { label } { A list item }" +"@TagItem { label } { Another list item }" +"@EndList" +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@TL" } + B { "@TaggedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@WTL" } + B { "@WideTaggedList" } +@Rowa + A { "@VWTL" } + B { "@VeryWideTaggedList" } +} +@EndList + +@LP +@Heading { 12. Footnotes, endnotes, margin notes } +@LD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@FootNote { ... }" } + B { "@EndNote { ... }" } +@Rowa + A { "@LeftNote { ... }" } + B { "@RightNote { ... }" } +@Rowa + A { "@OuterNote { ... }" } + B { "@InnerNote { ... }" } +} +} + +B { +@Heading { 13. Floating figures and tables } +@LD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col @Code B } +{ +@Rowa + A { +"@Figure" +" @Caption { ... }" +" @Tag { ... }" +"@Begin" +"..." +"@End @Figure" +} + B { +"@Table" +" @Caption { ... }" +" @Tag { ... }" +"@Begin" +"..." +"@End @Table" +} +} + +@LP +@Heading { 14. Tables } +@LD @Code { +"@SysInclude { tbl }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"..." +"@Tbl" +" aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B }" +" marginvertical { 0.5vx }" +"{" +"@Rowa" +" A { ... }" +" B { ... }" +"@Rowa" +" ..." +"}" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 15. Equations } +@LD @Code { +"@SysInclude { eq }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"..." +"@Eq { sum from i=0 to n { r sup i over sqrt pi } }" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 16. Basic graphics } +@LD @Code { +"grey @Colour { ... }" +"gray @Color { ... }" +"@Box { ... }" +"@CurveBox { ... }" +"@ShadowBox { ... }" +"60d @Rotate { ... }" +"0.71 @Scale { ... }" +"@QuotedDisplay @Scale { ... }" +"@IncludeGraphic filename.eps" +} + +@LP +@Heading { 17. Miscellaneous } +@LD lines @Break { +@Code "@Underline { will be underlined }" +@Code "@Date" +@Code "@Time" +@Code "German @Language { ... }" +@Code "\# comment to end of line" +@Code "\"#&/@^{}|~\"" (enclose these characters in quotes) +} +} +} # end second table +@End @Appendix diff --git a/doc/user/bas b/doc/user/bas new file mode 100644 index 0000000..239d35a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { The Basics } + @Tag { basics } +@Begin +@LP +The Lout document formatting system has been designed with the needs of +the ordinary user very much in mind. Although the features of Lout are +virtually endless, and include mathematical equations, diagrams made from +lines and shapes, bibliographic databases, and so on, the system is very +simple to use. +@BeginSections +@Include { bas_star } +@Include { bas_objs } +@Include { bas_spac } +@Include { bas_char } +@Include { bas_empt } +@Include { bas_font } +@Include { bas_head } +@Include { bas_par1 } +@Include { bas_par2 } +@Include { bas_line } +@Include { bas_hyph } +@Include { bas_unde } +@Include { bas_date } +@Include { bas_lang } +@Include { bas_supe } +@Include { bas_verb } +@Include { bas_drop } +@Include { bas_conv } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/bas_char b/doc/user/bas_char new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7efa566 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_char @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +@Section + @Title { Characters } + @Tag { characters } +@Begin +@PP +The usual way to get characters into a document is simply to type them as +characters. @Index characters +we have been doing all along. However, for some characters this is not +possible, either because they have some special meaning, as @Code "{" +and @Code "}" do, or because the keyboard has no button for them. This +section explains how to get every possible character: every printable +character in the ISO-LATIN-1 character set, every character in the Adobe +Systems Symbol font, plus the characters {@Char quotesinglbase}, +{@Char quotedblbase}, {@Char ellipsis}, {@Char OE}, {@Char oe}, +{@Char quotedblleft}, {@Char quotedblright}, {@Char fi}, +{@Char fl}, {@Char endash}, {@Char emdash}, {@Char bullet}, {@Char dagger}, +{@Char daggerdbl}, {@Char florin}, {@Char fraction}, and @Euro. If it +exists at all, you will find it here. ISO-LATIN-2 and Russian characters +are available separately. In principle, there is no limit to the characters +available, but to go beyond those given in this section requires expertise +in defining encoding vectors and fonts @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert}. +@PP +First up we have the characters that you get simply by typing +them. The characters themselves are shown at the left, and what you +type to get them at the right: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @CC A ! @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col @CC B ! @Col @Code B ! + @Col ! @Col @CC C ! @Col @Code C ! @Col ! @Col @CC D ! @Col @Code D ! + @Col ! @Col @CC E ! @Col @Code E ! @Col ! @Col @CC F ! @Col @Code F } +{ +@Rowa A { ! } B { $ } C { % } D { ' } E { ( } F { ) } +@Rowa A { * } B { + } C { , } D { - } E { 0 } F { 1 } +@Rowa A { 2 } B { 3 } C { 4 } D { 5 } E { 6 } F { 7 } +@Rowa A { 8 } B { 9 } C { : } D { ; } E { < } F { = } +@Rowa A { > } B { ? } C { A } D { B } E { C } F { D } +@Rowa A { E } B { F } C { G } D { H } E { I } F { J } +@Rowa A { K } B { L } C { M } D { N } E { O } F { P } +@Rowa A { Q } B { R } C { S } D { T } E { U } F { V } +@Rowa A { W } B { X } C { Y } D { Z } E { [ } F { ] } +@Rowa A { _ } B { ` } C { a } D { b } E { c } F { d } +@Rowa A { e } B { f } C { g } D { h } E { i } F { j } +@Rowa A { k } B { l } C { m } D { n } E { o } F { p } +@Rowa A { q } B { r } C { s } D { t } E { u } F { v } +@Rowa A { w } B { x } C { y } D { z } E { } F { } +} +Next come characters that have buttons but have a special meaning if +they are typed directly, and consequently have to be enclosed in double +quotes to turn off this meaning: +quote.chars @Index { quote characters } +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @CC A ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! + @Col @CC C ! @Col @Code D ! @Col ! + @Col @CC E ! @Col @Code F ! @Col ! + @Col @CC G ! @Col @Code H ! @Col I + } +{ +@Rowa + A { "\"" } B { "\"\\\"\"" } + C { "#" } D { "\"#\"" } + E { "&" } F { "\"&\"" } + G { "/" } H { "\"/\"" } +@Rowa + A { "@" } B { "\"@\"" } + C { "\\" } D { "\"\\\\\"" } + E { "^" } F { "\"^\"" } + G { "{" } H { "\"{\"" } +@Rowa + A { "|" } B { "\"|\"" } + C { "}" } D { "\"}\"" } + E { "~" } F { "\"~\"" } + G { } H { "\" \"" } + I { (space character) } +} +If you think you want {@Code "\""}, you probably really want `` and '', +for which see below. You can place whole sequences of characters, special +or not, inside one pair of double quotes: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col @Code B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "jeff/includes/su_crest.eps" } + B { "\"jeff/includes/su_crest.eps\"" } +@Rowa + A { "\"@PP\"" } + B { "\"\\\"@PP\\\"\"" } +} +Next we have some miscellaneous characters which have been deemed +sufficiently important to deserve their own symbols: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! @Col C ! @Col @Code D ! + @Col ! @Col E ! @Col @Code F } +{ + @Rowa + A { `` } + B { "``" } + C { ,, } + D { ",," } + E { -- } + F { "--" } + @Rowa + A { '' } + B { "''" } + C { ... } + D { "..." } + E { --- } + F { "---" } + @Rowa + A { @Bullet bullet @Index @Code "@Bullet" } + B { "@Bullet" } + C { @Star star @Index @Code "@Star" } + D { "@Star" } + E { @ParSym parsym @Index @Code "@ParSym" } + F { "@ParSym" } + @Rowa + A { @SectSym sectsym @Index @Code "@SectSym" } + B { "@SectSym" } + C { @Dagger dagger @Index @Code "@Dagger" } + D { "@Dagger" } + E { @DaggerDbl daggerdbl @Index @Code "@DaggerDbl" } + F { "@DaggerDbl"} + @Rowa + A { @CDot cdot @Index @Code "@CDot" } + B { "@CDot" } + C { @Sterling sterling @Index @Code "@Sterling" } + D { "@Sterling" } + E { @Yen yen @Index @Code "@Yen" } + F { "@Yen" } + @Rowa + A { @Florin florin @Index @Code "@Florin" } + B { "@Florin" } + C { @Degree degree @Index @Code "@Degree" } + D { "@Degree" } + E { @Minute minute @Index @Code "@Minute" } + F { "@Minute" } + @Rowa + A { @Second second @Index @Code "@Second" } + B { "@Second" } + C { @Lozenge lozenge @Index @Code "@Lozenge" } + D { "@Lozenge" } + E { @Multiply multiply @Index @Code "@Multiply"} + F { "@Multiply" } + @Rowa + A { @Divide divide @Index @Code "@Divide" } + B { "@Divide" } + C { @CopyRight copyright @Index @Code "@CopyRight" } + D { "@CopyRight"} + E { @Register register @Index @Code "@Register" } + F { "@Register" } + @Rowa + A { @TradeMark trademark @Index @Code "@TradeMark" } + B { "@TradeMark"} + C { @Euro euro @Index @Code "@Euro" } + D { "@Euro"} +} +Next we have the complete ISO-LATIN-1 character set, whose members you +iso.latin.1 @Index { ISO-LATIN-1 character set } +char. @Index { @Code "@Char" symbol } +get with the @Code "@Char" symbol followed by the name of the character +you want: +@ID @OneRow -3p @Font @Tab + hmargin { 0.1c } + vmargin { 0.4vo } + @Fmta { @Col @CC @Char A ! @Col @Code { "@Char" A } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char B ! @Col @Code { "@Char" B } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char C ! @Col @Code { "@Char" C } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char D ! @Col @Code { "@Char" D } } + @Fmtb { @Col @CC @Char A ! @Col @Code { "@Char" A } ! @Col ! + @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col } +{ +@Rowa A { space } B { exclam } C { quotedbl } D { numbersign } +@Rowa A { dollar } B { percent } C { ampersand } D { quoteright } +@Rowa A { parenleft } B { parenright } C { asterisk } D { plus } +@Rowa A { comma } B { hyphen } C { period } D { slash } +@Rowa A { zero } B { one } C { two } D { three } +@Rowa A { four } B { five } C { six } D { seven } +@Rowa A { eight } B { nine } C { colon } D { semicolon } +@Rowa A { less } B { equal } C { greater } D { question } +@Rowa A { at } B { A } C { B } D { C } +@Rowa A { D } B { E } C { F } D { G } +@Rowa A { H } B { I } C { J } D { K } +@Rowa A { L } B { M } C { N } D { O } +@Rowa A { P } B { Q } C { R } D { S } +@Rowa A { T } B { U } C { V } D { W } +@Rowa A { X } B { Y } C { Z } D { bracketleft } +@Rowa A { backslash } B { bracketright } C { asciicircum } D { underscore } +@Rowa A { quoteleft } B { a } C { b } D { c } +@Rowa A { d } B { e } C { f } D { g } +@Rowa A { h } B { i } C { j } D { k } +@Rowa A { l } B { m } C { n } D { o } +@Rowa A { p } B { q } C { r } D { s } +@Rowa A { t } B { u } C { v } D { w } +@Rowa A { x } B { y } C { z } D { braceleft } +@Rowa A { bar } B { braceright } C { asciitilde } D { dotlessi } +@Rowa A { grave } B { acute } C { circumflex } D { tilde } +@Rowa A { macron } B { breve } C { dotaccent } D { dieresis } +@Rowa A { ring } B { cedilla } C { hungarumlaut } D { ogonek } +@Rowa A { caron } B { space } C { exclamdown } D { cent } +@Rowa A { sterling } B { currency } C { yen } D { brokenbar } +@Rowa A { section } B { dieresis } C { copyright } D { ordfeminine } +@Rowa A { guillemotleft } B { logicalnot } C { hyphen } D { registered } +@Rowa A { macron } B { degree } C { plusminus } D { twosuperior } +@Rowa A { threesuperior } B { acute } C { mu } D { paragraph } +@Rowa A { periodcentered } B { cedilla } C { onesuperior } D { ordmasculine } +@Rowa A { guillemotright } B { onequarter } C { onehalf } D { threequarters } +@Rowa A { questiondown } B { Agrave } C { Aacute } D { Acircumflex } +@Rowa A { Atilde } B { Adieresis } C { Aring } D { AE } +@Rowa A { Ccedilla } B { Egrave } C { Eacute } D { Ecircumflex } +@Rowa A { Edieresis } B { Igrave } C { Iacute } D { Icircumflex } +@Rowa A { Idieresis } B { Eth } C { Ntilde } D { Ograve } +@Rowa A { Oacute } B { Ocircumflex } C { Otilde } D { Odieresis } +@Rowa A { multiply } B { Oslash } C { Ugrave } D { Uacute } +@Rowa A { Ucircumflex } B { Udieresis } C { Yacute } D { Thorn } +@Rowa A { germandbls } B { agrave } C { aacute } D { acircumflex } +@Rowa A { atilde } B { adieresis } C { aring } D { ae } +@Rowa A { ccedilla } B { egrave } C { eacute } D { ecircumflex } +@Rowa A { edieresis } B { igrave } C { iacute } D { icircumflex } +@Rowa A { idieresis } B { eth } C { ntilde } D { ograve } +@Rowa A { oacute } B { ocircumflex } C { otilde } D { odieresis } +@Rowa A { divide } B { oslash } C { ugrave } D { uacute } +@Rowa A { ucircumflex } B { udieresis } C { yacute } D { thorn } +@Rowb A { ydieresis } +} +Of course, many of these characters can also be typed directly, or with the +aid of double quotes, as we have seen. If your keyboard has accented +accented @Index { accented characters } +characters on it, you can type them directly too; if not, you need to +use the @Code "@Char" symbol, in which case you will probably need +braces as well: +@ID @Code "gar{@Char ccedilla}on" +to distinguish the @Code "@Char" symbol and the character name from +adjacent letters. +@PP +Next we have the Adobe Systems Symbol font, a treasure trove of +symbol. @Index { Symbol font } +sym. @Index { @Code "@Sym" symbol } +exotic characters obtained with the @Code "@Sym" symbol: +@ID @OneRow -3p @Font @Tab + hmargin { 0.1c } + vmargin { 0.4vo } + @Fmta { @Col @CC @Sym A ! @Col @Code { "@Sym" A } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Sym B ! @Col @Code { "@Sym" B } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Sym C ! @Col @Code { "@Sym" C } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Sym D ! @Col @Code { "@Sym" D } } +{ +@Rowa A { space } B { exclam } C { universal } D { numbersign } +@Rowa A { existential } B { percent } C { ampersand } D { suchthat } +@Rowa A { parenleft } B { parenright } C { asteriskmath } D { plus } +@Rowa A { comma } B { minus } C { period } D { slash } +@Rowa A { zero } B { one } C { two } D { three } +@Rowa A { four } B { five } C { six } D { seven } +@Rowa A { eight } B { nine } C { colon } D { semicolon } +@Rowa A { less } B { equal } C { greater } D { question } +@Rowa A { congruent } B { Alpha } C { Beta } D { Chi } +@Rowa A { Delta } B { Epsilon } C { Phi } D { Gamma } +@Rowa A { Eta } B { Iota } C { theta1 } D { Kappa } +@Rowa A { Lambda } B { Mu } C { Nu } D { Omicron } +@Rowa A { Pi } B { Theta } C { Rho } D { Sigma } +@Rowa A { Tau } B { Upsilon } C { sigma1 } D { Omega } +@Rowa A { Xi } B { Psi } C { Zeta } D { bracketleft } +@Rowa A { therefore } B { bracketright } C { perpendicular } D { underscore } +@Rowa A { radicalex } B { alpha } C { beta } D { chi } +@Rowa A { delta } B { epsilon } C { phi } D { gamma } +@Rowa A { eta } B { iota } C { phi1 } D { kappa } +@Rowa A { lambda } B { mu } C { nu } D { omicron } +@Rowa A { pi } B { theta } C { rho } D { sigma } +@Rowa A { tau } B { upsilon } C { omega1 } D { omega } +@Rowa A { xi } B { psi } C { zeta } D { braceleft } +@Rowa A { bar } B { braceright } C { similar } D { Upsilon1 } +@Rowa A { minute } B { lessequal } C { fraction } D { infinity } +@Rowa A { florin } B { club } C { diamond } D { heart } +@Rowa A { spade } B { arrowboth } C { arrowleft } D { arrowup } +@Rowa A { arrowright } B { arrowdown } C { degree } D { plusminus } +@Rowa A { second } B { greaterequal } C { multiply } D { proportional } +@Rowa A { partialdiff } B { bullet } C { divide } D { notequal } +@Rowa A { equivalence } B { approxequal } C { ellipsis } D { arrowvertex } +@Rowa A { arrowhorizex } B { carriagereturn } C { aleph } D { Ifraktur } +@Rowa A { Rfraktur } B { weierstrass } C { circlemultiply } D { circleplus } +@Rowa A { emptyset } B { intersection } C { union } D { propersuperset } +@Rowa A { reflexsuperset } B { notsubset } C {propersubset} D {reflexsubset} +@Rowa A { element } B { notelement } C { angle } D { gradient } +@Rowa A { registerserif } B { copyrightserif } C {trademarkserif} D {product} +@Rowa A { radical } B { dotmath } C { logicalnot } D { logicaland } +@Rowa A { logicalor } B { arrowdblboth } C { arrowdblleft } D { arrowdblup } +@Rowa A { arrowdblright } B { arrowdbldown } C { lozenge } D { angleleft } +@Rowa A { registersans } B { copyrightsans } C {trademarksans} D {summation} +@Rowa A { parenlefttp } B { parenleftex } C { parenleftbt } D {bracketlefttp} + vmargin { 0.5vx } +@Rowa A { bracketleftex } B { bracketleftbt } C {bracelefttp} D {braceleftmid} + vmargin { 0.5vx } +@Rowa A { braceleftbt } B { braceex } C { angleright } D { integral } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +@Rowa A { integraltp } B { integralex } C { integralbt } D { parenrighttp } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +@Rowa A {parenrightex} B {parenrightbt} C {bracketrighttp} D {bracketrightex} + vmargin { 0.5vx } +@Rowa A { bracketrightbt } B {bracerighttp} C {bracerightmid} D {bracerightbt} + vmargin { 0.5vx } +} +There is only one Symbol font; it does not come in bold or italic faces +like the other fonts. Typing @Code "@B @Sym alpha" is therefore useless, +and anyway there is no bold @Sym alpha character in any font distributed +with Lout (except see Section {@NumberOf teq}). +@PP +Finally we have a few more characters that you get with the @Code "@Char" +symbol, although they aren't ISO-LATIN-1 characters. +@ID @OneRow -3p @Font @Tab + hmargin { 0.1c } + vmargin { 0.4vo } + @Fmta { @Col @CC @Char A ! @Col @Code { "@Char" A } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char B ! @Col @Code { "@Char" B } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char C ! @Col @Code { "@Char" C } ! @Col ! + @Col @CC @Char D ! @Col @Code { "@Char" D } } + @Fmtb { @Col @CC @Char A ! @Col @Code { "@Char" A } ! @Col ! + @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col } +{ +@Rowa A { quotesinglbase } B { quotedblbase } C { ellipsis } D { OE } +@Rowa A { oe } B { quotedblleft } C { quotedblright } D { fi } +@Rowa A { fl } B { endash } C { emdash } D { bullet } +@Rowa A { dagger } B { daggerdbl } C { florin } D { fraction } +} +Most of these characters are also in the list of `characters important +enough to deserve their own symbols' given above. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_conv b/doc/user/bas_conv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd971b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_conv @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +@Section + @Title { Alternative conventions for white space } + @Tag { white } +@Begin +@PP +As Section {@NumberOf spaces} explains, when two objects are separated +by one or more white space characters (spaces, tabs, and newlines), this +same amount of white space will separate the two objects in the output. +@PP +Two other conventions for interpreting these white spaces have been +used in other document formatting systems. Roughly, they are: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { troff } + B { Like Lout, except that at every point where a sentence ends at +the end of an input line, add one extra space in the output. } +@Rowa + A { @TeX } + B { Replace all sequences of two or more white spaces by one. Then, +at every point where a sentence ends, whether or not it is at the end +of a line, add one extra space in the output. } +} +Lout offers these two alternative conventions by means of the +initialspace. @Index { @Code "@InitialSpace" option } +@Code "@InitialSpace" option. This is similar to the +@Code "@InitialFont" option described at the end of Section +{@NumberOf fonts}, in that you can set it at the beginning of your +document, like this: +@ID @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Document" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +"//" +"@Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +or you can set it in the setup file. The above example shows the +default value, {@Code lout}, which produces Lout's usual spacing; +lout.space @Index { @Code lout spacing } +troff.space @Index { @Code troff spacing } +tex.space @Index { @Code tex (@LaTeX) spacing } +the alternative values are @Code "troff" and {@Code "tex"}. +@PP +How to tell whether a sentence has ended is a vexed question. For +the @Code "troff" method, Lout looks for a word at the end of a line +ending in one of `.', `:', `?', or `!' optionally followed by either +a right quote character or a right parenthesis. Actually, this depends +on the current language (Section {@NumberOf languages}); the rule just +given is for English, and other languages may differ. +@PP +The @Code "tex" rule for where a sentence ends is slightly more +complicated. Lout looks for a word, not necessarily at the end +of an input line, which ends as described for @Code "troff" but +in addition has a lower-case letter preceding that. +@PP +In all cases you must use a paragraph symbol, such as @Code "@PP" or +{@Code "@LP"}, to separate your paragraphs. The common convention of +other systems, that a blank line marks a paragraph, is never true of Lout. +@PP +Whatever rule is adopted, there are occasional exceptions where you +will have to indicate explicitly whether you want an ordinary space +or a between-sentences space. For this there are two symbols, +@Code "~" (ordinary space) and {@Code "~~"} (between-sentences +space). For example, +@ID @Code "Dr.~Kingston" +will produce an ordinary space between the two words, even with +@Code "tex" which would otherwise consider that spot to be the end +of a sentence. Spaces adjacent to these two symbols have no effect on +the result. Please note however that @Code "~" produces an +unbreakable space (that is, one that will never be replaced by the end of +a line) in contrast to just leaving a space, which is breakable. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_date b/doc/user/bas_date new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16ee433 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_date @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +@Section + @Title { The current date and time } + @Tag { date } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Date" and @Code "@Time" symbols produce the current date +date. @Index @Code "@Date" +time. @Index @Code "@Time" +and time: +@ID @Code "It is now @Time on @Date." +produces something like +@ID { It is now @Time on @Date. } +The result depends on the current language. +@PP +Both symbols have a @Code "@Format" option that changes the format of +the result: +@ID @Code "@Date @Format { @DayNum\"/\"@MonthNum\"/\"@ShortYear }" +The result is the @Code "@Format" option with the symbols replaced by +the appropriate values: +@ID { @Date @Format { @DayNum"/"@MonthNum"/"@ShortYear } } +The @Code "/" characters have been enclosed in double quotes for the +usual reason (Section {@NumberOf characters}). +@PP +Here is the full list of symbols that you can use within both +@Code "@Format" options: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@Year" } + B { The year, e.g. @Code "1994" } +@Rowa + A { "@ShortYear" } + B { The last two digits of the year, e.g. @Code "94" } +@Rowa + A { "@Month" } + B { The month, e.g. @Code "December" } +@Rowa + A { "@ShortMonth" } + B { The month abbreviated, e.g. @Code "Dec" } +@Rowa + A { "@MonthNum" } + B { The number of the month, between @Code "1" and @Code "12" } +@Rowa + A { "@Day" } + B { The day of the week, e.g. @Code "Saturday" } +@Rowa + A { "@ShortDay" } + B { The day abbreviated, e.g. @Code "Sat" } +@Rowa + A { "@DayNum" } + B { The day of the month, between @Code "1" and @Code "31" } +@Rowa + A { "@MeriDiem" } + B { @Code "a.m." or @Code "p.m." } +@Rowa + A { "@ShortMeriDiem" } + B { @Code "am" or @Code "pm" } +@Rowa + A { "@Hour" } + B { The hour, between @Code "00" and @Code "23" } +@Rowa + A { "@ShortHour" } + B { The hour, between @Code "0" and @Code "23" } +@Rowa + A { "@TwelveHour" } + B { The hour, between @Code "1" and @Code "12" } +@Rowa + A { "@Minute" } + B { The minute, between @Code "00" and @Code "59" } +@Rowa + A { "@Second" } + B { The second, almost always between @Code "00" and @Code "59" } +} +The default format for @Code "@Date" in English is +@ID @Code "@Date @Format { @DayNum @Month, @Year }" +and the default format for @Code "@Time" in English is +@ID @Code "@Time @Format { @TwelveHour.@Minute @MeriDiem }" +Both default formats depend on the current language, and +so do {@Code "@Month"}, {@Code "@ShortMonth"}, +{@Code "@Day"}, and {@Code "@ShortDay"},{@Code "@MeriDiem" } +and {@Code "@ShortMeriDiem" }. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_drop b/doc/user/bas_drop new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0978123 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_drop @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +@Section + @Title { Drop capitals } + @Tag { dropcaps } +@Begin +@PP +There are two symbols for producing drop capitals, {@Code "@DropCapTwo"} +drop.cap.two.sym @Index @Code "@DropCapTwo" +drop.cap.three.sym @Index @Code "@DropCapThree" +and {@Code "@DropCapThree"}. Place the capital to be dropped just +before the symbol, and the rest of the paragraph after it: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"I @DropCapTwo {" +"t is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man" +"in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." +"}" +} +produces the object +@ID 3i @Wide { +I @DropCapTwo { +t is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. +} +} +@Code "@DropCapThree" is the same except that the capital is larger +and spreads over three lines. +@PP +Because Lout occasionally gets the height of the enlarged capital +slightly wrong, there is a @Code "height" option which allows you +to change the height if you need to: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"H @DropCapTwo height { 1.5v }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +This shows the default value for the height of the capital in +{@Code "@DropCapTwo"}: 1.5 times the current inter-line +spacing. The default height in @Code "@DropCapThree" is {@Code "2.5v"}. +@PP +These symbols produce an object which may appear anywhere in the +usual way. A paragraph symbol will be needed after the paragraph. The +paragraph breaking style of the body of the paragraph will be +{@Code "adjust nohyphen"}; this cannot be changed at present. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_empt b/doc/user/bas_empt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9f615d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_empt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +@Section + @Title { The empty object } + @Tag { empty } +@Begin +@PP +It is possible to produce examples in which an object is clearly +empty. @Index { empty object } +missing: +@ID @Code "{ @I }" +The @Code "@I" symbol is supposed to italicize the following object, +but in this example there isn't one. A more plausible example is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PP" +"@PP" +} +There are supposed to be paragraph objects between paragraph symbols, +but here there aren't. +@PP +Wherever an object is clearly missing, Lout inserts an @I { empty object }, +which is a rectangle of size zero by zero that prints as nothing. Here +are two other ways to get an empty object: +@ID @Code "{} \"\"" +Braces always enclose an object, so Lout is obliged to insert an empty +object between them; the two double quotes make a word with no characters +in it, which is taken to be an empty object. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_font b/doc/user/bas_font new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65d711e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_font @@ -0,0 +1,629 @@ +@Section + @Title { Fonts and font sizes } + @Tag { fonts } +@Begin +@PP +A @I font is a collection of characters that may be printed. For +font. @Index { font } +example, here is the Times Roman font: +@ID @OneRow { Times Base } @Font 0.05c @Space { +{ @Char space } +{ @Char exclam } +{ @Char quotedbl } +{ @Char numbersign } +{ @Char dollar } +{ @Char percent } +{ @Char ampersand } +{ @Char quoteright } +{ @Char parenleft } +{ @Char parenright } +{ @Char asterisk } +{ @Char plus } +{ @Char comma } +{ @Char hyphen } +{ @Char period } +{ @Char slash } +{ @Char zero } +{ @Char one } +{ @Char two } +{ @Char three } +{ @Char four } +{ @Char five } +{ @Char six } +{ @Char seven } +{ @Char eight } +{ @Char nine } +{ @Char colon } +{ @Char semicolon } +{ @Char less } +{ @Char equal } +{ @Char greater } +{ @Char question } +{ @Char at } +{ @Char bracketleft } +{ @Char backslash } +{ @Char bracketright } +{ @Char asciicircum } +{ @Char underscore } +{ @Char quoteleft } +//1vx +{ @Char A } +{ @Char B } +{ @Char C } +{ @Char D } +{ @Char E } +{ @Char F } +{ @Char G } +{ @Char H } +{ @Char I } +{ @Char J } +{ @Char K } +{ @Char L } +{ @Char M } +{ @Char N } +{ @Char O } +{ @Char P } +{ @Char Q } +{ @Char R } +{ @Char S } +{ @Char T } +{ @Char U } +{ @Char V } +{ @Char W } +{ @Char X } +{ @Char Y } +{ @Char Z } +//1vx +{ @Char a } +{ @Char b } +{ @Char c } +{ @Char d } +{ @Char e } +{ @Char f } +{ @Char g } +{ @Char h } +{ @Char i } +{ @Char j } +{ @Char k } +{ @Char l } +{ @Char m } +{ @Char n } +{ @Char o } +{ @Char p } +{ @Char q } +{ @Char r } +{ @Char s } +{ @Char t } +{ @Char u } +{ @Char v } +{ @Char w } +{ @Char x } +{ @Char y } +{ @Char z } +//1vx +{ @Char braceleft } +{ @Char bar } +{ @Char braceright } +{ @Char asciitilde } +{ @Char dotlessi } +{ @Char grave } +{ @Char acute } +{ @Char circumflex } +{ @Char tilde } +{ @Char macron } +{ @Char breve } +{ @Char dotaccent } +{ @Char dieresis } +{ @Char ring } +{ @Char cedilla } +{ @Char hungarumlaut } +{ @Char ogonek } +{ @Char caron } +{ @Char space } +{ @Char exclamdown } +{ @Char cent } +{ @Char sterling } +{ @Char currency } +{ @Char yen } +{ @Char brokenbar } +{ @Char section } +{ @Char dieresis } +{ @Char copyright } +{ @Char ordfeminine } +{ @Char guillemotleft } +{ @Char logicalnot } +{ @Char hyphen } +{ @Char registered } +{ @Char macron } +{ @Char degree } +{ @Char plusminus } +{ @Char twosuperior } +{ @Char threesuperior } +{ @Char acute } +{ @Char mu } +{ @Char paragraph } +{ @Char periodcentered } +{ @Char cedilla } +{ @Char onesuperior } +{ @Char ordmasculine } +{ @Char guillemotright } +{ @Char onequarter } +{ @Char onehalf } +{ @Char threequarters } +{ @Char questiondown } +//1vx +{ @Char Agrave } +{ @Char Aacute } +{ @Char Acircumflex } +{ @Char Atilde } +{ @Char Adieresis } +{ @Char Aring } +{ @Char AE } +{ @Char Ccedilla } +{ @Char Egrave } +{ @Char Eacute } +{ @Char Ecircumflex } +{ @Char Edieresis } +{ @Char Igrave } +{ @Char Iacute } +{ @Char Icircumflex } +{ @Char Idieresis } +{ @Char Eth } +{ @Char Ntilde } +{ @Char Ograve } +{ @Char Oacute } +{ @Char Ocircumflex } +{ @Char Otilde } +{ @Char Odieresis } +{ @Char multiply } +{ @Char Oslash } +{ @Char Ugrave } +{ @Char Uacute } +{ @Char Ucircumflex } +{ @Char Udieresis } +{ @Char Yacute } +{ @Char Thorn } +//1vx +{ @Char germandbls } +{ @Char agrave } +{ @Char aacute } +{ @Char acircumflex } +{ @Char atilde } +{ @Char adieresis } +{ @Char aring } +{ @Char ae } +{ @Char ccedilla } +{ @Char egrave } +{ @Char eacute } +{ @Char ecircumflex } +{ @Char edieresis } +{ @Char igrave } +{ @Char iacute } +{ @Char icircumflex } +{ @Char idieresis } +{ @Char eth } +{ @Char ntilde } +{ @Char ograve } +{ @Char oacute } +{ @Char ocircumflex } +{ @Char otilde } +{ @Char odieresis } +{ @Char divide } +{ @Char oslash } +{ @Char ugrave } +{ @Char uacute } +{ @Char ucircumflex } +{ @Char udieresis } +{ @Char yacute } +{ @Char thorn } +{ @Char ydieresis } +} +and here is the Times Italic font: +@ID @OneRow { Times Slope } @Font 0.05c @Space { +{ @Char space } +{ @Char exclam } +{ @Char quotedbl } +{ @Char numbersign } +{ @Char dollar } +{ @Char percent } +{ @Char ampersand } +{ @Char quoteright } +{ @Char parenleft } +{ @Char parenright } +{ @Char asterisk } +{ @Char plus } +{ @Char comma } +{ @Char hyphen } +{ @Char period } +{ @Char slash } +{ @Char zero } +{ @Char one } +{ @Char two } +{ @Char three } +{ @Char four } +{ @Char five } +{ @Char six } +{ @Char seven } +{ @Char eight } +{ @Char nine } +{ @Char colon } +{ @Char semicolon } +{ @Char less } +{ @Char equal } +{ @Char greater } +{ @Char question } +{ @Char at } +{ @Char bracketleft } +{ @Char backslash } +{ @Char bracketright } +{ @Char asciicircum } +{ @Char underscore } +{ @Char quoteleft } +//1vx +{ @Char A } +{ @Char B } +{ @Char C } +{ @Char D } +{ @Char E } +{ @Char F } +{ @Char G } +{ @Char H } +{ @Char I } +{ @Char J } +{ @Char K } +{ @Char L } +{ @Char M } +{ @Char N } +{ @Char O } +{ @Char P } +{ @Char Q } +{ @Char R } +{ @Char S } +{ @Char T } +{ @Char U } +{ @Char V } +{ @Char W } +{ @Char X } +{ @Char Y } +{ @Char Z } +//1vx +{ @Char a } +{ @Char b } +{ @Char c } +{ @Char d } +{ @Char e } +{ @Char f } +{ @Char g } +{ @Char h } +{ @Char i } +{ @Char j } +{ @Char k } +{ @Char l } +{ @Char m } +{ @Char n } +{ @Char o } +{ @Char p } +{ @Char q } +{ @Char r } +{ @Char s } +{ @Char t } +{ @Char u } +{ @Char v } +{ @Char w } +{ @Char x } +{ @Char y } +{ @Char z } +//1vx +{ @Char braceleft } +{ @Char bar } +{ @Char braceright } +{ @Char asciitilde } +{ @Char dotlessi } +{ @Char grave } +{ @Char acute } +{ @Char circumflex } +{ @Char tilde } +{ @Char macron } +{ @Char breve } +{ @Char dotaccent } +{ @Char dieresis } +{ @Char ring } +{ @Char cedilla } +{ @Char hungarumlaut } +{ @Char ogonek } +{ @Char caron } +{ @Char space } +{ @Char exclamdown } +{ @Char cent } +{ @Char sterling } +{ @Char currency } +{ @Char yen } +{ @Char brokenbar } +{ @Char section } +{ @Char dieresis } +{ @Char copyright } +{ @Char ordfeminine } +{ @Char guillemotleft } +{ @Char logicalnot } +{ @Char hyphen } +{ @Char registered } +{ @Char macron } +{ @Char degree } +{ @Char plusminus } +{ @Char twosuperior } +{ @Char threesuperior } +{ @Char acute } +{ @Char mu } +{ @Char paragraph } +{ @Char periodcentered } +{ @Char cedilla } +{ @Char onesuperior } +{ @Char ordmasculine } +{ @Char guillemotright } +{ @Char onequarter } +{ @Char onehalf } +{ @Char threequarters } +{ @Char questiondown } +//1vx +{ @Char Agrave } +{ @Char Aacute } +{ @Char Acircumflex } +{ @Char Atilde } +{ @Char Adieresis } +{ @Char Aring } +{ @Char AE } +{ @Char Ccedilla } +{ @Char Egrave } +{ @Char Eacute } +{ @Char Ecircumflex } +{ @Char Edieresis } +{ @Char Igrave } +{ @Char Iacute } +{ @Char Icircumflex } +{ @Char Idieresis } +{ @Char Eth } +{ @Char Ntilde } +{ @Char Ograve } +{ @Char Oacute } +{ @Char Ocircumflex } +{ @Char Otilde } +{ @Char Odieresis } +{ @Char multiply } +{ @Char Oslash } +{ @Char Ugrave } +{ @Char Uacute } +{ @Char Ucircumflex } +{ @Char Udieresis } +{ @Char Yacute } +{ @Char Thorn } +//1vx +{ @Char germandbls } +{ @Char agrave } +{ @Char aacute } +{ @Char acircumflex } +{ @Char atilde } +{ @Char adieresis } +{ @Char aring } +{ @Char ae } +{ @Char ccedilla } +{ @Char egrave } +{ @Char eacute } +{ @Char ecircumflex } +{ @Char edieresis } +{ @Char igrave } +{ @Char iacute } +{ @Char icircumflex } +{ @Char idieresis } +{ @Char eth } +{ @Char ntilde } +{ @Char ograve } +{ @Char oacute } +{ @Char ocircumflex } +{ @Char otilde } +{ @Char odieresis } +{ @Char divide } +{ @Char oslash } +{ @Char ugrave } +{ @Char uacute } +{ @Char ucircumflex } +{ @Char udieresis } +{ @Char yacute } +{ @Char thorn } +{ @Char ydieresis } +} +As their names imply, these two fonts belong to the @I { Times family }, +a collection of fonts designed to go well together. Every font has a +@I { family name }, such as Times, Helvetica, or Courier, and a +family.name @Index { family name of font } +face.name @Index { face name of font } +@I { face name }, such as Roman or Italic. To find out how to +get the unusual characters, see Section {@NumberOf characters}. +@PP +Documents look best when they use just one font family, so the most +common need is to change to a different face within the current +family. We have already seen {@Code "@I"}, which changes to the Italic +face of the current family; there are six such symbols: +b. @Index @Code "@B" +i. @Index @Code "@I" +bi. @Index @Code "@BI" +ii. @Index @Code "@II" +s. @Index @Code "@S" +r. @Index @Code "@R" +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@B { Hello World }" } + B { @B { Hello World } } +@Rowa + A { "@I { Hello World }" } + B { @I { Hello World } } +@Rowa + A { "@BI { Hello World }" } + B { @BI { Hello World } } +@Rowa + A { "@II { Hello World }" } + B { @II { Hello World } } +@Rowa + A { "@S { Hello World }" } + B { @S { Hello World } } +@Rowa + A { "@R { Hello World }" } + B { @R { Hello World } } +} +The symbols' names stand for Bold, Italic, Bold-Italic, Italic-Italic +(see below), Small capitals, and Roman. It is conventional to use Bold +for headings; Italic for emphasis, terms being defined, and subsidiary +headings; and Roman for the rest. Small capitals are not really a +different font; they are +small.caps @Index { small capitals } +made on demand from the current font. So you can write, for example, +@ID @Code "@I @S { Hello World }" +and get @I @S { Hello World }. +@PP +The @Code "@R" symbol is almost unnecessary, since the document as a +whole is set in a Roman face; but it is occasionally useful: +@ID @Code "@I { An Italic sentence with one @R Roman word }" +produces +@ID @I { An Italic sentence with one @R Roman word } +This illustrates the general principle that the effect of a font symbol +on the following object is subject to font symbols within that object. +@PP +When part of a title is to be set in italic font, neither @Code "@I" +nor @Code "@BI" is suitable because the part should appear in bold +italics in the title itself, but in ordinary italics in running headers +and the table of contents. The @Code "@II" symbol is the one for this +situation: it produces bold italics when the current font is bold, +and ordinary italics otherwise. +@PP +Changing families is a little more complicated. Here is the complete +list of font families and their faces available with Basser Lout Version 3: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col { ragged nohyphen } @Break @Code B } +{ +@Rowa + A { AvantGarde } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldObl Book BookOblique +CondBold CondBook CondDemi CondMedium Demi DemiOblique +ExtraLight ExtraLightObl Medium MediumObl } +@Rowa + A { Bookman } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldItalic Demi DemiItalic +Light LightItalic Medium MediumItalic } +@Rowa + A { Chancery } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope +Roman Bold Italic Light Demi LightItalic MediumItalic +} +@Rowa + A { Courier } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldOblique Oblique } +@Rowa + A { Helvetica } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope Black BlackOblique +BoldOblique Compressed Cond CondBlack CondBlackObl +CondBold CondBoldObl CondLight CondLightObl +CondOblique ExtraCompressed +Light LightOblique Narrow NarrowBold NarrowBoldObl +NarrowObl Oblique UltraCompressed } +@Rowa + A { Schoolbook } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldItalic Italic Roman } +@Rowa + A { Palatino } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldItalic +BoldItalicOsF BoldOsF Italic ItalicOsF Roman SC } +@Rowa + A { Symbol } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope } +@Rowa + A { Times } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope BoldItalic +BoldItalicOsF BoldSC ExtraBold Italic ItalicOsF +Roman RomanSC Semibold SemiboldItalic } +@Rowa + A { Dingbats } + B { Base Slope Bold BoldSlope } +} +Lout understands all these fonts, but your printing device may not. Times, +Helvetica, Courier, and Symbol at least seem to be ubiquitous, although +not in every face. These fonts work only with languages that use the +Latin1 character set; consult Section {@NumberOf languages} for more +information about this. It is not difficult for a Lout expert to extend this +list @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }. +@PP +It is a convention in Lout that every font family should at least +base. @Index { @Code Base font } +slope. @Index { @Code Slope font } +bold. @Index { @Code Bold font } +boldslope. @Index { @Code BoldSlope font } +contain faces called @Code { Base }, @Code { Slope }, @Code { Bold }, +and @Code { BoldSlope }, and these faces are what the @Code { "@R" }, +@Code { "@I" }, @Code { "@B" }, and @Code { "@BI" } symbols give you. But +this convention is something of a fiction for two reasons. First, +some font families don't have faces that could reasonably be described as +bold or whatever. In particular, the @Code Symbol family contains just +one face, and all four conventional face names produce that face. Second, +the four conventional face names are not names that typographers actually +use, @Code { Bold } excepted. @Code { Slope } produces an italic face +in some families and an oblique one in others. As the table shows, the +true names are available if you want to use them, but it is very convenient +to have a @Code { Slope } face that is guaranteed to exist no matter which +family is used. +@PP +The @Code "@Font" symbol changes the font of the following object. For +font.sym @Index @Code "@Font" +example, +@ID @Code "{ Helvetica Slope } @Font { Hello World }" +produces +@ID { Helvetica Slope } @Font { Hello World } +When changing to a different family, a face name must follow the family +name; but when changing face within a family, just the face name is +sufficient. +@PP +To make the characters larger or smaller, you need to change the +font.size @Index { font size } +@I { font size }, which can also be done with the @Code "@Font" +symbol. Font sizes are traditionally measured in {@I points}: there +are 72 points to one inch, and the most common font sizes are 12 point +and 10 point. However, as Section {@NumberOf objects} explains in +detail, any length including fractional lengths is acceptable: +@ID @Code "24p @Font { Hello World }" +changes to 24 point size, producing +@ID 24p @Font { Hello World } +It is also possible to specify a font size relative to the current +size: @Code "+2p" means two points larger, @Code "-2p" means two +points smaller, and @Code "1.5f" means 1.5 times the current font +size. +@PP +For the convenience of people who use fixed width fonts such as +Courier, there is an @Code "@F" symbol which switches to a +fixed width font family: +@ID @Code "@F { Hello world }" +produces +@ID @F { Hello world } +It is the same as writing @Code "{ Courier Base -1p } @Font ..." +with the @Code "-1p" included to compensate for the relatively +large appearance of the Courier font. +@PP +The document as a whole will be set in @Code { Times Base 12p }. To +change this you need to change the @Code "@InitialFont" option, for +initialfont. @Index @Code "@InitialFont" +example to +@ID @Code "@InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }" +to get Helvetica 10 point. You must give all three parts in +{@Code "@InitialFont"}: family, face, size. If you are using your own +setup file, as explained in Section {@NumberOf setup}, you can find the +@Code "@InitialFont" option there. If not, you can set it at the +beginning of your document as explained in Section {@NumberOf ordinary}. +@PP +There are two features that make fonts look better on the +page. @I Ligatures are pairs of letters run together; the most +ligatures. @Index { ligatures } +common ligatures are `fi' and `fl.' @I Kerning is moving adjacent +kerning. @Index { kerning } +letters closer together, for example in `VA.' Lout considers +ligatures and kerning to be integral parts of each font; you can prevent +them from happening only by enclosing one of the letters in a +@Code "@OneCol" symbol, as in {@Code "@OneCol { V }A" }. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_head b/doc/user/bas_head new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4410c08 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_head @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +@Section + @Title { Headings } + @Tag { headings } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Heading" symbol makes the following object into a +heading. @Index @Code "@Heading" +heading. Actually, all it does is change the font, so if you want a +centred heading you have to display it as well: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Display @Heading { A Centred Heading }" +"Following text" +} +If you want a left-justified heading, use @Code "@LeftDisplay" instead +of @Code {"@Display"}. Alternatively, you can use no display symbol at +all, but then you will need paragraph symbols before and after: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@DP" +"@Heading { A Left-Justified Heading }" +"@PP" +"Following text" +} +The font used is @Code Bold in the current family, although you can +change this by changing the @Code "@HeadingFont" option in the setup +headingfont. @Index @Code "@HeadingFont" +file (Section {@NumberOf setup}). +@PP +The @Code "@Heading" symbol may be used with any type of document, but it +is really intended only for simple ones. In complex documents, large-scale +structure symbols (Section {@NumberOf largescale}) are usually more +appropriate. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_hyph b/doc/user/bas_hyph new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6997f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_hyph @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +@Section + @Title { Hyphenation } + @Tag { hyph } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Break" symbol also controls hyphenation: @Code "hyphen" +hyphenation. @Index hyphenation +@Code "@Break" turns it on, @Code "nohyphen" @Code "@Break" turns it +off. For example, ragged breaking is often done without hyphenation: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay { ragged nohyphen } @Break {" +"This little paragraph will appear with" +"ragged ends to its lines." +"}" +} +Lout's method of choosing hyphenation points is copied from the @TeX +tex.hyph @SubIndex { hyphenation } +system, except that Lout will never place a hyphen within a sequence +of characters that form a ligature (fl and +ligatures.hyph @SubIndex { and hyphenation } +fi are the most common ligatures). +@PP +Hyphenation usually works well by itself; you should never need to +interfere with its ideas of what to do. However, if you do want +to tell Lout where you think a hyphen could be inserted, you can +use the @Code "&-" symbol: +@IndentedDisplay @Code { +"after&-math" +} +If @Code "&-" occurs directly after a hyphen character, hyphenation +will be permitted but no extra hyphen will be inserted. To prevent +hyphenation of a word, enclose the word in a @Code "@OneCol" symbol. +@PP +To turn hyphenation off throughout the document, you need to set the +@Code "@InitialBreak" option to {@Code "nohyphen"}, as described at the +end of Section {@NumberOf linespace}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_lang b/doc/user/bas_lang new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b32a94 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_lang @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +@Section + @Title { Languages other than English } + @Tag { languages } +@Begin +@PP +When part of a document is written in a language other than English, +languages. @Index { languages other than English } +Lout should be informed of this using the @Code "@Language" symbol: +language. @Index @Code "@Language" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"... the garter, he said: French @Language { `Honi soit qui mal y" +"pense' }, and this saying ..." +} +Changing language is quite analogous to changing font using the +@Code "@Font" symbol. +@PP +Since accented characters (Section {@NumberOf characters}) are always +available irrespective of the language, at first sight it might seem +that there is no need to bother informing Lout what language you are +writing in. However, words are hyphenated differently depending on the +hyphenation.languages @SubIndex { in languages other than English } +language, and some symbols have different results in different +languages. For example, +@ID @Code "Danish @Language @Date" +produces +@ID { Danish @Language @Date } +date.languages @SubIndex { in languages other than English } +time.languages @SubIndex { in languages other than English } +lists.languages @SubIndex { in languages other than English } +and the alphabetic list symbols of Section {@NumberOf lists} also +vary with the current language. So it's worth doing for the sake of +knowing that non-English parts will appear as they should. +@PP +At the time of writing, the following languages were available: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +Czech Cesky Cestina +Danish Dansk +Dutch Nederlands +English +EnglishUK +Finnish Suomi +French Francais Fran{@Char ccedilla}ais +German Deutsch +Hungarian Magyar +Italian Italiano +Norwegian Norsk +Polish Polski +Russian +Slovenian Slovenia Slovenija +Spanish Espa{@Char ntilde}ol +Swedish Svenska +} +As shown, most languages have alternative names, all equally acceptable +to the @Code "@Language" symbol. @Code "EnglishUK" differs from +@Code "English" only by applying hyphenation rules said to be more +appropriate for British English. Hungarian does not yet allow +hyphenation. +@PP +If your entire document is in a language other than English, you need +to change the @Code "@InitialLanguage" option: +initiallanguage. @Index @Code "@InitialLanguage" +@ID @Code "@InitialLanguage { Deutsch }" +If you are using your own setup file (Section {@NumberOf setup}), you +can change it there. If not, you can change it at the start of your +document, as explained in Section {@NumberOf ordinary}. +@PP +Czech, Polish, and Slovenian use the ISO-LATIN-2 character set, and +users of these languages have to place +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { latin2 }" +at the very start of their documents in order to get access to the +ISO-LATIN-2 versions of the fonts. These have family names such as +TimesCE, CourierCE, HelveticaCE, and so on, to distinguish them +from the same fonts encoded in ISO-LATIN-1. The face names are +unchanged. Consult file @Code "latin2.fd" in the standard include +directory for a complete list of these fonts. +@PP +Russian uses Cyrillic characters. In principle, users of Russian +have to place +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { russian }" +at the very start of their documents in order to get access to +Cyrillic fonts. However no such fonts are distributed +with the current version of Lout, so this line does nothing at +present. Other left-to-right languages are easily added, so +consult the author if your language is not listed. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_line b/doc/user/bas_line new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3210cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_line @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +@Section + @Title { Line spacing } + @Tag { linespace } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Break" symbol also controls the amount of space placed +line.spacing @Index { line spacing } +between the lines of paragraphs. This distance is best given using the +@Code "v" unit of measurement: @Code "1v" is the current line +separation (see Section {@NumberOf objects} for a description of +lengths in general). For example, +@ID @Code "2vx @Break ..." +produces double spacing in the paragraphs of the following object, and +double.spacing @Index { double spacing } +@ID @Code "0.9vx @Break ..." +produces cramped spacing, which can be useful in large tables that don't +quite fit on one page. The @Code "x" following the @Code "v" is required, +but its meaning is beyond our scope @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }. +@PP +To set the entire document in a different line spacing from the +initialbreak @Index @Code "@InitialBreak" +default, you need to change the @Code "@InitialBreak" option. If you +are using your own setup file (Section {@NumberOf setup}), +change it there. If not, you can change it at the beginning of your +document, as described in Section {@NumberOf ordinary}. +@PP +The default value of the @Code "@InitialBreak" option produces the +@Code "adjust" paragraph breaking style with a line spacing of 1.20 +times the current (that is, the initial) font size, and hyphenation +on: +@ID @Code "@InitialBreak { adjust 1.20fx hyphen }" +To get double spacing, change it to +@ID @Code "@InitialBreak { adjust 2.40fx hyphen }" +To get ragged paragraphs with hyphenation off, change it to +@ID @Code "@InitialBreak { ragged 1.20fx nohyphen }" +and so on. It is a good idea to define the initial line spacing using +the @Code "f" unit, since then if you change the initial font size the +line spacing will change with it. However, any length (Section +{@NumberOf objects}) with an @Code "x" appended will do: @Code "14px" +for 14 point, @Code "0.5cx" for 0.5 centimetres, etc. Don't use the +@Code "v" unit though, because it refers to some @I previous line +spacing, whereas here we are defining the line spacing for the first time. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_objs b/doc/user/bas_objs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6a2f78 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_objs @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +@Section + @Title { Objects, symbols, options, and lengths } + @Tag { objects } +@Begin +@PP +Lout is not concerned with the exact shapes of individual characters, +only with the rectangular areas they occupy: +@ID { +@Box margin { 0c } B & +@Box margin { 0c } i & +@Box margin { 0c } o & +@Box margin { 0c } l & +@Box margin { 0c } o & +@Box margin { 0c } g & +@Box margin { 0c } y +} +When letters join together into a word, the result is a larger rectangle +enclosing them all: +@ID @Box margin { 0c } Biology +When words join into lines we get even larger rectangles: +@ID @Box margin { 0c } { Biology is the study of living things. } +and so on up through paragraphs and columns to the largest rectangles, +which are pages. We call any such rectangle, whether made up of one +character, one word, one line, one paragraph, one page, or anything +object. @Index { object } +else, an @I { object }. +@PP +We also often say, for example, `the object +{@Code "@I { Hello world }"},' referring to a piece of Lout's input as +an object. This makes sense because we are anticipating the result +produced, in this case the object @I { Hello world }. It's true that if +a line break happens to fall between @I Hello and @I { world }, the +result of @Code "@I { Hello world }" is not a single rectangle. We +answer this by thinking of objects as existing before paragraph breaking +rearranges them. +@PP +Not everything is an object, however. @Code "@I" alone is not an object, +merely a symbol with the potential of producing an object when given an +object to work on. To understand this, ask yourself what rectangle +@Code "@I" alone could possibly represent: there is no such rectangle. +@PP +It helps to imagine the assembly of objects taking place before your +eyes. Look at @Code Hello and imagine the objects H, e, l, l, o being +assembled into the larger object Hello; look at @Code "Hello world" +and imagine Hello and world being assembled into Hello world. When +looking at +@ID @Code "@I { Hello world }" +you need to imagine the @Code "@I" symbol consuming the following object, +Hello world, and replacing it with the object @I { Hello world }. Here +is another example: +@ID @Code "@CurveBox { Hello world }" +The @Code "@CurveBox" symbol (Section {@NumberOf boxes}) consumes +Hello world and replaces it with the object +@ID @CurveBox { Hello world } +This brings us to a basic principle of Lout: @I { Where you can put +one object, you can put any object }. A few examples will show the +vast range of possibilities opened up by this: +@ID @Code "@CurveBox { @I Hello world }" +produces +@ID @CurveBox { @I Hello world } +It doesn't bother @Code "@CurveBox" if one of the words inside +it is in italics. Next: +@ID @Code "@I @CurveBox { Hello world }" +produces +@ID @I @CurveBox { Hello world } +The object following @Code "@I" cannot be just @Code {"@CurveBox"}, +since that is not an object by itself (it needs to be applied to some +object first). So the object following @Code "@I" is +@Code {"@CurveBox { Hello world }"}, and it is this that is consumed by +@Code "@I" and modified. The @Code "@I" symbol is happy to hunt +through the object looking for words to italicize. We could go on +indefinitely in this way, producing +@ID @CurveBox { @CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world } +for example by {@Code "@CurveBox { @CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world }"}. +@PP +Symbols like @Code "@CurveBox" often have @I { options }, which are +option. @Index { option } +subsidiary symbols that modify the result. For example, @Code "@CurveBox" +has @Code "margin" and @Code "paint" options: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CurveBox" +" margin { 0.5c }" +" paint { lightgrey }" +"{ Hello world }" +} +Options come immediately after the main symbol, before any following +object. Each consists of the option name followed by the value we want +the option to have, always enclosed in braces. Setting out options on +separate lines as we have done above makes them easy to see but is not +compulsory (end of line and space are the same to Lout). The result, +naturally enough, is a curved box with a 0.5 centimetre margin around +its contents, painted light grey: +@ID @CurveBox + margin { 0.5c } + paint { lightgrey } +{ Hello world } +Options are optional: if you leave out an option, Lout supplies a +sensible @I default value for it. Options may be given in any +order. They are a very useful way of adding flexibility to symbols +without cluttering things up when they aren't needed. They also help +with learning: you can learn the basic symbol first and worry about +the options later. +@PP +Whenever a length is required, as in the @Code margin option above, it +length. @Index { length } +centimetres. @Index { centimetres } +inches. @Index { inches } +point.unit @Index { point (unit of measurement) } +em.unit @Index { em (unit of measurement) } +f.unit @Index { @Code f unit of measurement } +s.unit @Index { @Code s unit of measurement } +v.unit @Index { @Code v unit of measurement } +units.of @Index { units of measurement } +may be given using any one of the following seven units of measurement: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa A { c } B { Centimetres } +@Rowa A { i } B { Inches ({@Code "1i"} = {@Code "2.54c"}) } +@Rowa A { p } B { Points ({@Code "72p"} = {@Code "1i"}) } +@Rowa A { m } B { Ems ({@Code "12m"} = {@Code "1i"}) } +@Rowa A { f } B { @Code "1f" is the current font size } +@Rowa A { s } B { @Code "1s" is the current width of a space character } +@Rowa A { v } B { @Code "1v" is the current inter-line spacing } +} +The first four all define absolute distances and are strictly +interchangeable. It is traditional to measure font sizes in points; typical +sizes are @Code "12p" and {@Code "10p"}, but fractional sizes are allowed. +@PP +If you use the @Code "f" unit, the length will depend on the current +font size. This can be very useful. For example, the default value of +the @Code "margin" option of @Code "@CurveBox" is @Code "0.3f" (0.3 +times the current font size). If you use a large font, for example in +an overhead transparency, you get a correspondingly large margin without +having to ask for it. +@PP +The @Code "s" and @Code "v" units are less useful. The @Code "v" unit +is used within paragraph symbols (Section {@NumberOf paragraphs}) to +ensure that the space between paragraphs widens with the inter-line spacing. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_par1 b/doc/user/bas_par1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de3da37 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_par1 @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +@Section + @Title { Starting a new line, paragraph, or page } + @Tag { paragraphs } +@Begin +@PP +The usual way to start a new paragraph is with the @Code "@PP" `plain +pp. @Index @Code "@PP" +paragraphs. @Index { paragraph symbols } +paragraph' symbol. It produces a small vertical space and indents the +first line of the new paragraph. Some document formatting systems +interpret a blank line as a request to start a new paragraph. This is +not the case with Lout: a blank line is two line-endings, equivalent to +two spaces. +@PP +The @Code "@LP" `left paragraph' symbol produces the same +lp. @Index @Code "@LP" +vertical space as {@Code "@PP"}, but omits the indent. The @Code "@LLP" +`left line paragraph' symbol starts a new paragraph using +llp. @Index @Code "@LLP" +the usual inter-line spacing and no indent, or in other words it starts a +new line. If you are using it to create single lines, you need the +@Code "lines" paragraph breaking style instead (Section {@NumberOf paras}). +@PP +The @Code "@DP" `display paragraph' symbol produces a somewhat larger +dp. @Index @Code "@DP" +vertical space, equal to the amount used before and after displays +(Section {@NumberOf displays}), with no indent. To get even larger +vertical spaces, use @Code "@DP" repeatedly. Another symbol, +{@Code "@LOP"}, leaves a paragraph break the size of the gap left +lop. @Index @Code "@LOP" +outside (that is, before and after) lists (Section {@NumberOf lists}). This +is usually equal to {@Code "@DP"}. +@PP +The {@Code "@NP"} `new page' symbol causes the following paragraph to +page. @Index { page, skipping to next } +new.page @Index { new page } +np. @Index @Code "@NP" +begin on a new page or column. Of course, Lout starts a new page or +column automatically when the old one is full, so @Code "@NP" is needed +only rarely. +@PP +To make each section begin on a new page you must set the @Code "@SectionGap" +sectiongap. @Index @Code "@SectionGap" +setup file option (Section {@NumberOf largescale}). To make one particular +section start on a new page or column, place @Code "@NP" within the previous +section, at the end. Placing @Code "@NP" between sections will not work. +@PP +Occasionally Lout will start a new page or column directly after a heading, +which looks very poor. The obvious answer is to place an @Code "@NP" +just before the heading, but when the document is later revised and the +heading no longer falls near the page or column ending, this @Code "@NP" +will have to be taken away again. +A better answer is to precede the heading with a @Code "@CNP" `conditional +cnp. @Index @Code "@CNP" +new page' symbol, which checks whether enough space remains in the page or +column for a heading and at least two lines of text. If so, @Code "@CNP" +does nothing; if not, @Code "@CNP" causes a new page or column to be begun, +like {@Code "@NP"}. The recommended arrangement is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"end of previous part." +"@DP" +"@CNP" +"@Heading { A Heading }" +"@PP" +"First paragraph of next part ..." +} +The @Code "@CNP" symbol should be preceded by either @Code "@DP" or +@Code "@LP", preferably {@Code "@DP"}, and this determines the amount of +space when the @Code "@NP" action does not occur. +@PP +The ultimate answer to the conditional new page problem is to recognise +that the heading is the beginning of a new section of the document, and +to use a large-scale structure symbol like @Code "@Section" (Section +{@NumberOf largescale}). Conditional new page is just one of many +services provided automatically by these symbols. +@PP +Some people do not like to see the first line of a paragraph alone at +the bottom of a page, or the last line of a paragraph alone at the +top (these blemishes are sometimes called widows and orphans). You +can instruct Lout not to allow these; see the next section for details. +@PP +You can modify the effect of the paragraph symbols by changing options +in the setup file. For general information about setup files and their +options, consult Section {@NumberOf setup}; here we just explain how +the relevant options work. The options and their default values are +paragap @Index @Code "@ParaGap" +paraindent @Index @Code "@ParaIndent" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@ParaGap { 1.30vx }" +"@ParaIndent { 2.00f }" +"@DisplayGap { 1.00v }" +} +The values are lengths (Section {@NumberOf objects}), except that +for reasons beyond our scope @Code "@ParaGap" must be a length with +an @Code "x" appended, as shown. The @Code "@ParaGap" option determines +how much vertical space will be +inserted by @Code "@PP" and {@Code "@LP"}. The default value, +{@Code "1.30vx"}, is 30% more than the normal inter-line spacing; +to get no extra spacing, change it to {@Code "1.00vx"}. The +@Code "@ParaIndent" option determines the width of the indent produced +by {@Code "@PP"}, and its default value is twice the current font +size. The @Code "@DisplayGap" option determines the amount of vertical +space inserted by {@Code "@DP"}, as well as the vertical space before +and after displays. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_par2 b/doc/user/bas_par2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51f674c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_par2 @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +@Section + @Title { Paragraph breaking } + @Tag { paras } +@Begin +@PP +@I { Paragraph breaking } is the process of +paragraph.breaking @Index { paragraph breaking } +inserting line breaks into praragraphs at places appropriate to the column +width. Lout works out suitable column widths and performs paragraph +breaking automatically, finding an `optimal' break with the method +used by the @TeX +tex.paragraph @SubIndex { paragraph breaking } +system. It offers nine styles of paragraph breaking, +which we will explore with the aid of this example: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +} +Changing the paragraph breaking style is similar to changing the font, +colour, or language, and is done using the @Code "@Break" symbol: +break. @Index @Code "@Break" +@ID @Code "ragged @Break ..." +This example causes every paragraph in the following object to be +broken using the @Code ragged style, of which more below. +@PP +The first two of the nine styles perform @I { line adjustment }, which +line.adjustment @Index { line adjustment } +means that they enlarge the spaces between the objects making up each +line so as to fill the lines completely: +@IndentedList +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "adjust @Break ..." } + B { adjust @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "outdent @Break ..." } + B { outdent @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@EndList +The @Code adjust style is frequently used, so it has been chosen as the +default style. Outdenting adds a small space at the start of each line +outdent. @Index { outdented paragraphs } +except the first, and is much less common. +@PP +The next four styles do not adjust lines, leaving the paragraph +ragged. @Index { @Code ragged paragraph breaking style } +cragged. @Index { @Code cragged paragraph breaking style } +rragged. @Index { @Code rragged paragraph breaking style } +oragged. @Index { @Code oragged paragraph breaking style } +{@I ragged}: +@IndentedList +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "ragged @Break ..." } + B { ragged @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "cragged @Break ..." } + B { cragged @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "rragged @Break ..." } + B { rragged @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "oragged @Break ..." } + B { oragged @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@EndList +The paragraph is broken in the same places as @Code adjust breaks it, +but the resulting lines are left-justified, centred, or right-justified +with respect to each other, rather than adjusted; @Code "oragged" +is like @Code "outdent" except the resulting lines are not adjusted. +@PP +If you have a few words that must be kept together on one line, the +preventing. @Index { preventing line breaks } +keeping. @Index { keeping things on one line } +recommended way is to separate them by an @Code "~" symbol: +@ID @Code "According to Prof.~Jones, the effect of ..." +It's best not to bother about this until you actually get a bad line +break, since chances are good that the words will fall on one line anyway. +@PP +The last three styles differ from the first five in breaking the +paragraph at the points where it is broken in the original input: +lines. @Index { @Code lines paragraph breaking style } +clines. @Index { @Code clines paragraph breaking style } +rlines. @Index { @Code rlines paragraph breaking style } +@IndentedList +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "lines @Break ..." } + B { lines @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "clines @Break ..." } + B { clines @Break { +It @PageMark clines is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@LI @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 6c @Wide @Code A ! @Col 7c @Wide B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "rlines @Break ..." } + B { rlines @Break { +It is a truth universally +acknowledged, that a single man +in possession of a good fortune, +must be in want of a wife. +}} +} +@EndList +The lines are left-justified, centred, or right-justified with respect +to each other in the same way as for the ragged styles. +@PP +When using the @Code lines style, there are some fine points concerning +the proper use of white space. Consider this example: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I {" +"Teach me to hear Mermaides singing," +"Or to keep off envies stinging," +" And finde" +" What winde" +"Serves to'advance an honest minde." +"}" +} +The result is the indented display +@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I { +Teach me to hear Mermaides singing, +Or to keep off envies stinging, + And finde + What winde +Serves to'advance an honest minde. +} +This style is the only one for which it is useful to indent individual +lines in the input; as the result shows, such indents will be +respected, as will blank lines. However, Lout's rule that only white +space separating objects affects the result (Section {@NumberOf spaces}) +still holds, which means that indenting the first line is not +effective: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I {" +" And finde" +" What winde" +"Serves to'advance an honest minde." +"}" +} +produces +@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I { + And finde + What winde +Serves to'advance an honest minde. +} +This may seem awkward at first, but actually it is extremely convenient +because you don't have to worry about whether the first line of the +paragraph should appear on a new line as above, or immediately after +the opening brace: space at that point does not separate two objects, +so it has no effect. The indent can be obtained by +starting the first line with an empty object (Section {@NumberOf empty}): +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I {" +"{} And finde" +" What winde" +"Serves to'advance an honest minde." +"}" +} +The result is +@IndentedDisplay lines @Break @I { +{} And finde + What winde +Serves to'advance an honest minde. +} +as desired. To set the entire document in a paragraph breaking style other +than {@Code "adjust"}, you need to change the @Code "@InitialBreak" option, +as explained at the end of Section {@NumberOf linespace}. +@PP +Some people don't like to see the first line of a paragraph alone at the +widows @Index { widow lines } +orphans @Index { orphan lines } +unbreakablefirst. @Index { @Code unbreakablefirst } +unbreakablelast. @Index { @Code unbreakablelast } +foot of a page or column (the rest appearing on the next page). You can +instruct Lout not to allow this with +@ID @Code "unbreakablefirst @Break ..." +meaning that the first line cannot be broken off from the rest of the +paragraph. Similarly, +@ID @Code "unbreakablelast @Break ..." +instructs Lout to prevent the last line of a paragraph from appearing +alone at the top of a page or column. These features would probably be +invoked in the @Code "@InitialBreak" option, like this: +@ID +@Code "@InitialBreak { unbreakablefirst unbreakablelast hyphen adjust 1.2fx }" +You can turn them off with @Code "breakablefirst @Break" +and @Code "breakablelast @Break". In both cases Lout makes it happen by +breaking at the previous place, either between paragraphs or two lines from +the end of a paragraph. Alternatively, both features are compatible with +Lout's @Code "@OptimizePages" option, which will optimize the overall page +layout of the document subject to these requirements. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_spac b/doc/user/bas_spac new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7546c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_spac @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +@Section + @Title { Spaces and braces } + @Tag { spaces } +@Begin +@PP +Every symbol in Lout either consists entirely of letters ({@Code "@"} +symbols. @Index { symbols, makeup of } +is considered to be a letter) or entirely of punctuation characters. Here +are some examples of each type: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @I @CC A ! @Col @I @CC B } + @Fmtb { @Col @Code @CC A ! @Col @Code @CC B } +{ +@Rowa A { From letters } B { From punctuation } +@Rowb A { "@PP" } B { "{" } +@Rowb A { "margin" } B { "}" } +} +Now if two symbols made from letters are run together like this: +@ID { +@Code "@CurveBox@I Hello" &8ct @I (wrong!) +} +Lout will take this to mean one word or symbol called {@Code "@CurveBox@I"}, +which is wrong. In the same way, a letter-type symbol cannot be run +together with a word. However, punctuation-type symbols can be run together +with anything. For example, in +@ID @Code "@CurveBox{ Hello @I { world }}." +Lout understands that @Code "@CurveBox" and @Code "{" +# } +are separate, and it also sorts out +# {{ +@Code "}}." into two right brace symbols and a full stop. It might +seem strange to treat punctuation and letters so differently, +but computer programming languages have done it like this for +many years, and it works well. This is the first use for +spaces. @Index { spaces, significance of } +spaces: to separate letter-type symbols from each other and from words. +@PP +To see the second use for spaces, consider two words side by side: +@ID @Code "Hello world" +We want this to produce Hello world, so a space between two words in +the input must mean a space between them in the result. Apply the +golden rule (where you can put one object, you can put any object) and +you get this: @I { a space between two objects in the input produces +a space between them in the result }. For example, +@ID @Code "@CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world" +produces +@ID { @CurveBox Hello @CurveBox world } +The space between the two objects @Code "@CurveBox Hello" and +@Code "@CurveBox world" appears between them in the result; the other +two spaces do not separate objects so do not appear in the result. +@PP +Two objects may be separated by a number of spaces other than one. If +they are separated by no spaces, they will appear immediately adjacent +in the result; if separated by two spaces, they will appear two spaces +apart; and so on. In English it is correct to leave two spaces between +the end of one sentence and the beginning of the next, for example. See +Section {@NumberOf white} for two alternative ways to interpret white +space in Lout. +@PP +Occasionally the two uses for spaces conflict. For example, to produce +@ID { { @CurveBox Hello }{ @CurveBox world } } +we need to have no spaces between the two objects, but then @Code "Hello" +and the following @Code "@CurveBox" would be run together, which will +not work. The solution is to use braces: +@ID @Code "{ @CurveBox Hello }{ @CurveBox world }" +None of the six spaces in this example lie between two objects. +@PP +However, the main use of braces is to inform Lout that the object +within them is to be kept together, so that any nearby symbols are to +apply to all of it. For example, leaving the braces out of +@Code "@I { Hello world }" would mean that @Code "@I" applies only to +{@Code "Hello"}. +@PP +When an object-consuming symbol like @Code "@I" is followed by an +braces. @Index { braces, effect of } +object enclosed in braces, that is the object consumed. For example, +@ID @Code "This is @I { absolutely necessary }, since otherwise ..." +produces +@ID { This is @I { absolutely necessary }, since otherwise ... } +with the object @Code "absolutely necessary" italicized, but not the +following comma. If there are no braces, the object consumed is +everything up to the next object-separating space: +@ID @Code "This is @I necessary, since otherwise ..." +produces +@ID { This is @I necessary, since otherwise ... } +with an undesirable italic comma. In practice, this means you can +avoid braces only when italicizing a single word with no punctuation +attached. +@PP +One common pitfall is to use unnecessary braces, like this: +@ID { +@Code "@I { @CurveBox { Hello world } }" &8ct @I (bad!) +} +Another is to think that all spaces produce space in the result, and so +write +@ID { +@Code "@I{@CurveBox{Hello world}}" &8ct @I (worse!) +} +Use braces only when necessary, and add extra spaces where they do not +separate objects, and your documents will be far easier to read while +you are working on them. Don't be fooled by the argument that says it +doesn't matter because it doesn't affect the final printed result. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_star b/doc/user/bas_star new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef65eb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_star @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +@Section + @Title { Getting started } + @Tag { start } +@Begin +@PP +Suppose you want to produce the following little document: +@CD @Box margin { 1.3c } 7.0c @Wide 9c @High { +@Display @Heading { Introduction by W. J. Harvey } +harvey.w.j @Index { Harvey, W. J. } +For Virginia Woolf, @I Middlemarch was `the magnificent book +which for all its imperfections is one of the few English novels +written for grown-up people.' +@PP +She was, no doubt, thinking of George Eliot's unblinking but +eliot.g @Index { Eliot, George } +compassionate delineation of her characters, of the subtlety of +psychological analysis and the maturity of moral comment which +underlie this complex and varied novel of English provincial +life in the early nineteenth century. +} +Unlike word processing and desktop publishing systems, with Lout you +cannot see and edit your document on the screen in this finished +form. Instead, you edit an ordinary text file, in which your text is +augmented with symbols that mark out the headings, paragraphs, and so +on. Although it would be nice to be able to see and edit the finished +form, working with a text file and symbols does have some compensating +advantages. +@PP +The first step in producing your introduction to @I Middlemarch is to +use the text editor of your choice to construct this text file: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"@Display @Heading { Introduction by W. J. Harvey }" +"For Virginia Woolf, @I Middlemarch was `the magnificent book which for all its" +"imperfections is one of the few English novels written for grown-up people.'" +"@PP" +"She was, no doubt, thinking of George Eliot's unblinking but compassionate" +"delineation of her characters, of the subtlety of psychological analysis and" +"the maturity of moral comment which underlie this complex and varied novel" +"of English provincial life in the early nineteenth century." +"@End @Text" +} +Comparing this with the finished form, it's easy to guess that +@Code "@I" is a symbol that causes the following thing to be printed +in italics, and that @Code "@PP" starts a new paragraph. The other +symbols are not much harder. +@PP +@Code "@SysInclude { doc }" instructs Lout to read a @I { setup file } +called {@Code "doc"}, in which the symbols are defined. Setup files +are the subject of Chapter {@NumberOf changes}, but you can go a long +way without worrying about them. @Code "@Doc @Text @Begin" and +@Code "@End @Text" have no visible effect, but they must bracket the +document as a whole. Again, you don't have to know what they are for. +@PP +That explains everything except the part that produces the heading. It's +an interesting glimpse of the way that Lout's symbols cooperate with +each other: +@ID @Code "@Display @Heading { Introduction by W. J. Harvey }" +The @Code "@Display" symbol does the centring and leaves space above +and below, while @Code "@Heading" switches to a bold font. The braces +group the words of the heading together so that these symbols apply to +all of it; without them they would apply to just the first word. All +this is explained in detail in Sections {@NumberOf objects} +and {@NumberOf spaces}. +@PP +Once the file is ready, the next step is to get it processed by the +Basser Lout interpreter. If the file's name is {@Code "intro"}, +the command for this on the Unix +@FootNote { Unix is a trademark. } +operating system is +@ID @Code "lout intro > intro.ps" +The output is the PostScript +@FootNote { PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. } +file {@Code "intro.ps"}, which is suitable for printing on many laser +printers and other devices. There are programs that show you the +result on your screen as well, although you won't be able to edit it +there. You can also get plain text output (Section {@NumberOf plain}) +and PDF output. +@PP +There are a few points that often confuse people as they begin, so we'll +treat them briefly now with pointers to later sections where they are +done properly. +@PP +Some characters are symbols that produce special effects -- for +example, @Code "{" and @Code "}" produce grouping -- and to turn off +these effects the characters must be enclosed in double quotes: @Code +"\"{\"" produces "{". The complete set of these special characters is +@ID @Code "/ | & { } # @ ^ ~ \\ \"" +Section {@NumberOf characters} treats unusual characters in full detail. +@PP +Symbols like @Code "@Doc" and @Code "@Text" must be separated from +each other by one or more spaces, otherwise Lout will think they are part +of one symbol. See Section {@NumberOf spaces} for the details. +@PP +People familiar with other systems might expect that leaving a blank line would +cause Lout to start a new paragraph; but this is not so, you must use a +paragraph symbol. Lout will ordinarily take notice of how many spaces you type +between words (Section {@NumberOf spaces}), but it will mimic the spacing rules +of two other systems, troff and @TeX, if you prefer (Section {@NumberOf white}). +@PP +When Lout runs, you might see some error messages beginning with +error.messages @Index { error messages } +`unresolved cross reference' -- not on file @Code "intro" above, but on +more complicated ones (anything with a footnote, for example). These +just mean that you have to run the @Code "lout" command again to finish off +the complicated things (Section {@NumberOf cross}), and they will gradually +go away. Of course, if you see error messages about missing braces, unknown +symbols, and so on, you need to revise your file. Lout will tell you the +line number of the problem, and how far along the line it is. +@PP +@BI { WARNING: } Lout allows documents to cause arbitrary system commands +to be executed. These typically do useful things such as format computer +programs and uncompress graphics files, but it is possible for a +malicious person to send you a document which includes a command to delete +all your files, send abusive mail to the President of the United States in +your name, etc. You can protect yourself against this possibility by using +the `safe execution' flag: +@ID @Code "lout -S suspect.document > out.ps" +Then no system commands will be executed; instead, Lout will print them so +that you can confirm for yourself that they are safe before running again +without the flag. These system commands are Lout's only potentially unsafe +features, but you also need to worry about whether the resulting PostScript +file contains malicious code, since the document may direct Lout to include +arbitrary PostScript code in the output. The safe execution of PostScript +programs is a matter for PostScript interpreters, not for Lout. For example, +the popular Ghostview program has a @Code "-safer" command line option, +which is rumoured to disable unsafe PostScript features. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_supe b/doc/user/bas_supe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40faf92 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_supe @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +@Section + @Title { Superscripts and subscripts } + @Tag { super } +@Begin +@PP +There are @Code "@Sup" and @Code "@Sub" symbols for producing +superscripts and subscripts: +@ID @Code "2 @Sup nd" +produces +@ID { 2 @Sup nd } +and the @Code "@Sub" symbol works in a similar way. These symbols +are probably never required in English language text, since the +only uses for them are in footnotes, which produce the superscript +automatically, and equations, which have their own versions of these +symbols. Both symbols have a @Code "gap" option which determines the +vertical spacing. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_unde b/doc/user/bas_unde new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f7ea94 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_unde @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +@Section + @Title { Underlining } + @Tag { underlining } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Underline" symbol underlines the following object: +underline.sym @Index @Code "@Underline" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"This little paragraph of text will have" +"@Underline { three underlined words } in it." +} +produces +@ID @OneRow 1.6i @Wide { +This little paragraph of text will have +@Underline { three underlined words } in it. +} +The underlining is continuous unless a line break intervenes. You +can't use this symbol to underline an arbitrary object: it is carefully +designed to produce high-quality underlining of single words and +parts of paragraphs, and it works only for those objects. +@PP +Each font contains information about how words in that font should be +underlined: how far below the baseline the line should be drawn, and how +thick. The @Code "@Underline" symbol uses this information; the font +it bases its underlining on is the font of the first object underlined +if it is a word, or else the font of the enclosing paragraph. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bas_verb b/doc/user/bas_verb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6da835a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bas_verb @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +@Section + @Title { Verbatim text } + @Tag { verbatim } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Verbatim" symbol +@FootNote { Prior to Version 3.13 the @Code "@Verbatim" symbol was +implemented in a way that restricted its availability to Unix +systems only. This restriction no longer applies. } +prints the following object exactly as +verbatim.sym @Index @Code "@Verbatim" +it appears in the input file. All special meanings for characters, +symbols, etc. are turned off; there is one result line for +each input line. For example, +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@IndentedDisplay @Verbatim { +A line of "verbatim" text +Another line, with a \ character +} +} +has result +@IndentedDisplay @Verbatim { +A line of "verbatim" text +Another line, with a \ character +} +Use @Code "@F @Verbatim { ... }" to get the result in a fixed-width font. +@PP +If the verbatim text contains @Code "{" or @Code "}" characters, then +they should either be balanced or else you need to use the alternative +form +@ID @Code { +"@Verbatim @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Verbatim" +} +so that there is no doubt about where the verbatim text ends. Although +we have said that there are no special meanings, there is one exception +to this rule: @Code "@Include" and @Code "@SysInclude" commands are +recognized, allowing all or part of the verbatim text to come from some +other file. +@PP +Occasionally the first line of some verbatim text begins with some +spaces that have to be preserved. This is a problem for @Code "@Verbatim" +because it ignores all white spaces following the opening brace and +all white spaces preceding the closing brace. However, the alternative +@Code "@RawVerbatim" symbol stops ignoring white spaces at the opening +as soon as a newline character is reached; in other words, it will +preserve all white spaces following the first newline. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bgr b/doc/user/bgr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9452ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Basic Graphics } + @Tag { graphics } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter introduces some basic graphics symbols for colour, rotation, +scaling, and included illustrations. These are all from the standard +BasicLayout package, so no @Code "@SysInclude" line is needed to +get them. +@BeginSections +@Include { bgr_colo } +@Include { bgr_boxs } +@Include { bgr_rota } +@Include { bgr_scal } +@Include { bgr_incl } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/bgr_boxs b/doc/user/bgr_boxs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39c6460 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr_boxs @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +@Section + @Title { Boxes and rules } + @Tag { boxes } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Box" symbol causes the following object to be enclosed in a +box. @Index @Code "@Box" +box: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@QuotedDisplay @Box {" +"@CentredDisplay @Heading Cheating" +"The Department uses assignments ... of that student alone." +"}" +} +The result of this is +@QuotedDisplay @Box { +@CentredDisplay @Heading Cheating +The Department uses assignments both as a teaching device and as a +major component of its assessment of each student. It therefore +requires that all programs, exercises etc. handed in bearing an +individual student's name be the work of that student alone. +} +showing that a box may enclose an arbitrarily complicated object. +@PP +The @Code "@Box" symbol has a @Code margin option which determines the +margin between the box and what it encloses. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Box" +" margin { 0.1c }" +"{}" +} +requests a box with a 0.1 centimetre margin enclosing an empty object, +so the result is a square whose width and height are 0.2 centimetres: +@ID @Box margin { 0.1c } {} +If the @Code "margin" option is omitted, it is assigned the default +value {@Code "0.3f"}, which means 0.3 times the current font size. It +is very useful to tie the margin to the font size in this way, because +large headings (in overhead transparencies, say) need large margins. +@PP +There is a @Code "linewidth" option which determines the width +(thickness) of the line drawn around the boundary of the box: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Box" +" linewidth { 0.1c }" +"{ Hello world }" +} +produces +@ID @Code { +@Box + linewidth { 0.1c } +{ Hello world } +} +Lout does not take the line width into account when working out how +large everything is: as far as Lout is concerned, the line always +has width zero. If you draw really thick lines you might need a larger +margin and more space near the box. The default value of @Code linewidth +is empty, which means to use whatever width the PostScript interpreter +in your output device thinks is a good default value. +@PP +There is also a @Code "paint" option which paints a background of the +nominated colour: +@ID @Code "@Box paint { grey } WARNING!" +has result +@ID @Box paint { grey } WARNING! +This is quite different from {@Code "grey @Colour @Box WARNING!"}, +which produces +@ID grey @Colour @Box WARNING! +The @Code "paint" option may be given any colour from the list in +Section {@NumberOf colour}; its default value is {@Code "none"}, which +is a special value (not a colour) which means no painting. White paint +comes into its own inside painted boxes: +@ID @Code "@Box paint { nochange } white @Colour { Hello world }" +produces a box painted in whatever colour we happen to be using at +the moment, with white text inside: +@ID @Box paint { nochange } white @Colour { Hello world } +This works because the box is painted before the object it encloses +is drawn on the page. +@PP +There are @Code "@CurveBox" and @Code "@ShadowBox" symbols that +curvebox. @Index @Code "@CurveBox" +shadowbox. @Index @Code "@ShadowBox" +produce other kinds of boxes: +@CD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @CurveBox { A curve box } } + B { @ShadowBox { A shadow box } } +} +These also have @Code "margin" and @Code "paint" options, and +@Code "@ShadowBox" has a @Code "shadow" option which determines +the thickness of the shadow (its default value is {@Code "0.2f"}). +@PP +Boxes are quite at home inside paragraphs, as @Box { a box }, +@CurveBox { a curve box }, and @ShadowBox { a shadow box } +show. Simply proceed as usual: +@ID @Code "... paragraphs, as @Box { a box }, @CurveBox { a curve box }, ..." +Boxes within paragraphs are never broken across two lines. +@PP +There are two symbols for producing horizontal rules. @Code "@FullWidthRule" +fullwidthrule. @Index @Code "@FullWidthRule" +rules. @Index rules +produces a rule which occupies the full page (or column) width: +@DP @FullWidthRule @DP +More precisely, the rule occupies as much horizontal space as it +legally can. @Code "@FullWidthRule" produces an object in the usual +way, so you will need paragraph or display symbols to separate it from +preceding and following things. +@PP +A variant called @Code "@LocalWidthRule" is more timid about zooming +localwidthrule. @Index @Code "@LocalWidthRule" +across the whole page: +@ID @Code { +"@OddPageTop { { My lovely document @LP @LocalWidthRule } @Right @PageNum }" +} +will draw a rule under just the three words. Of course, underlining using +the @Code "@Underline" symbol might be a better way to do this. Both +symbols have a @Code "linewidth" option which works like the one for +boxes described above. In particular, Lout leaves zero space for the +line, no matter how wide you make it. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bgr_colo b/doc/user/bgr_colo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a48fb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr_colo @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +@Section + @Title { Colour } + @Tag { colour } +@Begin +@PP +Colour is obtained in much the same way that fonts and language changes +colour. @Index @Code "@Colour" +color. @Index @Code "@Color" +are, using the @Code "@Colour" (or equivalently {@Code "@Color"}) symbol: +@ID @Code "grey @Colour { Hello, world }" +produces +@ID grey @Colour { Hello, world } +The @Code "@Colour" symbol will accept any of the following colours: +@QD @HAdjust @Tab + vmargin { 0.7vx } + hmargin { 0.2c } + @Fmta { @Col A @Colour @FilledBox ! @Col @Code A ! @Col ! + @Col B @Colour @FilledBox ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! + @Col C @Colour @FilledBox ! @Col @Code C } + @Fmtb { @Col A @Colour @FilledBox ! @Col @Code A ! @Col ! + @Col B @Colour @FilledBox ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! + @Col ! @Col } +{ +@Rowa A { darkred } B { red } C { lightred } +@Rowa A { darkgreen } B { green } C { lightgreen } +@Rowa A { darkblue } B { blue } C { lightblue } +@Rowa A { darkcyan } B { cyan } C { lightcyan } +@Rowa A { darkmagenta } B { magenta } C { lightmagenta } +@Rowa A { darkyellow } B { yellow } C { lightyellow } +@Rowa A { darkgrey } B { grey } C { lightgrey } +@Rowa A { darkgray } B { gray } C { lightgray } +@Rowb A { black } B { white } +} +Monochrome output devices will render them as shades of grey. Colouring +something @Code white makes it invisible, which is sometimes useful. +@PP +In addition to the list of colours given above, there is a special +colour called {@Code nochange} which produces the colour you already +happen to be using. +@PP +Whether or not the colours produced by @Code "@Colour" actually +correspond with the names depends on the output device; the same +nominal colour can look quite different on screen and on paper. The +standard Lout @Code "@SetColour" symbol can provide many more colours +setcolour. @Index @Code "@SetColour" +@Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert}, although they must be specified +using numbers rather than names. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bgr_incl b/doc/user/bgr_incl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57ac4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr_incl @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +@Section + @Title { Including an illustration } + @Tag { include } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@IncludeGraphic" symbol incorporates into a Lout document an +include.graphic @Index @Code "@IncludeGraphic" +include.illus @Index { including an illustration } +illustration (that is, an encapsulated PostScript or EPS file) +produced by other means. For the opposite process, using Lout to produce +an illustration for inclusion in some other document, see +Section {@NumberOf illustrations}. +@PP +For example, suppose the encapsulated PostScript file @Code "su_crest.eps" +contains the University of Sydney crest. Then +@ID @Code "@IncludeGraphic su_crest.eps" +produces +@ID @IncludeGraphic su_crest.eps +In general, the result produced by @Code "@IncludeGraphic" is an object +that may be scaled, rotated, made into a display or placed within a +paragraph, just like any other object. Accolades for this remarkable +flexibility should go to the PostScript page description language, +whose extraordinary power makes the provision of this feature in Lout +almost trivial. +@PP +The @Code "@IncludeGraphic" command understands that files ending +with any of the suffixes {@Code ".gz"}, {@Code "-gz"}, {@Code ".z"}, +{@Code "-z"}, {@Code "_z"}, and {@Code ".Z"} are compressed files, +and it will uncompress such files using the @Code "gunzip" command +before including them. The uncompressed version is stored in a file +called @Code "lout.eps" in the current directory, and removed after +being copied into the output file. +@PP +If you place an included illustration in a line of text, or anywhere +where you care about its alignment with things on either side of it, +it will be positioned with its centre at the same height as the +centre of the letter x. If this is not where you want it, use the +@Code "@VShift" symbol: +vshift. @Index @Code "@VShift" +@ID @Code "... +0.5f @VShift @IncludeGraphic ..." +prints the illustration half of the current font size higher on the +page than would otherwise have been the case, and +@ID @Code "... -0.5f @VShift @IncludeGraphic ..." +prints it half the current font size lower. Any length (Section +{@NumberOf objects}) is allowed, and the object following @Code "@VShift" +may in fact be arbitrary as usual. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bgr_rota b/doc/user/bgr_rota new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4bcc72 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr_rota @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +@Section + @Title { Rotation } + @Tag { rotation } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Rotate" symbol rotates the following object by any positive +rotate. @Index @Code "@Rotate" +or negative angle, measured in degrees: +@ID @Code "45d @Rotate @Box WARNING!" +has result +@ID { 45d @Rotate @Box WARNING! } +As usual, the object to be rotated may be arbitrary. However, it is +difficult for Lout to choose appropriate column widths for paragraphs +inside rotated objects, so if a rotated object contains paragraphs that +should be broken it is best to define the object's width explicitly, +using the @Code "@Wide" symbol: +wide @RawIndex { @Code "@Wide" } +wide.rotate @SubIndex { with @Code "@Rotate" } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"-90d @Rotate 4.5c @Wide {" +"Papal initiatives and influence from the crowning of" +"Charlemagne to the First Crusade" +"}" +} +The result here is +@ID { +-90d @Rotate 4.5c @Wide { +Papal initiatives and influence from the crowning of +Charlemagne to the First Crusade +} +} +The @Code "@Wide" symbol fixes the width of the following object, in +this example to the length 4.5 centimetres, which is all Lout needs to +decide the column widths of any paragraphs within it. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/bgr_scal b/doc/user/bgr_scal new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad73f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/bgr_scal @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +@Section + @Title { Scaling } + @Tag { scaling } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Scale" symbol performs a geometrical scaling of the +scale. @Index @Code "@Scale" +following object: +@ID @Code { +"0.5 @Scale @Box WARNING!" +} +produces +@ID { +0.5 @Scale @Box WARNING! +} +A scale factor of 0.5 means half the original size, 2.0 means double size, +and so on. No unit of measurement appears in the scale factor, because +it makes no sense to have one. As usual, the object to be scaled may be +arbitrary. +@PP +It is also possible to supply two scale factors, in which case the +first is applied horizontally and the second vertically: +@ID @Code "{0.5 2.0} @Scale @Box WARNING!" +has result +@ID {0.5 2.0} @Scale @Box WARNING! +Practical uses for this kind of scaling are rare. +@PP +If an empty object is given instead of a scale factor, like this: +@ID @Code "{} @Scale @Box WARNING!" +the @Code "@Scale" symbol will choose the largest scale factor that +does not overrun the available horizontal space. It is often possible +to omit the {@Code "{}"}, since Lout inserts an empty object +automatically whenever an object is clearly missing (see Section +{@NumberOf objects}). For example, +@ID @Code "@QuotedDisplay @Scale @Box WARNING!" +produces +@QuotedDisplay @Scale @Box WARNING! +@Code "@QuotedDisplay" and @Code "@LeftDisplay" go well with this form +of {@Code "@Scale"}. However, some care is needed because Lout foolishly +takes no account of the available @I vertical space when choosing the +scale factor. The chosen scale factor could enlarge the vertical size so +much that the object no longer fits on the page, with disastrous results. +@PP +By using a @Code "@Wide" symbol to restrict the available horizontal +space, this form of scaling can also be used to scale to a nominated +width. For example, +wide @RawIndex { @Code "@Wide" } +wide.scale @SubIndex { with @Code "@Scale" } +@ID @Code "5c @Wide @Scale @Box WARNING!" +produces +@ID { 5c @Wide @Scale @Box WARNING! } +which is 5 centimetres wide. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp b/doc/user/cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b413ed --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { C and C++ Programs } + @Tag { cprint } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter describes how to typeset C and C++ program text using the +cp. @Index @Code "@CP" +c. @Index { C++ } +@Code "@CP" symbol in conjunction with the @Code c2lout filter. The +@Code "@CP" symbol looks after printing keywords in bold, variables +in italic, and so on, depending on a style you choose. It does not lay +out programs in the sense of choosing indenting, it preserves the layout +you give to the program. From now on, `C' means `C or C++' wherever +it occurs. +@PP +It is possible to simply print out one or more C files; we call this +@I { stand-alone mode }. Alternatively, the C program text may be printed +as part of a larger Lout document; we call this @I { embedded mode }. +@BeginSections +@Include { cpp_lone } +@Include { cpp_embe } +@Include { cpp_chan } +@Include { cpp_comm } +@Include { cpp_tabs } +@Include { cpp_eiff } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_chan b/doc/user/cpp_chan new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddedd51 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_chan @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the default values } + @Tag { cpsetup } +@Begin +@PP +We have just seen that the @Code "@CP" symbol has many options for +changing the appearance of the C text. However, most people would +not want to have a different style for every C text in their document; +they want to define the style once at the start, and have all their +C texts come out in that style without laboriously setting options +on every @Code "@CP" symbol. This is done by copying the setup file +and changing it. +@PP +For general information about how to make your own setup file, consult +Section {@NumberOf setup}. The options that determine the default +values are in the @Code "@CPSetup" @Code "@Use" clause near the end of +cprint. @Index @Code "@CPSetup" +the @Code "cpsetup." setup file: +@ID @Code @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B ! @Col C} + @Fmtb { @Col { " #" A } ! @Col { "{" B } ! @Col "}" } +{ +@Rowa A { "@Use { @CPSetup" } +@Rowb A { "style" } B { fixed } + +@Rowa +@Rowb A { "fixedfont" } B { Courier } +@Rowb A { "fixedstrings" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixedidentifiers" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixedcomments" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixedkeywords" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixednumbers" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixedoperators" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "fixedsize" } B { -1.0p } +@Rowb A { "fixedline" } B { 1.0vx } +@Rowb A { "fixedtabin" } B { 8 } +@Rowb A { "fixedtabout" } B { 8s } + +@Rowa +@Rowb A { "varyingfont" } B { } +@Rowb A { "varyingstrings" } B { Slope } +@Rowb A { "varyingidentifiers" } B { Slope } +@Rowb A { "varyingcomments" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "varyingkeywords" } B { Bold } +@Rowb A { "varyingnumbers" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "varyingoperators" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "varyingsize" } B { 1.0f } +@Rowb A { "varyingline" } B { 1.0vx } +@Rowb A { "varyingtabin" } B { 8 } +@Rowb A { "varyingtabout" } B { 3f } + +@Rowa +@Rowb A { "symbolfont" } B { } +@Rowb A { "symbolstrings" } B { Slope } +@Rowb A { "symbolidentifiers" } B { Slope } +@Rowb A { "symbolcomments" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "symbolkeywords" } B { Bold } +@Rowb A { "symbolnumbers" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "symboloperators" } B { Base } +@Rowb A { "symbolsize" } B { 1.0f } +@Rowb A { "symbolline" } B { 1.0vx } +@Rowb A { "symboltabin" } B { 8 } +@Rowb A { "symboltabout" } B { 3f } + +@Rowa A { "}" } +} +These show the default font families, font faces, font sizes, line +spacings, and tab settings in force for the three styles, and also that +the default style is {@Code "fixed"}. Notice that the font family name +for @Code "fixed" style is {@Code "Courier"}, but for the other styles is +empty. This causes the @Code "fixed" style to always switch to Courier, +and the other styles to use the same font family as in the surrounding +document. +@PP +To change a default value, delete the preceding @Code "#" and change the +part between braces. For example, suppose you are happy with @Code "fixed" +except that you want bold keywords. Then one line needs to be changed, to +@ID @Code "fixedkeywords { Bold }" +Or suppose you like @Code "varying" as it stands, but would like it to be +the default style rather than {@Code "fixed"}. Again, only one line needs +to be changed, to {@Code "style { varying }"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_comm b/doc/user/cpp_comm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f877c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_comm @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +@Section + @Title { Lout inside C comments } + @Tag { cpcomm } +@Begin +@PP +It is possible to embed Lout text inside C and C++ comments, by +starting off the comment with an @Code "@" character. The entire +comment after the @Code "@" character should be Lout text. For +example, to force Lout to start a new page at some point within a C +program, place +@ID @Code "/*@ @NP */" +at that point. Or you could make a heading like this: +@ID @Code "/*@ @Display @Heading { treeprint() } */" +Other possible uses for this feature include index entries and margin +notes. Incredible as it may seem, you can even write +@ID @Code "/*@ @CD @Heading { Function @CP { treeprint() } } */" +with a @Code "@CP" symbol and some C code inside the Lout code +inside the C code. You probably can't go further, however, since +that would require a C comment inside a C comment. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_eiff b/doc/user/cpp_eiff new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0ec6df --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_eiff @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +@Section + @Title { Eiffel program printing } + @Tag { eiffel } +@Begin +@PP +There is an @Code "@Eiffel" symbol for typesetting Eiffel programs +in conjuction with a filter called {@Code "eif2lout"}. Apart from +the change of language, everything is identical to C printing. The +file and symbol names are different, of course: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code cprint } + B { @Code eiffel } +@Rowa + A { @Code c2lout } + B { @Code eif2lout } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@CP" } + B { @Code "@Eiffel" } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@CPSetup" } + B { @Code "@EiffelSetup" } +} +but everything works in an exactly analogous way: you place +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { eiffel }" +at the top of your document, enclose Eiffel program texts in +@Code "@Eiffel { ... }", embed Lout into Eiffel using comments +beginning with {@Code "--@"}, and so on. The default style has been +changed to {@Code varying}, so as to conform to the style guidelines +in the standard Eiffel reference @Cite { $meyer1992eiffel }. Some care +has gone into making this conformance strict; in particular, if you +enclose identifiers within comments in ` and ', as the style guidelines +say you should, they will come out in italics; in fact, arbitrary text +between ` and ' within comments will be set as Eiffel code. +@PP +The files needed for Eiffel printing are distributed separately from +Basser Lout. You can get them from the author's @Code ftp directory +(see the preface of this guide). +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_embe b/doc/user/cpp_embe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ca2dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_embe @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +@Section + @Title { Embedded mode } + @Tag { embedded } +@Begin +@PP +When the C program texts are to be embedded in a larger Lout document, +the procedure is somewhat different. You need to include the +@Code "cprint" setup file, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { cprint }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +This file includes everything needed to set up for C program formatting. +@PP +The C parts of the document are enclosed in @Code "@CP { ... }" like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay @CP {" +"#include <stdio.h>" +"" +"treeprint(p) /* print tree p recursively */" +"struct tnode *p;" +"{" +" if (p != NULL) {" +" treeprint(p->left);" +" printf(\"%4d %s\\n\", p->count, p->word);" +" treeprint(p->right);" +" }" +"}" +"}" +} +Although C programs violate the rules of legal Lout input in many ways, +these rules are suspended by the @Code "@CP" symbol, allowing the C +text to be incorporated with absolutely no modifications. The result is +@ID @OneRow @CP { +#include <stdio.h> + +treeprint(p) /* print tree p recursively */ +struct tnode *p; +{ + if (p != NULL) { + treeprint(p->left); + printf("%4d %s\n", p->count, p->word); + treeprint(p->right); + } +} +} +We have chosen to use the @Code "@IndentedDisplay" symbol from Section +{@NumberOf displays} to obtain an indented display, but in fact +@Code "@CP" may appear anywhere at all. When including a C text within +a paragraph, use @Code "@OneCol @CP { ... }" to prevent it being broken +across two lines, if desired. +@PP +In cases where the C text has unbalanced braces, it is necessary to +use the alternative form @Code "@CP @Begin ... @End @CP" so that +Lout does not confuse C braces with Lout braces. +@PP +The @Code "@CP" symbol has a @Code "style" option for changing the +printing style. The default value of @Code "style" is {@Code "fixed"}, +which produces the style shown above. To obtain a varying-width font +style, use @Code "style { varying }" like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CP" +" style { varying }" +"{" +"#include <stdio.h>" +"" +"treeprint(p) /* print tree p recursively */" +"struct tnode *p;" +"{" +" if (p != NULL) {" +" treeprint(p->left);" +" printf(\"%4d %s\\n\", p->count, p->word);" +" treeprint(p->right);" +" }" +"}" +"}" +} +The result in this case will be +@ID @OneRow @CP style { varying } +{ +#include <stdio.h> + +treeprint(p) /* print tree p recursively */ +struct tnode *p; +{ + if (p != NULL) { + treeprint(p->left); + printf("%4d %s\n", p->count, p->word); + treeprint(p->right); + } +} +} +There is also a third style called @Code "style { symbol }" which is +similar to @Code "varying" except that it uses characters from the +Adobe Symbol font to produce a more mathematical-looking result: +@ID @OneRow @CP style { symbol } +{ +#include <stdio.h> + +treeprint(p) /* print tree p recursively */ +struct tnode *p; +{ + if (p != NULL) { + treeprint(p->left); + printf("%4d %s\n", p->count, p->word); + treeprint(p->right); + } +} +} +The @Code "@CP" symbol has additional options which allow a finer +control over the style. Here they all are, with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CP" +" style { fixed }" +" font { Courier }" +" strings { Base }" +" identifiers { Base }" +" comments { Base }" +" keywords { Base }" +" numbers { Base }" +" operators { Base }" +" size { -1.0p }" +" line { 1.0vx }" +" tabin { 8 }" +" tabout { 8s }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +We are already familiar with {@Code "style"}. After that comes +{@Code "font"}, which determines the font family to use, followed +by six options giving the particular faces within that family in which to +print C strings, identifiers, comments, keywords, numbers, and +operators. {@Code "Base"} means the basic face; other commonly available +choices are {@Code "Slope"} and {@Code "Bold"}. These options may all be +set to different faces if desired. The default values shown are correct +for @Code "style { fixed }" only; the other styles have other defaults +(Section {@NumberOf cpsetup}). +@PP +The @Code "size" option is the font size to use, and @Code "line" is the +inter-line spacing. The default values specify that @Code "size" is +to be one point smaller than in the surrounding document; this was done +to compensate for Courier's relatively large appearance compared +to other fonts of the same nominal size. Again, these defaults are +different for different values of {@Code "style"}. +@PP +The @Code "tabin" and @Code "tabout" options are the subject of +Section {@NumberOf tabs}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_lone b/doc/user/cpp_lone new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d8e367 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_lone @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +@Section + @Title { Stand-alone mode } + @Tag { alone } +@Begin +@PP +Printing of C files in stand-alone mode is accomplished by the following +c2lout @Index { @Code "c2lout" filter } +Unix pipeline: +@ID @Code "c2lout options C-files | lout -s > out.ps" +As usual with Lout, the output will be a PostScript file. Each input +file will begin on a new page of the output, starting with its name +in bold type. The options provide control over the final appearance, +as follows: +@WideTaggedList +@TI { {@Code-p}{@I style} } { +Select a printing style. Your choices are {@Code -pfixed}, +{@Code -pvarying}, and {@Code -psymbol}, with the default being +{@Code -pfixed}. Consult Section {@NumberOf embedded} for examples +of these styles. +} +@TI { @Code -n } { +Do not print file names. +} +@TI { {@Code -f}{@I font} } { +Select a Lout font family. The default is @Code "-fCourier" for +{@Code -pfixed}, and @Code "-fTimes" for @Code -pvarying and {@Code -psymbol}. +} +@TI { {@Code -v}{@I vsize} } { +Select an inter-line spacing size in Lout units. The default is +@Code -v1.1fx meaning 1.1 times the font size measured from baseline +to baseline. +} +@EndList +There are also {@Code -t} and {@Code -T} options for dealing with tab +characters (Section {@NumberOf tabs}). +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/cpp_tabs b/doc/user/cpp_tabs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1157a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/cpp_tabs @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +@Section + @Title { Tab characters } + @Tag { tabs } +@Begin +@PP +Tab characters provide a convenient way to indent and align parts of C +tab.c @Index { tab characters in C programs } +programs. With care, this alignment can be preserved in the final +print even with varying-width fonts. +@PP +The distance between two tab stops in the input file is by default taken +to be 8 characters, which is standard for Unix. This can be changed with +the @Code "tabin" option. For example, +@ID @Code "@CP tabin { 4 }" +informs Lout that tab stops occur every 4 characters in the input file. +@PP +The distance between two tab stops in the output file (on the printed +page) is quite a different thing, and it is determined by the value of +the @Code "tabout" option, which must be a Lout length. For example, +@ID @Code "@CP tabout { 0.5i }" +requests that tab stops be placed at half-inch intervals. In other +words, a distance of one tab stop in the input will be equivalent to a +distance of half an inch in the output. For example, +@ID @Code "@CP style { varying } tabout { 3f }" +might produce the following, where tab characters in the input file +have been used for indenting and also to align the comments: +@ID @OneRow @CP style { varying } tabout { 3f } { +struct tnode { /* the basic node */ + char *word; /* points to the text */ + int count; /* number of occurrences */ + struct tnode *left; /* left child */ + struct tnode *right; /* right child */ +}; +} +The value {@Code "3f"} means three times the current font size, and +it is the default value of @Code "tabout" for the @Code { varying } +and @Code { symbol } styles (Section {@NumberOf cpsetup}). In a +12 point font this is 36 points, or half an inch. +@PP +If @Code "tabout" is made too small, there is a danger that the +alignment might fail. For example, +@ID @Code "@CP style { varying } tabout { 0.2i }" +produces +@ID @OneRow @CP style { varying } tabout { 0.2i } { +struct tnode { /* the basic node */ + char *word; /* points to the text */ + int count; /* number of occurrences */ + struct tnode *left; /* left child */ + struct tnode *right; /* right child */ +}; +} +given the same C text as the previous example. The problem here is that +we are asking for @CP { /* } to appear four tab stops or 0.8 inches +from the left edge, and yet the material to its left on the line is +wider than this. This causes @CP { /* } to be shifted further to the +right than expected, and the alignment is lost. The only solution is +to increase {@Code "tabout"}. +@PP +In stand-alone mode there are @Code "-t" and @Code "-T" options +equivalent to @Code "tabin" and @Code "tabout" respectively. For +example, @Code "-T0.5i" produces a half-inch tab width. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia b/doc/user/dia new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4029cec --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Diagrams } + @Tag { diagrams } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter describes how to use the @@Diag symbol +diag. @Index { @@Diag } +@FootNote { +Prior to Version 3.09 of Lout, this chapter described a symbol called +fig. @Index @Code "@Fig" +{@Code "@Fig"} which was similar to but more primitive than +{@Code "@Diag"}. For backward compatibility the @Code "@Fig" symbol +is still available and still works exactly as described in the old +documentation, but there is no reason to use it in new documents. +} +to make diagrams like this one: +diag. @Index @Code "@Diag" +@CD @Diag + margin { 0.2c } +{ +-2p @Font +{ A:: @Ellipse { 25, 39 } +/0.3c |0.2c B:: @Ellipse { 43 } |0.1c |0.8c E:: @Box outlinestyle {noline} {Problem node} +/0.3c C:: @Ellipse { 40, 41 } | | D:: @Ellipse paint { lightgrey } {44, 45, 46} +} +// @Link from { A } to { B } +// @Link from { B } to { C } +// @Link from { B } to { D } +// @Arrow from { E } to { D } +} +@@Diag offers nodes and links, arrows, labels, positioning using coordinates, +and tree diagrams. +@BeginSections +@Include { dia_intr } +@Include { dia_node } +@Include { dia_link } +@Include { dia_tags } +@Include { dia_labe } +@Include { dia_posi } +@Include { dia_tree } +@Include { dia_erro } +@Include { dia_defi } +@Include { dia_geom } +@Include { dia_summ } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/dia_cons b/doc/user/dia_cons new file mode 100644 index 0000000..569b756 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_cons @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_cons } + @Title { Consistency within and between diagrams } +@Begin +@PP +@I { still to do } +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_defi b/doc/user/dia_defi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed27887 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_defi @@ -0,0 +1,361 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_defi } + @Title { Expert usage: defining new shapes } +@Begin +@PP +@@Diag permits you to create your own node outlines and link paths, by +giving non-standard values to the @Code outline and @Code path +options. This section shows how to do this for very simple shapes +only; the following section introduces the large repertoire of geometrical +symbols that @@Diag offers for helping you create complex shapes. +@PP +As explained earlier, a node outline is drawn over its {@I base}, which +is a rectangle containing the following object plus margins. The base +defines a coordinate system with the point (0, 0) at the bottom left +corner, and @Eq { (xsize, ysize) } at the top right: +@CD @OneRow @Diag { +@Box + nodelabelmargin { 0.3f } + blabel { @Eq { ysize } } + blabelprox { E } + clabel { @Eq { 0 } } + clabelprox { E } + dlabel { @Eq { xsize } } + dlabelprox { N } + alabel { @Eq { 0 } } + alabelpos { SW } + alabelprox { N } + paint { lightgrey } + outlinestyle { noline } + margin { 0c } +{ 3c @Wide 2c @High } +//0.5c +} +The value of the @Code outline option is a sequence of points defined in +this coordinate system: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" 0 0" +" xsize 0" +" 0 ysize" +" 0 0" +" }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + margin { 0c } + outlinestyle { noline } + paint { lightgrey } +@Node + outline { + 0 0 + xsize 0 + 0 ysize + 0 0 + } + margin { 0c } +{ 3c @Wide 2c @High } +} +} +As shown, the resulting outline is created by joining each point to the +next with a straight line. It is conventional to proceed anticlockwise +around the outline, but you may start anywhere. +@PP +The {@Code paint}, {@Code outlinestyle}, {@Code outlinedashlength}, +and {@Code outlinewidth} options of @Code "@Node" work for user-defined +outlines exactly as they do for the standard ones: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" 0 0" +" xsize 0" +" 0 ysize" +" 0 0" +" }" +" paint { lightgrey }" +" outlinestyle { solid dashed }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Node + outline { + 0 0 + xsize 0 + 0 ysize + 0 0 + } + paint { lightgrey } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + margin { 0c } +{ 3c @Wide 2c @High } +} +} +Each line in the outline is one segment for {@Code outlinestyle}. +@PP +If two points in an outline are separated by {@Code "[]"}, no line is +drawn between them, and the outline is treated as two separate, +disconnected regions when painting. +@PP +Two points may also be separated by {@Code "["}{@I point}{@Code "]"}, +where @I point stands for any point. This causes the two points to be +joined by an arc whose centre is at the given point: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" 0 0" +" ysize 0" +" [ 0 0 ]" +" 0 ysize" +" 0 0" +" }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + margin { 0c } + outlinestyle { noline } + paint { lightgrey } +@Node + outline { + 0 0 + ysize 0 + [ 0 0 ] + 0 ysize + 0 0 + } + margin { 0c } +{ 3c @Wide 2c @High } +} +} +The arc will be circular if possible, otherwise it will be part of +elliptical. @Index { elliptical arcs } +an ellipse whose axes are oriented horizontally and vertically. The +arc goes anticlockwise; to get a clockwise arc, use +{@Code "["}{@I point}{@Code " clockwise]"}. +@PP +Two points may be separated by +@Eq { [x sub 1 ``` y sub 1 ``` x sub 2 ``` y sub 2 & ] }, which requests +that a Bezier curve be drawn between them with control points +bezier.curve @Index { Bezier curve } +@Eq { (x sub 1 & , y sub 1 & ) } and +@Eq { (x sub 2 & , y sub 2 & ) }: +@CD @Diag { +@Node + outline { + A:: { xsize*0.2 ysize*0.5 } + B:: { xsize*0.4 ysize*0.9 } + C:: { xsize*0.9 ysize*0.4 } + D:: { xsize*0.3 ysize*0.1 } + A B C D A + } + alabelpos { A } + blabelpos { B } + clabelpos { C } + dlabelpos { D } + alabelprox { SE } + blabelprox { SW } + clabelprox { SW } + dlabelprox { NW } + outlinestyle { cdashed cdashed cdashed noline } + alabel { @Eq { ( x sub 0 , y sub 0 ) } } + blabel { @Eq { ( x sub 1 , y sub 1 ) } } + clabel { @Eq { ( x sub 2 , y sub 2 ) } } + dlabel { @Eq { ( x sub 3 , y sub 3 ) } } +{ 6c @Wide 2c @High } +// +@Link + path { A [B C] D } +} +The curve is attracted toward the control points, without reaching +them; it is tangent to the straight line from the start point to the +first control point, and from the second control point to the finishing +point, and it lies wholly inside the quadrilateral formed by the four +points. Owing to the author's laziness, dashes and dots do not fit as +neatly onto Bezier curves as they do onto lines and arcs. +@PP +Tags (Section {@NumberOf dia_tags}) may be assigned to points within +the outline option, like this: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" LR:: { xsize 0 }" +" UL:: { 0 ysize }" +" 0 0 LR UL 0 0" +" }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +@ShowTags @Node + outline { + LR:: { xsize 0 } + UL:: { 0 ysize } + 0 0 LR UL 0 0 + } + { 2c @High 3c @Wide } +} +} +The tagged point does not have to lie on the outline, and it +is not automatically added to the outline. Once defined, a +tag stands for a point in the usual way; it may be used later in the +outline, as was done above, relabelled, and so on, exactly like the tags +of the standard nodes. +@PP +Once a point has been tagged, a @I direction may be associated +with it, to inform @@Diag which way the outline or +link path is going at that point. The standard outlines have directions: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse { 3c @Wide 1c @High }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Ellipse { 3c @Wide 1c @High } +} +} +@Code CTR has no direction. If available, direction information +is used when placing labels, in the proximity step (by {@Code above}, for +example) and in the angle step if the label is aligned, perpendicular, +parallel, or antiparallel. A direction is given using the +@Code ":<" symbol within an outline: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" LR:: { xsize 0 }" +" LR:< 0d" +" UL:: { 0 ysize }" +" UL:< 270d" +" 0 0 LR UL 0 0" +" }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { + LR:: { xsize 0 } + LR:< 0d + UL:: { 0 ysize } + UL:< 270d + 0 0 LR UL 0 0 + } + { 2c @High 3c @Wide } +} +} +It is often helpful when creating outlines to check where the tagged +points and directions really are, by printing them out as is done +above. For this there is a @Code "@ShowTags" symbol whose result is +the following (arbitrary) object with its tagged points visible, and +a @Code "@ShowDirections" symbol which works similarly and shows the +directions. The diagram above was printed using +{@Code "@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node ..."}. There is also a +@Code "@ShowPoints" symbol which is like @Code "@ShowTags" except +that it omits the tags, just placing circles on the points. +@PP +Link paths are similar to node outlines, created +using the @Code path option of @Code "@Link" instead of the +@Code outline option of {@Code "@Node"}. The major difference is that +links have no base, so @Code xsize and @Code ysize cannot be +used. Indeed, even @Code "0 0" does not have any useful +meaning inside a link path. +@PP +Within a link path, the symbols @Code from and @Code to denote the +values of the link's @Code from and @Code to options, and these +form the basis of constructing the link path: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path {" +" FROM:: from" +" TO:: to" +" FROM TO" +" }" +} +||7ct +{ +//1.0c +@VContract @Diag { +3c @Wide 1c @High +// +@ShowTags @Link + path { + FROM:: from + TO:: to + FROM TO + } + from { 0,1 } + to { 1,0 } +} +} +} +This simple example creates two tagged points and joins them with +a straight line. If you want a link that can carry arrowheads, it is +best to ensure that it creates @Code FROM and @Code TO tags, with +directions pointing along the link from @Code FROM to @Code TO at +both points, since then the default values of the various arrow +options will do the rest. Similarly, if you want labels you need to +define {@Code LFROM}, {@Code LMID}, and {@Code LTO} labels, ideally +also with directions. +@PP +Once the outline or path is complete, unless it is really a one-off +production the best thing to do with it is to add it to your +extend. @Index { @Code extend keyword } +@Code "mydefs" file in the following form: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"extend @DiagSetup @Diag" +"macro @MyNode {" +" @Node" +" outline {" +" LR:: { xsize 0 }" +" LR:< 0d" +" UL:: { 0 ysize }" +" UL:< 270d" +" 0 0 LR UL 0 0" +" }" +"}" +} +This says that we are `extending' the @@Diag symbol by adding a new +symbol, {@Code "@MyNode"}, which stands for what follows it between +braces. @Code "@MyNode" will then behave exactly like @Code "@Circle" +and the other standard node symbols. The same pattern works for links: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"extend @DiagSetup @Diag" +"macro @MyLink {" +" @Link" +" path {" +" FROM:: from" +" TO:: to" +" FROM TO" +" }" +"}" +} +If it is worth the effort to construct a new outline or link path, it +is worth packaging it like this and thinking up a good name for it, +for then it will be available, easily, forever. +@PP +This same approach is also useful to define common combinations of +options, even when there is no new outline or path: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"extend @DiagSetup @Diag" +"macro @BigOctagon {" +" @Polygon" +" sides { 8 }" +" hsize { 5c }" +" vsize { 5c }" +" font { Bold }" +"}" +} +Such definitions are very useful if the combinations occur +frequently. Any options not mentioned have their usual default values, +and may be set in the usual way: +@ID @Code "@BigOctagon outlinestyle { dashed } ..." +Attempts to reset an already set option will elicit a warning message. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_erro b/doc/user/dia_erro new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ad02d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_erro @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_erro } + @Title { Errors } +@Begin +@PP +Lout normally produces an output file that will print without mishap on +any PostScript device. However, some of the options of {@Code "@Diag"}'s +symbols are passed through Lout to the output file without checking, +including anything containing @Code "@Diag" lengths, angles, points, and +tags. Any errors in these options will not be detected until the file +is printed. +@PP +The most likely errors are {@I syntax @I errors}, as in +@Code "outline { 0 0 [ 0 xsize }" for example, in which a @Code "]" is +missing; @I { type errors }, as in @Code "SE:: 45d" where the +following object should have been a point; and @I { undefined errors }, +arising from labels misspelt or used before being defined. Less commonly, +the options may all be correct but the figure is too large in some way: too +many labels, too deeply nested, and so on. +@PP +When an error is detected, @@Diag arranges for the offending page to +be printed up to the point where the error occurred, with a message nearby +describing the error. Printing of the document is then aborted. It is +often quite easy to find the problem, because it lies in whatever should +have been printed next. +@PP +If you see {@Code VMerror} in an error message, it means that the printer +vmerror. @Index { @Code VMerror PostScript error } +is running out of memory. In that case, one thing you can try is +@ID @Code { +"@Diag" +" save { yes }" +"..." +} +This causes the memory used by @@Diag to be reclaimed as soon +as the diagram is printed, rather than at the end of the current page +as is usual. However, if the diagram is nested inside some other +major Lout package, such as {@Code "@Graph"}, use of this option may +cause other PostScript errors. +@PP +If you see @Code "dictfull" in an error message, it means that you are +dictfull. @Index { @Code dictfull PostScript error } +using an old version of PostScript. Increasing the @Code "maxlabels" +option of @@Diag (Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}) might fix the problem. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_geom b/doc/user/dia_geom new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfc9c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_geom @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_geom } + @Title { Expert usage: numbers, lengths, angles, and points } +@Begin +@PP +@@Diag has many options whose values contain lengths, angles, and +points. Options such as @Code margin and {@Code vsize}, which affect the +size or appearance of the base of a node, may contain only the kinds of +lengths described in Section {@NumberOf objects}; but in all other cases +arbitrarily complex algebraic expressions may be used to specify the +values. +@PP +The usual mathematical operations may be applied to numbers, angles, and +lengths: +@ID @Code "2.0f + 3.0f * sin { 30d }" +is a valid length. Since this is just ordinary algebra on real numbers, +the unsurprising details are deferred to the summary +(Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}). Grouping is always done with braces, +never parentheses. +@PP +More interesting are the geometrical symbols that @@Diag provides. The +most fundamental is not a symbol at all: two lengths side by side define +a point. For example, +@ID @Code "xsize ysize * 0.5" +within an outline is the point at the far right of the base, halfway +up. +@PP +There are @Code "++" and @Code "--" symbols for vector addition and +subtraction of two points, and @Code "**" for multiplication by a +scalar. For example, +@ID @Code "A@CTR ++ { 1.0f 0 }" +is the point @Code 1f to the right of {@Code "A@CTR"}. It is a good idea +to distinguish between @I { absolute points }, like {@Code "A@CTR"} +and @Code "0.5,1", which denote fixed positions on the page, and +@I { relative points }, like {@Code "1.0f 0"}, which serve as offsets +from absolute points. The difference of two absolute points is a relative +point; adding two absolute points gives an unpredictable result because +it depends on the origin of the coordinate system. However, the expression +@ID @Code "P1 ** x ++ P2 ** {1 - x}" +is safe for any two absolute points {@Code P1} and {@Code P2} and any +number {@Code x}; it produces a point on the line through the two +points. +@PP +These remarks on safety do not apply within the @Code outline option of +{@Code "@Node"}, because there the coordinate system is clearly +specified. Vector operations, with the aid of a few well-chosen tags, +can greatly simplify the production of outlines: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline {" +" SB:: {0 ysize} ** 0.4" +" ST:: {0 ysize} ** 0.6" +" HB:: {xsize 0} ** 0.7" +" SB" +" SB ++ HB" +" HB" +" xsize ysize * 0.5" +" HB ++ {0 ysize}" +" HB ++ ST" +" ST" +" SB" +" }" +" paint { grey }" +"{ 6c @Wide 2c @High }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@ShowTags @Node + outline { + SB:: {0 ysize} ** 0.4 + ST:: {0 ysize} ** 0.6 + HB:: {xsize 0} ** 0.7 + SB + SB ++ HB + HB + xsize ysize * 0.5 + HB ++ {0 ysize} + HB ++ ST + ST + SB + } + paint { grey } +{ 6c @Wide 2c @High } +} +} +But absolute sums like @Code "SB ++ HB" are not safe +in link paths and stray options like {@Code "alabelpos"}. +@PP +Sometimes it is useful to define tags +which are not wanted afterwards and are better forgotten. For +this there is the @Code ":=" symbol, which works in much the same +way as @Code "::" except that the tag is forgotten after the outline +or path option ends. The value assigned does not have to be a point, it +can be a length or angle, or even a sequence of values. It is +permissible to change the value assigned to a tag by reassigning. +@PP +Two very useful symbols, {@Code angleto} and {@Code atangle}, bring +angleto. @Index { @Code angleto symbol in @Code "@Diag" } +atangle. @Index { @Code atangle symbol in @Code "@Diag" } +angles into the algebra. The {@Code angleto} symbol finds the angle +from one point to another. For example, +@ID @Code "SB angleto ST" +in the outline above would produce {@Code 90d}. The @Code atangle symbol +finds the point at a given length and angle from the origin. For example, +@ID @Code "1.4142f atangle 45d" +is the point {@Code "1f 1f"}, and +@ID @Code "B@NE ++ 2f atangle 115d" +is the point @Code 2f from {@Code "B@NE"} to its northwest. +@PP +There is a @Code prev symbol, used only within {@Code outline} and +prev. @Index { @Code prev symbol in @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code path}, which returns the previous point on the outline or +path, ignoring points within {@Code "[]"}. It makes relative movements +very easy: +@ID { +@Code { +" outline {" +" 0 0" +" { 2c atangle 30d }" +" prev ++ { 2c atangle 90d }" +" prev ++ { 2c atangle 150d }" +" prev ++ { 2c atangle 210d }" +" prev ++ { 2c atangle 270d }" +" 0 0" +" }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { ||2.5c +@Node + outline { + 0 0 + { 2c atangle 30d } + prev ++ { 2c atangle 90d } + prev ++ { 2c atangle 150d } + prev ++ { 2c atangle 210d } + prev ++ { 2c atangle 270d } + 0 0 + } +{ 4c @Wide 4c @High } +} +} +This example is rather naughty because the outline does not grow and +shrink with the base as it should. Such outlines, while tempting, are +always regretted later. +@PP +There are {@Code xcoord} and {@Code ycoord} symbols for finding the +xcoord. @Index { @Code xcoord symbol in @Code "@Diag" } +ycoord. @Index { @Code ycoord symbol in @Code "@Diag" } +@I x and @I y coordinates of a point: +@ID @Code { +"{xcoord P1} min {xcoord P2}" "{ycoord P1} max {ycoord P2}" +} +is the point at the top left-hand corner of the smallest rectangle +containing points {@Code P1} and {@Code P2}. And there is a +@Code distance symbol which produces the (non-negative) distance between +two points: +@ID @Code "CTR ++ { CTR distance NW } atangle { CTR angleto NW }" +equals {@Code NW}. +@PP +The rest of this section is concerned with how the `special virtue' +of the @Code from and @Code to options, their ability to accept a node +tag as well as a point, is implemented behind the scenes. A good +user-defined link should also have this virtue, because it is extremely +useful. +@PP +The solution is based on a symbol called {@Code boundaryatangle}, +whose preceding object should be either a point or else the tag +of a node with one of the standard shapes, and whose following object +is an angle: +@ID @Code { +"{ xsize ysize*0.5 } boundaryatangle 45d" +"A boundaryatangle 45d" +} +In the first case the result is the point, regardless of the +angle. In the second case, the result is the point on the boundary of +the node whose tag is given, at the given angle from the centre. +@PP +There is a second symbol with a similar adaptive ability, called +{@Code "??"}, which is defined to be @Code "@" whenever that would +make sense, and otherwise to produce the preceding object for its +result. For example, @Code "A??CTR" will equal @Code "A@CTR" if there +is such a thing; but +@ID @Code "{ xsize ysize*0.5 }??CTR" +will have result {@Code "{ xsize ysize*0.5 }"} since replacing +@Code "??" by @Code "@" does not produce anything sensible. +@PP +Now suppose we want a link path that connects @Code "from" and +@Code "to" by a straight line, where @Code "from" and @Code "to" may be +either node tags or points. In either case a suitable direction for the +line to take is +@ID @Code "from??CTR angleto to??CTR" +and so the desired path is +@ID @Code { +"path {" +" FROM:: from boundaryatangle { from??CTR angleto to??CTR }" +" TO:: to boundaryatangle { to??CTR angleto from??CTR }" +" FROM" +" TO" +"}" +} +The first line defines point @Code FROM to be on the boundary of +@Code from at the appropriate angle, if @Code "from" is a node tag; +otherwise @Code "FROM" is just the point {@Code from}. The second +line defines point @Code TO similarly, and then the last two lines +join these two points. The @Code line standard link type is exactly +this plus a few additional tags and directions. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_intr b/doc/user/dia_intr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52a9d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_intr @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_intr } + @Title { Introduction } +@Begin +@PP +To use the @@Diag symbol you first need to include its setup file. For +example, suppose you have an ordinary document with tables: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { tbl }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +Change this to +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { tbl }" +"@SysInclude { diag }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +This provides everything you need for making diagrams. +@PP +The result of the @@Diag symbol is an object in the usual way. A diagram +is commonly made into a centred display, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CentredDisplay @Diag {" +" ..." +"}" +} +or into a floating figure, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Figure" +" @Caption { ... }" +"@Diag {" +" ..." +"}" +} +but it could be an entry in a table, a word in a paragraph, or anything +else. +@PP +Most uses of @@Diag contain a @I { nodes part } and a @I { links part }: +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code "@Diag {" + @I { nodes part } + @Code "//" + @I { links part } +@Code "}" +} +This reflects @@Diag's view of the world as consisting of {@I nodes} +(circles, squares, and so on), which have to be put in their right +places and then joined with @I links (lines, arrows). The technical +meaning of the {@Code "//"} symbol does not concern us here; it +simply serves to divide the two parts. +@PP +For example, here is a nodes part containing two nodes separated by +a @Code "@DP" symbol that (as usual) leaves some vertical space +between them: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 7c @Wide A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code { +"@Ellipse { Hello, world }" +"@DP" +"@Square @I x" +} } + B { @Diag { +@Ellipse { Hello, world } +@DP +@Square @I x +} } +} +Node symbols like @Code "@Ellipse" and @Code "@Square" follow a familiar +pattern: they consume the following object, which may be arbitrary, draw +a shape around it, and give back the resulting object. To insert links, the +nodes must first be given names, called {@I tags}, using the @Code "::" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"A:: @Ellipse { Hello, world }" +"@DP" +"B:: @Square @I x" +} +Then a link from @Code A to @Code B may be added to the links part: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 7c @Wide A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code { +"@Diag {" +" A:: @Ellipse { Hello, world }" +" @DP" +" B:: @Square @I x" +" //" +" @Link from { A } to { B }" +"}" +} } + B { @Diag { +A:: @Ellipse { Hello, world } +@DP +B:: @Square @I x +// +@Link from { A } to { B } +} } +} +Subsequent examples will often omit the enclosing {@Code "@Diag { }"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_labe b/doc/user/dia_labe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c449367 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_labe @@ -0,0 +1,433 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_labe } + @Title { Labels } +@Begin +@PP +Diagrams often contain small @I labels adjacent to their nodes and links: +@CD @Diag + nodelabelformat { @I @Body } +{ +@Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col B ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowa + B { B:: @Circle alabel { b } } +@Rowa + A { A:: @Circle alabel { a } } +@Rowa + C { C:: @Circle dlabel { c } } +} +// +@Arrow from { A } to { B } ylabel { 10 } +@Arrow from { A } to { C } ylabel { 15 } +@Arrow from { B } to { C } ylabel { 20 } +} +Each node may have up to four labels, called {@Code alabel}, {@Code blabel}, +label. @Index { label options in @Code "@Diag" } +alabel. @Index { @Code alabel option in @Code "@Diag" } +blabel. @Index { @Code blabel option in @Code "@Diag" } +clabel. @Index { @Code clabel option in @Code "@Diag" } +dlabel. @Index { @Code dlabel option in @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code clabel}, and {@Code dlabel}: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +" alabel { a }" +" blabel { b }" +" clabel { c }" +" dlabel { d }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +@Ellipse + alabel { a } + blabel { b } + clabel { c } + dlabel { d } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +Links also have labels, five in fact: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" fromlabel { f }" +" xlabel { x }" +" ylabel { y }" +" zlabel { z }" +" tolabel { t }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +3c @Wide 1c @High +// +@Link + from { 0 0 } + to { 1,1 } + fromlabel { f } + xlabel { x } + ylabel { y } + zlabel { z } + tolabel { t } +} +} +The {@Code fromlabel} and {@Code tolabel} options are positioned directly +over the endpoints of the link, and {@Code fromlabel} is by default printed +at a funny angle, because these labels are the means of attaching +arrowheads to links: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" tolabel { @SolidArrowHead }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +3c @Wide 1c @High +// +@Link + from { 0 0 } + to { 1,1 } + tolabel { @SolidArrowHead } +} +} +@Code "@SolidArrowHead" is a symbol available for use anywhere whose value +is an object in the shape of a small solid arrowhead. The arrowhead +options of Section {@NumberOf dia_link} work by setting {@Code fromlabel} +and {@Code tolabel} in exactly this way. Usually it is best to forget +about {@Code fromlabel} and {@Code tolabel}, and think of links as having +three labels: {@Code xlabel} near the start, {@Code ylabel} in the +middle, and {@Code zlabel} near the end. +@PP +Adding a label will not change the size of the diagram or the position +of any node, link, or other label. Although a label may be an arbitrary +object, it is treated as having zero size and will overstrike anything +that happens to be where it wants to go. +@PP +There are options for controlling the appearance and position of +labels. These are described below mainly for {@Code alabel}, but there +are corresponding options for all nine labels. +@PP +The {@Code alabelfont} and {@Code alabelbreak} options determine the +font and paragraph breaking style of the label: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +" alabel { a }" +" alabelfont { -2p }" +" alabelbreak { ragged nohyphen }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +@Ellipse + alabel { a } + alabelfont { -2p } + alabelbreak { ragged nohyphen } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +This example shows the default values of these two options; @Code "-2p" +explains why the labels in earlier examples were printed in a smaller +font size. There is also an {@Code alabelformat} option which allows +for more radical changes in appearance: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +" alabel { a }" +" alabelformat { @Box @I @Body }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5c +@Ellipse + alabel { a } + alabelformat { @Box @I @Body } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +The value attached to the ellipse will be the value of {@Code alabelformat}, +with any @Code "@Body" symbol within it replaced by the value of the +{@Code alabel} option. This example produces boxed italic labels. +@PP +Nodes also have {@Code nodelabelfont}, {@Code nodelabelbreak}, and +{@Code nodelabelformat} options which work in the same way but affect all +of the node labels, not just one: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +" nodelabelformat" +" { @Box @I @Body }" +" alabel { a }" +" blabel { b }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5c +@Ellipse + nodelabelformat { @Box @I @Body } + alabel { a } + blabel { b } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +Links similarly have {@Code linklabelfont}, {@Code linklabelbreak}, and +{@Code linklabelformat} options which affect all the link labels +(except {@Code fromlabel} and {@Code tolabel}, since that would produce +results that people do not expect.) The @Code "@Diag" symbol also has +these options, in the usual way, and they are extremely useful there: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" nodelabelfont { Slope -2p }" +" linklabelformat { \"/\"@Body\"/\" }" +" hsize { 1.8c }" +"{" +" A:: @Ellipse alabel { a } { OK }" +" @DP" +" @DP" +" B:: @Ellipse alabel { b } { FAULT }" +" //" +" @Arrow from { A } to { B } ylabel { sig }" +"}" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag + nodelabelfont { Slope -2p } + linklabelformat { "/"@Body"/" } + hsize { 1.8c } +{ + A:: @Ellipse alabel { a } { OK } + @DP + @DP + B:: @Ellipse alabel { b } { FAULT } + // + @Arrow from { A } to { B } ylabel { sig } +} +} +These settings specify that every node label will be set in italics, +two points smaller than the surrounding text, and that every link label +will appear between two @Code "/" characters, also two points smaller +because the default value of @Code "linklabelfont" still applies. Of +course, it remains open to any node or link to override these settings +by supplying its own label options. +@PP +The remaining five label options, {@Code alabelpos}, {@Code alabelangle}, +{@Code alabelprox}, {@Code alabelmargin}, {@Code alabelctr}, and +{@Code alabeladjust}, +affect the position of the label. Don't be daunted by the number of +options. As previous examples have shown, they all have sensible +default values and thus need to be set only rarely. +@PP +Each label inhabits its own characteristic region of the node or +link: {@Code alabel} in the north-east corner of the node, +{@Code ylabel} halfway along the link, and so on. This general +location of the label is defined by the {@Code alabelpos} option. Here +are the default values for all nine labels: +@IL +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" alabelpos { NE }" +" blabelpos { NW }" +" clabelpos { SW }" +" dlabelpos { SE }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +//0.5f +@ShowTags @Ellipse { 3c @Wide 2c @High } +} +} +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" fromlabelpos { FROM }" +" xlabelpos { LFROM }" +" ylabelpos { LMID }" +" zlabelpos { LTO }" +" tolabelpos { TO }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +//1.0f +2c @Wide 2.2c @High +// +@ShowTags @Link + from { 0,0.7 } + to { 1,0 } + # tolabel { @SolidArrowHead } +} +} +@EL +Thus, by changing @Code clabelpos to @Code S you can move the position +of the @Code clabel label to beneath the node. You can do this for every +node by setting this option in the @Code "@Diag" symbol, as was done for +the formatting options above. +@PP +In a similar vein, there is an @Code { xindent } option which controls how +far from the start of the link the @Code "LFROM" tag, and hence the +{@Code xlabel}, will appear. A similar option, @Code { zindent }, determines +how far from the end of the link the @Code "LTO" tag and hence the +{@Code zlabel} will appear: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" xindent { 1f }" +" zindent { 2f }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +//1f +2c @Wide 1.2c @High +// +@ShowTags @Link + xindent { 1f } + zindent { 2f } + from { 0,0.7 } + to { 1,0 } +} +} +Both options have default value {@Code 0.8f}. +@PP +The @Code alabelangle option determines the angle at which the label is +printed: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "alabelangle { horizontal }" } + B { Horizontal (the default) } +@Rowa + A { "alabelangle { aligned }" } + B { Aligned with the node outline or link path } +@Rowa + A { "alabelangle { perpendicular }" } + B { Perpendicular to the outline or link path } +} +The @Code "alabelprox" option determines where in the proximity of +@Code alabelpos the label is printed: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { above }" } + B { Above the node outline or link path (the default for link labels) } +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { below }" } + B { Below the node outline or link path } +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { left }" } + B { To the left of the node outline or link path } +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { right }" } + B { To the right of the node outline or link path } +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { inside }" } + B { Inside the node outline or on the left of the link path +going from @Code from to @Code to } +@Rowa + A { "alabelprox { outside }" } + B { Outside the node outline or on the right of the link path +going from @Code from to @Code to (the default for node labels) } +} +The {@Code alabelmargin} option adds a margin around all four sides of +the label, thereby moving it away from {@Code alabelpos} irrespective of +which direction it happens to lie in: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +" alabel { a }" +" alabelmargin { 0f }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@VContract @Diag { +@Ellipse + alabel { a } + alabelmargin { 0f } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +The default value is {@Code 0.2f}, and so there is scope for some +reduction as well as increase. +@PP +@@Diag takes careful account of the @Code alabelangle option, the +@Code alabelprox option, the direction that the node outline or link +path is heading, and which label it is, and places the label in a way +that looks good nearly always. When it doesn't, the remainder of this +section should help. +@PP +The @Code alabelangle option may be given an arbitrary angle, and then +the label will be printed at that angle. There are also the special +values @Code parallel and {@Code antiparallel}, which give the direction +that the node outline or link path is going at that point and its +opposite. These are the default values for @Code tolabelangle and +@Code fromlabelangle respectively, which explains why arrowheads point the +right way. The @Code aligned value above is one of these two angles, +the one closest to {@Code 0d}. +@PP +The @Code alabelprox option may be {@Code N}, +{@Code S}, {@Code E}, {@Code W}, {@Code NE}, {@Code SE}, {@Code NW}, +{@Code SW}, or {@Code CTR}: +@CD @Diag { +//1f +@ShowTags @Box margin { 0.5c } { 24p @Font grey @Colour @I label } +} +meaning that the indicated point of the label will coincide with +{@Code alabelpos}. These points lie on the outside of the margins +added by {@Code alabelmargin}. +@PP +The six values of @Code alabelprox given earlier (@Code { above }, +@Code { below }, etc.) all produce one of {@Code N}, {@Code S} etc. for +their ultimate result; which one they produce depends on the direction +the outline or link is going at that point. For example, @Code { above } +produces @Code { SE } when the outline or link is going from northeast +to southwest or vice versa, @Code { SW } when the outline or link is +going from northwest to southeast and vice versa, and @Code { S } when +it happens to be exactly horizontal. There is also a dependence +on which label it is: for example, if it is @Code "xlabel" and the +direction happens to be vertical, the result is {@Code "NW"}. +@PP +The preceding discussion is all under the assumption that the +@Code "alabelctr" option is {@Code no}. When it is {@Code "yes"}, +a small adjustment is made to the position of the label. The selected +corner or side midpoint of the label will no longer coincide with +{@Code alabelpos}, although it will still lie on the straight line passing +through {@Code alabelpos} at the angle of {@Code alabelpos}. The corner +or side midpoint slides up or down this line to the point which +minimises the distance from {@Code alabelpos} to the centre of the +label. Only @Code ylabelctr has @Code "yes" for its default value; the +@Code y label often looks better centred when this adjustment is made, +particularly on lines with shallow but non-zero slope: +@CD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @CC A ! @Col ! @Col @CC B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code "ylabelctr { no }" } + B { @Code "ylabelctr { yes }" } +@Rowa +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { @Diag ylabelctr { no } { + A:: @Square //0.5c &3c B:: @Square + // + @Link from { A } to { B } ylabel { @I { ylabel } } + } } + B { @Diag ylabelctr { yes } { + A:: @Square //0.5c &3c B:: @Square + // + @Link from { A } to { B } ylabel { @I { ylabel } } + } } +} +since it is then the centre of the label which is centred on the link, +rather than one of its corners. +@PP +Finally, when all else fails there is an {@Code alabeladjust} option +which translates the label by an arbitrary amount: +@ID @Code "alabeladjust { -0.5c 1.5c }" +causes the label to appear 0.5 centimetres to the left of and 1.5 centimetres +above the point where it otherwise would have done. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_link b/doc/user/dia_link new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b71f9d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_link @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_link } + @Title { Links } +@Begin +@PP +@Code "@Diag" has one basic symbol for creating links, called +link. @Index { @Code "@Link" symbol from @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code "@Link"}. It draws a link between two points or nodes +given by {@Code from} and {@Code to} options, along a path +given by a {@Code path} option: +@ID @Code { +"@Link" +" path { ... }" +" from { ... }" +" to { ... }" +} +Unlike {@Code "@Node"}, {@Code "@Link"} has no following object. +@PP +The @Code "path" option may be used to produce a link of any shape, as +Section {@NumberOf dia_defi} explains. There are also values +that produce standard paths. These are listed in full in the summary +(Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}); here is a sample: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code { path "{" A "}" } ! @Col ! @Col B } +{ + +@Rowa + A { line } + B { +@Diag { +A:: @Circle //1c ||2c B:: @Circle +// @Link from { A } to { B } path { line } arrow { yes } +} +} + +@Rowa + A { acurve } + B { +@Diag { +A:: @Circle //1c ||2c B:: @Circle +// @Link from { A } to { B } path { acurve } arrow { yes } +} +} + +@Rowa + A { ccurve } + B { +@Diag { +A:: @Circle //1c ||2c B:: @Circle +// @Link from { A } to { B } path { ccurve } arrow { yes } +} +} + +@Rowa + A { rvlcurve } + B { +@Diag { +A:: @Circle //1c ||2c B:: @Circle +// @Link from { A } to { B } path { rvlcurve } arrow { yes } +} +} + +} +The name of the last one is a reminder that it goes right, then vertically, +then left, with curved corners. The @Code acurve and @Code ccurve values +produce circular arcs, anticlockwise and clockwise respectively, lying on +the circle passing through the endpoints, or through the centres of the +endpoints when they are tags denoting nodes. There is also @Code "curve" +which is an abbreviation for {@Code "acurve"}. All these standard paths +are defined in a way that makes sense no matter where the two nodes are +relative to each other, except that no promise of a sensible result is +made for two nodes very close together. +@PP +@Code "@Link" has two options, @Code bias and {@Code radius}, that may be +used to fine-tune the path. The @Code "bias" option determines the +maximum distance that a curve is permitted to stray: +@CD @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col B } +{ + +@Rowa + + A { @Diag vstrut { no } margin { 0.5c } { +A:: @Circle //1.5c ||2c B:: @Circle +// +LA:: @Line pathstyle { cdashed } from { A } to { B } +LB:: @Curve from { A } to { B } +@Line arrow { both } from { LA@LMID } to { LB@LMID } + ylabel { @I bias } # ylabeladjust { 0.15c 0 } +} } + + B { @Diag vstrut { no } margin { 0.5c } { +A:: @Circle //1.5c ||2c B:: @Circle +// +LA:: @RVLCurve from { A } to { B } +LB:: @Line pathstyle { cdashed } from { B@E } to { B@E ++ {0 2.5c} } +@Line arrow { both } from { LB@LMID } to { LA@LMID } + ylabel { @I bias } ylabeladjust { 0 0.05c } +} } + +} +The @Code radius option does @I not apply to @Code acurve and +{@Code ccurve}; rather, it determines the radius of the arcs at +the corners of @Code rvlcurve and its kin. A very large radius will be +reduced to the largest reasonable value, which provides a way to get +a semicircle at the right in an {@Code rvlcurve}. +@PP +Lout has no idea where the path is wandering, and cannot take it into +account when placing a diagram on the page: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { ccurve }" +" bias { 2c }" +} +||7ct +@Diag vstrut { no } { +A:: @Circle &3c B:: @Circle +// +@Link path { ccurve } bias { 2c } from { A } to { B } +} +} +In such cases you have to arrange for the extra space yourself, by adding +an extra paragraph symbol, blank row or column in a table, or whatever. +@PP +As with the options of {@Code "@Node"}, the options of {@Code "@Link"} +may all be given to {@Code "@Diag"} as well, where they apply to every +link in the diagram, unless overridden in the usual way. They also appear +in the setup file, where they apply to every link in every diagram of the +document, unless overridden. +@PP +There are {@Code pathstyle}, {@Code pathdashlength} and {@Code pathwidth} +options which affect the appearance of the path in the same way as the +{@Code outlinestyle}, {@Code outlinedashlength} and {@Code outlinewidth} +options of {@Code "@Node"} affect the outline. When {@Code pathstyle} +contains just one value (as opposed to a sequence of values) @Code "@Diag" +tries to divide the path into fewer segments than it would otherwise, to +make dashed and dotted paths look as good as possible. There is also +a {@Code pathgap} option which affects only @Code doubleline paths; it +determines the gap between the centres of the two lines. +@PP +The @Code "@Link" symbol has an @Code arrow option, which adds an +arrow. @Index { arrows } +arrowhead to the end of the link: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" arrow { yes }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +1c @High 3c @Wide +// +@Link + from { 0,0 } + to { 1,1 } + arrow { yes } +} +} +Its value may be {@Code no} (the default), {@Code yes}, {@Code forward} +(which is the same as {@Code yes}), {@Code back}, or {@Code both}: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +" arrow { both }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +1c @High 3c @Wide +// +@Link + from { 0,0 } + to { 1,1 } + arrow { both } +} +} +@Code "@Link" has three options for controlling the appearance of +arrowheads: {@Code arrowstyle}, {@Code arrowwidth}, and +{@Code arrowlength}. Although every link symbol has these options, for +consistency it is almost always better to set the corresponding options +to the @Code "@Diag" symbol, which applies them to every arrow in the +diagram: +@ID @Code { +"@Diag" +" arrowstyle { solid }" +" arrowwidth { 0.3f }" +" arrowlength { 0.5f }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +This shows the default values: a solid arrowhead like the ones above, +@Code "0.3f" wide (across) and @Code "0.5f" long. The @Code "arrowwidth" +and @Code "arrowlength" options may be any length; it may be necessary to +decrease @Code "arrowwidth" when many arrows enter one node. The full list +of possible values for @Code "arrowstyle" is +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code { "arrowstyle {" A "}" } ! @Col B } + vmargin { 1.0vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { solid } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { solid } } } +@Rowa + A { halfopen } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { halfopen } } } +@Rowa + A { open } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { open } } } +@Rowa + A { curvedsolid } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { curvedsolid } } } +@Rowa + A { curvedhalfopen } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { curvedhalfopen } } } +@Rowa + A { curvedopen } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { curvedopen } } } +@Rowa + A { circle } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { circle } } } +@Rowa + A { box } + B { @Diag vstrut { no } { A:: @Circle |2c B:: @Circle + // @Link from { A } to { B } arrow { yes } arrowstyle { box } } } +} +The reader is invited to admire the beautifully sharp points on these +arrowheads. +@FootNote { +The outlines of all nodes and arrowheads are drawn on the inside of the +geometrical curve defining them, not centred over the curve as is common in +PostScript documents. Hence, the arrowheads and node outlines intersect at +a true geometrical point; they do not overlap by one line width. Furthermore, +the standard link paths terminate at the base of the arrowhead, not at +the point; the arrowhead itself is responsible for continuing the link +path, at the appropriate width (although never dashed or dotted), from its +base to its point, and hence can and does ensure that the link path does +not overstrike and thicken the point of the arrow. +} +@PP +It is possible to place an arbitrary object at the beginning or +end of a link, using the @Code "fromlabel" and @Code "tolabel" options +of Section {@NumberOf dia_labe}. +@PP +To save time in common cases, @Code "@Diag" provides link symbols, +each of which is just @Code "@Link" with one of the standard paths +already set: {@Code "@Line"}, {@Code "@Curve"}, {@Code "@CCurve"}, +{@Code "@RVLCurve"}, and so on. There are also symbols in which +the @Code "arrow" option is set to @Code yes in addition: {@Code "@Arrow"}, +{@Code "@CurveArrow"}, {@Code "@CCurveArrow"}, {@Code "@RVLCurveArrow"}, +and so on. See the summary (Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}) for the +full list of these symbols. You will still need the @Code "arrow" option +to get backward arrows and double-ended arrows. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_node b/doc/user/dia_node new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b72c6e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_node @@ -0,0 +1,512 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_node } + @Title { Nodes } +@Begin +@PP +@Code "@Diag" has one basic symbol for creating nodes. It is called +node. @Index { @Code "@Node" } +{@Code "@Node"}, and it takes the following object and encloses it in an +outline whose shape is determined by the {@Code "outline"} option: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { curvebox }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Node + outline { curvebox } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +As Section {@NumberOf dia_defi} explains, the @Code outline option may be +used to produce an outline of any shape. There are also nine values that +produce standard shapes: {@Code box}, {@Code curvebox}, {@Code shadowbox}, +{@Code square}, {@Code diamond}, {@Code polygon}, {@Code isosceles}, +{@Code ellipse}, and {@Code circle}. +@PP +The shape of the outline is determined by the @Code outline option, but +its size and position depend on the size and position of its +{@I base}: the following object with a small margin around it. For +example, this is how a circle is positioned over its base (shown in +grey): +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { circle }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@Node + outline { circle } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +Lout works only with the base, having no idea where the outline is, which +explains why this circle is too high for the space allowed +it. Section {@NumberOf dia_summ} shows how each of the standard +outlines is positioned over its base. +@PP +The @Code "@Node" symbol has many options, but all of them without +exception share the following very useful property: they may be given +to the @Code "@Diag" symbol as well, where they apply to every node in +the diagram: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" outline { circle }" +"{" +" @Node @I a" +" @DP" +" @Node @I b" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + outline { circle } +{ + @Node @I a + @DP + @Node @I b +} +} +These options also appear in the setup file ({@Code diag}); +if set there, they apply to every node in every diagram of the +document. As the number of nodes increases, it becomes very tedious and +error-prone to duplicate options at all the nodes. Giving each option +just once, at the @Code "@Diag" symbol or in the setup file, saves time +and makes it easy to change all the nodes into squares or any other shape +later on. Any setup file option may be overridden in a diagram by +giving the option to its @Code "@Diag" symbol; any @Code "@Diag" option +or setup file option may be overridden at any node by giving the option +again there. +@PP +To save time in simple cases, @Code "@Diag" provides nine other +node symbols called +{@Code "@Box"}, +box.fig @Index { @Code "@Box" in @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code "@CurveBox"}, +curvebox.fig @Index { @Code "@CurveBox" in @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code "@ShadowBox"}, +shadowbox.fig @Index { @Code "@ShadowBox" in @Code "@Diag" } +{@Code "@Square"}, +square. @Index @Code "@Square" +{@Code "@Diamond"}, +diamond. @Index @Code "@Diamond" +{@Code "@Polygon"}, +{@Code "@Isosceles"}, +isosceles. @Index @Code "@Isosceles" +{@Code "@Ellipse"}, +ellipse. @Index @Code "@Ellipse" +and {@Code "@Circle"}. These are just abbreviations for @Code "@Node" +with the appropriate value of {@Code outline}, nothing more. They take +the same options as {@Code "@Node"} (except that @Code outline is +already fixed), and everything works in the same way. +@PP +There is a @Code shadow option which determines the depth of the shadow +in shadow boxes: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { shadowbox }" +" shadow { 0.4f }" +"{ WARNING }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Node + outline { shadowbox } + shadow { 0.4f } +{ WARNING } +} +} +This example shows the default value, 0.4 times the current font +size. For polygons there is a @Code sides option for specifying the number +polygon. @Index @Code "@Polygon" +of sides, and an @Code angle option for rotating the outline: +@IL +@LI { +@Code { +"@Polygon" +" sides { 5 }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Polygon + sides { 5 } +{ 1c @High 1c @Wide } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Polygon" +" sides { 5 }" +" angle { 0d }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Polygon + sides { 5 } + angle { 0d } +{ 1c @High 1c @Wide } +} +} +@EL +Setting @Code angle to @Code 0d causes the first vertex to be placed +directly underneath the centre, and as the angle increases, the +position of the first vertex rotates anticlockwise. The defaults are +3 sides and the angle that gives the polygon a +horizontal base (i.e. 180 degrees divided by the number of sides). Thus +the two cases with symmetry about a vertical axis are obtained by the +default angle and @Code "0d" respectively, which is convenient. The +{@Code "shadow"}, {@Code "sides"}, and {@Code "angle"} options may be +given to any node, and also to {@Code "@Diag"} and in the setup file, +where they apply to every node as usual. However, they only affect the +appearance of shadow boxes and polygons, respectively. +@PP +The {@Code outlinestyle}, {@Code outlinedashlength}, and {@Code outlinewidth} +options apply to any node and affect the appearance of the outline: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@CurveBox" +" outlinestyle { solid }" +" outlinedashlength { 0.2f }" +" outlinewidth { thin }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@CurveBox + outlinestyle { solid } + outlinedashlength { 0.2f } + outlinewidth { thin } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +This example shows the default values of these options. The +{@Code outlinestyle} option may be {@Code solid}, {@Code dashed}, +dashed. @Index { dashed lines } +dotted. @Index { dotted lines } +{@Code cdashed}, {@Code dotted}, or {@Code noline}: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@CurveBox" +" outlinestyle { cdashed }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@CurveBox + outlinestyle { cdashed } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +The @Code dashed option makes all dashes the same length, whereas +@Code cdashed halves the length of the first and last dash on each segment, +which usually looks better. The length of dashes is {@Code outlinedashlength}, +and the distance between dashes or dots is at most {@Code outlinedashlength}, +reduced to make the dashes or dots fit evenly. The @Code outlinewidth +option determines the width of the line, dashes, or dots, and may be +{@Code thin}, {@Code medium}, {@Code thick}, or any length. The values +used for {@Code thin}, {@Code medium}, and {@Code thick} are +{@Code 0.04f}, {@Code 0.08f}, and {@Code 0.12f}. +@PP +The {@Code outlinestyle} option may contain a sequence of the values +mentioned above, meaning that they are to be applied in turn to each +segment of the outline: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@CurveBox" +" outlinestyle { solid cdashed }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@CurveBox + outlinestyle { solid cdashed } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +If there are more segments than values, {@Code outlinestyle} cycles back +to the first value again; this is why a single value is applied to all +segments. Section {@NumberOf dia_summ} shows how each of the +standard shapes is divided into segments. +@PP +Nodes may be painted any of the colours listed in Section +{@NumberOf colour}, using the @Code "paint" option: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Box" +" paint { grey }" +"@Diamond" +" outlinestyle { noline }" +" paint { white }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + paint { grey } +@Diamond + outlinestyle { noline } + paint { white } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +In this example the object following @Code "@Box" is a diamond containing +{@Code "Hello, world"}. The default value of @Code "paint" is +{@Code nopaint}, a special value (not a colour) meaning don't use any paint. +@PP +When painting it is important to know what order things are done in, because +anything put down earlier will disappear under the paint. This is why +@Code nopaint and @Code white are different. Painting is done first, then +boundaries, and finally the following object. +@PP +Each node symbol has +@Code "font" and @Code "break" options which may be used to +set the font and paragraph breaking style of the following object: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Box" +" font { Helvetica Base }" +" break { clines }" +"{" +"WARNING" +"DANGEROUS" +"PENGUINS" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + font { Helvetica Base } + break { clines } +{ +WARNING +DANGEROUS +PENGUINS +} +} +} +Both options have empty default values, which leave the font and break +style unchanged. There is also a @Code "format" option for making more +radical changes to the appearance of the following object: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Box" +" format {" +" {0.8 1.5} @Scale @S @Body" +" }" +"{" +"Dangerous Penguins" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + format { { 0.8 1.5 } @Scale @S @Body } +{ +Dangerous Penguins +} +} +} +The result is the @Code "format" option with any @Code "@Body" symbol +within it replaced by the following object. These are very useful when +attached to the @Code "@Diag" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Diag" +" font { Helvetica Base }" +" break { clines }" +" format { { 0.8 1.5 } @Scale @S @Body }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +since then they apply to every node, as usual, thereby eliminating +a lot of tedious, error-prone duplication of formatting information +at each node. +@PP +The @Code margin option determines the size of the margin added to +the following object: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Box" +" margin { 0c }" +"{ Hello, world }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box + margin { 0c } +{ Hello, world } +} +} +These margins are included in the node's base (described above), so a +larger margin enlarges the base and hence the outline as well. The +default value of @Code margin is {@Code 0.6f} (six-tenths of the current +font size), and so the margin will automatically increase when the font size +does, for example in overhead transparencies. +@PP +The @Code margin option adds the same margin to all four sides. For +finer control, the @Code hmargin option determines the horizontal (left +and right) margins only, overriding {@Code margin}. Similarly, the +@Code vmargin option determines the vertical (top and foot) margins. There +are also {@Code leftmargin}, {@Code rightmargin}, +{@Code topmargin}, and {@Code footmargin} options which override +{@Code margin}, {@Code hmargin}, and {@Code vmargin}. +@PP +When nodes appear side by side, the {@Code valign} option is +useful for controlling their vertical position with respect to each +other. For example, +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" valign { foot }" +"{" +"@Box font { 24p } Big" +"@Box font { 8p } Small" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + valign { foot } +{ +@Box font { 24p } Big +@Box font { 8p } Small +} +} +causes the feet of the boxes to be aligned. In this example it is +applied to all nodes at once, but of course it can be applied +to individual nodes as well. The value of {@Code valign} can be a +length, which means that the point of alignment is +to be that far down from the top of the base (including margins); or +it may be {@Code top}, {@Code ctr}, or {@Code foot}, meaning alignment +through the top, centre (the default value), or foot. +@PP +The {@Code vsize} option specifies a particular +height for a node (not including margins): +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" vsize { 2f }" +"{" +"@Box font { 24p } Big" +"@Box font { 8p } Small" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + vsize { 2f } +{ +@Box font { 24p } Big +@Box font { 8p } Small +} +} +The font size used when calculating @Code vsize is not affected by +the value of any @Code font option. If the following object is too +tall for the chosen height, Lout will print a warning message (`forced +to enlarge {@Code "@High"}', probably) and enlarge the base. +@PP +There is a @Code vindent option which is effective only when @Code vsize +is used. It controls where in the vertical space the following object +is to appear: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" vsize { 3f }" +"{" +"@Box vindent { top } Top" +"@Box Centre" +"@Box vindent { foot } Foot" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + vsize { 3f } + vindent { ctr } +{ +@Box vindent { top } Top +@Box Centre +@Box vindent { foot } Foot +} +} +The value may be {@Code top} for at the top, {@Code ctr} (the default +value) for in the centre, {@Code foot} for at the foot, or a length, +meaning that distance down from the top. These values are the same as +for the @Code valign option. +@PP +Small discrepancies in the size of nodes can be very annoying, +particularly when the nodes appear side by side: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +"{" +"@Box Hole @Box in" +"@Box my @Box pocket" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag +{ +@Box Hole @Box in +@Box my @Box pocket +} +} +These are caused by the slightly different heights of the objects within +the nodes. Selecting a fixed vertical size for all nodes goes some way +towards solving this problem: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" vsize { 1f }" +"{" +"@Box Hole @Box in" +"@Box my @Box pocket" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + vsize { 1f } +{ +@Box Hole @Box in +@Box my @Box pocket +} +} +The size @Code "1f" is a good choice because most fonts are designed to +be @Code "1f" high from the top of the tallest character to the foot of the +deepest. However, there is still a problem with the baselines of the words +being misaligned. A better solution is to insert a @I { vertical strut } +into each node: an invisible object with zero width and height equal to +{@Code 1f}. This is done using the @Code vstrut option: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" vstrut { yes }" +"{" +"@Box Hole @Box in" +"@Box my @Box pocket" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + vstrut { yes } +{ +@Box Hole @Box in +@Box my @Box pocket +} +} +The @Code vstrut option may be {@Code yes}, {@Code no} (the default value), or +a length, meaning to insert a strut of this height. So @Code "vstrut { yes }" +is equivalent to {@Code "vstrut { 1.0f }"}. +@PP +There are {@Code halign}, {@Code hsize}, {@Code hindent}, and {@Code hstrut} +options which work horizontally exactly as {@Code valign}, {@Code vsize}, +{@Code vindent}, and {@Code vstrut} work vertically, except that they +use {@Code left} and {@Code right} where the vertical ones use +{@Code top} and {@Code foot}. The best way to fix horizontal size +discrepancies is with {@Code hsize}, not {@Code hstrut}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_posi b/doc/user/dia_posi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..727d3be --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_posi @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_posi } + @Title { Positioning } +@Begin +@PP +Once the nodes of the diagram are in place, @@Diag can be trusted to look +after the rest: links to standard outlines will terminate neatly on their +boundaries, labels will not overstrike links no matter what direction they +are heading, and so on. The great weakness of @@Diag is in positioning +the nodes. This is partly because `what pleases the eye' is the +positioning rule in many diagrams, and an interactive system is really +needed in such cases; and partly because, even when the rule is more formal +(for example, when the nodes are to be laid out in a grid), @@Diag does not +have symbols to produce it anyway. +@PP +Previous examples have used @Code "@DP" for getting nodes one under +another, and white space between nodes for getting them side by side, but +this is very primitive. This section suggests three better ways: using +{@Code "@Tbl"}, using {@Code "@Graph"}, and using coordinates; and the +following section adds a fourth, using @@Diag's tree-drawing symbols. It's +a bit of a jumble. +@PP +The {@Code "@Tbl"} symbol (Chapter {@NumberOf tables}) is a good choice when +the nodes have any kind of grid-like arrangement: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag {" +"@Tbl" +" aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C }" +" marginhorizontal { 0.5c }" +" marginvertical { 0.25c }" +"{" +"@Rowa" +" B { A:: @Square }" +"@Rowa" +" A { B:: @Square }" +" C { C:: @Square }" +"@Rowa" +" B { D:: @Square }" +"}" +"//" +"@Arrow from { A } to { B }" +"@Arrow from { A } to { C }" +"@Arrow from { B } to { D }" +"@Arrow from { C } to { D }" +"@Arrow from { A } to { D }" +"}" +} +||9ct +@Diag { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } + marginhorizontal { 0.5c } + marginvertical { 0.25c } +{ +@Rowa + B { A:: @Square } +@Rowa + A { B:: @Square } + C { C:: @Square } +@Rowa + B { D:: @Square } +} +// +@Arrow from { A } to { B } +@Arrow from { A } to { C } +@Arrow from { B } to { D } +@Arrow from { C } to { D } +@Arrow from { A } to { D } +} +} +The table occupies the nodes part. Tags may have the same name +as columns; the two can never conflict. +@PP +Similarly, the @Code "@Graph" symbol from Chapter {@NumberOf graphs} +has an @Code "objects" option which can place arbitrary objects, +including labelled nodes, anywhere on a graph: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag {" +"@Graph" +" xmin { 0 }" +" xmax { 100 }" +" ymin { 0 }" +" ymax { 100 }" +" objects {" +" @CTR at { 20 30 } { A:: @Square }" +" @CTR at { 60 70 } { B:: @Square }" +" }" +"{}" +"//" +"@Link from { A } to { B }" +"}" +} +||8.5ct +@Diag { +@Graph + xmin { 0 } + xmax { 100 } + ymin { 0 } + ymax { 100 } + objects { + @CTR at { 20 30 } { A:: @Square } + @CTR at { 60 70 } { B:: @Square } + } +{} +// +@Link from { A } to { B } +} +} +Once again the @Code "@Graph" symbol occupies the nodes part. You can +get rid of the axes by setting the @Code "style" option of @Code "@Graph" +to {@Code none}, and then it won't look like a graph at all. +@PP +@@Diag has a system of node positioning based on coordinates which is +somewhat similar to the @Code "@Graph" one. It is often the easiest way +to scatter nodes about a diagram at random. The first step is to create +a nodes part that is just an empty space of whatever size you want the +final diagram to be: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Diag {" +" 4c @High 6c @Wide" +" //" +" ..." +"}" +} +As shown, this is done with the @Code "@Wide" and @Code "@High" symbols +from basic Lout; the above diagram will be four centimetres high by +six centimetres wide. +@PP +@@Diag has a @Code "," symbol that allows you to specify a point by +its coordinates in the diagram's base. For example, +@Code "0,0" denotes the bottom left-hand corner of the base, +@Code "1,0" denotes the bottom right-hand corner, and +@Code "0.5,0.5" denotes the centre of the base. Coordinates should +usually be between 0 and 1, since otherwise they denote points +outside the base (which is allowed but seldom useful). +@PP +Every node symbol has a @Code "translate" option which allows you +to move the node about on the diagram's base (or off it if you use +coordinates less than 0 or greater than 1). If you use this option, +the node effectively has zero size and overstrikes anything else +in the area you put it (like labels do). It is best to put these +nodes in the links part: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag {" +"@Box margin { 0c } 4c @Wide 5c @High" +"//" +"A:: @Square" +" translate { CTR to 0.5, 0.67 }" +" { @I A }" +"B:: @Circle" +" translate { CTR to 0.8, 0.25 }" +" { @I B }" +"}" +} +||9ct +@Diag { +@Box margin { 0c } 4c @Wide 5c @High +// +A:: @Square + translate { CTR to 0.5, 0.67 } + { @I A } +B:: @Circle + translate { CTR to 0.8, 0.25 } + { @I B } +} +} +A box with margin zero has been drawn around the empty space to +show its extent. The value of @Code "translate" should always +be {@I point} @Code to {@I point}; the first point lies within +the node, the second lies within the nodes part, and the translation +makes these two points coincide. +@PP +You are free to have nodes in the nodes part as well, or any object +at all. Here is an example which shows what a little ingenuity +can accomplish: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag {" +"@Polygon" +" sides { 5 }" +" outlinestyle { noline }" +" hsize { 4c }" +" vsize { 4c }" +"//" +"A:: @Circle translate { N to P1 } {}" +"B:: @Circle translate { N to P2 } {}" +"C:: @Circle translate { N to P3 } {}" +"D:: @Circle translate { N to P4 } {}" +"E:: @Circle translate { N to P5 } {}" +"@Link arrow { both } from { A } to { B }" +"@Link arrow { both } from { B } to { C }" +"@Link arrow { both } from { C } to { D }" +"@Link arrow { both } from { D } to { E }" +"@Link arrow { both } from { E } to { A }" +"}" +} +||9ct +@Diag { +@Polygon + sides { 5 } + outlinestyle { noline } + hsize { 4c } + vsize { 4c } +// +A:: @Circle translate { N to P1 } {} +B:: @Circle translate { N to P2 } {} +C:: @Circle translate { N to P3 } {} +D:: @Circle translate { N to P4 } {} +E:: @Circle translate { N to P5 } {} +@Link arrow { both } from { A } to { B } +@Link arrow { both } from { B } to { C } +@Link arrow { both } from { C } to { D } +@Link arrow { both } from { D } to { E } +@Link arrow { both } from { E } to { A } +} +} +This uses the tags of a phantom polygon to position the +real nodes. It would be a rare interactive system that could +position nodes with this precision; @@Diag shines whenever there +is a formal positioning rule to follow. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_summ b/doc/user/dia_summ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9dc9e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_summ @@ -0,0 +1,1680 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_summ } + @Title { Summary } +@Begin +@PP +Here is the complete list of standard node outlines that may be given +to the @Code "@Node" symbol. Each shows the outline name, any extra +options relevant to this outline, base (shown as a grey +box), segments (shown using {@Code "outlinestyle { solid dashed }"}), +tags, and directions (shown as a thick arrowhead wherever defined): +@IndentedList gap { 3v } + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { box }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { box } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { curvebox }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { curvebox } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { shadowbox }" +" shadow { 0.4f }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { shadowbox } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { square }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//1.5f +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { square } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { diamond }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { diamond } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { polygon }" +" sides { 3 }" +" angle { 180d / sides }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { polygon } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +&0.5c ... &0.5c +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { polygon } + sides { 10 } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +&0.5c ... +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { isosceles }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { isosceles } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { ellipse }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { ellipse } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Node" +" outline { circle }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Box paint { lightgrey } outlinestyle { noline } margin { 0c } +@ShowTags @ShowDirections @Node + outline { circle } + outlinestyle { solid dashed } + outlinewidth { 0.03f } + vsize { 1.0c } hsize { 2.0c } +} +} + +@EndList +@DP +Here are the abbreviations for the standard shapes: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code { outline "{" A "}" } ! @Col @Code { "@"B } } +{ +@Rowa + A { box } + B { Box } +@Rowa + A { curvebox } + B { CurveBox } +@Rowa + A { shadowbox } + B { ShadowBox } +@Rowa + A { square } + B { Square } +@Rowa + A { diamond } + B { Diamond } +@Rowa + A { polygon } + B { Polygon } +@Rowa + A { isosceles } + B { Isosceles } +@Rowa + A { ellipse } + B { Ellipse } +@Rowa + A { circle } + B { Circle } +} +Here are all the options to the @Code "@Node" symbol, their default +values, and their ranges of allowed values. Definitions of {@I number}, +{@I length}, {@I angle}, and {@I point} appear later in this summary. The +options related to {@Code alabel}, {@Code blabel}, {@Code clabel}, and +{@Code dlabel} have mostly been omitted since they are the same as +the {@Code nodelabel} options except for {@Code nodelabelpos}. +@DP +1fx @Break @Tab + hmargin { 1s } + # vmargin { 0.6vx } + @Fmth { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code " " ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code " " ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code "}" ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } +{ +@FirstRowh + A { "@Node" } +@Rowa + A { " outline" } + B { box } + C { {@Code box}, {@Code curvebox}, {@Code shadowbox}, {@Code square}, +{@Code diamond}, {@Code polygon}, {@Code ellipse}, {@Code circle}, or +any outline } +@Rowa + A { " margin" } + B { 0.6f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " shadow" } + B { 0.4f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " sides" } + B { 3 } + C { any @I number (it will be rounded to the nearest integer) } +@Rowa + A { " angle" } + B { 180d "/" sides } + C { any @I angle } +@Rowa + A { " translate" } + B { } + C { empty, or @I point @Code to @I point } +@Rowa + A { " outlinestyle" } + B { solid } + C { {@Code solid}, {@Code dashed}, {@Code cdashed}, {@Code dotted}, +{@Code noline}, or any sequence of one or more of these values } +@Rowa + A { " outlinedashlength"} + B { 0.2f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " outlinewidth" } + B { thin } + C { {@Code thin}, {@Code medium}, {@Code thick}, or any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " paint" } + B { nopaint } + C { @Code nopaint or any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowa + A { " font" } + B { } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Font" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " break" } + B { } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Break" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " format" } + B { "@Body" } + C { any object, usually containing {@Code "@Body"} } +@Rowa + A { " valign"} + B { ctr } + C { {@Code "top"}, {@Code "ctr"}, {@Code "foot"}, or any length +from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " vsize"} + B { } + C { empty, or any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " vindent"} + B { ctr } + C { {@Code "top"}, {@Code "ctr"}, {@Code "mctr"}, {@Code "foot"}, or any +length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " vstrut"} + B { no } + C { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, or any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " vmargin" } + B { margin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " topmargin" } + B { vmargin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " footmargin" } + B { vmargin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " halign"} + B { ctr } + C { {@Code "left"}, {@Code "ctr"}, {@Code "right"}, or any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " hsize"} + B { } + C { empty, or any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " hindent"} + B { ctr } + C { {@Code "left"}, {@Code "ctr"}, {@Code "mctr"}, {@Code "right"}, or any +length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " hmargin" } + B { margin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " leftmargin" } + B { hmargin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " rightmargin" } + B { hmargin } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " hstrut"} + B { no } + C { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, or any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabel"} + B { } + C { any object } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelmargin"} + B { 0.2f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelfont"} + B { -2p } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Font" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelbreak"} + B { ragged nohyphen } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Break" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelformat"} + B { "@Body" } + C { any object, usually containing @Code "@Body" } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelpos"} + B { } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelangle"} + B { horizontal } + C { {@Code horizontal}, {@Code aligned}, or {@Code perpendicular}; +{@Code parallel}, {@Code antiparallel}, or any @I angle } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelprox"} + B { outside } + C { {@Code above}, {@Code below}, {@Code left}, {@Code right}, +{@Code inside}, or {@Code outside}; {@Code CTR}, {@Code N}, {@Code S}, +{@Code E}, {@Code W}, {@Code NE}, {@Code NW}, {@Code SW}, or {@Code SE} +} +@Rowa + A { " nodelabelctr"} + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { " nodelabeladjust"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " alabelpos"} + B { NE } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " blabelpos"} + B { NW } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " clabelpos"} + B { SW } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " dlabelpos"} + B { SE } + C { any @I point } +} +@DP +Here is the complete list of standard link paths that may be given +to the @Code "@Link" symbol. Each entry shows the link path name, +any extra options relevant to this path, segments (shown using +{@Code "outlinestyle { solid dashed }"}, and tags. All tags +have directions pointing along the link from @Code FROM to +{@Code TO}; these have been omitted for clarity. The @Code frompt +and @Code topt options of @Code bezier are compulsory and denote the +two control points (Section {@NumberOf dia_defi}). +@IndentedList gap { 2v } + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { line }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { line } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +#@Diag { +#|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +#// +#@ShowTags @Link +# pathstyle { solid dashed } +# path { line } from { A } to { B } +#} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { doubleline }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { doubleline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +#@Diag { +#|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +#// +#@ShowTags @Link +# pathstyle { solid dashed } +# path { line } from { A } to { B } +#} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { curve }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { curve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { curve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { ccurve }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { ccurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { ccurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { bezier }" +" frompt { A@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } }" +" topt { B@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { bezier } from { A } to { B } + frompt { A@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } } + topt { B@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { bezier } from { A } to { B } + frompt { A@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } } + topt { B@CTR ++ { 3f 0 } } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { vhline }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { vhline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { vhline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { hvline }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { hvline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { hvline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { vhcurve }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { vhcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { vhcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { hvcurve }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { hvcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { hvcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { lvrline }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { lvrline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { lvrline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { rvlline }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { rvlline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { rvlline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { lvrcurve }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { lvrcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { lvrcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { rvlcurve }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { rvlcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { rvlcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { dwrapline }" +" tbias { 2.0f }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" fbias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle /2f +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { dwrapline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle /2f +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { dwrapline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { uwrapline }" +" tbias { 2.0f }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" fbias { 2.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +/2f A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { uwrapline } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +/2f |1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { uwrapline } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { dwrapcurve }" +" tbias { 2.0f }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" fbias { 2.0f }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle /2f +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { dwrapcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +|1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle /2f +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { dwrapcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@LI { +@Code { +"@Link" +" path { uwrapcurve }" +" tbias { 2.0f }" +" bias { 2.0f }" +" fbias { 2.0f }" +" radius { 1.0f }" +} +||6ct +@Diag { +//0.5f +/2f A:: @Circle /0.8c |1.5c B:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { uwrapcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +&2.5c +@Diag { +//0.5f +/2f |1.5c B:: @Circle /0.8c A:: @Circle +// +@ShowTags @Link + pathstyle { solid dashed } + path { uwrapcurve } from { A } to { B } +} +} + +@EndList +Here is the list of abbreviations for the standard paths (note +that @Code curve and @Code acurve are the same). Each +path also has an abbreviation which adds a forward arrow: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code { path "{" A "}" } ! @Col @Code "@"B ! @Col @Code "@"C } +{ +@Rowa + A { line } + B { Line } + C { Arrow } +@Rowa + A { doubleline } + B { DoubleLine } + C { DoubleArrow } +@Rowa + A { curve } + B { Curve } + C { CurveArrow } +@Rowa + A { acurve } + B { ACurve } + C { ACurveArrow } +@Rowa + A { ccurve } + B { CCurve } + C { CCurveArrow } + +@Rowa + A { bezier } + B { Bezier } + C { BezierArrow } + +@Rowa + A { hvline } + B { HVLine } + C { HVArrow } +@Rowa + A { vhline } + B { VHLine } + C { VHArrow } +@Rowa + A { hvcurve } + B { HVCurve } + C { HVCurveArrow } +@Rowa + A { vhcurve } + B { VHCurve } + C { VHCurveArrow } + +@Rowa + A { lvrline } + B { LVRLine } + C { LVRArrow } +@Rowa + A { rvlline } + B { RVLLine } + C { RVLArrow } +@Rowa + A { lvrcurve } + B { LVRCurve } + C { LVRCurveArrow } +@Rowa + A { rvlcurve } + B { RVLCurve } + C { RVLCurveArrow } + +@Rowa + A { dwrapline } + B { DWrapLine } + C { DWrapArrow } +@Rowa + A { uwrapline } + B { UWrapLine } + C { UWrapArrow } +@Rowa + A { dwrapcurve } + B { DWrapCurve } + C { DWrapCurveArrow } +@Rowa + A { uwrapcurve } + B { UWrapCurve } + C { UWrapCurveArrow } +} +Here is the complete list of options to the @Code "@Link" symbol. The +options related to {@Code xlabel}, {@Code ylabel}, and {@Code zlabel} +have been omitted where they are the same as the {@Code linklabel} options. +@DP +1fx @Break @Tab + hmargin { 1s } + # vmargin { 0.6vx } + @Fmth { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code " " ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code " " ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code "}" ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowh + A { "@Link" } +@Rowa + A { " path" } + B { line } + C { {@Code "line"}, {@Code "doubleline"}, {@Code "curve"}, {@Code "acurve"}, +{@Code "ccurve"}, {@Code "bezier"}, +{@Code "vhline"}, {@Code "hvline"}, {@Code "vhcurve"}, {@Code "hvcurve"}, +{@Code "lvrline"}, {@Code "rvlline"}, {@Code "lvrcurve"}, {@Code "rvlcurve"}, +{@Code "dwrapline"}, {@Code "uwrapline"}, {@Code "dwrapcurve"}, +{@Code "uwrapcurve"}, or any path } +@Rowa + A { " from"} + B { 0,0 } + C { any @I point or node label } +@Rowa + A { " to"} + B { 1,1 } + C { any @I point or node label } +@Rowa + A { " bias"} + B { 2.0f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " fbias"} + B { 2.0f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " tbias"} + B { 2.0f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " radius"} + B { 1.0f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " xindent"} + B { 0.8f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " zindent"} + B { 0.8f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " frompt"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " topt"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " pathstyle" } + B { solid } + C { {@Code solid}, {@Code dashed}, {@Code cdashed}, {@Code dotted}, +{@Code noline}, or any sequence of one or more of these values } +@Rowa + A { " pathdashlength"} + B { 0.2f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " pathwidth" } + B { thin } + C { {@Code thin}, {@Code medium}, {@Code thick}, or any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " pathgap" } + B { thin } + C { {@Code thin}, {@Code medium}, {@Code thick}, or any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " arrow"} + B { no } + C { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code forward}, {@Code back}, +or {@Code both} } +@Rowa + A { " arrowstyle"} + B { solid } + C { {@Code solid}, {@Code halfopen}, {@Code open}, {@Code curvedsolid}, +{@Code curvedhalfopen}, or {@Code curvedopen} } +@Rowa + A { " arrowwidth"} + B { 0.3f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " arrowlength"} + B { 0.5f } + C { any @I length } +@Rowa + A { " linklabel"} + B { } + C { any object } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelmargin"} + B { 0.2f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelfont"} + B { -2p } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Font" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelbreak"} + B { ragged nohyphen } + C { any value suitable for the @Code "@Break" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelformat"} + B { "@Body" } + C { any object, usually containing @Code "@Body" } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelpos"} + B { } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelangle"} + B { horizontal } + C { {@Code horizontal}, {@Code aligned}, or {@Code perpendicular}; +{@Code parallel}, {@Code antiparallel}, or any @I angle } +@Rowa + A { " linklabelprox"} + B { above } + C { {@Code above}, {@Code below}, {@Code left}, {@Code right}, +{@Code inside}, or {@Code outside}; {@Code CTR}, {@Code N}, {@Code S}, +{@Code E}, {@Code W}, {@Code NE}, {@Code NW}, {@Code SW}, or {@Code SE} +} +@Rowa + A { " linklabelctr"} + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { " linklabeladjust"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " xlabelpos"} + B { LFROM } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " ylabelpos"} + B { LMID } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " ylabelctr"} + B { yes } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { " zlabelpos"} + B { LTO } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabel"} + B { } + C { any object } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelmargin"} + B { 0f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelfont"} + B { } + C { Any value suitable for the @Code "@Font" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelbreak"} + B { ragged nohyphen } + C { Any value suitable for the @Code "@Break" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelformat"} + B { "@Body" } + C { any object, usually containing @Code "@Body" } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelpos"} + B { FROM } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelangle"} + B { antiparallel } + C { {@Code horizontal}, {@Code aligned}, or {@Code perpendicular}; +{@Code parallel}, {@Code antiparallel}, or any @I angle } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelprox"} + B { W } + C { {@Code above}, {@Code below}, {@Code left}, {@Code right}, +{@Code inside}, or {@Code outside}; {@Code CTR}, {@Code N}, {@Code S}, +{@Code E}, {@Code W}, {@Code NE}, {@Code NW}, {@Code SW}, or {@Code SE} +} +@Rowa + A { " fromlabelctr"} + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { " fromlabeladjust"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " tolabel"} + B { } + C { any object } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelmargin"} + B { 0f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelfont"} + B { } + C { Any value suitable for the @Code "@Font" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelbreak"} + B { ragged nohyphen } + C { Any value suitable for the @Code "@Break" symbol } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelformat"} + B { "@Body" } + C { any object, usually containing @Code "@Body" } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelpos"} + B { TO } + C { any @I point } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelangle"} + B { parallel } + C { {@Code horizontal}, {@Code aligned}, or {@Code perpendicular}; +{@Code parallel}, {@Code antiparallel}, or any @I angle } +@Rowa + A { " tolabelprox"} + B { W } + C { {@Code above}, {@Code below}, {@Code left}, {@Code right}, +{@Code inside}, or {@Code outside}; {@Code CTR}, {@Code N}, {@Code S}, +{@Code E}, {@Code W}, {@Code NE}, {@Code NW}, {@Code SW}, or {@Code SE} +} +@Rowa + A { " tolabelctr"} + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { " tolabeladjust"} + B { 0 0 } + C { any @I point } +} +@DP +Here is the complete list of options to the @Code "@Tree" symbol: +@DP @OneRow 1fx @Break @Tab + hmargin { 1s } + # vmargin { 0.6vx } + @Fmth { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code " " ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code " " ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code "}" ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowh + A { "@Tree" } +@Rowa + A { " treehindent" } + B { ctr } + C { {@Code left}, {@Code ctr}, {@Code right}, or any length from +Section {@NumberOf objects} } +} +@DP +The @Code "@HTree" option has a similar @Code "treevindent" option, +which may be {@Code "top"}, {@Code ctr}, {@Code foot}, or any length +from Section {@NumberOf objects}. +@PP +The @Code "@Diag" symbol and to the {@Code "@DiagSetup"} setup +file symbol have all of the options of {@Code "@Node"}, {@Code "@Link"}, +{@Code "@Tree"}, and {@Code "@HTree"}. They also have the following +options: +@DP +1fx @Break @Tab + hmargin { 1s } + # vmargin { 0.6vx } + @Fmth { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code " " ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code " " ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code "}" ! + @Col 1.0c @Wide ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowh + A { "@Diag" } +@Rowa + A { " maxlabels" } + B { 200 } + C { any whole number } +@Rowa + A { " save" } + B { no } + C { @Code no or @Code yes } +@Rowa + A { " treehsep" } + B { 0.5f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +@Rowa + A { " treevsep" } + B { 0.5f } + C { any length from Section {@NumberOf objects} } +} +@DP +The following lists define all the ways to specify numbers, lengths, +angles, points, and booleans. Brief explanations appear to the right, +with the symbols' precedences in parentheses. +@DP +1fx @Break @Tab + # vmargin { 0.6vx } + @Fmth { @Col { &@DisplayIndent A } ! @Col } + @Fmta { @Col { &@DisplayIndent &2s A } ! @Col B } +{ + +@Rowh A { @I number } vmargin { 0.2vx } +@Rowh +@Rowa + A { {@Sym minus}27.56 } + B { or any literal number } +@Rowa + A { @Code sqrt @I number } + B { square root (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code abs @I number } + B { absolute value (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code ceiling @I number } + B { least integer greater than or equal to (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code floor @I number } + B { greatest integer less than or equal to (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code truncate @I number } + B { delete fractional part (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code round @I number } + B { round to nearest integer (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code sin @I angle } + B { sine of angle measured in degrees (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code cos @I angle } + B { cosine of angle measured in degrees (99) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code atan @I number } + B { arc tangent of first over second (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code exp @I number } + B { first number raised to second number (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code log @I number } + B { logarithm of second number to base first (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code rand @I number } + B { random real number in this range inclusive (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code max @I number } + B { the larger of two numbers (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code min @I number } + B { the smaller of two numbers (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "*" @I number } + B { the product of two numbers (97) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "/" @I number } + B { real-valued division (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code "/" @I length } + B { the ratio of two lengths (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code "/" @I angle } + B { the ratio of two angles (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code idiv @I number } + B { integer division of two numbers (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code mod @I number } + B { integer remainder when first divided by second (96) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "+" @I number } + B { sum of two numbers (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "+" @I number } + B { identity operation (96) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Sym minus @I number } + B { difference of two numbers (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Sym minus @I number } + B { negation (96) } +@Rowa + A { @Code sides } + B { ({@Code outline} only) value of the node's @Code sides option } + +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh A { @I length } vmargin { 0.2vx } +@Rowh +@Rowa + A { 0 } + B { zero } +@Rowa + A { @Code xsize } + B { ({@Code outline} only) distance to right boundary } +@Rowa + A { @Code ysize } + B { ({@Code outline} only) distance to top boundary } +@Rowa + A { @Code xmark } + B { ({@Code outline} only) distance to column mark } +@Rowa + A { @Code ymark } + B { ({@Code outline} only) distance to row mark } +@Rowa + A { @Code margin } + B { ({@Code outline} only) value of the node's @Code margin option } +@Rowa + A { @Code shadow } + B { ({@Code outline} only) value of the node's @Code shadow option } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code i } + B { @I number inches (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code c } + B { @I number centimetres (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code p } + B { @I number points (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code m } + B { @I number ems (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code s } + B { @Code 1s is the current width of a space (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code v } + B { @Code 1v is the current inter-line space (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code f } + B { @Code 1f is the size of the current font (100) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "xcoord" @I point } + B { the @I x coordinate of the point (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "ycoord" @I point } + B { the @I y coordinate of the point (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code abs @I length } + B { absolute value (99) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code rand @I length } + B { random real length in this range inclusive (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code max @I length } + B { the larger of two lengths (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code min @I length } + B { the smaller of two lengths (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I point @Code "distance" @I point } + B { (non-negative) distance between two points (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code "*" @I number } + B { length multiplied by number (97) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "*" @I length } + B { length multiplied by number (97) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code "/" @I number } + B { length divided by number (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code "+" @I length } + B { sum of two lengths (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "+" @I length } + B { identity operation (96) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Sym minus @I length } + B { difference of two lengths (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Sym minus @I length } + B { negation (96) } + +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh A { @I angle } vmargin { 0.2vx } +@Rowh +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code d } + B { @I number degrees (100) } +@Rowa + A { @I number } + B { @I number degrees (@Code d is optional) (100) } +@Rowa + A { @Code parallel } + B { ({@Code labelangle} options only) angle parallel to curve at label point } +@Rowa + A { @Code antiparallel } + B { ({@Code labelangle} options only) angle antiparallel to curve at label point } +@Rowa + A { @Code perpendicular } + B { ({@Code labelangle} options only) angle perpendicular to curve at label point } +@Rowa + A { @Code antiperpendicular } + B { ({@Code labelangle} options only) angle antiperpendicular to curve at label point } +@Rowa + A { {@I label}{@Code "??ANGLE"} } + B { angle parallel to curve at {@I label} if known, else @Code "0d" (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code anglefix @I angle } + B { @I angle normalized to between @Code 0d inclusive and @Code 360d exclusive (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code abs @I angle } + B { absolute value (99) } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code atan @I length } + B { arc tangent of first over second (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I point @Code "angleto" @I point } + B { angle from first point to second (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code rand @I angle } + B { random angle in this range inclusive (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code max @I angle } + B { the larger of two angles (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code min @I angle } + B { the smaller of two angles (98) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code "*" @I number } + B { angle multiplied by number (97) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "*" @I angle } + B { angle multiplied by number (97) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code "/" @I number } + B { division of angle by number (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Code "+" @I angle } + B { sum of two angles (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "+" @I angle } + B { identity operation (96) } +@Rowa + A { @I angle @Sym minus @I angle } + B { difference of two angles (96, left associative) } +@Rowa + A { @Sym minus @I angle } + B { negation (96) } +@Rowa + A { @Code angle } + B { ({@Code outline} only) value of the node's @Code angle option } + + +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh A { @I point } vmargin { 0.2vx } +@Rowh +@Rowa + A { @I label } + B { a previously defined label } +@Rowa + A { {@I any}{@Code "??"}{@I label} } + B { {@I any}{@Code "@"}{@I label} if sensible, else {@I any} (99) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "prev" } + B { the previous point in a shape } +@Rowa + A { @I length @Code "atangle" @I angle } + B { point at distance and angle from origin (89) } +@Rowa + A { @I "point/tag" @Code "boundaryatangle" @I angle } + B { @I {point}, or point on boundary of @I tag at @I angle (89) } +@Rowa + A { @I point @Code "**" @I number } + B { multiplication of point by number (88) } +@Rowa + A { @I point @Code "++" @I point } + B { vector sum of two points (87) } +@Rowa + A { @I point {@Sym minus}{@Sym minus} @I point } + B { vector difference of two points (87) } +@Rowa + A { @I {number, number} } + B { @I x and @I y coordinates with respect to base (70) } +@Rowa + A { @I {length length} } + B { @I x and @I y distance from origin (5) } +@Rowa + A { @Code from } + B { ({@Code path} only) the value of the link's @Code from option } +@Rowa + A { @Code to } + B { ({@Code path} only) the value of the link's @Code to option } + +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh +@Rowh A { @I boolean } vmargin { 0.2vx } +@Rowh +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "=" @I number } + B { @Eq { non = }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "!=" @I number } + B { @Eq { non != }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "==" @I number } + B { @Eq { non = } between angles (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "!==" @I number } + B { @Eq { non != } between angles (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "<=" @I number } + B { @Eq { non <= }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code "<" @I number } + B { @Eq { non < }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code ">=" @I number } + B { @Eq { non >= }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @I number @Code ">" @I number } + B { @Eq { non > }; also between lengths (79) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "not" @I boolean } + B { Logical not (78) } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code "and" @I boolean } + B { Logical and (77) } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code "or" @I boolean } + B { Logical or (76) } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code "xor" @I boolean } + B { Logical exclusive or (76) } + +} +@DP +A length is represented in PostScript by a single number on the operand +stack; so is an angle. Therefore all number operations can be applied +to lengths and angles as well, but the results will not always be +useful. For example, rounding a length to the nearest integer is +not a useful thing to do because the result depends on the basic unit +(what does 1 equal as a length?) which is implementation-dependent and +genuinely subject to change. Rounding the @I ratio of two lengths does +make sense. The above is an attempt to list only the useful operations; +but if you really need the logarithm of an angle, you can have it. +@PP +Angles are a little more amenable to this kind of thing because they are +always measured in degrees. However, angles suffer from the problem that +{@Code 0d} is really the same angle as {@Code 360d}. For this reason, +separate equality and inequality operators for angles are provided which +ignore multiples of {@Code 360d}, and less than and similar relations +are not defined for angles, because they inherently are not well +defined. See also the @Code anglefix symbol above. +@PP +A point is represented by two lengths (which are numbers) on the +stack. Those familiar with PostScript and willing to sacrifice portability +and increase their risk of error can therefore write, for example, +@OneCol { @I point @Code "exch" } to obtain the reflection of a point about +the main diagonal, and so on. +@PP +The following may have a result of any type, depending on +their options. The options and result may be a +sequence of things as required in shapes, including @Code "[]" and +so forth. +@IndentedList +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code if + @Code "cond {" @I boolean @Code "}" + @Code "then {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "else {" @I anything @Code "}" +} +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@I angle @Code quadcase + @Code "0 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "0-90 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "90 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "90-180 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "180 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "180-270 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "270 {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "270-360 {" @I anything @Code "}" +} +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@I number @Code signcase + @Code "neg {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "zero {" @I anything @Code "}" + @Code "pos {" @I anything @Code "}" +} +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code "xloop from {" @I number "} to {" @I number "} by {" @I number "} do {" + @I anything +@Code "}" +} +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code "yloop from {" @I number "} to {" @I number "} by {" @I number "} do {" + @I anything +@Code "}" +} +@LI @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code "zloop from {" @I number "} to {" @I number "} by {" @I number "} do {" + @I anything +@Code "}" +} +@EndList +The @Code "if" symbol returns @Code "then" or @Code "else" depending on +the value of {@Code "cond"}, and @Code "signcase" returns {@Code "neg"}, +{@Code zero}, or {@Code pos} depending on whether @I number (which +may also be an angle or a length) is negative, zero, or positive. The +@Code "quadcase" symbol decides whether the given angle points in +one of the four horizontal or vertical directions, or into the quadrants +between them, and returns the appropriate option. Don't be misled by +the unorthodox option names; it is not possible to give your own +ranges, only these ones. +@PP +The loops return a sequence of +repetitions of {@I anything}; any occurrences of {@Code x} in +{@Code xloop} will be replaced by the current value of the loop counter, +and similarly for the other loops. +@PP +Symbols not covered in this summary are the retagging symbol @Code "::" +(Section {@NumberOf dia_tags}); the symbols available within the +{@Code "@Tree"} symbol (Section {@NumberOf dia_posi}); and {@Code ":<"}, +{@Code ":="}, {@Code "@ShowPoints"}, {@Code "@ShowTags"}, and +{@Code "@ShowDirections"} from Section {@NumberOf dia_defi}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_tags b/doc/user/dia_tags new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91cd7a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_tags @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_tags } + @Title { Tags } +@Begin +@PP +In addition to drawing the outline, each of the standard node +types also attaches names, called {@I tags}, to certain points. For +example, the @Code "@Ellipse" symbol creates nine tags: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//1.0f +@ShowTags @Ellipse + vsize { 1.5c } + hsize { 3.0c } +} +} +The standard link symbols also create tags: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Link" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +2.5c @High 2c @Wide +// +@ShowTags @Arrow + from { 0,0.8 } + to { 1,0 } +} +} +The names and positions of all standard tags may be found in the summary +(Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}) at the end of this chapter. Each tag +stands for a point, and may be used wherever a point is required: +@ID { +@Code { +"@Ellipse { Hello, world }" +"//" +"@Link from { SW } to { SE }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Ellipse { Hello, world } +// +@Link from { SW } to { SE } +} +} +A tag may only be used later in the text of the diagram than the place +where it is defined. +@PP +Standard tags like @Code N and @Code S are not much use as they are, +since in general there will be many nodes and hence many @Code N and +@Code S tags. The retagging symbol, {@Code "::"}, solves this problem: +@ID { +@Code { +"A:: @Ellipse" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//1.5f +@ShowTags { +A:: @Ellipse + vsize { 1.5c } + hsize { 3.0c } +} +} +} +Within the following object, the points have their original tags, but +afterwards the names are changed by prefixing the word preceding +{@Code "::"}, plus a @Code "@" character, to each one. These longer +tags may be used exactly like the others: +@ID { +@Code { +"A:: @Ellipse { Hello, world }" +"//" +"@Link from { A@SW } to { A@SE }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +A:: @Ellipse { Hello, world } +// +@Link from { A@SW } to { A@SE } +} +} +The retagging symbol may be applied to links, and indeed to arbitrary +objects; it will retag every tag within the following object, even +tags that have already been retagged: +@ID { +@Code { +"A:: {" +" 1:: @Ellipse" +" vsize { 1.0c }" +" hsize { 2.5c }" +" @DP" +" @DP" +" 2:: @Ellipse" +" vsize { 1.0c }" +" hsize { 2.5c }" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +//1.0f +@ShowTags { +A:: { + 1:: @Ellipse + vsize { 1.0c } + hsize { 2.5c } + @DP + @DP + 2:: @Ellipse + vsize { 1.0c } + hsize { 2.5c } +} +} +} +} +In practice one usually only retags individual nodes. It is best to +use only upper-case letters and digits in tags, because Lout and +PostScript have tags of their own containing lower-case letters, and +any mixup causes total disaster. +@PP +When a tag lies within the object following some node, it is +automatically retagged in this way with tag {@Code IN}. For example, in +@ID @Code { +"@Square" +"@Circle Hello" +} +the circle lies within the square, and what you get in effect is +@ID @Code { +"@Square" +"IN:: @Circle Hello" +} +This prevents confusion between the tags of the inner and outer nodes. This +retagging cannot be left to the user's discretion, owing to unexpected +effects on the positioning of labels of the outer node if inner tags are +not retagged. +@PP +Although @Code from and @Code to are just two of several options within +@Code "@Diag" where a point is expected, and hence where a tag may be +given, they have a special virtue not shared by any other options. It is +possible to give the name of an entire node, not just a tag denoting one +point, to them: +@ID { +@Code { +"A:: @Circle" +"@DP" +"B:: @Ellipse { Hello, world }" +"//" +"@Link from { A } to { B }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +A:: @Circle +@DP +B:: @Ellipse { Hello, world } +// +@Link from { A } to { B } +} +} +This will select a point on the outline of the named node, appropriate +to the type of link being drawn. It is extremely useful, of course, but +potentially confusing: @Code A and @Code B do not denote points and are +not tags, strictly speaking, at all. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/dia_tree b/doc/user/dia_tree new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d16f2bc --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/dia_tree @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +@Section + @Tag { dia_tree } + @Title { Trees } +@Begin +@PP +@@Diag offers some symbols for producing tree diagrams, using the +tree. @Index { @Code "@Tree" symbol in @@Diag } +@Code "@Tree" symbol, which may appear anywhere within the nodes part: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Diag {" +" ..." +" @Tree { ... }" +" ..." +"}" +} +Within this symbol, new symbols {@Code "@LeftSub"}, {@Code "@RightSub"}, +{@Code "@FirstSub"}, {@Code "@NextSub"}, and {@Code "@StubSub"} become +available. The first two are used to get a (non-empty) binary tree: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +" @Circle A" +" @LeftSub {" +" @Circle B" +" @LeftSub @Square C" +" @RightSub @Square D" +" }" +" @RightSub @Circle E" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree { + @Circle A + @LeftSub { + @Circle B + @LeftSub @Square C + @RightSub @Square D + } + @RightSub @Circle E +} +} +} +The root of the tree, which must be a single node but may have any +outline, comes first. After that comes the @Code "@LeftSub" symbol +followed by the left subtree, which must be enclosed in braces unless +it consists of a single node. After that comes the @Code "@RightSub" +symbol followed by the right subtree, again enclosed in braces unless it +consists of a single node. These rules apply recursively and will +produce a binary tree of arbitrary size and depth. If a node has no +left or right subtree, leave out the corresponding @Code "@LeftSub" or +@Code "@RightSub" symbol. +@PP +A similar system using @Code "@FirstSub" and @Code "@NextSub" produces +trees in which each node may have arbitrarily many children: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +" @Circle A" +" @FirstSub {" +" @Circle B" +" @FirstSub @Square C" +" @NextSub @Square D" +" }" +" @NextSub @Circle E" +" @NextSub @Circle F" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree { + @Circle A + @FirstSub { + @Circle B + @FirstSub @Square C + @NextSub @Square D + } + @NextSub @Circle E + @NextSub @Circle F +} +} +} +The first subtree is preceded by {@Code "@FirstSub"}, and subsequent +trees are preceded by {@Code "@NextSub"}. The subtrees are spaced +at equal separations from each other, with the root centred over +them, in contrast to the binary tree arrangement in which the two +subtrees are positioned to the left and right of the root, never +intruding into the space beneath it. +@PP +Although each subtree must contain a node for its root, it is not hard +to get around this: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree" +"{" +"@Circle" +"@FirstSub @Circle" +"@NextSub pathstyle { noline }" +" @Circle outlinestyle { noline }" +" ..." +"@NextSub @Circle" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree +{ +@Circle +@FirstSub @Circle +@NextSub pathstyle { noline } + @Circle outlinestyle { noline } + ... +@NextSub @Circle +} +} +} +Clumsy as this is, it often assists in placing the unenclosed object +in a way consistent with the surrounding nodes, and offers margins +and so forth which help with fine-tuning its position. +@PP +The fifth subtree symbol, {@Code "@StubSub"}, produces a stub subtree: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +"@Circle @Eq { a }" +"@StubSub @Eq { T tsub a }" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree { +@Circle @Eq { a } +@StubSub @Eq { T tsub a } +} +} +} +Unlike the other subtree symbols, {@Code "@StubSub"} is not followed +by a subtree with a node for its root; rather, it is followed by an +arbitrary object, and the path is drawn around this stub object, which +is placed directly underneath the parent node with zero vertical +separation. In practice, it is usually necessary to attach margins to +the following object; the easiest way to do that is to enclose it in +{@Code "@Box outlinestyle { noline }"}. An example appears below. +@PP +It is possible to mix the three subtree types, by having binary tree +symbols following some nodes, non-binary tree symbols following +others, and a single {@Code "@StubSub"} following others. However, +at any one node the subtrees must be all either binary, non-binary, +or stub. +@PP +The subtree symbols have all of the options of {@Code "@Link"}, and +these apply to the link drawn from the parent of the root of the subtree +to the root of the subtree (or anticlockwise around the stub object): +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +" @Circle A" +" @LeftSub" +" arrow { yes }" +" xlabel { 1 }" +" @Circle B" +" @RightSub" +" arrow { yes }" +" xlabel { 2 }" +" @Circle C" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree { + @Circle A + @LeftSub + arrow { yes } + xlabel { 1 } + @Circle B + @RightSub + arrow { yes } + xlabel { 2 } + @Circle C +} +} +} +To get reverse arrows use @Code "arrow { back }" as usual. +@PP +The subtree symbols do not need @Code from and @Code to options, +because they already know which nodes they are linking together. However, +you may use @Code from or @Code to to give a tag specifying a particular +point within the node: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +"@Circle" +"@LeftSub from { S } to { N }" +" @Isosceles vsize { 2f }" +"@RightSub from { S } to { N }" +" @Isosceles vsize { 2f }" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag +{ +@Tree { +@Circle +@LeftSub from { S } to { N } + @Isosceles vsize { 2f } +@RightSub from { S } to { N } + @Isosceles vsize { 2f } +} +} +} +In this example both links go from the @Code S tag of the parent node to the +@Code N tag of the child node (at the apex of the iscosceles triangle). These +options also work for {@Code "@StubSub"}, where they refer to the start and +end of the stub path: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +"@Circle @Eq { a }" +"@StubSub" +" from { SW }" +" to { SE }" +"@Box outlinestyle { noline }" +" @Eq { T tsub a }" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree { +@Circle @Eq { a } +@StubSub + from { SW } + to { SE } +@Box outlinestyle { noline } + @Eq { T tsub a } +} +} +} +and so the tags both refer to points in the parent node in this case. +@PP +The @Code "@LeftSub" and @Code "@RightSub" symbols have variants called +@Code "@ZeroWidthLeftSub" and @Code "@ZeroWidthRightSub" which are the +same except that the resulting subtrees consume no width: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Tree {" +"@Circle" +"@LeftSub {" +" @Circle" +" @LeftSub @Square" +" @RightSub @Square" +"}" +"@RightSub {" +" @Circle" +" @LeftSub {" +" @Circle" +" @ZeroWidthLeftSub @Square" +" @ZeroWidthRightSub @Square" +" }" +" @RightSub @Square" +"} }" +} +||7ct +@Diag { +@Tree +{ +@Circle +@LeftSub { + @Circle + @LeftSub @Square + @RightSub @Square +} +@RightSub { + @Circle + @LeftSub { + @Circle + @ZeroWidthLeftSub @Square + @ZeroWidthRightSub @Square + } + @RightSub @Square +} +} +} +} +There is nothing analogous for the other subtree symbols. +@PP +The @Code "@Diag" symbol has a few options for adjusting the appearance +of the tree. The @Code "treehsep" option determines the horizontal space left +between a root and its left subtree, between a root and its right subtree, +and between one subtree and the next when @Code "@NextSub" is used. The +@Code "treevsep" option determines the vertical space left between a root +and its subtrees: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@Diag" +" treehsep { 0c }" +" treevsep { 0c }" +"{" +"@Tree" +"{" +" @Circle A" +" @LeftSub @Square B" +" @RightSub @Square C" +"}" +"}" +} +||7ct +@Diag + treehsep { 0c } + treevsep { 0c } +{ +@Tree +{ + @Circle A + @LeftSub @Square B + @RightSub @Square C +} +} +} +These options may also be given to individual subtree symbols, although +@Code "treevsep" works as expected only with @Code "@LeftSub" and +{@Code "@FirstSub"}, since these determine the vertical separation of +all children of their parent. +@PP +The @Code "treehindent" option determines where the root of a non-binary +tree is positioned over its subtrees; the value may be @Code "left" +for at left, @Code "ctr" for centred over them (the default), +@Code "right" for at the right, or any length, meaning that far from +the left. Owing to problems behind the scenes, this option may not be +given to individual subtree symbols; so as a consolation, it is permitted +as an option to the @Code "@Tree" symbol. +@PP +It is not possible to attach tags to nodes within a tree, because +tags are attached automatically by the tree symbols and any extra +tags would disrupt the linking. However, you can use @Code "@ShowTags" +to find out what these automatic tags are, and use them in a subsequent +links part. For example, the tag attached to the right child of the left +child of the root of a binary tree is {@Code "L@R@T"}, and in general the +tag records the path from the root to the node, with @Code "T" added to +the end. The root always has tag {@Code "T"}. The tree as a whole may +be retagged in the usual way. +@PP +There is an @Code "@HTree" symbol which is the same as +htree. @Index { @Code "@HTree" symbol in @@Diag } +@Code "@Tree" except that the tree grows horizontally (from left to +right) instead of vertically. The same symbols are available within +@Code "@HTree" as within {@Code "@Tree"}; @Code "@LeftSub" and +@Code "@FirstSub" produce what might be called the top subtree, and +@Code "@RightSub" and @Code "@NextSub" produce lower trees. @Code "@HTree" +has no @Code "treehindent" option; instead, it has an exactly analogous +@Code "treevindent" option. +@PP +@Code "@HTree" may be used to get horizontal lists: +@ID @OneRow { +@Code { +"@I @Diag" +" arrow { yes } treehsep { 1c } {" +"@HTree {" +" @Node A" +" @FirstSub {" +" @Node B" +" @FirstSub @Node C" +" }" +"}" +"}" +} +||7ct +@I @Diag arrow { yes } treehsep { 1c } { +@HTree { +@Node A +@FirstSub { + @Node B + @FirstSub @Node C +} +} +} +} +The braces are clumsy but necessary. 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100644 index 0000000..7a87fdb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Equations } + @Tag { equations } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter explains how to produce mathematical formulas in Lout, +equations. @Index { equations } +mathematics. @Index mathematics +eq. @Index @Code "@Eq" +using the @Code "@Eq" symbol like this: +@ID @Code { +"@Eq { big int supp 1 on 0 ` dx over sqrt {1 - x sup 2} = pi over 2 }" +} +This example produces +@ID @Eq { big int supp 1 on 0 ` dx over sqrt {1 - x sup 2} = pi over 2 } +The @Code "@Eq" symbol looks after all the details of spacing for +you, and it provides several hundred mathematical symbols. +@BeginSections +@Include { equ_intr } +@Include { equ_symb } +@Include { equ_vert } +@Include { equ_spac } +@Include { equ_disp } +@Include { equ_defs } +@Include { equ_summ } +@Include { equ_tequ } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/equ_defs b/doc/user/equ_defs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e38da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_defs @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +@Section + @Title { Defining new equation formatting symbols } +@Begin +@PP +Whenever you type particular equations or parts of equations repeatedly, +you can save time by using definitions. Definitions are the subject of +Section {@NumberOf definitions}, so here we will just give a few examples +of their use in equation formatting. +@PP +Suppose for example that @OneCol @Eq { p sub i ` log sub 2 ` p sub i } +occurs frequently in your document. Then +@ID @Code "def epi { p sub i ` log sub 2 ` p sub i }" +makes the symbol @Code "epi" stand for the object between the braces: +@ID { +@Code "big sum from i=1 to n ` epi" +|7ct +@Eq { big sum from i=1 to n ` epi } +} +Parameters are very useful when parts of the symbol vary: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"def ep" +" right x" +"{ p sub x ` log sub 2 ` p sub x" +"}" +} +The parameter @Code x will be replaced by the object just to the right +of {@Code "ep"}: +@ID { +@Code { +"big sum from i=1 to k ` ep i +" +"big sum from j=k+1 to n ep j" +} +||7ct +@Eq { +big sum from i=1 to k ` ep i + +big sum from j=k+1 to n ep j +} +} +The precedence of the symbols you define will be 100 by default. +@PP +To make the symbols of @Code "@Eq" available within such definitions, +each must be preceded by {@Code "import @Eq"}. As explained in Section +{@NumberOf definitions}, the definitions go into a file called +{@Code "mydefs"}, which might then look like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @Eq" +"def epi { p sub i ` log sub 2 ` p sub i }" +"" +"import @Eq" +"def ep right x { p sub x ` log sub 2 ` p sub x }" +} +Use of @Code "epi" and @Code "ep" outside @Code "@Eq" will cause an error. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_disp b/doc/user/equ_disp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0167b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_disp @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +@Section + @Title { Displaying equations } + @Tag { mathdisplays } +@Begin +@PP +The result of the @Code "@Eq" symbol is an object which, according to the +displayed.equations @Index { displayed equations } +golden rule (Section {@NumberOf objects}), may appear anywhere: inside +a paragraph, inside a table, and so on. In particular, equations are +often displayed using the @Code "@CentredDisplay" or @Code "@IndentedDisplay" +symbols from Section {@NumberOf displays}: +@ID @Code "@IndentedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +Now displayed equations are often numbered, and often aligned with one +another on their equals signs. For this there are special display +symbols which are the the subject of this section. These symbols can +align and number any display at all, but since in practice they seem to +be used only with equations, we discuss them here rather than in +Section {@NumberOf displays} where they really belong. +@PP +Let's begin by looking at a first example of a numbered display: +aligned.displays @Index { aligned displays } +aligned.equations @Index { aligned equations } +numbered.displays @Index { numbered displays } +numbered.equations @Index { numbered equations } +@BeginAlignedDisplays +@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay + @Tag { fibeq } +@Eq { F sub n ^= F sub {n-1} + F sub {n-2} } +After the display we might have some more text for a while, and then +we might want a second display, aligned on its equals sign with the +first, and also numbered in sequence with it: +@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay +@Eq { F sub n - F sub {n-1} ^= F sub {n-2} } +@EndAlignedDisplays +Notice that the two displays are centred as a block as well as +aligned. Altogether there are four ways in which displays vary: +@BL +@LI { A display can be raw or not raw (see below); } +@LI { It can be a {@Code "@Display"}, {@Code "@LeftDisplay"}, +{@Code "@IndentedDisplay"}, {@Code "@QuotedDisplay"}, +{@Code "@CentredDisplay"}, {@Code "@CenteredDisplay"}, +or {@Code "@RightDisplay"}; } +@LI { It can be aligned or not aligned; } +@LI { It can be numbered or not numbered. } +@EL +All possible combinations are allowed. The display that has everything +is called +@ID @Code "@RawCentredAlignedNumberedDisplay" +By leaving out some or all of {@Code Raw}, {@Code Aligned}, and +{@Code Numbered}, and by changing or leaving out {@Code Centred}, +we get all these combinations. Here +numbereddisplay. @Index @Code "@NumberedDisplay" +aligneddisplay. @Index @Code "@AlignedDisplay" +then is how the two displays given earlier were made: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"... a first example of a numbered display:" +"@BeginAlignedDisplays" +"@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay" +" @Tag { fibeq }" +"@Eq { F sub n ^= F sub { n-1 } + F sub { n-2 } }" +"After the display we might ... numbered in sequence with it:" +"@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay @Eq { F sub n - F sub { n-1 } ^= F sub { n-2 } }" +"@EndAlignedDisplays" +"Notice that the two displays are centred ..." +} +All numbered displays have an optional @Code "@Tag" option which is +used for cross referencing (see Section {@NumberOf cross}). Alignment +and numbering work quite independently; they don't have to start or end +together, and there can be non-aligned and non-numbered displays among +the others. +@PP +When aligned displays are used, it is necessary to indicate where the +aligned group begins and ends, by placing @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" +beginaligneddisplays @Index @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" +endaligneddisplays @Index @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" +just before the first, and @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" just after the +last. The alignment points are indicated by preceding them by the +symbol {@Code "^"}, so you aren't restricted to aligning at equals +signs. @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" and @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" +cannot span across several sections or subsections: the equations +aligned by them must lie within a single large-scale structure symbol. +@PP +In our example of aligned and numbered displays, the two displays +were separated by some ordinary text. Very often, though, aligned +displays follow directly after each other. This is a problem, because +if you have one display directly following another there will be too +much vertical space between them. This problem was mentioned in +Section {@NumberOf displays}, and the recommended solution was to +use a list. However, there are no aligned or numbered (in this sense) +lists. +@PP +To solve this problem, each display symbol has a `raw' version, which +means that no space is inserted above or below the display. Instead, +raw.displays @Index { raw displays } +you must insert it yourself using paragraph symbols: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@DP" +"@RawAlignedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +"@DP" +"@RawAlignedNumberedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +"@DP" +"following text" +} +You get the right spacing by placing {@Code "@DP"} symbols before, +between, and after each display; and you get to use the specialized +displays that you need. Raw and non-raw displays may be numbered and +aligned together. +@PP +Numbered displays are numbered automatically. Depending on where in +the document they appear, the number might include a chapter number +or section number, etc. This is controlled by options in the setup +file; for example, setting @Code "@ChapterNumInDisplays" to @Code Yes +ensures that numbered displays will be numbered afresh at the beginning +of each chapter, and that the number will include a chapter number. There +is also a @Code "@DisplayNumStyle" option which controls the style of +displays; the default value, {@Code "(num)"}, encloses the number in +parentheses as is conventional when numbering equations. +@PP +Every display symbol has an abbreviated form consisting of @Code "@" +followed by its capital letters only. For example, +@Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" may be abbreviated to {@Code "@BAD"}, and +the display that has everything to {@Code "@RCAND"}. Owing to an +unfortunate clash between the initial letters of `raw' and `right', +@Code "@RightDisplay" and the other right displays have no abbreviations. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_intr b/doc/user/equ_intr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..882aaff --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_intr @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +@Section + @Title { Introduction } +@Begin +@PP +The Lout definitions for the @Code "@Eq" symbol are accessed via a setup +file called {@Code "eq"}, which you must include at the start of your +document if +eq.file @Index { @Code "eq" file } +you want equations, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { tbl }" +"@SysInclude { eq }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +This shows what to do if you want both tables and equations, but you +may leave out the line for tables if you don't want them. Setup files +for specialized packages, such as like {@Code "tab"} and {@Code "eq"}, +are best included before the main setup file, but may be included in +any order. +@PP +With the @Code "eq" file included, you may write +eq. @Index { @Code "@Eq" } +@ID @Code "@Eq { ... }" +at any point in your document, and the symbols of @Code "@Eq" will be +available between the braces. Any symbols available outside continue +to be available inside, which means that equations may be freely mixed +with other symbols, without restriction. +@PP +Equations may appear within a paragraph of text, or they may be +displayed. {@Code "@Eq"}'s job is to produce an object containing the +equation; it neither knows nor cares where this equation goes. +@PP +To get an equation within a paragraph, simply place @Code "@Eq { ... }" +at the desired point. To make the optimal paragraph breaker work hard to +arrange the paragraph so that the equation does not spread over two +lines, use {@Code "@OneCol @Eq { ... }"}. This is needed so frequently +that a symbol @Code "@E" is defined in @Code "eq" along with @Code "@Eq" +e. @Index { @Code "@E" } +which is an abbreviation for {@Code "@OneCol @Eq"}. +@PP +To display an equation, use a display symbol like @Code "@IndentedDisplay" +or @Code "@CentredDisplay" (Section {@NumberOf displays}). For example, +@ID @Code "@CentredDisplay @Eq { int supp pi on 0 sin ` x = 0 }" +produces +@CentredDisplay @Eq { int supp pi on 0 sin ` x = 0 } +There are also symbols for aligned and numbered displays, which are +very commonly used with equations. These symbols are the subject of +Section {@NumberOf mathdisplays}. +@PP +In this chapter we show the Lout input at the left, and its +result at the right: +@ID { +@Code "@Eq { {x sup 2 + y sup 2} over 2 }" +|7ct +@Eq { {x sup 2 + y sup 2} over 2 } +} +Subsequent examples will omit the enclosing {@Code "@Eq { ... }"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_spac b/doc/user/equ_spac new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a79fb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_spac @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +@Section + @Title { Spacing } +@Begin +@PP +There is a basic rule governing the use of white space characters (space, +tab, and newline) in the input to Lout: white space between two objects +affects the result; white space between a symbol and its parameter does +not. This is explained at length in Section {@NumberOf spaces}. +@PP +Although this rule is just right most of the time, it is not adequate +for equation formatting. Getting the horizontal spacing right in +equations is a very fiddly business, involving four different sizes of +space (zero, thin, medium, and thick), and different rules for spacing +within superscripts and subscripts to those applying outside, according +to a leading authority @Cite { $knuth1984tex }. {@Code "@Eq"} therefore +takes the spacing decisions upon itself, and consequently chooses to +ignore all white space in its input, even between two objects. (The +simplest way to restore the effect of white space to part of an equation +is to enclose that part in a @Code "@Font" symbol.) +@PP +Every symbol provided by {@Code "@Eq"} has a @I {full name}, which +full.name @Index { full name of equation symbol } +denotes the symbol without any space attached. Many symbols also +have a @I {short name}, which denotes the same symbol with what +short.name @Index { short name of equation symbol } +{@Code "@Eq"} considers to be an appropriate amount of space for that +symbol attached to it. For example, @Eq { lessequal } has full name +@Code lessequal and short name {@Code "<="}: +@IL +@LI { +@Code "a lessequal b" +|7ct +@Eq { a lessequal b } +} +@LI { +@Code "a <= b" +|7ct +@Eq { a <= b } +} +@EL +{@Code "@Eq"} puts a thick space around relation symbols like {@Code "<="}, +relations @Index { relation symbols in equations } +a medium space around binary operator symbols like {@Code "+"}, and a thin +binary.op @Index { binary operators in equations } +space after punctuation symbols (@Code ";" and {@Code ","}); except that +punctuation @Index { punctuation in equations } +in places where the symbols appear in a smaller size (superscripts, +subscripts, etc.), these spaces are omitted. No other horizontal space +is ever inserted. +@PP +The short names have been carefully designed to produce good-looking +mathematics most of the time. It is best to rely on them in the first +instance and only think about spacing when the result is not pleasing. In +that case, {@Code "@Eq"}'s space can be removed by using the full names, +and thin, medium and thick space can be added using the following symbols: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code "`" } + B { {@Code "0.18f"} ({@Code "0.018f"} in subscripts, etc.) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "``" } + B { {@Code "0.24f"} ({@Code "0.024f"} in subscripts, etc.) } +@Rowa + A { @Code "```" } + B { {@Code "0.30f"} ({@Code "0.030f"} in subscripts, etc.) } +} +where @Code "1f" is the current font size. These symbols have low +precedence. The @Code "&" symbol from raw Lout is also available; +the @Code "s" unit has value 0 and so is not very useful, but one can +write @Code "&2m" for example for a two em space. The full names are +tedious to remember, so {@Code "@Eq"} provides a @Code "non" symbol +non. @Index { @Code "non" in equations } +which removes spaces from its right parameter; thus @Code "non <=" is +equivalent to {@Code "lessequal"}. There are also {@Code "rel"}, +{@Code "bin"}, and {@Code "punct"} symbols for telling {@Code "@Eq"} +to add space to the following symbol as though it was a relation symbol, +binary operator, or punctuation symbol. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_summ b/doc/user/equ_summ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bcfbeb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_summ @@ -0,0 +1,721 @@ +@Section + @Title { Summary } +@Begin +@PP +This section is a complete list of the symbols provided by +{@Code "@Eq"}. We divide them into auxiliary, parameterized, short names +(further divided into relations, binary operators, and punctuation), +and full names. The auxiliary symbols are: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code "`" } + B { Thin space } +@Rowa + A { @Code "``" } + B { Medium space } +@Rowa + A { @Code "```" } + B { Thick space } +@Rowa + A { @Code "bin x" } + B { Treat @Code x as a binary operator } +@Rowa + A { @Code "rel x" } + B { Treat @Code x as a relation } +@Rowa + A { @Code "punct x" } + B { Treat @Code x as a punctuation symbol } +@Rowa + A { @Code "non x" } + B { Remove spaces normally put into @Code x } +@Rowa + A { @Code "vctr x" } + B { Centre @Code x vertically } +@Rowa + A { @Code "big x" } + B { Make @Code x larger } +} +Here are all the parameterized symbols, shown in groups of equal +precedence, with the precedence itself at right: +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +@Code "matrix pmatrix bmatrix brmatrix fmatrix cmatrix amatrix not" (100) +@Code "dot dotdot hat tilde vec dyad overbar underbar" (62) +@Code "sup sub tsub supp" (60) @Code "on ton" (61) +@Code "from to widefrom wideto" (58) +@Code "sqrt root" (56) +@Code "over frac" (54) +@Code "col lcol ccol rcol mcol" (52) +@Code "row axisrow" (50) +# @Code "above labove cabove rabove mabove" (52) +# @Code "nextcol" (50) +} +See Section {@NumberOf symbols} for examples of matrices. Here are some +examples of the other symbols: +@IL + +@LI { +@Code "x dot" +|7ct +@Eq { x dot } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x dotdot" +|7ct +@Eq { x dotdot } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x hat" +|7ct +@Eq { x hat } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x tilde" +|7ct +@Eq { x tilde } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x vec" +|7ct +@Eq { x vec } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x dyad" +|7ct +@Eq { x dyad } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x+y overbar" +|7ct +@Eq { x+y overbar } +} + +@LI { +@Code "x+y underbar" +|7ct +@Eq { x+y underbar } +} + +@EL +These marks are centred over the preceding object, except the last two +which are extended to the width of the object. +@IL + +@LI { +@Code "a sup b" +|7ct +@Eq {a sup b} +} + +@LI { +@Code "a sub b" +|7ct +@Eq {a sub b} +} + +@LI { +@Code "W tsub b" +|7ct +@Eq {W tsub b} +} + +@LI { +@Code "a supp b on c" +|7ct +@Eq {a supp b on c} +} + +@LI { +@Code "W supp b ton c" +|7ct +@Eq {W supp b ton c} +} + +@EL +Note that @Code "supp" and @Code "on" (or {@Code "ton"}) must be used +together as shown; @Code "tsub" and @Code "ton" are exactly like +@Code "sub" and @Code "on" except that the subscript is tucked in. +@IL + +@LI { +@Code "big sum from i" +|7ct +@Eq {big sum from i} +} + +@LI { +@Code "big prod to j" +|7ct +@Eq {big prod to j} +} + +@LI { +@Code { "{a, ... , z} widefrom" +"{90d @Rotate blbrace}" } +|7ct +@Eq { {a, ... , z} widefrom {90d @Rotate blbrace} } +} + +@LI { +@Code "{a, ... , z} wideto minus" +|7ct +@Eq { {a, ... , z} wideto minus } +} + +@EL +@Code "widefrom" and @Code "wideto" are like @Code "from" and +@Code "to" except that they horizontally scale the right parameter +to the width of the left. +@IL + +@LI { +@Code "sqrt {x over y}" +|7ct +@Eq { sqrt {x over y} } +} + +@LI { +@Code "3 root {x over y}" +|7ct +@Eq { 3 root {x over y} } +} + +@EL +The left parameter of @Code "root" may be any object. Here are +four ways to denote division: +@IL + +@LI { +@Code "2 over 3" +|7ct +@Eq { 2 over 3 } +} + +@LI { +@Code "2 frac 3" +|7ct +@Eq { 2 frac 3 } +} + +@LI { +@Code "2 div 3" +|7ct +@Eq { 2 div 3 } +} + +@LI { +@Code "2 slash 3" +|7ct +@Eq { 2 slash 3 } +} + +@EL +The @Code "div" symbol is a binary operator (see below), and +@Code "slash" is the full name for the @Code "/" character from +the Adobe Symbol font. You can't use @Code "/" itself, because +it is one of Lout's special symbols. +@PP +The following short names define relations (that is, they have a thick +space on each side): +@DP +ragged @Break { +"<" @Dbl @Eq { < } +">" @Dbl @Eq { > } +"=" @Dbl @Eq { = } +"<=" @Dbl @Eq { <= } +"prec" @Dbl @Eq { prec } +"preceq" @Dbl @Eq { preceq } +"<<" @Dbl @Eq { << } +"subset" @Dbl @Eq { subset } +"subseteq" @Dbl @Eq { subseteq } +"sqsubseteq" @Dbl @Eq { sqsubseteq } +"in" @Dbl @Eq { in } +"vdash" @Dbl @Eq { vdash } +"smile" @Dbl @Eq { smile } +"frown" @Dbl @Eq { frown } +">=" @Dbl @Eq { >= } +"succ" @Dbl @Eq { succ } +"succeq" @Dbl @Eq { succeq } +">>" @Dbl @Eq { >> } +"supset" @Dbl @Eq { supset } +"supseteq" @Dbl @Eq { supseteq } +"sqsupseteq" @Dbl @Eq { sqsupseteq } +"ni" @Dbl @Eq { ni } +"dashv" @Dbl @Eq { dashv } +"mid" @Dbl @Eq { mid } +"parallel" @Dbl @Eq { parallel } +"==" @Dbl @Eq { == } +"~" @Dbl @Eq { ~ } +"-~" @Dbl @Eq { -~ } +"asymp" @Dbl @Eq { asymp } +"~~" @Dbl @Eq { ~~ } +"=~" @Dbl @Eq { =~ } +"bowtie" @Dbl @Eq { bowtie } +"propto" @Dbl @Eq { propto } +"models" @Dbl @Eq { models } +"doteq" @Dbl @Eq { doteq } +"perp" @Dbl @Eq { perp } +"notsub" @Dbl @Eq { notsub } +"notin" @Dbl @Eq { notin } +"!=" @Dbl @Eq { != } +"<->" @Dbl @Eq { <-> } +"<--" @Dbl @Eq { <-- } +"-->" @Dbl @Eq { --> } +"up" @Dbl @Eq { up } +"down" @Dbl @Eq { down } +"<=>" @Dbl @Eq { <=> } +"<==" @Dbl @Eq { <== } +"==>" @Dbl @Eq { ==> } +"dblup" @Dbl @Eq { dblup } +"dbldown" @Dbl @Eq { dbldown } +":" @Dbl @Eq { : } +"::" @Dbl @Eq { :: } +":=" @Dbl @Eq { := } +} +@DP +These can be negated by preceding them with {@Code "not"}, as in +negation. @Index { negation of equation symbols } +{@Code "not =="}, for example, which yields {@Eq { not == }}. The +following short names define binary operators (medium space on each side): +@DP +ragged @Break { +"+" @Dbl @Eq { + } +"-" @Dbl @Eq { - } +"+-" @Dbl @Eq { +- } +"-+" @Dbl @Eq { -+ } +"setminus" @Dbl @Eq { setminus } +"cdot" @Dbl @Eq { cdot } +"times" @Dbl @Eq { times } +"*" @Dbl @Eq { * } +"circ" @Dbl @Eq { circ } +"div" @Dbl @Eq { div } +"cap" @Dbl @Eq { cap } +"cup" @Dbl @Eq { cup } +"uplus" @Dbl @Eq { uplus } +"sqcap" @Dbl @Eq { sqcap } +"sqcup" @Dbl @Eq { sqcup } +"triangleleft" @Dbl @Eq { triangleleft } +"triangleright" @Dbl @Eq { triangleright } +"wr" @Dbl @Eq { wr } +"bigcirc" @Dbl @Eq { bigcirc } +"bigtriangleup" @Dbl @Eq { bigtriangleup } +"bigtriangledown"@Dbl @Eq { bigtriangledown } +"vee" @Dbl @Eq { vee } +"wedge" @Dbl @Eq { wedge } +"oplus" @Dbl @Eq { oplus } +"ominus" @Dbl @Eq { ominus } +"otimes" @Dbl @Eq { otimes } +"oslash" @Dbl @Eq { oslash } +"odot" @Dbl @Eq { odot } +"dagger" @Dbl @Eq { dagger } +"daggerdbl" @Dbl @Eq { daggerdbl } +"amalg" @Dbl @Eq { amalg } +} +@DP +The following names define arrow symbols (no extra space): +@DP +ragged @Break { +"leftarrow" @Dbl @Eq { leftarrow } +"longleftarrow" @Dbl @Eq { longleftarrow } +"dblleftarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dblleftarrow } +"dbllongleftarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dbllongleftarrow } +"rightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { rightarrow } +"longrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { longrightarrow } +"dblrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dblrightarrow } +"dbllongrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dbllongrightarrow } +"leftrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { leftrightarrow } +"longleftrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { longleftrightarrow } +"dblleftrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dblleftrightarrow } +{ 1.15i @Wide @HScale "dbllongleftrightarrow" } @Dbl @Eq { dbllongleftrightarrow } +"mapsto" @Dbl @Eq { mapsto } +"longmapsto" @Dbl @Eq { longmapsto } +"hookleftarrow" @Dbl @Eq { hookleftarrow } +"hookrightarrow" @Dbl @Eq { hookrightarrow } +"leadsto" @Dbl @Eq { leadsto } +"leftharpoonup" @Dbl @Eq { leftharpoonup } +"rightharpoonup" @Dbl @Eq { rightharpoonup } +"leftharpoondown" @Dbl @Eq { leftharpoondown } +"rightharpoondown" @Dbl @Eq { rightharpoondown } +"rightleftharpoons" @Dbl @Eq { rightleftharpoons } +"uparrow" @Dbl @Eq { uparrow } +"dbluparrow" @Dbl @Eq { dbluparrow } +"downarrow" @Dbl @Eq { downarrow } +"dbldownarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dbldownarrow } +"updownarrow" @Dbl @Eq { updownarrow } +"dblupdownarrow" @Dbl @Eq { dblupdownarrow } +"nearrow" @Dbl @Eq { nearrow } +"searrow" @Dbl @Eq { searrow } +"swarrow" @Dbl @Eq { swarrow } +"nwarrow" @Dbl @Eq { nwarrow } +} +@DP +The following names define punctuation symbols (thin space on the +right-hand side): +@DP +ragged @Break { +";" @Dbl @Eq { ; } +"," @Dbl @Eq { , } +"col" @Dbl @Eq { col } +} +@DP +The following symbols are used in ways typified by the large sum and +product symbols. In display equations they should be preceded by the +@Code "big" symbol: +@DP +ragged @Break { +"sum" @Dbl @Eq { sum } +"prod" @Dbl @Eq { prod } +"coprod" @Dbl @Eq { coprod } +@LP +"int" @Dbl @Eq { int } +"oint" @Dbl @Eq { oint } +"bcap" @Dbl @Eq { bcap } +@LP +"bcup" @Dbl @Eq { bcup } +"bvee" @Dbl @Eq { bvee } +"bwedge" @Dbl @Eq { bwedge } +@LP +"bodot" @Dbl @Eq { bodot } +"botimes" @Dbl @Eq { botimes } +"boplus" @Dbl @Eq { boplus } +@LP +"buplus" @Dbl @Eq { buplus } +} +@DP +The following symbols are defined so that they will appear in Roman, +as is conventional for them in equations: +@DP +ragged @Break { +"arccos" @Dbl @Eq { arccos } +"arcsin" @Dbl @Eq { arcsin } +"arctan" @Dbl @Eq { arctan } +"arg" @Dbl @Eq { arg } +"cos" @Dbl @Eq { cos } +"cosh" @Dbl @Eq { cosh } +"cot" @Dbl @Eq { cot } +"coth" @Dbl @Eq { coth } +"csc" @Dbl @Eq { csc } +"deg" @Dbl @Eq { deg } +"det" @Dbl @Eq { det } +"dim" @Dbl @Eq { dim } +"exp" @Dbl @Eq { exp } +"gcd" @Dbl @Eq { gcd } +"hom" @Dbl @Eq { hom } +"inf" @Dbl @Eq { inf } +"ker" @Dbl @Eq { ker } +"lg" @Dbl @Eq { lg } +"lim" @Dbl @Eq { lim } +"liminf" @Dbl @Eq { liminf } +"limsup" @Dbl @Eq { limsup } +"ln" @Dbl @Eq { ln } +"log" @Dbl @Eq { log } +"max" @Dbl @Eq { max } +"min" @Dbl @Eq { min } +"Pr" @Dbl @Eq { Pr } +"sec" @Dbl @Eq { sec } +"sin" @Dbl @Eq { sin } +"sinh" @Dbl @Eq { sinh } +"supr" @Dbl @Eq { supr } +"tan" @Dbl @Eq { tan } +"tanh" @Dbl @Eq { tanh } +"mod" @Dbl @Eq { mod } +} +@DP +The following symbols are also defined to ensure that they will appear +in Roman: +@DP +ragged @Break { +"0" @Dbl @Eq { 0 } +"1" @Dbl @Eq { 1 } +"2" @Dbl @Eq { 2 } +"3" @Dbl @Eq { 3 } +"4" @Dbl @Eq { 4 } +"5" @Dbl @Eq { 5 } +"6" @Dbl @Eq { 6 } +"7" @Dbl @Eq { 7 } +"8" @Dbl @Eq { 8 } +"9" @Dbl @Eq { 9 } +"!" @Dbl @Eq { ! } +"?" @Dbl @Eq { ? } +"%" @Dbl @Eq { % } +"(" @Dbl @Eq { ( } +")" @Dbl @Eq { ) } +"[" @Dbl @Eq { [ } +"]" @Dbl @Eq { ] } +} +@DP +The following symbols make good @Code atleft and @Code atright parameters +of the @Code matrix symbol: +@LP +@LP +ragged @Break { +"lpar" @Dbl @Eq { lpar } +"blpar" @Dbl @Eq { blpar } +"rpar" @Dbl @Eq { rpar } +"brpar" @Dbl @Eq { brpar } +"lbrack" @Dbl @Eq { lbrack } +"blbrack" @Dbl @Eq { blbrack } +"rbrack" @Dbl @Eq { rbrack } +"brbrack" @Dbl @Eq { brbrack } +"lbrace" @Dbl @Eq { lbrace } +"blbrace" @Dbl @Eq { blbrace } +"rbrace" @Dbl @Eq { rbrace } +"brbrace" @Dbl @Eq { brbrace } +"lfloor" @Dbl @Eq { lfloor } +"blfloor" @Dbl @Eq { blfloor } +"rfloor" @Dbl @Eq { rfloor } +"brfloor" @Dbl @Eq { brfloor } +"lceil" @Dbl @Eq { lceil } +"blceil" @Dbl @Eq { blceil } +"rceil" @Dbl @Eq { rceil } +"brceil" @Dbl @Eq { brceil } +"langle" @Dbl @Eq { langle } +"blangle" @Dbl @Eq { blangle } +"rangle" @Dbl @Eq { rangle } +"brangle" @Dbl @Eq { brangle } +} +@LP +@LP +Here are some miscellaneous symbols: +@DP +ragged @Break { +"hbar" @Dbl @Eq { hbar } +"Re" @Dbl @Eq { Re } +"Im" @Dbl @Eq { Im } +"partial" @Dbl @Eq { partial } +"infty" @Dbl @Eq { infty } +"prime" @Dbl @Eq { prime } +"nabla" @Dbl @Eq { nabla } +"surd" @Dbl @Eq { surd } +"top" @Dbl @Eq { top } +"bot" @Dbl @Eq { bot } +"dbar" @Dbl @Eq { dbar } +"triangle" @Dbl @Eq { triangle } +"backslash" @Dbl @Eq { backslash } +"forall" @Dbl @Eq { forall } +"exists" @Dbl @Eq { exists } +"neg" @Dbl @Eq { neg } +"circle" @Dbl @Eq { circle } +"square" @Dbl @Eq { square } +"ldots" @Dbl @Eq { ldots } +"cdots" @Dbl @Eq { cdots } +"vdots" @Dbl @Eq { vdots } +"ddots" @Dbl @Eq { ddots } +"del" @Dbl @Eq { del } +"grad" @Dbl @Eq { grad } +"..." @Dbl @Eq { ... } +",...," @Dbl @Eq { ,..., } +"half" @Dbl @Eq { half } +"third" @Dbl @Eq { third } +"'" @Dbl @Eq { ' } +"empty" @Dbl @Eq { empty } +} +@DP +Finally, here is the long list of full names from the Adobe Symbol font; +these are the same characters as you get with the @Code "@Sym" symbol +of Section {@NumberOf characters}, but within equations you don't need +to type {@Code "@Sym"}: +@DP +ragged @Break { +"space" @Dbl @Eq { space } +"exclam" @Dbl @Eq { exclam } +"universal" @Dbl @Eq { universal } +"numbersign" @Dbl @Eq { numbersign } +"existential" @Dbl @Eq { existential } +"percent" @Dbl @Eq { percent } +"ampersand" @Dbl @Eq { ampersand } +"suchthat" @Dbl @Eq { suchthat } +"parenleft" @Dbl @Eq { parenleft } +"parenright" @Dbl @Eq { parenright } +"asteriskmath" @Dbl @Eq { asteriskmath } +"plus" @Dbl @Eq { plus } +"comma" @Dbl @Eq { comma } +"minus" @Dbl @Eq { minus } +"period" @Dbl @Eq { period } +"slash" @Dbl @Eq { slash } +"zero" @Dbl @Eq { zero } +"one" @Dbl @Eq { one } +"two" @Dbl @Eq { two } +"three" @Dbl @Eq { three } +"four" @Dbl @Eq { four } +"five" @Dbl @Eq { five } +"six" @Dbl @Eq { six } +"seven" @Dbl @Eq { seven } +"eight" @Dbl @Eq { eight } +"nine" @Dbl @Eq { nine } +"colon" @Dbl @Eq { colon } +"semicolon" @Dbl @Eq { semicolon } +"less" @Dbl @Eq { less } +"equal" @Dbl @Eq { equal } +"greater" @Dbl @Eq { greater } +"question" @Dbl @Eq { question } +"congruent" @Dbl @Eq { congruent } +"Alpha" @Dbl @Eq { Alpha } +"Beta" @Dbl @Eq { Beta } +"Chi" @Dbl @Eq { Chi } +"Delta" @Dbl @Eq { Delta } +"Epsilon" @Dbl @Eq { Epsilon } +"Phi" @Dbl @Eq { Phi } +"Gamma" @Dbl @Eq { Gamma } +"Eta" @Dbl @Eq { Eta } +"Iota" @Dbl @Eq { Iota } +"thetaone" @Dbl @Eq { thetaone } +"Kappa" @Dbl @Eq { Kappa } +"Lambda" @Dbl @Eq { Lambda } +"Mu" @Dbl @Eq { Mu } +"Nu" @Dbl @Eq { Nu } +"Omicron" @Dbl @Eq { Omicron } +"Pi" @Dbl @Eq { Pi } +"Theta" @Dbl @Eq { Theta } +"Rho" @Dbl @Eq { Rho } +"Sigma" @Dbl @Eq { Sigma } +"Tau" @Dbl @Eq { Tau } +"Upsilon" @Dbl @Eq { Upsilon } +"sigmaone" @Dbl @Eq { sigmaone } +"Omega" @Dbl @Eq { Omega } +"Xi" @Dbl @Eq { Xi } +"Psi" @Dbl @Eq { Psi } +"Zeta" @Dbl @Eq { Zeta } +"bracketleft" @Dbl @Eq { bracketleft } +"therefore" @Dbl @Eq { therefore } +"bracketright" @Dbl @Eq { bracketright } +"perpendicular" @Dbl @Eq { perpendicular } +"underscore" @Dbl @Eq { underscore } +"radicalex" @Dbl @Eq { radicalex } +"alpha" @Dbl @Eq { alpha } +"beta" @Dbl @Eq { beta } +"chi" @Dbl @Eq { chi } +"delta" @Dbl @Eq { delta } +"epsilon" @Dbl @Eq { epsilon } +"phi" @Dbl @Eq { phi } +"gamma" @Dbl @Eq { gamma } +"eta" @Dbl @Eq { eta } +"iota" @Dbl @Eq { iota } +"phione" @Dbl @Eq { phione } +"kappa" @Dbl @Eq { kappa } +"lambda" @Dbl @Eq { lambda } +"mu" @Dbl @Eq { mu } +"nu" @Dbl @Eq { nu } +"omicron" @Dbl @Eq { omicron } +"pi" @Dbl @Eq { pi } +"theta" @Dbl @Eq { theta } +"rho" @Dbl @Eq { rho } +"sigma" @Dbl @Eq { sigma } +"tau" @Dbl @Eq { tau } +"upsilon" @Dbl @Eq { upsilon } +"omegaone" @Dbl @Eq { omegaone } +"omega" @Dbl @Eq { omega } +"xi" @Dbl @Eq { xi } +"psi" @Dbl @Eq { psi } +"zeta" @Dbl @Eq { zeta } +"braceleft" @Dbl @Eq { braceleft } +"bar" @Dbl @Eq { bar } +"braceright" @Dbl @Eq { braceright } +"similar" @Dbl @Eq { similar } +"Upsilonone" @Dbl @Eq { Upsilonone } +"minute" @Dbl @Eq { minute } +"lessequal" @Dbl @Eq { lessequal } +"fraction" @Dbl @Eq { fraction } +"infinity" @Dbl @Eq { infinity } +"florin" @Dbl @Eq { florin } +"club" @Dbl @Eq { club } +"diamond" @Dbl @Eq { diamond } +"heart" @Dbl @Eq { heart } +"spade" @Dbl @Eq { spade } +"arrowboth" @Dbl @Eq { arrowboth } +"arrowleft" @Dbl @Eq { arrowleft } +"arrowup" @Dbl @Eq { arrowup } +"arrowright" @Dbl @Eq { arrowright } +"arrowdown" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdown } +"degree" @Dbl @Eq { degree } +"plusminus" @Dbl @Eq { plusminus } +"second" @Dbl @Eq { second } +"greaterequal" @Dbl @Eq { greaterequal } +"multiply" @Dbl @Eq { multiply } +"proportional" @Dbl @Eq { proportional } +"partialdiff" @Dbl @Eq { partialdiff } +"bullet" @Dbl @Eq { bullet } +"divide" @Dbl @Eq { divide } +"notequal" @Dbl @Eq { notequal } +"equivalence" @Dbl @Eq { equivalence } +"approxequal" @Dbl @Eq { approxequal } +"ellipsis" @Dbl @Eq { ellipsis } +"arrowvertex" @Dbl @Eq { arrowvertex } +"arrowhorizex" @Dbl @Eq { arrowhorizex } +"carriagereturn"@Dbl @Eq { carriagereturn } +"aleph" @Dbl @Eq { aleph } +"Ifraktur" @Dbl @Eq { Ifraktur } +"Rfraktur" @Dbl @Eq { Rfraktur } +"weierstrass" @Dbl @Eq { weierstrass } +"circlemultiply"@Dbl @Eq { circlemultiply } +"circleplus" @Dbl @Eq { circleplus } +"emptyset" @Dbl @Eq { emptyset } +"intersection" @Dbl @Eq { intersection } +"union" @Dbl @Eq { union } +"propersuperset"@Dbl @Eq { propersuperset } +"reflexsuperset"@Dbl @Eq { reflexsuperset } +"notsubset" @Dbl @Eq { notsubset } +"propersubset" @Dbl @Eq { propersubset } +"reflexsubset" @Dbl @Eq { reflexsubset } +"element" @Dbl @Eq { element } +"notelement" @Dbl @Eq { notelement } +"angle" @Dbl @Eq { angle } +"gradient" @Dbl @Eq { gradient } +"registerserif" @Dbl @Eq { registerserif } +"copyrightserif"@Dbl @Eq { copyrightserif } +"trademarkserif"@Dbl @Eq { trademarkserif } +"product" @Dbl @Eq { product } +"radical" @Dbl @Eq { radical } +"dotmath" @Dbl @Eq { dotmath } +"logicalnot" @Dbl @Eq { logicalnot } +"logicaland" @Dbl @Eq { logicaland } +"logicalor" @Dbl @Eq { logicalor } +"arrowdblboth" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdblboth } +"arrowdblleft" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdblleft } +"arrowdblup" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdblup } +"arrowdblright" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdblright } +"arrowdbldown" @Dbl @Eq { arrowdbldown } +"lozenge" @Dbl @Eq { lozenge } +"angleleft" @Dbl @Eq { angleleft } +"registersans" @Dbl @Eq { registersans } +"copyrightsans" @Dbl @Eq { copyrightsans } +"trademarksans" @Dbl @Eq { trademarksans } +"summation" @Dbl @Eq { summation } +"parenlefttp" @Dbl @Eq { parenlefttp } +"parenleftex" @Dbl @Eq { parenleftex } +"parenleftbt" @Dbl @Eq { parenleftbt } +"bracketlefttp" @Dbl @Eq { bracketlefttp } +"bracketleftex" @Dbl @Eq { bracketleftex } +"bracketleftbt" @Dbl @Eq { bracketleftbt } +"bracelefttp" @Dbl @Eq { bracelefttp } +"braceleftmid" @Dbl @Eq { braceleftmid } +"braceleftbt" @Dbl @Eq { braceleftbt } +"braceex" @Dbl @Eq { braceex } +"angleright" @Dbl @Eq { angleright } +"integral" @Dbl @Eq { integral } +"integraltp" @Dbl @Eq { integraltp } +"integralex" @Dbl @Eq { integralex } +"integralbt" @Dbl @Eq { integralbt } +"parenrighttp" @Dbl @Eq { parenrighttp } +"parenrightex" @Dbl @Eq { parenrightex } +"parenrightbt" @Dbl @Eq { parenrightbt } +"bracketrighttp"@Dbl @Eq { bracketrighttp } +"bracketrightex"@Dbl @Eq { bracketrightex } +"bracketrightbt"@Dbl @Eq { bracketrightbt } +"bracerighttp" @Dbl @Eq { bracerighttp } +"bracerightmid" @Dbl @Eq { bracerightmid } +"bracerightbt" @Dbl @Eq { bracerightbt } +} +@DP +The names given are the same as Adobe's, as used by the @Code "@Sym" +symbol, except in a few places where the Adobe name contains a digit, +which is not possible for a symbol name in Lout. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_symb b/doc/user/equ_symb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f56eca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_symb @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +@Section + @Title { Symbols } + @Tag { symbols } +@Begin +@PP +@Code "@Eq" prints characters in the fonts appropriate for mathematics: +@ID { +@Code "x - 2" +|7ct +@Eq { x-2 } +} +Here @Eq { x } is in Italic, @Eq { 2 } is in Roman, and @Eq { minus } is +from the Symbol font. The character @Code "-" is a @I symbol which +stands for @Eq {minus}, and @Code "2" is also a symbol, standing for +@Eq { 2 }. @Code "@Eq" includes a vast number of symbols: +@ID { +@Code "Omega delta int partial club" +|7ct +@Eq { Omega delta int partial club } +} +The summary at the end of this chapter has the complete list. +@PP +Symbols whose names are made from letters should be separated from each +other by at least one space or end of line, as was done above, or else +@Code "@Eq" will become confused: +@ID { +@Code "Omegadelta" +|7ct +@Eq { Omegadelta } +} +Symbols whose names are made from digits and punctuation characters can, +however, be run together with each other and with symbols made from +letters: +@ID { +@Code "Omega-delta<=2" +|7ct +@Eq { Omega-delta<=2 } +} +This rule applies throughout Lout (Section {@NumberOf spaces}). +@PP +Some symbols join objects together in mathematical ways: +@ID { +@Code "x sub 2" +|7ct +@Eq { x sub 2 } +} +Here the @Code "sub" symbol has taken the object just to its left, and +sub. @Index { @Code "sub" in equations } +the object just to its right, and joined them into one object in the +form of a subscript. The two objects are called the left and right +parameters of {@Code "sub"}, and they may be arbitrary Lout objects. +@PP +Other symbols of a similar kind include {@Code "sup"} for +sup. @Index { @Code "sup" in equations } +superscripting, @Code "over" for built-up fractions, and @Code "from" +over.eq. @Index { @Code "over" in equations } +from. @Index { @Code "from" in equations } +to. @Index { @Code "to" in equations } +and @Code "to" for the lower and upper limits of sums, products, +etc. These symbols may be used together to produce complicated +equations very easily: +@ID { +@Code { +"big sum from i=0 to n r sup i" +"= {r sup n+1 - 1} over r-1" +} +||7ct +@Eq { big sum from i=0 to n r sup i += {r sup n+1 - 1} over r-1 +} +} +Here @Code "sum" is just the @Eq { summation } symbol; @Code "from" and +@Code "to" do all the work of placing the limits. They are quite +independent, so either or both may be omitted. To get a superscript +directly over a subscript, use the @Code "supp" and @Code "on" symbols: +supp. @Index { @Code "supp" in equations } +on. @Index { @Code "on" in equations } +@ID { +@Code "A supp b on a" +|7ct +@Eq { A supp b on a } +} +These two symbols should always be used together as shown. +@PP +Sometimes a subscript appears to be too far to the right, owing to +the slope of italic letters: in @Eq { W sub n }, for example. You +can fix this by using `tucked' subscripts, like this: +@IndentedList +@LI { +@Code "W tsub n" +|7ct +@Eq { W tsub n } +} +@LI { +@Code "W supp b ton a" +|7ct +@Eq { W supp b ton a } +} +@EndList +The @Code "tsub" and @Code "ton" symbols are exactly like @Code "sub" +and @Code "on" except for this tucking-in effect. However, the +@Code "sub" symbol itself does a certain amount of tucking in; the +amount is determined by kerning information in the font files and +so is sensitive to the shape of the letters. +@PP +As usual in Lout, braces are used to group something into an indivisible +object. Leaving them out creates ambiguities: +@ID @Code "a sup b over c" +There are two possible interpretations for this: +@IndentedList +@LI { +@Code "{a sup b} over c" +|7ct +@Eq { {a sup b} over c } +} +@LI { +@Code "a sup {b over c}" +|7ct +@Eq { a sup {b over c} } +} +@EndList +@Code "@Eq" chooses between them in the following way. Every symbol that +takes a parameter also has a {@I precedence}, which is a number. For +example, @Code "sup" has precedence 60 and @Code "over" has precedence +54. The symbol with the highest precedence wins the object lying between +them, so in the above case the first interpretation is chosen. If two +symbols of equal precedence compete for an object, the association is +towards the left: +@ID { +@Code "a sup b sub 2" +|7ct +@Eq { a sup b sub 2 } +} +In this case it is more probable that the following right association +was actually wanted: +@ID { +@Code "a sup { b sub 2 }" +|7ct +@Eq { a sup { b sub 2 } } +} +When in doubt, use braces to make the grouping clear. +@PP +White space between two objects is considered to be a symbol with +precedence 7, which is lower than the precedence of any @Code "@Eq" +symbol; but if the two objects are immediately adjacent and neither is +enclosed in braces the precedence is 102, which is higher than the +precedence of any @Code "@Eq" symbol. Compare these three examples: +@IL +@LI { +@Code "big sum from i=0 to n" +|7ct +@Eq { big sum from i=0 to n } +} +@LI { +@Code "big sum from {i = 0} to n" +|7ct +@Eq { big sum from {i = 0} to n } +} +@LI { +@Code "big sum from i = 0 to n" +|7ct +@Eq { big sum from i = 0 to n } +} +@EL +and you will see that some care is needed on this point. Braces can +always be used to override precedence and associativity, and when in +doubt the easiest course is to insert them. Although Lout allows +symbols to associate towards the left or right, @Code "@Eq" chooses +to have only left associative symbols. The summary at the end of this +chapter gives the precedence of every symbol. +@PP +The @Code matrix symbol {@PageMark matrix} builds an array of objects: +matrix. @Index { @Code "matrix" in equations } +@ID { +@Code { +"matrix" +" atleft { blpar }" +" atright { brpar }" +"{" +" row col x sup 2 col y sup 2 col z sup 2" +" row col x col y col z" +" row col 1 col 1 col 1" +"}" +} +||9ct +@Eq { +matrix + atleft { blpar } + atright { brpar } +{ + row col x sup 2 col y sup 2 col z sup 2 + row col x col y col z + row col 1 col 1 col 1 +} +} +} +The @Code atleft and @Code atright options place vertically scaled +versions of their values at each side; if either is omitted the value +is taken to be an empty object of zero width by default. Although +we have used @Code blpar and @Code brpar here, since the options are +vertically scaled to the correct size some people prefer simply +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"matrix" +" atleft { ( }" +" atright { ) }" +} +The right parameter of @Code matrix is the array itself. It must be +enclosed in braces, and it is a sequence of rows introduced by +@Code row symbols; each row is a sequence of objects introduced by +@Code col symbols. +@FootNote { +Older versions of Lout use different symbols, {@Code "above"} and +{@Code "nextcol"}, at this point. For backward compatibility these +symbols are still available, but they are obsolete and no longer documented. +} +The @Code row and @Code col symbols have low precedence, but not +as low as white space between two objects. Therefore, unless the +entries in the array are very simple, it is safest to enclose each of +them in braces. +@PP +Entries built with the @Code col symbol have their objects centred in +the column. Also available are @Code lcol for left-justified entries, +@Code ccol meaning the same as {@Code col}, @Code rcol for +right-justified entries, and @Code mcol for alignment along column +marks. Each column may contain entries of different kinds, except +that @Code mcol does not work well with any other sort. +@PP +When several matrices appear side by side, slight differences in height +can cause an unsightly appearance: +@ID @Eq { +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } +{ + row col a sub 11 col a sub 12 + row col a sub 21 col a sub 22 +} +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } +{ + row col b sub 11 col b sub 12 + row col b sub 21 col b sub 22 +} += +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } +{ + row col c sub 11 col c sub 12 + row col c sub 21 col c sub 22 +} +} +To assist in resolving this problem, the @Code "matrix" symbol has +a @Code "strut" option, which causes a strut to be inserted into +every row, guaranteeing that every row has height at least equal +to the height of the strut. By using +@ID @Code { +"matrix" +" strut { Yes }" +"..." +} +in each of the three matrices above, the result is improved to +@ID @Eq { +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } + strut { Yes } +{ + row col a sub 11 col a sub 12 + row col a sub 21 col a sub 22 +} +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } + strut { Yes } +{ + row col b sub 11 col b sub 12 + row col b sub 21 col b sub 22 +} += +matrix + atleft { ( } + atright { ) } + strut { Yes } +{ + row col c sub 11 col c sub 12 + row col c sub 21 col c sub 22 +} +} +By default, the strut has height @Code "0.5f" (half the current font +size) both above and below the axis of the row. This can be changed +by giving any length as the value of the @Code "strut" option: +@Code "strut { 2.0c }" for two centimetres above and below +the axis, and so on. +@PP +Some symbols have been added which produce `matrices' with commonly needed +@Code atleft and @Code atright options already set for you. Here are +these symbols, on the left, with the equivalent @Code matrix symbol +and, on the right, the result produced: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowa + A { "pmatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { ( } atright { ) } { M }" } + C { @Eq { pmatrix { M } } } +@Rowa + A { "bmatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { blbrack } atright { brbrack } { M }" } + C { @Eq { bmatrix { M } } } +@Rowa + A { "brmatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { blbrace } atright { brbrace } { M }" } + C { @Eq { brmatrix { M } } } +@Rowa + A { "fmatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { blfloor } atright { brfloor } { M }" } + C { @Eq { fmatrix { M } } } +@Rowa + A { "cmatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { blceil } atright { brceil } { M }" } + C { @Eq { cmatrix { M } } } +@Rowa + A { "amatrix" } + B { "matrix atleft { blangle } atright { brangle } { M }" } + C { @Eq { amatrix { M } } } +} +For example: +@ID { +@Code { +"fmatrix { (n+1) over 2 }" +} +|7ct +@Eq { +fmatrix { (n+1) over 2 } +} +} +As this example shows, these symbols are very useful for getting large +scaled delimiters around things that aren't necessarily matrices at all. +@PP +Each of the @Code "@Eq" symbols that takes parameters also has a @Code gap +option, which controls the amount of space inserted by the symbol: +@IL +@LI { +@Code "x over y" +|7ct +@Eq { x over y } +} +@LI { +6c @Wide @Code "x over gap { 3p } y" +|7ct +@Eq { x over gap { 3p } y } +} +@EL +@Code "@Eq" usually gets the spacing right without help. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_tequ b/doc/user/equ_tequ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbb1d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_tequ @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +@Section + @Title { An alternative version that uses @TeX's fonts } + @Tag { teq } +@Begin +@PP +There is an alternative version of the @Code "@Eq" symbol that +tex.mathfonts @SubIndex { mathematical fonts } +uses fonts taken from the @TeX document formatting +system. These fonts are said to produce better-looking +mathematics than the Adobe Systems Symbol font used by the +standard @Code "@Eq" symbol. +@PP +The fonts were converted from @TeX form to PostScript form by +Basil K. Malyshev, who has attached a license to them permitting +non-commercial use only. This is a much more stringent license +than the one attached to Lout itself. For this reason, the files +needed to use these @TeX fonts are distributed separately from the +rest of Lout, although you can get them from the same place (see the +preface of this guide). +@PP +Once these files are installed, you change from the standard +@Code "@Eq" symbol to the @TeX version by changing the initial +@Code "@SysInclude { eq }" to {@Code "@SysInclude { teq }"}. Do +absolutely nothing else. +@PP +Unfortunately, the @TeX fonts are not usually resident on PostScript +printing devices, which means that Lout is obliged to include them in its +PostScript output file. You don't have to do anything to make this +happen, but the cost is fairly large: changing to @Code "@SysInclude { teq }" +increases the size of the PostScript output file by 252 kilobytes. +@PP +It is possible to gain access to characters in the @TeX +fonts that are not accessible directly from {@Code "@Eq"}, mainly +script capitals and bold-italic Greek letters. For example, you can +use @Code "{cmsy Base} @Font @Char \"A\"" to get a script A, and +@Code "{cmmi Bold} @Font @Char \"pi\"" to get a bold-italic +{@Sym pi}. For the full story, consult file @Code "teq" in the +Lout system include directory for the names of these fonts, and then +look in Lout's font directory for their font metrics files, which +show the names and encodings of all the characters. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/equ_vert b/doc/user/equ_vert new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1595ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_vert @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +@Section + @Tag { vpos } + @Title { Vertical positioning } +@Begin +@PP +Every equation and every object within every equation has an +@I axis running through it which is used to position it vertically +axis @Index { axis of equation } +with respect to nearby objects. In the Expert's Guide to Lout +@Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert } this is called a @I { row mark }, +but we'll stick with axis. Here are some examples with the axis +shown as a dashed line: +@ID { +@ShowHMark @Eq { x sup 2 } +||2c +@ShowHMark @Eq { non + } +||2c +@ShowHMark @Eq { @ExA } +} +When these objects are placed adjacent to one another, their +axes are merged, giving the correct vertical positioning: +@ID @ShowHMark @Eq { x sup 2 + @ExA } +Most of the time you do not need to think about vertical +positioning, because for most objects there is just one +sensible place for the axis to go, and Lout puts it there. +@PP +Matrices and the delimiters that enclose them are the two +exceptions. Lout makes the axis of a matrix pass through +its exact centre, and it shifts the axes of delimiters +so that they exactly enclose the thing delimited. These +choices are never disastrous, but there are other possibilities +that might be better sometimes. +@PP +The axis of a matrix could reasonably be set to the axis +of any of its rows: +@ID { +@ShowHMark @Eq { +matrix userow { yes } { + axisrow col { x sup 3 } col { y sup 3 } col { z sup 3 } + row col { x sup 2 } col { y sup 2 } col { z sup 2 } + row col { x } col { y } col { z } +} +} +||2c +@ShowHMark @Eq { +matrix userow { yes } { + row col { x sup 3 } col { y sup 3 } col { z sup 3 } + axisrow col { x sup 2 } col { y sup 2 } col { z sup 2 } + row col { x } col { y } col { z } +} +} +||2c +@ShowHMark @Eq { +matrix userow { yes } { + row col { x sup 3 } col { y sup 3 } col { z sup 3 } + row col { x sup 2 } col { y sup 2 } col { z sup 2 } + axisrow col { x } col { y } col { z } +} +} +} +Alternatively, it could be set to where Lout usually places it, +through the exact centre: +@ID { +@ShowHMark @Eq { +matrix { + row col { x sup 3 } col { y sup 3 } col { z sup 3 } + row col { x sup 2 } col { y sup 2 } col { z sup 2 } + row col { x } col { y } col { z } +} +} +} +Delimiters could reasonably keep the axes that they naturally +have (approximately through their centres, but not exactly): +@ID { +@ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow { yes } shiftdelim { no } { @ExA } } +} +or they could have their axes moved in the way that Lout usually does, +to the point which allows them to evenly cover the thing delimited: +@ID { +@ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow { yes } { @ExA } } +} +Altogether then there are four possibilities when these two alternatives +interact: +@CD lines @Break @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 0.5w @VShift A ! @Col ! @Col B ! @Col ! @Col C } +{ +@Rowa + A { } + B { Matrix axis +uses row axis } + C { Matrix axis passes +through centre } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { Delimiter +keeps its axis } + B { @ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow {yes} shiftdelim {no } { @ExA } } } + C { @ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow {no } shiftdelim {no } { @ExA } } } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { Delimiter +axis shifted } + B { @ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow {yes} shiftdelim {yes} { @ExA } } } + C { @ShowHMark @Eq { pmatrix userow {no } shiftdelim {yes} { @ExA } } } +} +To supply these possibilities, the @Code "matrix" symbol and all +its variants (@Code "pmatrix" etc.) have two options whose +values may be {@Code "yes"} or {@Code "no"}: +@ID @Code { +"matrix" +" userow { no }" +" shiftdelim { yes }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +The @Code "userow" option determines whether the axis of the +matrix will use a row axis; the default is not to, i.e. to +centre the axis instead. The @Code "shiftdelim" option +determines whether the axis of the delimiter will be shifted +so that the delimiter evenly covers the thing delimited; the +default is to do this. +@PP +If @Code "userow" is {@Code "yes"}, the next question is +which row's axis to use to make the overall axis. If you +do nothing, the first (or only) row's axis becomes the +overall axis. To select some other row instead, replace +the @Code "row" symbol that precedes the row by {@Code "axisrow"}: +@ID @Code @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + hmargin { 1s } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col B ! @Col ! @Col C ! @Col ! @Col D ! @Col } + @Fmtb { @Col A ! @Col " col {" ! @Col B ! @Col "} col {" ! @Col C ! @Col "} col {" ! @Col D ! @Col "}" } +{ +@Rowa + A { "matrix userow { yes } {" &0io } +@Rowb + A { " row" } + B { "x sup 3" } + C { "y sup 3" } + D { "z sup 3" } +@Rowb + A { " axisrow" } + B { "x sup 2" } + C { "y sup 2" } + D { "z sup 2" } +@Rowb + A { " row" } + B { "x" } + C { "y" } + D { "z" } +@Rowa + A { "}" } +} +The result of this is +@ID @ShowHMark @Eq { +matrix userow { yes } { + row col { x sup 3 } col { y sup 3 } col { z sup 3 } + axisrow col { x sup 2 } col { y sup 2 } col { z sup 2 } + row col { x } col { y } col { z } +} +} +with the axis through the second row as desired. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/fmt b/doc/user/fmt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffd5e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/fmt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Changing the Overall Format } + @Tag { changes } +@Begin +@LP +The symbols of Lout make many decisions behind the scenes. Even the +humble @Code "@PP" symbol has to decide how much vertical space to +leave, and how far to indent the first line of the paragraph. How to +change these decisions is the subject of this chapter. +@BeginSections +@Include { fmt_setu } +@Include { fmt_size } +@Include { fmt_marg } +@Include { fmt_head } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/fmt_head b/doc/user/fmt_head new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77cbada --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/fmt_head @@ -0,0 +1,313 @@ +@Section + @Title { Page numbers and running headers } + @Tag { headers } +@Begin +@PP +A @I { page header } is a line at the top of a page containing a page +page.header @Index { page header } +running.header @Index { running header } +number or running title. A @I { page footer } is a similar line at +page.footer @Index { page footer } +the bottom of a page. This section describes the setup file options +that control the appearance of page headers and footers. +@PP +There are four basic styles, selected by the @Code "@PageHeaders" option: +page.headers @Index @Code "@PageHeaders" +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code { "@PageHeaders {" A "}" } ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { None } + B { No page headers, no page footers. } +@Rowa + A { Simple } + B { No footers, and a centred page number between hyphens for +header on every page whose number is not 0 or 1. } +@Rowa + A { Titles } + B { Full running titles as in the present document. } +@Rowa + A { NoTitles } + B { Page numbers placed as for @Code { Titles }, but with the +titles themselves blanked out. } +} +@Code Titles and @Code NoTitles use Lout's cross-referencing machinery, +so will require a few runs to settle down. @Code None and @Code Simple +do not, so they work first time and may be used with the @Code "-s" +command line flag. Section {@NumberOf cross} has a fuller discussion +of these ramifications of cross referencing. +@PP +The next step is to set the page numbers, using +the @Code "@PageNumbers" and @Code "@FirstPageNumber" options. There +page.numbers @Index @Code "@PageNumbers" +are two useful values for {@Code "@PageNumbers"}: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code { "@PageNumbers {" A "}" } ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Arabic } + B { Arabic page numbers } +@Rowa + A { Roman } + B { Lower-case Roman page numbers } +} +although the full range of choices is {@Code "None"}, {@Code "Arabic"}, +{@Code "Roman"}, {@Code "UCRoman"}, {@Code "Alpha"}, and +{@Code "UCAlpha"}. @Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the number of the +first.page.number @Index @Code "@FirstPageNumber" +first page. Its default value is of course {@Code 1}, although +@ID @Code "@FirstPageNumber { 0 }" +might be useful if the first page is really an unnumbered cover +sheet. @Code "@FirstPageNumber" must be an Arabic number even if +@Code "@PageNumbers" is set to something other than {@Code "Arabic"}. +@PP +Some document types, such as books and technical reports with cover +sheets, have a separate introductory +sequence of pages preceding the main sequence. For the page numbers on +introductory pages there are two options, @Code "@IntroPageNumbers" +intro.page.numbers @Index @Code "@IntroPageNumbers" +intro.first.page.number @Index @Code "@IntroFirstPageNumber" +and {@Code "@IntroFirstPageNumber"}, which are exactly analogous to +@Code "@PageNumbers" and {@Code "@FirstPageNumber"}. It is traditional +to number introductory pages using Roman numerals, so @Code Roman is +the default value of {@Code "@IntroPageNumbers"}. +@PP +Let's summarize the five options so far by looking at their values in +the @Code book setup file, which was used to produce the present document: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageHeaders { Titles }" +"@PageNumbers { Arabic }" +"@FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +"@IntroPageNumbers { Roman }" +"@IntroFirstPageNumber { 1 }" +} +The remainder of this section goes beyond these basic choices to explain +how to change the detailed appearance of page headers +and footers. Inevitably it gets quite a lot harder. +@PP +Pages are classified by the page header options in three ways: +@NumberedList +@LI { @I { Odd vs. even }. The first page is odd, the second is even, +odd.pages @Index { odd and even pages } +the third is odd, and so on. If @Code "@FirstPageNumber" is set to +an even number, the first page will have that number, but it will still +be classified as odd. } +@LI { @I { Start vs. non-start }. A start page is the first page of +start.pages @Index { start and non-start pages } +some major part of the document (a chapter, say); other pages are +non-start. The @Code { Simple } header type uses a simpler +definition: a page whose number is 0 or 1 is a start page, all others +are non-start. } +@LI { @I { Intro vs. non-intro }. Intro pages form a separate sequence of +intro.pages @Index { intro and non-intro pages } +pages that precede the main (non-intro) sequence. They typically contain +prefatory material such as a title page, preface, and table of contents. +In a book there will always be an even number of Intro pages, even if +it means that the last one is empty. } +@EndList +These classifications are quite independent of each other: a page +could be a non-intro start odd page, or an intro non-start even page, +and so on. This makes eight (@Eq { 2 times 2 times 2 }) possibilities +altogether. Depending on the type of document there may also be pages +that Lout will never place a page header or footer on. For example, no page +headers or footers will appear on pages containing part titles in books. +@PP +If you choose {@Code "@PageHeaders { None }"}, there are no page headers +or footers, so there is nothing more to say. If you choose +{@Code "@PageHeaders { Simple }"}, then eight options become relevant +for controlling the page headers on each of the eight kinds of +pages. Here they are with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@OddTop { @Centre { - @PageNum - } }" +"@EvenTop { @Centre { - @PageNum - } }" +"@StartOddTop { @Null }" +"@StartEvenTop { @Null }" +"@IntroOddTop { @Null }" +"@IntroEvenTop { @Null }" +"@IntroStartOddTop { @Null }" +"@IntroStartEvenTop { @Null }" +} +If the word @Code Start is missing from an option name, the option +applies to non-start pages; if @Code Intro is missing, it applies to +non-intro pages. Another eight options control footers in the same way: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@OddFoot { @Null }" +"@EvenFoot { @Null }" +"@StartOddFoot { @Null }" +"@StartEvenFoot { @Null }" +"@IntroOddFoot { @Centre @PageNum }" +"@IntroEvenFoot { @Null }" +"@IntroStartOddFoot { @Centre @PageNum }" +"@IntroStartEvenFoot { @Null }" +} +The value of the option is an object which becomes the header or +footer. It may be any object, but there are some peculiarities that +will be explained now. +@PP +The full set of symbols of the BasicSetup package can be used +when setting page header options (and indeed any of the options +of the @Code "@BasicSetup" @Code "@Use" clause package), as well as +symbols from special-purpose +packages that have been included before this setup file. This means +you can use any symbol you might reasonably expect to. But footnotes and +floating figures and tables, for example, are not from BasicSetup so +cannot be used. +@PP +There are five symbols of special relevance to page headers and +footers: {@Code "@Null"}, {@Code "@Centre"}, {@Code "@Center"}, +{@Code "@Right"}, and {@Code "@PageNum"}. +@PP +The @Code "@Null" symbol is similar to the empty object in printing as +null. @Index @Code "@Null" +nothing, but in addition it removes the vertical space that ordinarily +separates the header line from the page body. If there is no header +there should be no vertical space either, so always use @Code "@Null" +rather than the empty object in header and footer options. +@PP +@Code "@Centre" and @Code "@Center" centre the following object, and +centre. @Index @Code "@Centre" +center. @Index @Code "@Center" +right. @Index @Code "@Right" +@Code "@Right" right-justifies it: +@ID @Code "at left @Centre { - 27 - } @Right { at right }" +produces +@QD @HExpand { at left @Centre { - 27 - } @Right { at right } } +The objects should be enclosed in braces if they contain spaces. +@PP +The @Code "@PageNum" symbol produces the number of the current page, in +page.num. @Index @Code "@PageNum" +Arabic, Roman, etc. as specified by the @Code "@PageNumbers" or +@Code "@IntroPageNumbers" option. @Code "@PageNum" is available only +within page header and footer options. +@PP +At this point you might like to pause and verify that the default +values of the sixteen options given above produce what we said they +would: no footers, and a centred page number between hyphens on every +page whose number is not 0 or 1. It should be clear now what to do if +you want to remove the hyphens, move the numbers to the page footer, +make them bold, have them at the left on even pages and at the right on +odd pages, and so on. +@PP +A different set of sixteen options applies when @Code "@PageHeaders" +is set to @Code Titles or {@Code "NoTitles"}. Here are the eight +options for headers, with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@RunningOddTop { @I { @MinorNum @DotSep @MinorTitle }" +" @Right @B @PageNum }" +"@RunningEvenTop { @B @PageNum" +" @Right @I { @MajorNum @DotSep @MajorTitle } }" +"@RunningStartOddTop { @Null }" +"@RunningStartEvenTop { @Null }" +"@RunningIntroOddTop { @Null }" +"@RunningIntroEvenTop { @Null }" +"@RunningIntroStartOddTop { @Null }" +"@RunningIntroStartEvenTop { @Null }" +} +Some options occupy two lines, but only because they are long: as +usual, the end of a line is the same as one space. Here are the +options for footers: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@RunningOddFoot { @Null }" +"@RunningEvenFoot { @Null }" +"@RunningStartOddFoot { @Centre { Bold 0.8f } @Font @PageNum }" +"@RunningStartEvenFoot { @Centre { Bold 0.8f } @Font @PageNum }" +"@RunningIntroOddFoot { @Right @PageNum }" +"@RunningIntroEvenFoot { @PageNum }" +"@RunningIntroStartOddFoot { @Null }" +"@RunningIntroStartEvenFoot { @Null }" +} +All these options are similar to the earlier ones, in providing one +option for each of the eight kinds of pages. The names are the same +except that @Code Running is added to each. Remember that a start +page is now one that begins a major part of the document. +@PP +In addition to the symbols described earlier for simple page headers +and footers, these running header options may contain the symbols +{@Code "@MajorNum"}, {@Code "@MajorTitle"}, {@Code "@MinorNum"}, +{@Code "@MinorTitle"}, {@Code "@DotSep"}, {@Code "@NoDotSep"}, +{@Code "@DotJoin"}, {@Code "@NoDotJoin"}, {@Code "@DashJoin"}, +and {@Code "@NumSep"} described below. +major.num @Index @Code "@MajorNum" +major.title @Index @Code "@MajorTitle" +minor.num @Index @Code "@MinorNum" +minor.title @Index @Code "@MinorTitle" +@PP +The exact values of {@Code "@MajorNum"}, {@Code "@MajorTitle"}, +{@Code "@MinorNum"}, and {@Code "@MinorTitle"} depend on the document +type, but they are intended to describe what is on the current page. Here +are some values typical of books: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } + vmargin { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@MajorNum" } + B { Chapter 2 } +@Rowa + A { "@MajorTitle" } + B { Adding Structure to Documents } +@Rowa + A { "@MinorNum" } + B { 2.7 } +@Rowa + A { "@MinorTitle" } + B { Tables of contents } +} +It is not possible to change the values assigned to these symbols, but +the sixteen options allow you to choose whether to use them and how to +arrange them, in the usual way. +@PP +The @Code "@DotSep" symbol consumes the objects to its left and right +dot.sep @Index @Code "@DotSep" +and produces them separated by a dot and two spaces: +@ID @Code "@MinorNum @DotSep @MinorTitle" +is the same as +@ID @Code "@MinorNum. @MinorTitle" +However, if either object is empty, the dot and two spaces are +omitted. It's a fine point, needed mainly for unnumbered chapters +and sections. @Code "@DotJoin" is the same as @Code "@DotSep" but +dot.join @Index @Code "@DotJoin" +without the two spaces. @Code "NoDotSep" is the same as +nodot.sep @Index @Code "@NoDotSep" +@Code "@DotSep" but leaving out the dot, @Code "@NoDotJoin" is the same +nodot.join @Index @Code "@NoDotJoin" +as @Code "@DotJoin" but again leaving out the dot, and @Code "@DashJoin" +dash.join @Index @Code "@DashJoin" +is the same as @Code "@DotJoin" except that `--' replaces the dot. +@PP +Lout uses @Code "@DotSep" between numbers and titles by default. To +get rid of all dots between numbers and titles it is necessary to +change all occurrences of @Code "@DotSep" in the setup file to +{@Code "@NoDotSep"}. There are about ten occurrences, depending +on the setup file. +@PP +@Code "@NumSep" {@PageMark numsep} is similar to @Code "@NoDotSep" +except that one space +num.sep @Index @Code "@NumSep" +hungarian @Index { Hungarian and @Code "@NumSep" } +is used, not two, and also the order of the two parts is reversed and +a dot is added if the current language is Hungarian (apparently +Hungarians write `3. Table' where other people write `Table 3'). +@Code "@NumSep" is used behind the scenes in a variety of places. +@PP +The present document was produced using @Code "@PageHeaders { Titles }" +with the default values of the sixteen options unchanged, as you might +like to verify. @Code "@PageHeaders { NoTitles }" is identical to +@Code "@PageHeaders { Titles }" except that {@Code "@MajorNum"}, +{@Code "@MajorTitle"}, {@Code "@MinorNum"}, and {@Code "@MinorTitle"} +are always replaced by empty objects. The description given at the +beginning of this section, `like @Code "Titles" but with the titles +blanked out,' is therefore accurate. +@PP +There is a @Code "@StructPageNums" setup file option that produces +structpagenums. @Index @Code "@StructPageNums" +structured page numbers when it is changed to {@Code Yes}; that is, +page numbers that include a section number, subsection number, and so +on. Precisely which structure numbers are included is determined by the +@Code "@SectionNumInRunners" option and its relatives. @Code "@PageHeaders" +must be @Code Titles when structured page numbers are used, and it is +probably best to set @Code "@SectionGap" and some similar options to +{@Code "2b"} (meaning new page) as well. The @Code "@NumberSeparator" +setup file option (Section {@NumberOf largescale}) affects the format +of the structured page numbers. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/fmt_marg b/doc/user/fmt_marg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b82d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/fmt_marg @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +@Section + @Title { Page margins, page boxes, and page backgrounds } + @Tag { margins } +@Begin +@PP +There are six options for setting the top and bottom margins on each +margins. @RawIndex { margins } +margins.in.pages @SubIndex { in pages } +top.margin @Index @Code "@TopMargin" +foot.margin @Index @Code "@FootMargin" +odd.left.margin @Index @Code "@OddLeftMargin" +odd.right.margin @Index @Code "@OddRightMargin" +even.left.margin @Index @Code "@EvenLeftMargin" +even.right.margin @Index @Code "@EvenRightMargin" +page, and the left and right margins on odd and even pages. Here they +are with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@TopMargin { 2.50c }" +"@FootMargin { 2.50c }" +"@OddLeftMargin { 2.50c }" +"@OddRightMargin { 2.50c }" +"@EvenLeftMargin { 2.50c }" +"@EvenRightMargin { 2.50c }" +} +When setting these options you must ensure that +@ID @Eq { @Code "@OddLeftMargin" + @Code "@OddRightMargin" = +@Code "@EvenLeftMargin" + @Code "@EvenRightMargin" } +In other words, the total margin on odd pages must be the same as on +even pages. +@PP +You can have a box drawn around each page if you wish. Here are the +relevant options and their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageBoxType { None }" +"@PageBoxMargin { 1.00c }" +"@PageBoxLineWidth {}" +"@PageBoxPaint { None }" +"@PageBoxShadow { 0.06c }" +} +You get boxes by changing the @Code "@PageBoxType" option: +page.box.type @Index @Code "@PageBoxType" +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @CC B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@PageBoxType { None }" } + B { (no box) } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@PageBoxType { Box }" } + B { @Box 1.0c @Wide 1.4c @High } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@PageBoxType { CurveBox }" } + B { @CurveBox 1.0c @Wide 1.4c @High } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@PageBoxType { ShadowBox }" } + B { @ShadowBox 1.0c @Wide 1.4c @High } +} +Page boxes reduce the amount of space available to the page contents, +so your columns will become somewhat narrower and shorter when you +introduce them. +@PP +The {@Code "@PageBoxMargin"}, {@Code "@PageBoxLineWidth"}, +{@Code "@PageBoxPaint"}, and {@Code "@PageBoxShadow"} options affect +the page box exactly as the {@Code margin}, {@Code linewidth}, +{@Code paint}, and {@Code shadow} options described +for other boxes in Section {@NumberOf boxes} do. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageBoxType { CurveBox }" +"@PageBoxMargin { 1.0c }" +"@PageBoxPaint { grey }" +} +draws a curved box, painted grey, around each page, with a one +centimetre margin between its boundary and the page contents. If the +left margin is 2.5 centimetres, say, this gives a total left margin +from the page edge to the page contents of 3.5 centimetres. +@PP +Finally, it is possible to have something other than the usual white +background on the page, using the @Code "@PageBackground" option: +page.background @Index @Code "@PageBackground" +@ID @Code { +"@PageBackground { @Scale 60d @Rotate lightgrey @Colour DRAFT }" +} +The value of the option is an object which is drawn on each page, +within the margins, before the page contents are drawn. This +example draws a large word DRAFT in light grey diagonally across each +page: +@ID @Box margin { 0c } 0.2 @Scale @IncludeGraphic draft.eps +You have to find a suitable angle by experiment. As Section +{@NumberOf scaling} explains, @Code "@Scale" with no scale factor +only takes account of the available horizontal space, not the +available vertical space, so if your angle is too steep the result +will be too tall for the page and you will get a regrettably obscure +warning message about a `broken size constraint.' The solution is +to try a smaller angle. +@PP +Another useful page background draws marks to show where the margins +boundarymarks @Index @Code "@BoundaryMarks" +cut.marks @Index { cut marks } +lie: +@ID @Code "@PageBackground { @BoundaryMarks }" +produces something like this around each page: +@DP @DP +@ID { |@DisplayIndent 3c @High 2c @Wide @HExpand @VExpand @BoundaryMarks } +@DP @DP +The @Code "@BoundaryMarks" symbol has options for controlling the +line width (thickness), the line length, and the gap between the +ends of the lines and the corner of the text area: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageBackground {" +" @BoundaryMarks" +" linewidth { 0.2p }" +" length { 0.5c }" +" gap { 0.5c }" +"}" +} +This shows the default values: 0.2 points for line width, +0.5 centimetres for the others. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/fmt_setu b/doc/user/fmt_setu new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e1bb05 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/fmt_setu @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +@Section + @Title { Setup files } + @Tag { setup } +@Begin +@PP +As mentioned briefly in Section {@NumberOf start}, each Lout document +begins with an instruction to include (i.e. to read) a @I { setup file }: +setup.file @Index { setup file } +sysinclude. @Index @Code "@SysInclude" +system.include @Index { system include directory } +doc.file @Index { @Code "doc" file } +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { doc }" +The setup file's name in this example is @Code { doc }, and the @Code Sys +in @Code "@SysInclude" means that @Code doc is stored in the @I { Lout +system include directory }, which is where all the standard setup files +are kept. Each document type (Chapter {@NumberOf types}) has its own +setup file, and each specialized package (for equations, tables, and +so on) has a setup file too. +@PP +To change the overall format of a document, you need to create your own +setup file by copying and modifying one of the standard ones. We will +assume that you are making an ordinary document, with the @Code doc +setup file, but a similar procedure works for any setup file. +@PP +You first need to find out the name of the Lout system include +directory, by typing +@ID @Code "lout -V" +in Unix. This causes Lout to print out various facts about itself. Then, +supposing that this tells you that the Lout system include directory +is @Code { "/usr/lout/include" }, type the Unix command +@ID @Code "cp /usr/lout/include/doc mydoc" +to place a copy of the @Code doc setup file in your directory, +mydoc.file @Index { @Code "mydoc" file } +renaming it @Code {mydoc}. Since @Code "doc" is read-only, you may +also need to change the mode of @Code mydoc to be writable (by +@Code "chmod +w mydoc" in Unix). Now replace +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { doc }" +at the beginning of your document by +@ID @Code "@Include { mydoc }" +and Lout will read @Code mydoc as the setup file instead of +@Code { doc }. Since the two files are at present identical, this has +changed nothing so far; but now any changes you make to @Code mydoc +will affect your document. Notice the use of @Code "@Include" +rather than @Code { "@SysInclude" }; @Code "@Include" will search your +current directory for @Code { mydoc }, whereas @Code "@SysInclude" +searches only the system directory. +@PP +The remainder of this section is a tour through @Code {doc}, +explaining the various parts and how to modify them. The first lines +that actually do anything are these: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { fontdefs }" +"@SysInclude { langdefs }" +"@SysInclude { bsf }" +"@SysInclude { dsf }" +"@SysInclude { docf }" +} +We already know that @Code "@SysInclude" causes Lout to read a file from +the Lout system include directory. Files @Code fontdefs and @Code langdefs +fontdefs.file @Index { @Code "fontdefs" file } +langdefs.file @Index { @Code "langdefs" file } +tell Lout what fonts and languages there are. Files @Code "bsf" and +@Code "dsf" contain +bsf.file @Index { @Code "bsf" file } +dsf.file @Index { @Code "dsf" file } +the definitions of the BasicSetup and DocumentSetup packages, in which +all the symbols of the first two chapters of this guide are defined. File +@Code "docf" contains extra definitions specific to +docf.file @Index { @Code "docf" file } +ordinary documents (as distinct from technical reports, books, or the +other document types of Chapter {@NumberOf types}). So this line +will be different in the setup files for those other types. +@PP +The next line is +@ID @Code { +"@Include { mydefs }" +} +This searches your current directory for a file called @Code { mydefs }, +which (as Section {@NumberOf definitions} explains) is intended to hold +your own personal set of definitions of new symbols. It does no harm +if there is no @Code "mydefs" file in your current directory, because +@Code "@Include" then searches the Lout system include directory for +it, and there is an empty @Code mydefs file there. When using your own +setup file, you might prefer to delete @Code "@Include { mydefs }" and +put your definitions in its place, so that you have one file of setup +material rather than two. +@PP +Next we come to the BasicSetup @Code "@Use" clause. It looks like this: +use. @Index @Code "@Use" +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Use { @BasicSetup + # @InitialFont { Times Base 12p } + # @InitialBreak { {adjust 1.20fx hyphen} @OrIfPlain {ragged 1fx nohyphen} } + # @InitialSpace { lout } + # @InitialLanguage { English } + # @InitialColour { black } + # @OptimizePages { No } + # @HeadingFont { Bold } + # @ParaGap { 1.3vx @OrIfPlain 1f } + # @ParaIndent { 2.00f @OrIfPlain 5s } +} +} +@Code "@BasicSetup" is a symbol, and @Code { "@InitialFont" }, +basic.layout @Index @Code "@BasicSetup" +@Code { "@InitialBreak" }, etc. are its options. There are more options +than we've shown; the display above just shows the first +few. You change the overall format of your document by changing +these options. +@PP +As it stands, the options are all hidden within comments, so the +default values (shown within braces) are in force. To change an +option, delete the @Code "#" and change the value between +braces. For example, to set the document in Helvetica 10 point +font, change the @Code { "@InitialFont" } line to +@ID @Code "@InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }" +We won't go through all the options now, since they are the subject of +following sections. +@PP +The @Code "@OrIfPlain" symbol that appears within some setup file +options is used to set the value of the option differently when +plain text output (Section {@NumberOf plain}) is being produced. For +example, the default value of @Code "@InitialBreak" is usually +{@Code "adjust 1.20fx hyphen"}, but when plain text is being produced +it switches to {@Code "ragged 1fx nohyphen"}. When changing such +options you can leave the @Code "@OrIfPlain" symbol there and change +one or both of the alternative values as you wish. +@PP +Next comes a similar @Code "@Use" clause, for the DocumentSetup package: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @DocumentSetup" +" # @PageType { A4 @OrIfPlain Other }" +" # @PageWidth { 80s }" +" # @PageHeight { 66f }" +" # @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +" # @PageBackground {}" +" # @TopMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 6f }" +"}" +} +This one has many options, starting with options for page +layout as shown, then going on to figures and tables, tables of +contents, etc. +@PP +The standard setup files are all much the same up to this point; the +main variation is that in some files, some options are already set. The +@Code "slides" setup file, for example, contains +@ID @Code "@InitialFont { Times Base 20p }" +so that overhead transparencies will have a large font size. However, +now comes a third @Code "@Use" clause whose symbol and options depend +on the document type. For ordinary documents (i.e. in the @Code "doc" +setup file) this clause is +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @OrdinarySetup" +" # @IndexWord { index }" +" # @AppendixWord { appendix }" +" # @SectionNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @AppendixNumbers { UCAlpha }" +" # @SectionHeadingFont { Bold }" +"}" +} +Once again this is just some of the options. In the @Code slides +setup file for overhead transparencies, we find this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @OverheadSetup" +" # @DateLine { No }" +" # @ContentsWord { contents }" +" # @FirstOverheadNumber { 1 }" +" # @OverheadNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @TitlePageFont { Helvetica Base 1.5f }" +" # @OverheadHeadingFont { Bold }" +" # @OverheadInContents { No }" +"}" +} +In general this third @Code "@Use" clause assigns values to options +specific to the document type we are using, whereas the first and +second @Code "@Use" clauses assign values to options that are relevant to many +or all document types. +@PP +The setup file ends with a comment identifying a spot where database +declarations may +database.dec @Index { database declarations, where to put } +be put, and one such declaration, for reference printing styles. +@PP +The setup files used with other packages, such as C and C++ program printing, +diagrams, and graphs, are similar to the @Code { doc } setup file we +have just gone through. They contain a @@SysInclude line analogous to +@Code "@SysInclude { dsf }" for reading the package's definition, followed +by a @@Use clause for setting the package's options. The same procedure +is followed for changing these options. For example, to change the +options of the @Code "diag" package, copy file @Code "diag" from the +Lout system include directory to your directory, replace the +@ID @Code "@SysInclude { diag }" +line at the top of your document by {@Code "@Include { mydiag }"}, then +edit @Code "mydiag" and change the options as you wish. +@PP +If you are using several packages and you would like a single setup file, +that is quite easy to arrange. For example, suppose you have +@ID @Code { +"@Include { mydoc }" +"@Include { mydiag }" +"@Include { mycprint }" +} +To create a single setup file, just concatenate these three files into +one file (call it @Code { mysetup }, say), and replace the three lines by +@ID @Code { +"@Include { mysetup }" +} +As explained earlier, you can even replace the @Code "@Include { mydefs }" +line within the setup file by the actual definitions, giving just one +file of setup material for the entire document. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/fmt_size b/doc/user/fmt_size new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e4a258 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/fmt_size @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +@Section + @Title { Page size and page orientation } + @Tag { pagesize } +@Begin +@PP +This section explains how to use the setup file options that determine +page size and page orientation. Here they are with their default values: +page.type @Index @Code "@PageType" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@PageType { A4 }" +"@PageWidth {}" +"@PageHeight {}" +"@PageOrientation { Portrait }" +} +The usual way to determine the page size is to set the @Code "@PageType" +option to the name of the paper you use: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmtb { @Col ! @Col ! @Col @I @RR B ! @Col @I @RR C } + @Fmta { @Col @Code { "@PageType {" A "}" } ! @Col ! @Col @Code @CC B ! + @Col @Code @CC C } +{ +@Rowb B { width in points } C { height in points } +@Rowa A { Letter } B { 612p } C { 792p } +@Rowa A { Tabloid } B { 792p } C { 1224p } +@Rowa A { Ledger } B { 1224p } C { 792p } +@Rowa A { Legal } B { 612p } C { 1008p } +@Rowa A { Statement } B { 396p } C { 612p } +@Rowa A { Executive } B { 540p } C { 720p } +@Rowa A { A3 } B { 842p } C { 1190p } +@Rowa A { A4 } B { 595p } C { 842p } +@Rowa A { A5 } B { 420p } C { 595p } +@Rowa A { B4 } B { 729p } C { 1032p } +@Rowa A { B5 } B { 516p } C { 729p } +@Rowa A { Folio } B { 612p } C { 936p } +@Rowa A { Quarto } B { 610p } C { 780p } +@Rowa A { 10x14 } B { 720p } C { 1008p } +} +This will automatically assign the widths and heights shown above to +the @Code "@PageWidth" and @Code "@PageHeight" options, so you don't +have to worry about those options. If your paper size is not on this +list, set @Code "@PageType" to @Code Other and supply your own width +and height: +page.width @Index @Code "@PageWidth" +page.height @Index @Code "@PageHeight" +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A } +{ +@Rowa A { "@PageType { Other }" } +@Rowa A { "@PageWidth { 12.0c }" } +@Rowa A { "@PageHeight { 18.0c }" } +} +The width and height may each be any length (Section {@NumberOf objects}), +and do not have to be in points. +@PP +The basic page orientations are @I portrait and @I landscape: +page.orientation @Index @Code "@PageOrientation" +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 8c @Wide @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@PageOrientation { Portrait }" } + B { @Box 1.0c @Wide 1.4c @High { Hello } } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@PageOrientation { Landscape }" } + B { @Box 1.4c @Wide 1.0c @High { Hello } } +} +When changing to {@Code Landscape}, do not change the page type, page +width, or page height, and do not change the way you feed your paper +into the printer. Lout knows what to do. +@PP +Two other orientations are provided which are 180@Degree rotations of +the basic ones: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col 8c @Wide @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@PageOrientation { ReversePortrait }" } + B { @Box 1.0c @Wide 1.4c @High { //1rt &1rt 180d @Rotate Hello } } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@PageOrientation { ReverseLandscape }" } + B { @Box 1.4c @Wide 1.0c @High { //1rt &1rt 180d @Rotate Hello } } +} +@Code ReverseLandscape might be useful when post-processing the PostScript output +to print two landscape pages per sheet. The @Code "@PageOrientation" symbol is +available at the start of a document, as well as in the setup file, like +{@Code "@InitialFont"} and {@Code "@PageHeaders"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra b/doc/user/gra new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58c73ac --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Graphs } + @Tag { graphs } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter describes how to draw graphs, using the @Code "@Graph" +graphs. @Index { graphs (statistical) } +graph. @Index @Code "@Graph" +symbol. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths, 1960--1990" +"(fatalities per 100 million vehicle km) }" +"{" +" @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed }" +" { 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 }" +"}" +} +produces the graph +@CD @Graph + abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths, 1960--1990 +(fatalities per 100 million vehicle km) } +{ + @Data + points { plus } + pairs { dashed } + { + 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 + } +} +The features of @Code "@Graph" include captions, automatic and manual +ticks and labels, logarithmic axes, histograms, and plotting of +mathematical functions. +@BeginSections +@Include { gra_intr } +@Include { gra_over } +@Include { gra_capt } +@Include { gra_tick } +@Include { gra_data } +@Include { gra_plac } +@Include { gra_func } +@Include { gra_keys } +@Include { gra_erro } +@Include { gra_summ } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/gra_capt b/doc/user/gra_capt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..089e6e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_capt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +@Section + @Title { Captions } + @Tag { captions } +@Begin +@PP +There are options for placing captions above, below, left, and right of +captions.graphs @SubIndex { in graphs } +the frame: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovecaption { This appears above }" +" belowcaption { This appears below }" +" leftcaption { At left }" +" rightcaption { At right }" +"{" +"}" +} +produces +@CD @Graph + abovecaption { This appears above } + belowcaption { This appears below } + leftcaption { At left } + rightcaption { At right } +{ +} +The captions may be arbitrary Lout objects, so may include +equations, {@Code "@Rotate"}, and so on. Each caption except +@Code rightcaption is printed in the +@Code "clines @Break" style, which means that multiple lines in one +caption will be centred beneath each other. The @Code rightcaption +option uses the @Code "lines @Break" style, in which the lines are +left justified beneath each other. Incidentally, this example shows +what happens if there is no data. +@PP +There are options for controlling the amount of space between each +caption (when non-empty) and the frame. Here they are with their +default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovegap { 0.5 cm }" +" belowgap { 0.5 cm }" +" leftgap { 1.5 cm }" +" rightgap { 0.5 cm }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +This is particularly important in the case of {@Code "leftgap"} (and +@Code "rightgap" if @Code rticks is used), because +Lout has no idea how wide the ticks and labels attached to the y axis +are; 1.5 cm is just a wild guess and often needs adjustment. On the +other hand, Lout does know how high the ticks and labels on the x axis +are; it allows 1.7 times the current font size for them, and +@Code "belowgap" is additional to this. +@PP +When a graph is to be presented as a centred display, it is generally +best if the centring is done with respect to the frame alone, not the +captions, ticks, and labels. The @Code "hidecaptions" option does this by +making the left and right captions and gaps seem to Lout to have zero width: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" hidecaptions { yes }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +Actually @Code "yes" has been made the default value, since the vast +majority of graphs are centred displays. In the rare cases where +this feature is not wanted (for example, if a graph appears as an entry +in a table), use {@Code "hidecaptions { no }"}. The y and r ticks and labels +seem to Lout to have zero width already, so do not need to be hidden. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_data b/doc/user/gra_data new file mode 100644 index 0000000..323f155 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_data @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the appearance of the data } + @Tag { data } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Data" symbol has options for controlling the +data. @Index @Code "@Data" +appearance of its data. We have already seen the +@Code "points" option, which controls what is printed at each data +point: +points.graphs @Index { @Code "points" option in graphs } +@CD @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B ! @Col ! @Col @Code C ! @Col D } +{ +@Rowa + A { cross } + B { @GraphCross } + C { plus } + D { @GraphPlus } +@Rowa + A { square } + B { @GraphSquare } + C { filledsquare } + D { @GraphFilledSquare } +@Rowa + A { diamond } + B { @GraphDiamond } + C { filleddiamond } + D { @GraphFilledDiamond } +@Rowa + A { circle } + B { @GraphCircle } + C { filledcircle } + D { @GraphFilledCircle } +@Rowa + A { triangle } + B { @GraphTriangle } + C { filledtriangle } + D { @GraphFilledTriangle } +} +If the @Code "points" option is omitted or empty, nothing is printed. The +symbols are centred over the data point. There is a @Code "symbolsize" +option which controls the size (radius) of all these symbols: +symbolsize. @Index { @Code "symbolsize" option in graphs } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" symbolsize { 0.15 ft }" +} +shows the default, 0.15 times the current font size. More +precisely, the default value is taken from an option +to the @Code "@Graph" symbol, also called {@Code "symbolsize"}. By +setting that option you can therefore set the symbol size of all data +points in the graph at once; its default value is {@Code "0.15 ft"}. +@PP +The @Code "@Data" symbol also has a @Code "pairs" option which +pairs. @Index { @Code "pairs" option in graphs } +determines how each pair of points is connected. The choices are +@Code none (not connected, the default), @Code solid (a solid line), +@Code dashed (a dashed line), or @Code dotted (a dotted line). For +example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovecaption { Estimated population of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia }" +"{" +" @Data points { plus } pairs { solid }" +" { 1720 12000 1730 13000 1740 15601 1760 15631 1770 15877 }" +"" +" @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed }" +" { 1720 7000 1730 8622 1740 10451 1750 14255 1760 18000 1770 22667 }" +"" +" @Data points { plus } pairs { dotted }" +" { 1720 10000 1730 11500 1740 12654 1750 18202 1760 23750 1770 34583 }" +"}" +} +produces +@CD @Graph + abovecaption { Estimated population of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia +} +{ + @Data points { plus } pairs { solid } + { 1720 12000 1730 13000 1740 15601 1760 15631 1770 15877 } + + @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed } + { 1720 7000 1730 8622 1740 10451 1750 14255 1760 18000 1770 22667 } + + @Data points { plus } pairs { dotted } + { 1720 10000 1730 11500 1740 12654 1750 18202 1760 23750 1770 34583 } + +} +(R. C. Simmons, @I { The American Colonies }, W. W. Norton, New York, +1981.) We will see in Section {@NumberOf key} how to add an explanatory key to +this graph. If the points have symbols, these connecting lines will stop 1.5 +symbolsizes away from the data points, so as not to overstrike them. If +the points have no symbols and @Code "pairs" is {@Code "dashed"}, the +first and last dash in each segment will have half the length of the +others. +@PP +A @Code "dashlength" option controls the length of dashes and also the +separation between dots, and a @Code "linewidth" option controls the +width (thickness) of the lines and dots: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" dashlength { 0.2 ft }" +" linewidth { 0.5 pt }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +This shows the default values, {@Code "0.2 ft"} for @Code "dashlength" +and {@Code "0.5 pt"} (half a point) for {@Code "linewidth"}. Actually +the default value for @Code "linewidth" is whatever happens to be +already in use, but Lout sets line widths to half a point initially. +This option also controls the separation between bars in histograms. +@PP +The @Code "pairs" option is also used for producing histograms, like +histograms. @Index { histograms } +this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" hidecaptions { yes }" +" abovecaption { Computer Science 3 Results (1993) }" +" leftcaption { Number of" +"students }" +" belowcaption { Final mark (%) }" +" yextra { 0 cm }" +" ymax { 80 }" +"{" +" @Data pairs { yhisto }" +" { 0 1 10 3 20 2 30 4 40 15 50 60 60 58 70 28 80 15 90 7 100 0 }" +"}" +} +which has result +@CD @Graph + hidecaptions { yes } + abovecaption { Computer Science 3 Results (1993) } + leftcaption { Number of +students } + belowcaption { Final mark (%) } + yextra { 0 cm } + ymax { 80 } +{ + @Data + pairs { yhisto } + { 0 1 10 3 20 2 30 4 40 15 50 60 60 58 70 28 80 15 90 7 100 0 } +} +Note carefully that one y histogram rectangle occupies the space from +one x value to the next, with height equal to the y value lying between +these two x values. This means that the very last y value has no effect +on the result (however, there must be a last y value anyway). +@PP +There is an alternative to @Code "yhisto" called {@Code "surfaceyhisto"}: +@CD @Graph + hidecaptions { yes } + abovecaption { Computer Science 3 Results (1993) } + leftcaption { Number of +students } + belowcaption { Final mark (%) } + yextra { 0 cm } + ymax { 80 } +{ + @Data + pairs { surfaceyhisto } + { 0 1 10 3 20 2 30 4 40 15 50 60 60 58 70 28 80 15 90 7 100 0 } +} +As you can see, @Code "surfaceyhisto" draws just the surface of the +histogram, not the descending lines. +@PP +There are @Code "xhisto" and @Code "surfacexhisto" values of +@Code "pairs" which produce a histogram whose bars are parallel to +the x axis. There are also {@Code "filledyhisto" } and +{@Code "filledxhisto" } values which produce filled rectangles rather +than outlined ones: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" abovecaption { Fertility rates in some developing countries }" +" xextra { 0 cm }" +" yextra { 0 cm }" +" xmax { 8 }" +" yticks {" +" 1.5 (Turkey) 2.5 (Thailand)" +" 3.5 (Indonesia) 4.5 (Costa Rica)" +" 5.5 (Colombia) 6.5 (Cameroon)" +" 7.5 (Botswana) 8.5 (Bangladesh)" +" }" +" yticklength { 0 cm }" +"{" +" @Data" +" pairs { filledxhisto }" +" { 0 1 3.2 2 2.2 3 3.0 4 3.5 5 2.8 6 5.9 7 4.8 8 5.3 9 }" +"}" +} +produces +@CD @Graph + abovecaption { Fertility rates in some developing countries + } + xextra { 0 cm } + yextra { 0 cm } + xmax { 8 } + yticks { 1.5 (Turkey) 2.5 (Thailand) 3.5 (Indonesia) 4.5 (Costa Rica) + 5.5 (Colombia) 6.5 (Cameroon) 7.5 (Botswana) 8.5 (Bangladesh) } + yticklength { 0 cm } +{ + @Data + pairs { filledxhisto } + { 0 1 3.2 2 2.2 3 3.0 4 3.5 5 2.8 6 5.9 7 4.8 8 5.3 9 } +} +(Bryant Robey, Shea O. Rutstein, and Leo Morros: The fertility decline in +developing countries, @I { Scientific American }, December 1993.) Once +again each bar goes from one y value to the next, with its x value +equal to the x value lying between the two y values; this time the very +first x value has no effect on the result. +@PP +The colour of one set of data can be changed with a @Code "colour" +option: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" colour { blue }" +} +For the complete list of acceptable colour names, see Section +{@NumberOf colour}. The @Code "colour" option's name may also be +spelt @Code {"color"}. +@PP +It is also possible to paint the area between the data points and +the x axis (or frame if @Code "style" is not {@Code "axes"}), using +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" paint { yes }" +} +The paint colour is determined by the @Code "colour" option just +introduced; it will be @Code "black" if no colour is specified. Paint +(including white paint) hides paint, points, and lines drawn by previous +data sets. However the points and lines of each data set are drawn after +painting that set, so they cannot be hidden under their own paint; and +axes and frames are drawn last so that they too are never hidden. +@PP +A @Code "dataformat" option is provided for changing the interpretation +dataformat. @Index { @Code "dataformat" option in graphs } +of the data. Ordinarily, as we know, the numbers are taken to be pairs of +x and y coordinates, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +"{" +" x y x y ... x y" +"}" +} +However, by setting @Code "dataformat" to {@Code "yonly"}, the +interpretation is changed to a sequence of y coordinates only: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" dataformat { yonly }" +"{" +" y y ... y" +"}" +} +and x values 1, 2, and so on are inserted automatically, just as though +the original input had been +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +"{" +" 1 y 2 y ..." +"}" +} +There is also {@Code "xonly"}, which inserts y values 1, 2, and so on. The +default value, {@Code "xandy"}, gives the usual interpretation. The +layout of data on lines has no effect on the interpretation. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_erro b/doc/user/gra_erro new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c123a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_erro @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +@Section + @Title { Errors } + @Tag { grerrors } +@Begin +@PP +Lout normally produces output that will print without mishap on +any PostScript device. However, some of the options of @Code "@Graph" +and all of the data and labels are passed through Lout without +checking. Any errors in this material will not be detected +until the file is printed. +@PP +The most likely errors are @I { rangecheck errors}, for example if +an attempt is made to divide by zero or take the square root of a +negative number, and @I { undefined errors }, arising from symbols +misspelt, use of @Code "x" outside an {@Code "xloop"}, etc. Less commonly, +everything may be correct but the graph is too large in some +way: too much data, expression too deeply nested, and so on. +@PP +When an error is detected, @Code "@Graph" arranges for the offending page +to be printed up to the point where the error occurred, with a message +nearby describing the error. Printing of the document is then +aborted. The problem is usually easy to locate since it lies in whatever +should have been printed next. +@PP +If you see @Code VMerror in an error message, it means that the printer +has run out of memory. All the data is stored in the printer while the +graph is being printed, and it remains there until the end of the current +page, when it is discarded and all memory consumed by the graph is +reclaimed. If you do run out of memory, one option is to try +@ID @Code { +"@Graph" +" save { yes }" +"..." +} +This causes the memory used by the graph to be reclaimed as soon as +the graph is printed, which might well solve your problem if you have +several graphs on one page. However, if the graph is nested +inside some other major Lout package, notably {@Code "@Diag"}, this +option could cause PostScript errors in that package. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_func b/doc/user/gra_func new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d30e82c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_func @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +@Section + @Title { Mathematical functions, loops, and tests } + @Tag { functions } +@Begin +@PP +@Code "@Graph" offers quite a large selection of mathematical functions, +mathematical.functions @Index { mathematical functions in graphs } +available everywhere that x and y coordinates are required: within +the @Code xticks and @Code yticks options, within the points within +the @Code "objects" option, and within the right parameter of the +@Code "@Data" symbol. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data" +" pairs { solid }" +"{" +" 0 0 pi sin { pi/2 }" +"}" +} +draws a solid line from @Eq {(0, 0)} to @Eq {(pi, sin(pi "/" 2))}. Section +{@NumberOf grsummary} lists all the functions; they include the four +arithmetical operators @Eq { non + }, @Eq { non - }, @Eq { non * }, and +@Eq { "/" }, as well as {@Code "sin"}, {@Code "cos"}, {@Code "sqrt"}, and +many others. Braces are used for grouping, never parentheses. +@PP +For plotting functions there are three looping symbols, {@Code "xloop"}, +{@Code "yloop"}, and {@Code "zloop"}. For example, the following plots +the two functions @Eq { y = 2 } and @Eq { y = sqrt { pi x "/" 4 } + 1 } +for @Eq { x } from 10 to 500: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"-2p @Font @Graph" +" style { axes }" +" xorigin { 0 }" +" yorigin { 0 }" +" width { 8 cm }" +" xticks { 10@ 50@ 100@ 200@ 500@ }" +" objects { @NE at { 300 2 } @I { Exponential }" +" @SE at { 300 sqrt { pi*300/4 } + 1 } @I { Uniform } }" +" belowcaption { @I n }" +" belowgap { 0 cm }" +" leftcaption { Right shell nodes }" +"{" +" @Data points { filledcircle }" +" { 10 1.97 50 2.01 100 2.00 200 2.0 500 2.00 }" +"" +" @Data points { filledcircle }" +" { 10 3.53 50 7.45 100 9.32 200 13.41 500 21.63 }" +"" +" @Data pairs { dashed }" +" { 10 2 500 2 }" +"" +" @Data pairs { dashed }" +" {" +" xloop from { 10 } to { 500 } by { 20 } do" +" {" +" x sqrt { pi*x / 4 } + 1" +" }" +" }" +"}" +} +The @Code "do" option of @Code xloop is replicated repeatedly with each +occurrence of @Code x replaced by 10, 30, 50, ... up to 490. The +result is +@FootNote { Source: Jeffrey H. Kingston, Analysis of tree algorithms +for the simulation event list. @I { Acta Informatica } {@B 22}, +pp. 15--33 (1985). } +@CD -2p @Font @Graph + style { axes } + xorigin { 0 } + yorigin { 0 } + width { 8 cm } + xticks { 10@ 50@ 100@ 200@ 500@ } + objects { + @NE at { 300 2 } @I { Exponential } + @SE at { 300 sqrt { pi*300/4 } + 1 } @I { Uniform } + } + belowcaption { @I n } + belowgap { 0 cm } + leftcaption { Right shell nodes } +{ + @Data points { filledcircle } + { 10 1.97 50 2.01 100 2.00 200 2.0 500 2.00 } + + @Data points { filledcircle } + { 10 3.53 50 7.45 100 9.32 200 13.41 500 21.63 } + + @Data pairs { dashed } + { 10 2 500 2 } + + @Data pairs { dashed } + { + xloop from { 10 } to { 500 } by { 20 } do + { + x sqrt { pi*x / 4 } + 1 + } + } +} +The points are connected by straight line segments as usual, but a +smallish @Code "by" option of about one-twentieth of the range creates +the illusion of a smooth curve quite well. +@PP +There is also an @Code "if" symbol which produces alternative results, +depending on whether a condition evaluates to @Code "true" or +{@Code"false"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"xloop from { -5 } to { +5 } by { 0.2 } do" +"{" +" if cond { abs { x } > 0.1 } then { x 1/x } else {}" +"}" +} +This plots the function @Eq { y = 1 "/" x }, skipping points near +zero. Actually the @Code "else" part could be omitted since its default +value is empty. +@PP +Adventurous users might enjoy nesting a @Code "yloop" or @Code "zloop" +within an {@Code "xloop"}, or using loops to generate ticks, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"xticks {" +" xloop from { 0 } to { 20 } do" +" {" +" x if cond { x mod 5 = 0 } then { @ }" +" }" +"}" +} +The missing @Code "by" option defaults to 1, so this produces x ticks at +0, 1, 2, ..., 20, with labels at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. It is quite all +right to mix @Code "@" and even labels in with numbers, as long as the +final result obeys the rules of Section {@NumberOf ticks}. +@PP +You can define your own functions using Lout definitions, placed in your +@Code "mydefs" file as explained in Section {@NumberOf definitions}. Here +is an example of a function definition: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @Graph @Data" +"def @Tan" +" precedence 40" +" right x" +"{" +" sin x / cos x" +"}" +} +This defines a function called @Code "@Tan" which implements the +trigonometric tangent function. It may then be used in expressions +just like any other function: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Data {" +" yloop from { 0 } to { 0.95 } by { 0.05 } do" +" {" +" y @Tan { y / pi }" +" }" +"}" +} +Following is a detailed explanation. +@PP +The first line, {@Code "import @Graph @Data"}, is the import clause. Its +function is to grant the definition access to the three previously defined +functions (symbols) that it uses, namely {@Code "sin"}, {@Code "cos"}, +and {@Code "/"}. These are found within the @Code "@Data" symbol within +{@Code "@Graph"}. +@PP +After the import clause comes the @Code "def" keyword, meaning +`define,' and then the name of the symbol being defined, in this case +@Code "@Tan". We have chosen @Code "@Tan" rather than @Code "tan" +because symbols defined by the user in this way are visible throughout +the document, and we do not want the literal word @Code "tan" to be +taken as a symbol. +@PP +Next comes the symbol's precedence, in this case the same as @Code "sin" and +@Code "cos" (see Section {@NumberOf dia_summ} for the precedence of +each symbol). Next is a list of the formal parameters, in this case +just one, called {@Code "x"}, that is to be passed on the right. +@PP +Finally comes the body of the definition enclosed in braces. When +@Code "@Tan" is invoked, its value will be this body with each occurrence +of the formal parameter @Code "x" replaced by the object following the +@Code "@Tan" symbol. For example, the @Code "do" option of the @Code +"yloop" above becomes +@ID @Code "y sin { y / pi } / cos { y / pi }" +as you would expect. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_intr b/doc/user/gra_intr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28dfd1b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_intr @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +@Section + @Title { Introduction } + @Tag { grintro } +@Begin +@PP +The Lout definitions for graph formatting are kept in a file called +{@Code "graph"}, which you must include at the start of your document if +graph.file @Index { @Code "graph" file } +you want graphs, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { graph }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +Setup files for specialized packages, such as {@Code "graph"}, should be +included before the main setup file. Once this is done, the @Code "@Graph" +symbol used below will then be available for use anywhere within your document. +@PP +@Code "@Graph" distinguishes between the overall graph, produced by the +@Code "@Graph" symbol itself, and the data sets to be placed within it, +each of which is enclosed by a @Code "@Data" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CentredDisplay @Graph" +"{" +" @Data points { plus }" +" { 1 1.10 2 1.21 3 1.33 4 1.46 5 1.61 6 1.77 7 1.95 8 2.14 }" +"" +" @Data points { circle }" +" { 1 1.20 2 1.44 3 1.73 4 2.07 5 2.45 6 2.99 7 3.58 8 4.30 }" +"}" +} +Although it is good practice to lay the input data out neatly, layout +has no effect on the result. It is not necessary to have one data point +per line, for example. The result of this example is +@CentredDisplay @Graph +{ + @Data + points { plus } + { 1 1.10 2 1.21 3 1.33 4 1.46 5 1.61 6 1.77 7 1.95 8 2.14 } + + @Data + points { circle } + { 1 1.20 2 1.44 3 1.73 4 2.07 5 2.45 6 2.99 7 3.58 8 4.30 } +} +We have used the @Code "@CentredDisplay" symbol from Section +{@NumberOf displays} to produce a centred display, but the +@Code "@Graph" symbol produces an object which may appear anywhere +at all -- in a figure, for example, or as an entry in a table. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_keys b/doc/user/gra_keys new file mode 100644 index 0000000..089139a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_keys @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +@Section + @Title { Adding a key to the graph } + @Tag { key } +@Begin +@PP +A @I key to a graph is an explanation of what each data set +key. @Index { key in graph } +represents. To assist you in constructing a key, some extra symbols +are provided in addition to {@Code "@Graph"}: +graph.cross @Index @Code "@GraphCross" +graph.plus @Index @Code "@GraphPlus" +graph.square @Index @Code "@GraphSquare" +graph.filled.square @Index @Code "@GraphFilledSquare" +graph.diamond @Index @Code "@GraphDiamond" +graph.filled.diamond @Index @Code "@GraphFilledDiamond" +graph.circle @Index @Code "@GraphCircle" +graph.filled.circle @Index @Code "@GraphFilledCircle" +graph.triangle @Index @Code "@GraphTriangle" +graph.filled.triangle @Index @Code "@GraphFilledTriangle" +graph.noline @Index @Code "@GraphNoLine" +graph.solid @Index @Code "@GraphSolid" +graph.dashed @Index @Code "@GraphDashed" +graph.dotted @Index @Code "@GraphDotted" +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B ! @Col @Code C ! @Col D } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@GraphCross" } + B { @GraphCross } + C { "@GraphPlus" } + D { @GraphPlus } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphSquare" } + B { @GraphSquare } + C { "@GraphFilledSquare" } + D { @GraphFilledSquare } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphDiamond" } + B { @GraphDiamond } + C { "@GraphFilledDiamond" } + D { @GraphFilledDiamond } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphCircle" } + B { @GraphCircle } + C { "@GraphFilledCircle" } + D { @GraphFilledCircle } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphTriangle" } + B { @GraphTriangle } + C { "@GraphFilledTriangle" } + D { @GraphFilledTriangle } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@GraphNoLine" } + B { @GraphNoLine } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphSolid" } + B { @GraphSolid } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphDashed" } + B { @GraphDashed } +@Rowa + A { "@GraphDotted" } + B { @GraphDotted } +} +These extra symbols may be used anywhere in your document except within +the right parameter of {@Code "@Graph"}; they are commonly used within +the caption options of {@Code "@Graph"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" rightcaption {" +"@GraphPlus @GraphSolid @GraphPlus Boston" +"@GraphPlus @GraphDashed @GraphPlus New York" +"@GraphPlus @GraphDotted @GraphPlus Philadelphia" +"}" +} +Recall that unlike the other captions, @Code rightcaption is set using +the @Code "lines @Break" style rather than {@Code "clines @Break"} +(Section {@NumberOf captions}). Adding this caption to the graph +from Section {@NumberOf data}, the complete result is +@CD @Graph + rightcaption { +@GraphPlus @GraphSolid @GraphPlus Boston +@GraphPlus @GraphDashed @GraphPlus New York +@GraphPlus @GraphDotted @GraphPlus Philadelphia +} +{ + @Data points { plus } pairs { solid } + { 1720 12000 1730 13000 1740 15601 1760 15631 1770 15877 } + + @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed } + { 1720 7000 1730 8622 1740 10451 1750 14255 1760 18000 1770 22667 } + + @Data points { plus } pairs { dotted } + { 1720 10000 1730 11500 1740 12654 1750 18202 1760 23750 1770 34583 } + +} +The first eight symbols have a @Code "symbolsize" option with the +usual meaning and the usual default value ({@Code "0.15 ft"}). The +last four symbols have @Code "dashlength" and @Code "linewidth" options +with the usual default values, {@Code "0.2 ft"} and {@Code "0.5 pt"} +respectively, and a @Code "length" option, which determines the length +of the line drawn by each symbol; its default value is {@Code "1.0 ft"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_over b/doc/user/gra_over new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b9653a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_over @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the overall appearance of the graph } + @Tag { overall } +@Begin +@PP +The overall appearance of the graph is controlled by options to the +@Code "@Graph" symbol. As usual, these options follow the @Code "@Graph" +symbol, with their values enclosed in braces; they may appear in any order, +and if omitted are assigned some sensible default value. +@PP +There is a @Code "style" option for controlling the overall style of the +style.graph @Index { @Code "style" option of @Code "@Graph" } +axes. @Index { axes in graphs } +graph, whose value may be either {@Code "frame"}, {@Code "none"}, +or {@Code "axes"}. The default value is {@Code "frame"}, and it produces +a frame around the graph with ticks and labels along its left and bottom +edges, as in previous examples. The {@Code "none"} style prints +nothing (no frame, no ticks, no labels), which is useful for producing +graphs that don't look like graphs, as it were. +@PP +If the other value, {@Code "axes"}, is chosen, two other options called +{@Code xorigin} and {@Code yorigin} become compulsory: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"-2p @Font @Graph" +" style { axes }" +" xorigin { 0 }" +" yorigin { 0 }" +" width { 12 cm }" +" height { 7 cm }" +" leftcaption { 90d @Rotate { counts (%) } }" +" leftgap { 1.0 cm }" +" belowcaption { time (min) }" +" belowgap { 0 cm }" +"{" +" @Data" +" points { filledsquare }" +" pairs { solid }" +" { 0 0.0 1 4.8 2 7.0 3 15.2 4 19.8 5 20.0 6 21.0 7 25.0" +" 10 29.5 15 31.2 20 35.0 30 40.0 60 50.8" +" }" +"" +" @Data" +" points { square }" +" pairs { solid }" +" {" +" 0 0.0 1 3.7 1.5 43.1 2 99.1 3 85.6 4 69.1 5 47.0 6 44.1 7 40.8" +" 10 35.0 15 29.4 20 25.0 30 21.1 60 15.5" +" }" +"}" +} +We have requested a smaller font size for this graph as a whole by +preceding it with {@Code "-2p @Font"}, meaning two points smaller, and +we have used some other options which will be explained shortly. The +resulting graph has an x axis and a y axis instead of a frame, like this: +@CD -2p @Font @Graph + style { axes } + xorigin { 0 } + yorigin { 0 } + width { 12 cm } + height { 7 cm } + leftcaption { 90d @Rotate { counts (%) } } + leftgap { 1.0 cm } + belowcaption { time (min) } + belowgap { 0 cm } +{ + @Data + points { filledsquare } + pairs { solid } + { 0 0.0 1 9.5 2 15.0 3 18.2 4 20.1 5 22.1 7 25.0 + 10 28.3 15 31.2 20 35.0 30 40.0 60 50.8 + } + + @Data + points { square } + pairs { solid } + { + 0 0.0 1 3.7 1.5 43.1 2 99.1 3 85.6 4 69.1 5 47.0 6 44.1 7 40.8 + 10 35.0 15 29.4 20 25.0 30 21.1 60 15.5 + } +} +The point where the axes cross is ({@Code xorigin}, {@Code yorigin}). +@PP +Although @Code "@Graph" does not provide explicit support for +multiple axes, you can simulate them by overstriking two +separate graphs of equal size. There is an @Code "@OverStrike" +overstrike. @Index @Code "@OverStrike" +symbol which overstrikes two objects, so +@ID @Code "@Graph { ... } @OverStrike @Graph { ... }" +will do the job. Typically one of the graphs would have y ticks, +and the other would have r ticks (adjacent to the right-hand side of the +frame). +@PP +There are @Code "xlog" and @Code "ylog" options which produce +logarithmic.axes @Index { logarithmic axes in graphs } +logarithmic x and y axes: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xlog { 10 }" +" ylog { 10 }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +The value is the base of the logarithm, usually 10 or 2, or +{@Code none} (the default) meaning not logarithmic. Logarithms +to different bases differ only by a constant factor, so the main effect +of different bases is on the choice of ticks and labels. An @Code "xlog" +option will be ignored if there are any negative or zero x data points, +x ticks, or {@Code "xorigin"} or {@Code "xmin"} options; and similarly +for {@Code "ylog"}. +@PP +There are @Code "width" and @Code "height" options for setting the size +of the total area enclosed: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" width { 6.0 cm }" +" height { 4.0 cm }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +This shows the default width and height, six centimetres and four +centimetres. These lengths and others discussed below can be specified +using a variety of units of measurement (see Section {@NumberOf grsummary} +for the details). +@PP +Within the frame or axes, a small margin is kept free of data points. The +size of this margin is controlled by @Code "xextra" and @Code "yextra" +options: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xextra { 0.5 cm }" +" yextra { 0.5 cm }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +Setting @Code "xextra" to @Code "0.5 cm" (the default value if the +@Code style option is {@Code frame}) means that the smallest x value +will be placed 0.5 centimetres to the right of the left boundary, and +the largest will be placed 0.5 centimetres to the left of the right +boundary. It is quite safe to set @Code "xextra" to @Code "0 cm" if +desired, and indeed this is the default value when @Code style is +{@Code axes} or {@Code none}. The @Code "yextra" option works in +exactly the same way for y values. +@PP +The @Code "xdecreasing" option plots the x values in decreasing order +instead of increasing: +@ID @Code { +"@Graph" +" xdecreasing { yes }" +" abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths, 1960--1990" +"(fatalities per 100 million vehicle km) }" +"{" +" @Data" +" points { plus }" +" pairs { dashed }" +" {" +" 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0" +" }" +"}" +} +produces +@CD @Graph + xdecreasing { yes } + abovecaption { New South Wales road deaths, 1960--1990 +(fatalities per 100 million vehicle km) } +{ + @Data + points { plus } + pairs { dashed } + { + 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 + } +} +The value of @Code "xdecreasing" should be either @Code "no" (the default +value) or {@Code "yes"}. A similar @Code "ydecreasing" option does the same +thing to the y axis. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_plac b/doc/user/gra_plac new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7084eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_plac @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +@Section + @Title { Placing arbitrary objects on the graph } + @Tag { arbobj } +@Begin +@PP +As we have just seen, the repertoire of symbols that @Code "@Data" is +able to place on the graph is quite limited. However, there is a way +to place any number of arbitrary Lout objects anywhere on the graph, +using the @Code objects option to the @Code "@Graph" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" objects {" +" @CTR at {2.5 6.0} @Eq { y = x sup 2 }" +" @CTR at {4.5 7.0} @Eq { y = x sup 3 }" +" }" +} +where we have used the @Code "@Eq" symbol from Chapter {@NumberOf equations} +twice to place two equations onto the graph at the points {@Code "2.5 6.0"} +and {@Code "4.5 7.0"} respectively. An example result appears in the next +section. +@PP +In addition to {@Code "@CTR"}, there are eight other symbols which may +be used within the @Code "objects" option in the same way: {@Code "@NW"}, +{@Code "@SW"}, {@Code "@SE"}, {@Code "@NE"}, {@Code "@N"}, {@Code "@W"}, +{@Code "@S"}, and {@Code "@E"}. These place the object just to the +northwest of the point, to the southwest, and so on instead of centring +it over the point. By `to the northwest' we mean that the object's bottom +right corner coincides with the point, and similarly for the other symbols. +@PP +Each of these symbols has a @Code "margin" option which enlarges the +object by adding a margin around it before placing it: +@ID @Code "@NW at {2.5 6.0} margin { 0.3 ft } @Eq { y = x sup 2 }" +shows the default value, 0.3 times the current font size. As the margin +is increased, the object moves further away from the point. +@PP +The major advantage of the @Code "objects" option over the @Code "@Data" +symbol is that arbitrary Lout objects may be used. The @Code "@Data" +symbol however is able to place many copies of its symbols onto the graph, +and also allow for them when connecting points together with lines. Also, +the points within the @Code "objects" option are not taken into account +when deciding on the permissible range of x and y values, whereas the +points within the @Code "@Data" symbol are. Altogether it seems best +to use the @Code "@Data" symbol for the bulk of the data points, and to +use the @Code "objects" option for adding a small number of labels or +other decorations. +@PP +The @Code "objects" option may contain @Code "@Graph" symbols, but in +that case, owing to a deficiency in the implementation, those symbols +will need to have their @Code save options (Section {@NumberOf grerrors}) +set to {@Code yes}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_summ b/doc/user/gra_summ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea074b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_summ @@ -0,0 +1,466 @@ +@Section + @Title { Summary } + @Tag { grsummary } +@Begin +@PP +The options to the @Code "@Graph" symbol, their default values, and +their possible values are: +@ID -2.1px @Break -1p @Font @Tab + hmargin { 0.15c } + @Fmta { @Col @Code { " "A } ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @Code B ! + @Col @Code "}" ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col C } + @Fmtb { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col } +{ +@Rowb + A { "@Graph" } +@Rowa + A { style } + B { frame } + C { {@Code frame}, {@Code axes}, or {@Code none} } +@Rowa + A { width } + B { 6.0 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { height } + B { 4.0 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { xextra } + B { 0.5 cm } + C { any @I distance ({@Code axes} and {@Code none} default is {@Code "0 cm"}) } +@Rowa + A { yextra } + B { 0.5 cm } + C { any @I distance ({@Code axes} and {@Code none} default is {@Code "0 cm"}) } +@Rowa + A { xdecreasing } + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { ydecreasing } + B { no } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { leftcaption } + B { } + C { any Lout object } +@Rowa + A { rightcaption } + B { } + C { any Lout object } +@Rowa + A { abovecaption } + B { } + C { any Lout object } +@Rowa + A { belowcaption } + B { } + C { any Lout object } +@Rowa + A { leftgap } + B { 1.5 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { rightgap } + B { 0.5 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { abovegap } + B { 0.5 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { belowgap } + B { 0.5 cm } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { hidecaptions } + B { yes } + C { @Code yes or @Code no } +@Rowa + A { xorigin } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number } +@Rowa + A { yorigin } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number } +@Rowa + A { xlog } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number greater than 1 } +@Rowa + A { ylog } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number greater than 1 } +@Rowa + A { xmin } + B { none } + C { @Code none or any {@I number} } +@Rowa + A { xmax } + B { none } + C { @Code none or any {@I number} } +@Rowa + A { ymin } + B { none } + C { @Code none or any {@I number} } +@Rowa + A { ymax } + B { none } + C { @Code none or any {@I number} } +@Rowa + A { xticksep } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number greater than 0 } +@Rowa + A { yticksep } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number greater than 0 } +@Rowa + A { rticksep } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any @I number greater than 0 } +@Rowa + A { xticks } + B { auto } + C { @I sequence (of numbers and strings), or @Code auto meaning +automatic } +@Rowa + A { yticks } + B { auto } + C { @I sequence (of numbers and strings), or @Code auto meaning +automatic } +@Rowa + A { rticks } + B { } + C { @I sequence (of numbers and strings), or @Code auto meaning +automatic } +@Rowa + A { xticklength } + B { 0.5 ft } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { yticklength } + B { 0.5 ft } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { rticklength } + B { 0.5 ft } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { objects } + B { } + C { sequence of {@Code "@CTR"}, {@Code "@NW"}, {@Code "@SW"}, {@Code "@SE"}, +{@Code "@NE"}, {@Code "@N"}, {@Code "@W"}, {@Code "@S"}, {@Code "@E"} symbols } +@Rowa + A { points } + B { none } + C { {@Code none}, {@Code plus}, {@Code cross}, {@Code square}, +{@Code filledsquare}, {@Code diamond}, {@Code filleddiamond}, +{@Code circle}, {@Code filledcircle}, {@Code triangle}, {@Code filledtriangle} } +@Rowa + A { pairs } + B { none } + C { {@Code none}, {@Code solid}, {@Code dashed}, {@Code dotted}, +{@Code yhisto}, {@Code xhisto}, {@Code filledyhisto}, {@Code filledxhisto}, +{@Code surfaceyhisto}, {@Code surfacexhisto} } +@Rowa + A { "colour/color" } + B { none } + C { {@Code none} or any colour name from Section {@NumberOf colour}} +@Rowa + A { paint } + B { no } + C { {@Code no} or {@Code yes} } +@Rowa + A { dataformat } + B { xandy } + C { {@Code xandy}, {@Code yonly}, {@Code xonly} } +@Rowa + A { dashlength } + B { 0.2 ft } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { linewidth } + B { 0.5 pt } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { symbolsize } + B { 0.15 ft } + C { any @I distance } +} +@I Number means an ordinary decimal number; @I distance means a number +followed by at least one space followed by any one of the following +units of measurement: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { cm } + B { centimetres } +@Rowa + A { in } + B { inches } +@Rowa + A { em } + B { Ems (12 ems = 1 inch) } +@Rowa + A { pt } + B { Points (72 points = 1 inch) } +@Rowa + A { ft } + B { @Code "1 ft" is the size of the current font } +@Rowa + A { sp } + B { @Code "1 sp" is the width of the space character in the current font } +@Rowa + A { vs } + B { @Code "1 vs" is the current inter-line spacing } +} +In general, numbers denote x or y values while distances denote lengths +on the printed result. +@PP +The minimum plottable x value is the minimum of all the x data, +{@Code xticks}, {@Code xorigin}, {@Code xmin}, and {@Code xmax} whenever +these are not {@Code none}. If @Code xticks is {@Code none}, this +minimum may be reduced further to a `round' number. The maximum plottable +x value is the maximum of the same values, and it may be increased further +if {@Code xticks} is {@Code none}. Similar remarks apply to y values. +@PP +The value of the @Code "objects" option is a sequence of zero or more of +the following: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col { @Code "at {" @I expression @I expression +@Code "}" } ! @Col @I object } +{ +@Rowa A { @Code "@CTR" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@NW" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@SW" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@SE" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@NE" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@N" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@W" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@S" } +@Rowa A { @Code "@E" } +} +where @I object is an arbitrary Lout object. Each of these nine symbols +also has a @Code "margin" option whose value may be any non-negative +distance, with default value {@Code "0.3 ft"}. +@PP +The options to the @Code "@Data" symbol, their default values, and +their possible values are: +@ID 0.85vx @Break @Tab + hmargin { 0.15c } + @Fmta { @Col @Code { " "A } ! @Col @Code "{" ! @Col @I inherited ! + @Col @Code "}" ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col C } + @Fmtb { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col ! @Col } +{ +@Rowb + A { @Code "@Data" } +@Rowa + A { points } + C { {@Code none}, {@Code plus}, {@Code cross}, {@Code square}, +{@Code filledsquare}, {@Code diamond}, {@Code filleddiamond}, +{@Code circle}, {@Code filledcircle}, +{@Code triangle}, {@Code filledtriangle} } +@Rowa + A { pairs } + C { {@Code none}, {@Code solid}, {@Code dashed}, {@Code dotted}, +{@Code yhisto}, {@Code xhisto}, {@Code filledyhisto}, {@Code filledxhisto}, +{@Code surfaceyhisto}, {@Code surfacexhisto} } +@Rowa + A { "colour/color" } + C { {@Code none}, or any colour name from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowa + A { paint } + C { {@Code no} or {@Code yes} } +@Rowa + A { dataformat } + C { {@Code xandy}, {@Code yonly}, {@Code xonly} } +@Rowa + A { dashlength } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { linewidth } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowa + A { symbolsize } + C { any @I distance } +@Rowb + A { @Code "{" @I sequence @Code "}" } + C { any @I sequence } +} +@I Inherited means that the default value is taken from the +@Code "@Graph" option with the same name. +@PP +The right parameter of @Code "@Data" contains a @I sequence of zero +or more {@I expressions}. The {@Code xticks}, {@Code yticks}, and +{@Code rticks} options also are sequences, which may contain @Code "@" +and labels as well as expressions. An @I expression is any of the +following (operators are shown in decreasing precedence order, with +the precedence, if relevant, at right): +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @I number } +@Rowa + A { @Code x (within @Code xloop only) } +@Rowa + A { @Code y (within @Code yloop only) } +@Rowa + A { @Code z (within @Code zloop only) } +@Rowa + A { @Code pi } +@Rowa + A { @Code e } +@Rowa + A { @Code "{" @I expression @Code "}" } +@Rowa + A { @Code "sqrt" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "abs" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "ceiling" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "floor" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "truncate" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "round" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "cos" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "sin" @I expression } + B { 40 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "atan" @I expression } + B { 39 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "exp" @I expression } + B { 38 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "log" @I expression } + B { 37 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "rand" @I expression } + B { 36 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Eq { non * } @I expression } + B { 35 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "/" @I expression } + B { 34 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "idiv" @I expression } + B { 34 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "mod" @I expression } + B { 34 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Eq { non - } @I expression } + B { 33 } +@Rowa + A { @Eq { non - } @I expression } + B { 33 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code "+" @I expression } + B { 32 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "+" @I expression } + B { 32 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "if cond {" @I boolean @Code "} then {" @I expression +@Code "} else {" @I expression @Code "}" } +} +A @Eq { non - } immediately followed by a digit or decimal point is +always taken to be a minus sign, never a subtraction. The left +parameter of @Code "exp" and @Code "log" is the base of the +exponentiation and logarithm respectively; @Code "idiv" is integer +division; and @Code "rand" returns a uniform random integer lying between +its two parameters (inclusive). Now a @I sequence is zero or more of +the following: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A } +{ +@Rowa + A { 2c @Wide "@" (within {@Code xticks}, {@Code yticks}, and {@Code rticks} only) } +@Rowa + A { 2c @Wide { ({@I label}) } (within {@Code xticks}, {@Code yticks}, and {@Code rticks} only) } +@Rowa + A { @I expression } +@Rowa + A { @Code "xloop from {" @I expression @Code "} to {" @I expression +@Code "} by {" @I expression @Code "} do {" @I sequence @Code "}" } +@Rowa + A { @Code "yloop from {" @I expression @Code "} to {" @I expression +@Code "} by {" @I expression @Code "} do {" @I sequence @Code "}" } +@Rowa + A { @Code "zloop from {" @I expression @Code "} to {" @I expression +@Code "} by {" @I expression @Code "} do {" @I sequence @Code "}" } +@Rowa + A { @Code "if cond {" @I boolean @Code "} then {" @I sequence +@Code "} else {" @I sequence @Code "}" } +} +The @Code "by" part of the loop symbols is optional with default +value 1; the @Code "else" part of @Code "if" is optional with +default value equal to the empty sequence. A @I boolean is any one of +the following things, again shown in decreasing precedence order, with +the precedence at right: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code true } +@Rowa + A { @Code false } +@Rowa + A { @Code "{" @I boolean @Code "}" } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code = @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code != @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code < @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code <= @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code > @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @I expression @Code >= @I expression } + B { 30 } +@Rowa + A { @Code not @I boolean } + B { 25 } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code and @I boolean } + B { 24 } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code xor @I boolean } + B { 23 } +@Rowa + A { @I boolean @Code or @I boolean } + B { 22 } +@Rowa + A { @Code "if cond {" @I boolean @Code "} then {" @I boolean +@Code "} else {" @I boolean @Code "}" } +} +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/gra_tick b/doc/user/gra_tick new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6079cf --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/gra_tick @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +@Section + @Title { Ticks and labels } + @Tag { ticks } +@Begin +@PP +@I Ticks are the short lines that mark off intervals along the axes, and +ticks.graph @Index { ticks in graphs } +labels.graph @Index { labels in graphs } +@I labels are the numbers appearing near the ticks (not to be confused +with captions). {@Code "@Graph"} produces ticks and labels automatically +with some care, so it is probably best not to worry about them unless the +result is not pleasing, in which case there are options for controlling them. +@PP +One simple way to control the production of x ticks is with the +{@Code xmin}, {@Code xmax}, and {@Code xticksep} options to @Code +"@Graph". For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xmin { 0 }" +" xmax { 5 }" +" xticksep { 0.5 }" +} +specifies that x values in the range 0 to 5 are to be expected, and that +a tick and label is to appear every 0.5 units along the x axis. One or +both of @Code "xmin" and @Code "xmax" may be omitted, in which case +suitable values will be inferred from the data as usual. +@PP +Alternatively, complete control over the appearance of x ticks and labels +is provided by the @Code "xticks" option. For example, +xticks.graph @Index { @Code "xticks" option to @Code "@Graph" } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xticks { 0@ 5 10@ 15 20@ }" +} +specifies that x ticks are to be drawn at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. An +@Code "@" following a number indicates that a label is to be printed as +well, so the above example will produce labels at 0, 10, and 20. For +even finer control, @Code "@" may be replaced by a label enclosed +in parentheses: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xticks { 1 (Democrat) 2 (Republican) 3 (Other) }" +} +As this example shows, a label does not have to be a number; it can be +any string of characters, including spaces and balanced parentheses; +but it may not be an arbitrary Lout object. +@PP +The character @Code "^" in a label indicates that the +remainder is to be treated as an exponent: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xlog { 10 }" +" xticks { 1 (1) 10 (10) 100 (10^2) 1000 (10^3) 10000 (10^4) 100000 (10^5) }" +"{" +" @Data points { plus }" +" { 1 2.1 10 3.4 100 4.9 1000 6.1 10000 7.2 100000 7.6 }" +"}" +} +In fact, the labels inserted automatically when @Code xticks is omitted have +exponents when the axis is logarithmic, so @Code xticks is hardly necessary +in this example. Anyway the result is +@CD @Graph + height { 3 cm } + xlog { 10 } + xticks { 1 (1) 10 (10) 100 (10^2) 1000 (10^3) 10000 (10^4) 100000 (10^5) } +{ + @Data points { plus } + { + 1 2.1 10 3.4 100 4.9 1000 6.1 10000 7.2 100000 7.6 + } +} +Setting @Code "xticks" to empty produces no x ticks (this is not the +same as omitting {@Code xticks}). +@PP +Similar options control ticks and labels on the y axis: {@Code "ymin"}, +{@Code "ymax"}, {@Code "yticksep"}, and {@Code "yticks"}. There are +yticks.graph @Index { @Code "yticks" option to @Code "@Graph" } +also @Code "xticklength" and @Code "yticklength" options which set +the length of ticks: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Graph" +" xticklength { 0.5 ft }" +" yticklength { 0.5 ft }" +} +shows the default values, half the current font size in both cases. +@PP +There is also an {@Code "rticks"} option which is similar to +{@Code "yticks"} except that the ticks it controls appear on the +right-hand side of the frame (this option is relevant only when +the @Code style option is {@Code frame}). Unlike @Code "xticks" and +{@Code "yticks"}, {@Code "rticks"} has empty default value, which is +why you don't usually see r ticks. They are most useful when overstriking +two graphs using @Code "@OverStrike" as explained earlier; one graph will +have y ticks in the usual way, the other will have r ticks and empty +y ticks: +@CD { + +@Graph + style { frame } + width { 6c } + height { 8c } + xextra { 0 cm } + yextra { 0 cm } + rightcaption { -90d @Rotate { Precipitation mm } } + rightgap { 3.0f } + hidecaptions { no } + xmin { 0 } + xmax { 12 } + ymin { 0 } + ymax { 450 } + xticks { } + xticklength { 0 cm } + rticks { 0@ 50@ 100@ 150@ 200@ 250@ 300@ 350@ 400@ 450@ } + yticks {} +{ + @Data + pairs { filledyhisto } + colour { blue } + linewidth { 1 pt } + { + 0 340 + 1 410 + 2 430 + 3 340 + 4 290 + 5 175 + 6 140 + 7 125 + 8 110 + 9 100 + 10 85 + 11 175 + 12 0 + } +} + +@OverStrike + +@Graph + style { frame } + width { 6c } + height { 8c } + xextra { 0 cm } + yextra { 0 cm } + leftcaption { 90d @Rotate { Temperature {@Degree}C } } + leftgap { 2.5f } + hidecaptions { no } + xmin { 0 } + xmax { 12 } + ymin { -30 } + ymax { 50 } + xticks { + 0.5 (J) + 1.5 (F) + 2.5 (M) + 3.5 (A) + 4.5 (M) + 5.5 (J) + 6.5 (J) + 7.5 (A) + 8.5 (S) + 9.5 (O) + 10.5 (N) + 11.5 (D) + } + xticklength { 0 cm } + yticks { -30@ -20@ -10@ 0@ 10@ 20@ 30@ 40@ } +{ + @Data + pairs { solid } + colour { red } + linewidth { 1 pt } + { + 0.0 24 + 1.0 24 + 2.0 25 + 3.0 26 + 4.0 26 + 5.0 26 + 6.0 26 + 7.0 27 + 8.0 26 + 9.0 27 + 10.0 28 + 11.0 28 + 12.0 26 + } +} + +} +Here the first graph has +@ID @Code { +"rticks { 0@ 50@ 100@ 150@ 200@ 250@ 300@ 350@ 400@ 450@ }" +"yticks {}" +} +for its ticks. +@PP +Lout has only a hazy idea of how much space is occupied by ticks and +labels. Unless @Code "xticks" is empty, Lout allows 1.7 times the +current font size below the graph for x ticks and labels, which is +usually about right; but it does not allow any space for y and r ticks and +labels since it has no idea how wide the labels will be. The discussion +of captions in Section {@NumberOf captions} explains how to use the +@Code "leftgap" and @Code "rightgap" options to work around this deficiency. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/letterbook b/doc/user/letterbook new file mode 100644 index 0000000..269f073 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/letterbook @@ -0,0 +1,356 @@ +############################################################################### +# # +# Lout setup file for books # +# # +# Jeffrey H. Kingston # +# 5 February 1999 # +# # +############################################################################### + + +############################################################################### +# # +# @SysInclude commands for standard packages. # +# # +############################################################################### + + @SysInclude { fontdefs } # font definitions + @SysInclude { langdefs } # language definitions + @SysInclude { bsf } # BasicSetup package + @SysInclude { dsf } # DocumentSetup package + @SysInclude { bookf } # BookSetup extension + + +############################################################################### +# # +# @Include command for reading personal definitions from current directory. # +# # +############################################################################### + + @Include { mydefs } + +############################################################################### +# # +# The @BasicSetup @Use clause - basics, lists, paragraphs, displays. # +# # +# To change the default value of any option, delete the # at the start of # +# its line and change the value between braces. # +# # +############################################################################### + +@Use { @BasicSetup + # @InitialFont { Times Base 12p } # initial font + # @InitialBreak {{adjust 1.2fx hyphen} @OrIfPlain {ragged 1fx nohyphen}} + # @InitialSpace { lout } # initial space style + # @InitialLanguage { English } # initial language + # @InitialColour { black } # initial colour + # @OptimizePages { No } # optimize page breaks? + # @HeadingFont { Bold } # font for @Heading + # @ParaGap { 1.3vx @OrIfPlain 1f } # gap between paragraphs + # @ParaIndent { 2.00f @OrIfPlain 5s } # first-line indent for @PP + # @DisplayGap { 1.00v @OrIfPlain 1f } # gap above, below displays + # @DisplayIndent { 2.00f @OrIfPlain 5s } # @IndentedDisplay indent + # @DefaultIndent { 0.5rt } # @Display indent + # @DisplayNumStyle { (num) } # style of display numbers + # @WideIndent { 4.00f @OrIfPlain 10s } # @WideTaggedList indent + # @VeryWideIndent { 8.00f @OrIfPlain 20s } # @VeryWideTaggedList indent + # @ListGap { 1.00v @OrIfPlain 1f } # gap between list items + # @ListIndent { 0s } # indent of list items + # @ListRightIndent { 0s } # right indent of list items + # @ListLabelWidth { 2.00f @OrIfPlain 5s } # width allowed for list tags + # @NumberSeparator { . } # separates nums like 2.3.7 +} + + +############################################################################### +# # +# The @DocumentSetup @Use clause - page layout plus figures, tables, etc. # +# # +# To change the default value of any option, delete the # at the start of # +# its line and change the value between braces. # +# # +############################################################################### + +@Use { @DocumentSetup + @PageType { Letter @OrIfPlain Other} # page type (width, height) + # @PageWidth { 80s } # page width if type Other + # @PageHeight { 66f } # page height if type Other + # @PageOrientation { Portrait } # Portrait, Landscape, etc. + # @PageBackground { } # background of each page + # @TopMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 6f } # top margin of all pages + # @FootMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 6f } # bottom margin of all pages + # @OddLeftMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 10s } # left margin of odd pages + # @OddRightMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 10s } # right margin of odd pages + # @EvenLeftMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 10s } # left margin of even pages + # @EvenRightMargin { 2.5c @OrIfPlain 10s } # right margin of even pages + # @PageBoxType { None } # None Box CurveBox ShadowBox + # @PageBoxMargin { 1.00c } # page box margin + # @PageBoxLineWidth { } # page box line thickness + # @PageBoxPaint { none } # page box paint + # @PageBoxShadow { 0.60c } # shadow margin if ShadowBox + # @ColumnNumber { 1 } # number of columns (1 to 10) + # @ColumnGap { 1.00c @OrIfPlain 6s } # column gap + # @FigureLocation { PageTop } # default figure location + # @TableLocation { PageTop } # default table location + # @FigureFormat { @CC @Body } # default figure format + # @TableFormat { @CC @Body } # default table format + # @FigureWord { figure } # "Figure" word else anything + # @TableWord { table } # "Table" word else anything + # @FigureNumbers { Arabic } # method of numbering figures + # @TableNumbers { Arabic } # method of numbering tables + # @FigureCaptionPos { Below } # Above or Below + # @TableCaptionPos { Below } # Above or Below + # @CaptionFont { } # figure, table caption font + # @CaptionBreak { } # figure, table caption break + # @CaptionFormat { @B { number @DotSep @OneCol } } # figure, table caption format + # @MakeFigureContents { No } # list of figures at start + # @MakeTableContents { No } # list of tables at start + # @MakeContents { No } # make contents? Yes or No + @MakeContents { Yes } # make contents? Yes or No + # @ContentsGap { 0.20v @OrIfPlain 0f } # extra gap above minor entry + # @ContentsGapAbove { 0.80v @OrIfPlain 1f } # extra gap above major entry + # @ContentsGapBelow { 0.00v @OrIfPlain 0f } # extra gap below major entry + # @ContentsPartGapAbove { 1.00v @OrIfPlain 1f } # extra gap above `part' entry + # @ContentsPartGapBelow { 0.00v @OrIfPlain 0f } # extra gap below `part' entry + # @ContentsFormat { number @DotSep title } # contents entry format + # @ContentsLeader { .. } # leader symbol in contents + # @ContentsLeaderGap { 4s @OrIfPlain 2s } # gap between leaders + # @ContentsRightWidth { 3f @OrIfPlain 6s } # page numbers column width + # @MakeReferences { Yes } # make references? Yes or No + # @RefCiteStyle { [cite] } # citation style + # @RefCiteLabels { @RefNum } # citation items + # @RefNumbers { Arabic } # reference numbers + # @RefListFormat { Labels } # NoLabels, Labels, etc. + # @RefListLabels { [@RefNum] } # ref list label format + # @RefListTitle { references } # title of reference list + # @ChapRefListTitle { references } # title of chapter ref list + # @RefListIndent { 0s } # indent to left of labels + # @RefListRightIndent { 0s } # indent to right of items + # @RefListGap { @ListGap } # gap between ref list items + # @RefListFont { } # font used in reference list + # @RefListBreak { } # break style of ref list + # @RefListLabelWidth { @ListLabelWidth } # Labels column width + # @RefListSortKey { @Tag } # sorting key + # @MakeIndex { No } # make index? Yes or No + @MakeIndex { Yes } # make index? Yes or No + # @IndexFont { } # index entries font + # @IndexBreak { {oragged 1.2fx} @OrIfPlain {oragged 1fx} } # and break + # @IndexColumnNumber { 2 } # index columns (1 to 10) + # @IndexColumnGap { 1.00c @OrIfPlain 6s } # index column gap + # @MakeIndexA { No } # make index A? Yes or No + # @IndexAFont { } # index A entries font + # @IndexABreak { {oragged 1.2fx} @OrIfPlain {oragged 1fx} } # and break + # @IndexAColumnNumber { 2 } # index A columns (1 to 10) + # @IndexAColumnGap { 1.00c @OrIfPlain 6s } # index A column gap + # @MakeIndexB { No } # make index B? Yes or No + # @IndexBFont { } # index B entries font + # @IndexBBreak { {oragged 1.2fx} @OrIfPlain {oragged 1fx} } # and break + # @IndexBColumnNumber { 2 } # index B columns (1 to 10) + # @IndexBColumnGap { 1.00c @OrIfPlain 6s } # index B column gap + # @TopGap { 0.75c @OrIfPlain 2f } # gap between figures + # @MidGap { 0.75c @OrIfPlain 2f } # gap above/below body text + # @FootNoteNumbers { Arabic } # footnote numbers + # @FootNoteThrough { No } # numbered through chapter? + # @FootNoteLocation { ColFoot } # where the footnote appears + # @FootNoteFont { 0.80f } # font for footnotes + # @FootNoteBreak { 1.2fx @OrIfPlain 1fx } # break for footnotes + # @FootLen { 2.00c @OrIfPlain 10s } # length of footnote line + # @FootAboveGap { @DisplayGap } # gap above footnote line + # @FootGap { 0.20c @OrIfPlain 1fx } # gap between footnotes + # @MarginNoteFont { 0.80f } # font of margin notes + # @MarginNoteBreak { ragged 1.10fx } # break style of margin notes + # @MarginNoteHGap { 0.5c } # horizontal gap to notes + # @MarginNoteVGap { @DisplayGap } # min vertical gap between + # @MarginNoteWidth { 1.50c } # width of margin notes + # @EndNoteNumbers { Arabic } # endnote numbers + # @EndNoteFont { 0.80f } # font of endnotes + # @EndNoteBreak { 1.2fx @OrIfPlain 1fx } # break for endnotes + # @EndNoteGap { 0.20c @OrIfPlain 1f } # gap between endnotes + # @TheoremWord { theorem } # "Theorem" word, etc. + # @DefinitionWord { definition } # "Definition" word, etc. + # @ClaimWord { claim } # "Claim" word, etc. + # @PropositionWord { proposition } # "Proposition" word, etc. + # @LemmaWord { lemma } # "Lemma" word, etc. + # @CorollaryWord { corollary } # "Corollary" word, etc. + # @ExampleWord { example } # "Example" word, etc. + # @ProofWord { proof } # "Proof" word, etc. + # @PageHeaders { Simple } # None Simple Titles NoTitles + @PageHeaders { Titles } # None Simple Titles NoTitles + # @PageNumbers { Arabic } # page numbers + # @FirstPageNumber { 1 } # number of first page + # @IntroPageNumbers { Roman } # intro page numbers + # @IntroFirstPageNumber{ 1 } # number of first intro page + # @StructPageNums { No } # make structured page numbers + + # @OddTop { @Centre{- @PageNum -} } # Simple page headers + # @OddFoot { @Null } + # @EvenTop { @Centre{- @PageNum -} } + # @EvenFoot { @Null } + # @StartOddTop { @Null } + # @StartOddFoot { @Null } + # @StartEvenTop { @Null } + # @StartEvenFoot { @Null } + # @IntroOddTop { @Null } + # @IntroOddFoot { @Centre @PageNum } + # @IntroEvenTop { @Null } + # @IntroEvenFoot { @Centre @PageNum } + # @IntroStartOddTop { @Null } + # @IntroStartOddFoot { @Null } + # @IntroStartEvenTop { @Null } + # @IntroStartEvenFoot { @Null } + + # Titles, NoTitles headers + # @RunningOddTop { @I {@MinorNum @DotSep @MinorTitle} @Right @B @PageNum } + # @RunningOddFoot { @Null } + # @RunningEvenTop { @B @PageNum @Right @I {@MajorNum @DotSep @MajorTitle} } + # @RunningEvenFoot { @Null } + # @RunningStartOddTop { @Null } + # @RunningStartOddFoot { @Centre { Bold 0.8f } @Font @PageNum } + # @RunningStartEvenTop { @Null } + # @RunningStartEvenFoot { @Centre { Bold 0.8f } @Font @PageNum } + # @RunningIntroOddTop { @Null } + # @RunningIntroOddFoot { @Right @PageNum } + # @RunningIntroEvenTop { @Null } + # @RunningIntroEvenFoot { @PageNum } + # @RunningIntroStartOddTop { @Null } + # @RunningIntroStartOddFoot { @Null } + # @RunningIntroStartEvenTop { @Null } + # @RunningIntroStartEvenFoot { @Null } +} + + +############################################################################### +# # +# The @BookSetup @Use clause - options specific to books. # +# # +############################################################################### + +@Use { @BookSetup + # @TitlePageFont { Helvetica Base} # title page font (not size) + # @SeparateIntroNumbering { Yes } # separate intro page numbers + # @PrefaceAfterContents { No } # Yes or No + # @ChapterStartPages { Any } # Any, Odd, or Even + # @ReferencesBeforeAppendices { No } # references before appendices + # @PrefaceWord { preface } # word for "Preface" + # @ContentsWord { contents } # word for "Contents" + # @FigureListWord { figurelist } # word for "List of Figures" + # @TableListWord { tablelist } # word for "List of Tables" + # @IntroductionWord { introduction } # word for "Introduction" + # @ChapterWord { chapter } # word for "Chapter" + # @AppendixWord { appendix } # word for "Appendix" + # @IndexWord { index } # word for "Index" + # @IndexAWord { index } # word for "Index" (A) + # @IndexBWord { index } # word for "Index" (B) + # @ChapterNumbers { Arabic } # kind of chapter numbers + # @FirstChapterNumber { 1 } # first chapter number (Arabic) + # @SectionNumbers { Arabic } # kind of section numbers + # @FirstSectionNumber { 1 } # first section number (Arabic) + # @SubSectionNumbers { Arabic } # kind of subsection numbers + # @FirstSubSectionNumber { 1 } # first subsect number (Arabic) + # @SubSubSectionNumbers { Arabic } # kind of sub-subs. numbers + # @FirstSubSubSectionNumber { 1 } # first sub-sub number (Arabic) + # @AppendixNumbers { UCAlpha } # kind of appendix numbers + # @FirstAppendixNumber { 1 } # first appendix num (Arabic) + # @SubAppendixNumbers { Arabic } # kind of subappendix numbers + # @FirstSubAppendixNumber { 1 } # first sub-app num (Arabic) + # @SubSubAppendixNumbers { Arabic } # kind of sub-subapp. numbers + # @FirstSubSubAppendixNumber { 1 } # first sub-sub num (Arabic) + # @PartHeadingFont { Helvetica Base 2.50f } # part head font + # @PartHeadingBreak { clines 1.2fx nohyphen } # part head break + # @PartHeadingFormat { @CD number @DP @CD title } # part head format + # @ChapterHeadingFont { Bold 2.00f } # chapter head font + # @ChapterHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # chapter head break + # @ChapterHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # format of chap. head + # @SectionHeadingFont { Bold } # section head font + # @SectionHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # section head break + # @SectionHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # section head fmt + # @SubSectionHeadingFont { Bold } # subs. head font + # @SubSectionHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # subs. head break + # @SubSectionHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # subs. head fmt + # @SubSubSectionHeadingFont { Slope } # sub-subs. head font + # @SubSubSectionHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # sub-subs. head break + # @SubSubSectionHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # sub-subs. head fmt + # @AppendixHeadingFont { Bold 2.00f } # appendix head font + # @AppendixHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # appendix head break + # @AppendixHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # appendix head fmt + # @SubAppendixHeadingFont { Bold } # subapp. head font + # @SubAppendixHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # subapp. head break + # @SubAppendixHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title } # subapp. head fmt + # @SubSubAppendixHeadingFont { Slope } # sub-suba. head font + # @SubSubAppendixHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen } # sub-suba. head break + # @SubSubAppendixHeadingFormat{ number @DotSep title } # sub-suba. head fmt + # @AbovePartGap { 4.00f } # gap above part title + # @AboveChapterGap { 3.00f } # above major titles + # @SectionGap { 2.0v @OrIfPlain 3f } # between sections + # @SubSectionGap { 1.5v @OrIfPlain 2f } # between subsects + # @SubSubSectionGap { 1.5v @OrIfPlain 2f } # between sub-subs. + # @SubAppendixGap { 2.0v @OrIfPlain 3f } # between subappendices + # @SubSubAppendixGap { 1.5v @OrIfPlain 2f } # between sub-subapps + # @IntroductionInContents { Yes } # add introduction to contents + # @PartInContents { Yes } # add parts to contents + # @ChapterInContents { Yes } # add chapters to contents + # @SectionInContents { Yes } # add sections to contents + # @SubSectionInContents { Yes } # add subsections to contents + # @SubSubSectionInContents { No } # add sub-subsects to contents + # @AppendixInContents { Yes } # add appendices to contents + # @SubAppendixInContents { Yes } # add subappendices to contents + # @SubSubAppendixInContents { No } # add sub-subapps to contents + # @ReferencesInContents { Yes } # add ref. section to contents + # @IndexInContents { Yes } # add index to contents + # @IndexAInContents { Yes } # add index A to contents + # @IndexBInContents { Yes } # add index B to contents + # @PartContentsIndent { 0.5rt } # indent of part contents entry + # @ChapterNumInTheorems { Yes } # theorem num has chapter num + # @SectionNumInTheorems { No } # theorem num has section num + # @SubSectionNumInTheorems { No } # theorem num has subsect num + # @SubSubSectionNumInTheorems { No } # theorem num has sub-ss. num + # @AppendixNumInTheorems { Yes } # theorem num has appendix num + # @SubAppendixNumInTheorems { No } # theorem num has sub-app num + # @SubSubAppendixNumInTheorems{ No } # theorem num has sub-sa. num + # @ChapterNumInDisplays { Yes } # display num has chapter num + # @SectionNumInDisplays { Yes } # display num has section num + # @SubSectionNumInDisplays { No } # display num has subsect num + # @SubSubSectionNumInDisplays { No } # display num has sub-ss. num + # @AppendixNumInDisplays { Yes } # display num has appendix num + # @SubAppendixNumInDisplays { Yes } # display num has sub-app num + # @SubSubAppendixNumInDisplays{ No } # display num has sub-sa. num + # @ChapterNumInFigures { Yes } # figure num has chapter num + # @SectionNumInFigures { No } # figure num has section num + # @SubSectionNumInFigures { No } # figure num has subsect num + # @SubSubSectionNumInFigures { No } # figure num has sub-ss. num + # @AppendixNumInFigures { Yes } # figure num has appendix num + # @SubAppendixNumInFigures { No } # figure num has sub-app num + # @SubSubAppendixNumInFigures { No } # figure num has sub-sa. num + # @ChapterNumInTables { Yes } # table num has chapter num + # @SectionNumInTables { No } # table num has section num + # @SubSectionNumInTables { No } # table num has subsect num + # @SubSubSectionNumInTables { No } # table num has sub-ss. num + # @AppendixNumInTables { Yes } # table num has appendix num + # @SubAppendixNumInTables { No } # table num has sub-app num + # @SubSubAppendixNumInTables { No } # table num has sub-sa. num + # @SectionNumInRunners { Yes } # runners have section num + # @SubSectionNumInRunners { No } # runners have subsect num + # @SubSubSectionNumInRunners { No } # runners have sub-ss. num + # @SubAppendixNumInRunners { Yes } # runners have sub-app num + # @SubSubAppendixNumInRunners { No } # runners have sub-sa. num + # @PrefacePrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @ContentsPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @FigureContentsPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @TableContentsPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @IntroductionPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @ChapterPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @AppendixPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @ReferencesPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @IndexPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @IndexAPrefix { } # for structured page nums + # @IndexBPrefix { } # for structured page nums +} + + +############################################################################### +# # +# @Database (and @SysDatabase) clauses go here. # +# # +############################################################################### + +@SysDatabase @RefStyle { refstyle } # reference printing styles diff --git a/doc/user/mydefs b/doc/user/mydefs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ef9639 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/mydefs @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ + + ################################################### + # # + # Lout keywords and @Code symbol. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @Code right x + { { Helvetica Base -1p } @Font lines @Break x } + + def @@BackEnd { @Code "@BackEnd" } + def @@Begin { @Code "@Begin" } + def @@Break { @Code "@Break" } + def @@Case { @Code "@Case" } + def @@Database { @Code "@Database" } + def @@End { @Code "@End" } + def @@Font { @Code "@Font" } + def @@Char { @Code "@Char" } + def @@Galley { @Code "@Galley" } + def @@Graphic { @Code "@Graphic" } + def @@HAdjust { @Code "@HAdjust" } + def @@HContract { @Code "@HContract" } + def @@HCover { @Code "@HCover" } + def @@HExpand { @Code "@HExpand" } + def @@HScale { @Code "@HScale" } + def @@High { @Code "@High" } + def @@HShift { @Code "@HShift" } + def @@Include { @Code "@Include" } + def @@Insert { @Code "@Insert " } + def @@IncludeGraphic { @Code "@IncludeGraphic" } + def @@Key { @Code "@Key" } + def @@LClos { @Code "@LClos" } + def @@LEnv { @Code "@LEnv" } + def @@LInput { @Code "@LInput" } + def @@LVis { @Code "@LVis" } + def @@Moment { @Code "@Moment" } + def @@Next { @Code "@Next" } + def @@Null { @Code "@Null" } + def @@OneCol { @Code "@OneCol" } + def @@OneRow { @Code "@OneRow" } + def @@Open { @Code "@Open" } + def @@PAdjust { @Code "@PAdjust" } + def @@PrependGraphic { @Code "@PrependGraphic" } + def @@Rotate { @Code "@Rotate" } + def @@Scale { @Code "@Scale" } + def @@SetColor { @Code "@SetColor" } + def @@SetColour { @Code "@SetColour" } + def @@Language { @Code "@Language" } + def @@CurrLang { @Code "@CurrLang" } + def @@Space { @Code "@Space" } + def @@SysDatabase { @Code "@SysDatabase" } + def @@SysInclude { @Code "@SysInclude" } + def @@SysIncludeGraphic { @Code "@SysIncludeGraphic" } + def @@SysPrependGraphic { @Code "@SysPrependGraphic" } + def @@Tag { @Code "@Tag" } + def @@Tagged { @Code "@Tagged" } + def @@Use { @Code "@Use" } + def @@VAdjust { @Code "@VAdjust" } + def @@VContract { @Code "@VContract" } + def @@VCover { @Code "@VCover" } + def @@VExpand { @Code "@VExpand" } + def @@VScale { @Code "@VScale" } + def @@VShift { @Code "@VShift" } + def @@Wide { @Code "@Wide" } + def @@Yield { @Code "@Yield" } + + + ################################################### + # # + # Miscellaneous symbols used in the guide. # + # # + ################################################### + + def @TeX + { @OneCol { T &0.4fo {-0.2f @VShift E} &0.45fo X } + } + + def @LaTeX + { @OneCol { L &0.3fo { +0.1f @VShift 0.8f @Font A } &0.4fo @TeX } + } + + import @BasicSetup + def @Batlow { Batlow Food Distributors Pty. Ltd. } + + import @BasicSetup + def @GreyBox right x { @Box paint { lightgrey } x } + + import @BasicSetup + def @HeadingBox left x right y + { + @Box { @CentredDisplay @Heading x y } + } + + def @FilledBox + { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + { "0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto" + "closepath fill" + } @Graphic { 0.6f @High ^/ 0.4f @High 4f @Wide } + } + PDF @Yield { + { "0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h f" + } @Graphic { 0.6f @High ^/ 0.4f @High 4f @Wide } + } + } + } + + import @Eq + def epi { p sub i ` log sub 2 ` p sub i } + + import @Eq + def ep right x { p sub x ` log sub 2 ` p sub x } + + def @Dbl left x right y + { 1.95i @Wide + { 1.25i @Wide { |1rt @Code x } |0.2i @Eq {non y} } + } + + import @Eq + def @ExA { 1 over sqrt { 1 - 4 x sup 2 } } + + def @@Diag { @Code "@Diag" } + + extend @DiagSetup @Diag + macro @MyNode { + @Node + outline { + LR:: { xsize 0 } + LR:< 0d + UL:: { 0 ysize } + UL:< 270d + 0 0 LR UL 0 0 + } + } + + extend @DiagSetup @Diag + macro @MyLink { + @Link + path { + FROM:: from + TO:: to + FROM TO + } + } + + def @ShowHMark + named linewidth { 0.015 cm } + named linestyle { dashed } + named dashlength { 0.15 cm } + named paint { light } + right x + { + @Fig + { + @Figure + shape { + @BackEnd @Case { + PostScript @Yield { + -0.3 cm ymark + {xsize ymark} ++ {0.3 cm 0} + } + PDF @Yield { "" # VT: PDF currently has no output + } + } + } + linewidth { linewidth } + linestyle { linestyle } + dashlength { dashlength } + x + } + } + + def @ZeroWidth right x { @OneCol { |0io x |0io } } + + def @SomeText + { +Johnson suddenly uttered, in a strong determined tone, an apophegm, at +which many will start: `Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.' + } + + import @DiagSetup + def @OpenCircle { @Diag { @Circle margin { 0.2f } } } + + import @DiagSetup + def @ClosedCircle { @Diag { @Circle paint { black } margin { 0.2f } } } + + import @TblSetup @BasicSetup + def @AmberLight + { + @OneRow @Tbl + aformat { @Cell A } + marginhorizontal { 0i } + marginvertical { 0i } + strut { no } + rule { no } + paint { no } + { + @Rowa A { @OpenCircle } + @MarkRowa A { @ClosedCircle } + @Rowa A { @OpenCircle } + } + } diff --git a/doc/user/pascal b/doc/user/pascal new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41376df --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/pascal @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Pascal and Modula-2 Programs } +@Begin +@LP +There is a @Code "@Pas" symbol for printing Pascal programs +pascal @Index { Pascal programs } +pas. @Index @Code "@Pas" +@Cite { $jensen1975pascal }. No attempt is made to follow any +particular printing standard; the design simply reflects this author's +taste. To use {@Code "@Pas"}, place @Code "@SysInclude { pas }" at the +start of your document in the usual way. A Pascal program or program +fragment is entered like this: +@ID @Code { +"@ID @Pas {" +"procedure PriDelete(x: PriEntry; var Q: PriorityQueue);" +" var i: integer;" +"begin" +" with Q^ do begin" +" size := size - 1;" +" if x^.back <= size then" +" begin" +" i := x^.back;" +" A[i] := A[size + 1];" +" A[i]^.back := i;" +" PriAddRoot(i, Q);" +" PriAddLeaf(i, Q)" +" end" +" end" +"end;" +"}" +} +This produces +@ID @Pas { +procedure PriDelete(x: PriEntry; var Q: PriorityQueue); + var i: integer; +begin + with Q^ do begin + size := size - 1; + if x^.back <= size then + begin + i := x^.back; + A[i] := A[size + 1]; + A[i]^.back := i; + PriAddRoot(i, Q); + PriAddLeaf(i, Q) + end + end +end; +} +Blank lines, line breaks, indents and spaces in the input are respected, +with a tab being considered equal to eight spaces. @Code "@Pas" can also +be used within a paragraph to produce a fragment like +@OneCol @Pas { A[i..j] }. Use @Code "@OneCol @Pas { ... }" to prevent the +result from breaking over two lines. +@PP +@Code "@Pas" does not attempt to rearrange the program in any way. Each +item is simply printed according to the following plan: +@ID { +7c @Wide { + @Code and |2.5ct @Pas { and } +//1vx @Code array |2.5ct @Pas { array } +//1vx @Code begin |2.5ct @Pas { begin } +//1vx @Code case |2.5ct @Pas { case } +//1vx @Code const |2.5ct @Pas { const } +//1vx @Code div |2.5ct @Pas { div } +//1vx @Code do |2.5ct @Pas { do } +//1vx @Code downto |2.5ct @Pas { downto } +//1vx @Code else |2.5ct @Pas { else } +//1vx @Code end |2.5ct @Pas { end } +//1vx @Code file |2.5ct @Pas { file } +//1vx @Code for |2.5ct @Pas { for } +//1vx @Code forward |2.5ct @Pas { forward } +//1vx @Code function |2.5ct @Pas { function } +//1vx @Code goto |2.5ct @Pas { goto } +//1vx @Code if |2.5ct @Pas { if } +//1vx @Code in |2.5ct @Pas { in } +//1vx @Code label |2.5ct @Pas { label } +//1vx @Code mod |2.5ct @Pas { mod } +//1vx @Code nil |2.5ct @Pas { nil } +//1vx @Code not |2.5ct @Pas { not } +//1vx @Code of |2.5ct @Pas { of } +//1vx @Code or |2.5ct @Pas { or } +//1vx @Code otherwise |2.5ct @Pas { otherwise } +//1vx @Code packed |2.5ct @Pas { packed } +//1vx @Code procedure |2.5ct @Pas { procedure } +//1vx @Code program |2.5ct @Pas { program } +//1vx @Code record |2.5ct @Pas { record } +//1vx @Code repeat |2.5ct @Pas { repeat } +//1vx @Code set |2.5ct @Pas { set } +//1vx @Code then |2.5ct @Pas { then } +//1vx @Code to |2.5ct @Pas { to } +//1vx @Code type |2.5ct @Pas { type } +//1vx @Code until |2.5ct @Pas { until } +//1vx @Code var |2.5ct @Pas { var } +//1vx @Code while |2.5ct @Pas { while } +//1vx @Code with |2.5ct @Pas { with } +} | 7c @Wide { + @Code "0" |2.5ct @Pas { 0 } +//1vx @Code "1" |2.5ct @Pas { 1 } +//1vx @Code "2" |2.5ct @Pas { 2 } +//1vx @Code "3" |2.5ct @Pas { 3 } +//1vx @Code "4" |2.5ct @Pas { 4 } +//1vx @Code "5" |2.5ct @Pas { 5 } +//1vx @Code "6" |2.5ct @Pas { 6 } +//1vx @Code "7" |2.5ct @Pas { 7 } +//1vx @Code "8" |2.5ct @Pas { 8 } +//1vx @Code "9" |2.5ct @Pas { 9 } +//1vx @Code "." |2.5ct @Pas { . } +//1vx @Code "," |2.5ct @Pas { , } +//1vx @Code ":" |2.5ct @Pas { : } +//1vx @Code ";" |2.5ct @Pas { ; } +//1vx @Code "'" |2.5ct @Pas { ' } +//1vx @Code "`" |2.5ct @Pas { ` } +//1vx @Code "+" |2.5ct @Pas { + } +//1vx @Code "-" |2.5ct @Pas { - } +//1vx @Code "*" |2.5ct @Pas { * } +//1vx @Code "/" |2.5ct @Pas { / } +//1vx @Code "(" |2.5ct @Pas { ( } +//1vx @Code ")" |2.5ct @Pas { ) } +//1vx @Code "[" |2.5ct @Pas { [ } +//1vx @Code "]" |2.5ct @Pas { ] } +//1vx @Code "^" |2.5ct @Pas { ^ } +//1vx @Code ".." |2.5ct @Pas { .. } +//1vx @Code "=" |2.5ct @Pas { = } +//1vx @Code "<" |2.5ct @Pas { < } +//1vx @Code ">" |2.5ct @Pas { > } +//1vx @Code "<>" |2.5ct @Pas { <> } +//1vx @Code "<=" |2.5ct @Pas { <= } +//1vx @Code ">=" |2.5ct @Pas { >= } +//1vx @Code ":=" |2.5ct @Pas { := } +} +} +Anything not mentioned here will appear in italic font. +@PP +Unlike the @Code "@CP" symbol from the previous chapter, the @Code "@Pas" +symbol is a quick-and-dirty production which does not offer you any options, +or indeed attempt to solve every problem of Pascal formatting. In +particular, Pascal strings need attention before formatting by +{@Code "@Pas"}. Their interiors are best enclosed in double quotes to +prevent the above transformations from occurring inside them. Any +@Code "\\" or @Code "\"" characters inside strings will need to be +replaced by @Code "\\\\" and @Code "\\\"" respectively, and the opening +quote should be replaced by {@Code "`"}. +@PP +Similar remarks apply to Pascal comments; don't forget that @Code "{" +and @Code "}" must be enclosed in double quotes. Alternatively, a +@Code "@Com" symbol can be placed in front of a comment enclosed +in braces. It will add literal braces: +@ID @Code { +"@Com { A Pascal comment }" +} +has result +@ID @Pas { +@Com { A Pascal comment } +} +It may still be necessary to enclose the interior in double quotes. +@PP +There is a @Code "@Modula" symbol which allows you to format Modula-2 +programs in the same way as @Code "@Pas" does for Pascal. You get it +via {@Code "@SysInclude { modula }"}, and once again it is a quick-and-dirty +production. +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/preface b/doc/user/preface new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eada554 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/preface @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +@Preface @Begin +@LP +This User's Guide brings together in one document everything needed +for the day-to-day use of Version 3 of the Lout document formatting +system. +@IndexBlanks +@PP +There are three other documents describing Lout: the Expert's Guide +@Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }, which you need if you want to add +new features to Lout; a journal paper on the design and implementation +of Lout @Cite { $kingston1993lout.design }; and a set of overhead +transparencies @Cite { $kingston1994lout.overheads } that cover much +the same ground as this Guide. These documents are all distributed +with the software. +@PP +Lout is distributed free of charge under the GNU Public License. The +gnu. @Index { GNU Public License } +primary source is directory +@ID @Code "ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/jeff/lout" +in which may be found a gzipped tar file containing the main distribution +(currently {@Code "lout-3.17.tar.gz"}), and various other things including +a PostScript version of this guide. The distribution contains source code, +libraries, documentation, license, and installation instructions. +@PP +A mailing list has been set up for discussion of all topics related to +Lout. To subscribe, send email to @Code "lout-request@ptc.spbu.ru" +containing the word @Code "subscribe" in the Subject line. To post an +item, send email to {@Code "lout@ptc.spbu.ru"}; it will be forwarded to +all subscribers via email. To unsubscribe, send email to +@Code "lout-request@ptc.spbu.ru" containing the word @Code "unsubscribe" +in the Subject line. +@PP +Lout began in 1984 as a research project into the design of a high-level +language for document formatting. At that time my name for the subject +was `document layout,' and this terminology survives in the name +`Lout'. The initial design +was strongly influenced by Brian W. Kernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry's eqn +kernighan @Index { Kernighan, Brian W. } +cherry.l @Index { Cherry, Lorinda L.} +eqn. @Index { @Code eqn equation formatter } +equation formatter @Cite { $kernighan1975eqn }, and also by Brian K. Reid's +Scribe system @Cite { $reid1980scribe }. That +scribe.influence @SubIndex { influence on Lout } +reid.b @Index { Reid, Brian K. } +research phase ended in October 1991 with the first public release of Lout. +@PP +Since then the system has been steadily improved and extended. Optimal +paragraph breaking and automatic hyphenation were copied from Donald +knuth @Index { Knuth, D. E. } +tex. @Index { @TeX } +E. Knuth's @TeX system @Cite { $knuth1984tex }, and the optimal paragraph +breaking algorithm was applied to the problem of producing optimal page +breaks. The first implementations of horizontal galleys and optimal +page breaking were by my student Gabor Inokai. Vincent Tan contributed +the PDF back end. The strongest influence during this period has come from +Lout's users; indeed the number of people who have offered comments and +suggestions is so great that it is quite out of my power to acknowledge them +individually. I hope that seeing their ideas adopted will be thanks enough. +@DP +@RLD lines @Break { +Jeffrey H. Kingston +Basser Department of Computer Science +The University of Sydney 2006, Australia +@Code "jeff@cs.usyd.edu.au" +} +@End @Preface diff --git a/doc/user/ref b/doc/user/ref new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ea5782 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { References } + @Tag { biblio } +@Begin +@LP +The simple way to make a list of references is to put them in a numbered +references. @Index { references } +or tagged list at the end of your document. If you use references only +rarely, that is probably the best way, but if you use them frequently this +chapter will save you hours of work in the long run. +@PP +Some good general principles and many examples have been given by van Leunen +van.leunen. @Index { van Leunen, Mary-Claire } +@Cite { $vanleunen1992handbook }. Broadly speaking Lout follows her +recommendations, with some unification and scaling back as is inevitable +with software. Scribe @Cite { $reid1980scribe } +latex. @Index @LaTeX +scribe. @RawIndex Scribe +scribe.reference @SubIndex { reference formatting } +and @LaTeX @Cite { $lamport1986latex } followed the first edition of the +same source, so translation from Scribe and @LaTeX references is +fairly straightforward. +@BeginSections +@Include { ref_sett } +@Include { ref_cite } +@Include { ref_labe } +@Include { ref_entr } +@Include { ref_chan } +@Include { ref_crea } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/ref_chan b/doc/user/ref_chan new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7114fb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_chan @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the appearance of citations and the reference list } + @Tag { changeref } +@Begin +@PP +By default, citations appear like this @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }, +and the reference list appears like the one at the end of this +document, with the entries numbered, and sorted by their @Code "@Tag" +options. This section explains how to change all this, by setting +options in the setup file. +@PP +For a general introduction to setup files and their options, see +Section {@NumberOf setup}. Here we just describe the setup +file options that relate to references. Here they are, with their +default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@MakeReferences { Yes }" +"@RefCiteStyle { [cite] }" +"@RefCiteLabels { @RefNum }" +"@RefNumbers { Arabic }" +"@RefListFormat { Labels }" +"@RefListLabels { [@RefNum] }" +"@RefListTitle { references }" +"@ChapRefListTitle { references }" +"@RefListIndent { 0c }" +"@RefListRightIndent { 0c }" +"@RefListGap { 1.00v }" +"@RefListFont { }" +"@RefListBreak { }" +"@RefListLabelWidth { 2.00f }" +"@RefListSortKey { @Tag }" +} +makereferences.sym @Index { @Code "@MakeReferences" } +Setting @Code "@MakeReferences" to @Code "No" will cause Lout to ignore +all citation symbols and omit all reference lists. +@PP +@Code "@RefCiteStyle" and @Code "@RefCiteLabels" combine to +refcitestyle.sym @Index { @Code "@RefCiteStyle" } +determine the appearance of citations. The result of each @Code "@Cite" +symbol is the value of @Code "@RefCiteStyle" with the @Code "cite" +symbol replaced by the object following the @Code "@Cite" symbol. For +example, the default value shown above encloses each citation in +brackets. The @Code "cite" symbol must appear exactly once within +{@Code "@RefCiteStyle"}. +@PP +@Code "@RefCiteLabels" determines the appearance of each label within +refcitelabels.sym @Index { @Code "@RefCiteLabels" } +the citation. Within it, the @Code "@RefNum" symbol will produce the +number of the reference, and you may also use any of the options of the +@Code "@Reference" symbol listed at the beginning of Section +{@NumberOf entries}: +@ID @OneRow @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@RefCiteLabels { @RefNum }" } + B { [3] } +@Rowa + A { "@RefCiteLabels { @Label }" } + B { [Kin93] } +@Rowa + A { "@RefCiteLabels { @Author, @Year }" } + B { [Jeffrey H. Kingston, 1993] } +} +The value of @Code "@RefCiteLabels" may be any object. The @Code "@Label" +symbol will produce the @Code "label" option of @Code "$" or @Code "@Ref" +if there is one, rather than the @Code "@Label" option of the reference; +this @Code "label" option is explained in Section {@NumberOf labelled}. +@PP +@Code "@RefNumbers" determines the kind of numbering produced by the +refnumbers.sym @Index { @Code "@RefNumbers" } +@Code "@RefNum" symbol used within @Code "@RefCiteLabels" above and +@Code "@RefListLabels" below. Its value may be {@Code Arabic}, +{@Code Roman}, {@Code UCRoman}, {@Code Alpha}, or {@Code UCAlpha}, as +usual for numbering in Lout. If you don't use {@Code "@RefNum"}, +@Code "@RefNumbers" has no effect. +@PP +The remaining eleven setup file options are all concerned with the +appearance of the reference list. The first, {@Code "@RefListFormat"}, +reflistformat.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListFormat" } +determines the overall format of the list. Here is what its four +@NoCite { $strunk1979style } possible values do: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @OneCol B } + vmargin { 0.3v } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@RefListFormat { NoLabels }" } + B { @RefPrint strunk1979style } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@RefListFormat { Labels }" } + B { 2f @Wide {{@NumberOf strunk1979style}.} | @RefPrint strunk1979style } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@RefListFormat { DropLabels }" } + B { {@NumberOf strunk1979style}. //1vx + 2f @Wide {} | @RefPrint strunk1979style + } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { "@RefListFormat { InLabels }" } + B { {@NumberOf strunk1979style}. &2s @RefPrint strunk1979style } +} +@Code "@RefListFormat" is not concerned with the appearance of the +labels and references, only with where they appear. +@PP +@Code "@RefListLabels" determines the appearance of the labels in the +reflistlabels.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListLabels" } +reference list (and so has no effect if @Code "@RefListFormat" is +{@Code "NoLabels"}). It is a combination of @Code "@RefCiteStyle" +and {@Code "@RefCiteLabels"}; you can use @Code "@RefNum" and all the +options of @Code "@Reference" within it. The default value, +@ID @Code "@RefListLabels { @RefNum. }" +produces a numbered reference list in the style of +{@Code "@NumberedList"}. Another useful value is +@ID @Code "@RefListLabels { [@Label] }" +which produces the @Code "@Label" option of the reference, or the +@Code "label" option of the citation if there is one, enclosed in +brackets. If you do switch to non-numeric labels you will need to +either use @Code "DropLabels" or else increase the +@Code "@RefListLabelWidth" option described below. +@PP +@Code "@RefListTitle" determines the heading placed just before the +reflisttitle.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListTitle" } +reference list at the end of the document: +@ID @Code "@RefListTitle { Further Reading }" +Two special values, @Code "references" and {@Code "bibliography"}, +produce References and Bibliography in English and their equivalents +in other languages. @Code "@ChapRefListTitle" is the same as +chapreflisttitle.sym @Index { @Code "@ChapRefListTitle" } +{@Code "@RefListTitle"}, but applied to the reference list at the end +of each chapter of a book when @Code "@ChapCite" is used. +@PP +{@Code "@RefListIndent"}, {@Code "@RefListRightIndent"}, and +reflistindent.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListIndent" } +reflistrightindent.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListRightIndent" } +reflistgap.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListGap" } +{@Code "@RefListGap"} determine the left indent, right indent, and gap +between reference list items, analogously to the {@Code "indent"}, +{@Code "rightindent"}, and {@Code "gap"} options of the @Code "@List" +symbol (Section {@NumberOf lists}). @Code "@RefListFont" and +@Code "@RefListBreak" determine the font and +reflistfont.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListFont" } +reflistbreak.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListBreak" } +paragraph breaking style of the reference list. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@RefListFont { -2p }" +"@RefListBreak { 1.2fx outdent }" +} +switches to a smaller size with outdented paragraphs (these work well +with {@Code NoLabels}). The empty default values produce the same +font and break style as in the document as a whole. +@PP +@Code "@RefListLabelWidth" determines the distance from the left +reflistlabelwidth.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListLabelWidth" } +edge of the labels to the left edge of the references, when +@Code "@RefListFormat" is @Code Labels or {@Code DropLabels} (it +has no effect when @Code "@RefListFormat" is @Code NoLabels or +{@Code "InLabels"}). This is different to {@Code "@RefListIndent"}, +which determines the distance from the edge of the column to the +left edge of the item. +@PP +Particular care is needed when @Code "@RefListFormat" +is @Code Labels and the labels are non-numeric, for then if the +labels are too wide they will overstrike the references. The default +value, {@Code 2.00f}, is twice the current font size. It may be +changed to any length (Section {@NumberOf objects}). Regrettably, +Lout is not clever enough to choose a good value by itself. +@PP +Finally, @Code "@RefListSortKey" determines the sorting key used when +sort.ref @Index { sorting of reference lists } +reflistsortkey.sym @Index { @Code "@RefListSortKey" } +ordering the reference list. The default value, +@ID @Code "@RefListSortKey { @Tag }" +sorts by tag; the other popular possibility is to sort by the +@Code "@Label" option: +@ID @Code "@RefListSortKey { @Label }" +As usual @Code "@Label" will use the value of a @Code "label" option +to the citation if there is one. There is no way to sort by order of +first appearance in the document. +@PP +@Code "@RefListSortKey" may be any sequence of words +and options from the @Code "@Reference" symbol, but not @Code "@RefNum" +for obvious reasons. A possible more elaborate sorting key is +@ID @Code "@RefListSortKey { @Author:@Year:@Tag }" +sorting first by author, then by year within each author, and finally +by tag. However you +are supposed to choose tags which have this effect, and that is more +reliable since the modern practice is to put the authors' surnames +after their given names. There seems to be little practical use for +sorting keys other than {@Code "@Tag"} and {@Code "@Label"}. +@PP +A colon within the @Code "@RefListSortKey" option is converted by Lout +into a character smaller than any printable character, which ensures that +the sorting is carried out separately on the three fields. It is essential +that the sort key uniquely identify the reference, because if two sort +keys are equal only one of the references will be printed. The easiest +way to ensure this is to always include @Code "@Tag" in the sort key. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/ref_cite b/doc/user/ref_cite new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89958b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_cite @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +@Section + @Title { Citation } + @Tag { citation } +@Begin +@PP +To cite one or more references, use the @Code "@Cite" symbol like this: +citing @Index { citing references } +cite. @Index @Code "@Cite" +@ID @Code { +"This feature is beyond our scope @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert, page 97 }." +} +The following object must be enclosed in braces. It may be an arbitrary +object as usual. Within it the @Code "$" character is a symbol with a +special meaning: it causes a citation to be made of the reference whose +@Code "@Tag" option is the word following the @Code "$" symbol: +@ID { +This feature is beyond our scope @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert, page 97 }. +} +The reference itself will appear automatically in a reference list at +the end of the document, and the citation(s) will be enclosed in brackets +as shown. There is no need to write @Code "${kingston1995lout.expert}," +as would normally be the case, because within @Code "@Cite" special +arrangements are made to prevent commas and semicolons from being a +nuisance. +@PP +A reference may be cited many times, but it will appear in the +reference list only once. The references will ordinarily be sorted by +tag and labelled with Arabic numbers, although this can be changed by +setting options in the setup file (Section {@NumberOf changeref}). +@PP +If you are making a book, there is a @Code "@ChapCite" symbol which is +chap.cite @Index @Code "@ChapCite" +the same as @Code "@Cite" except that its references come out at the +end of the current preface, introduction, chapter, or appendix, rather +than at the end of the document. +@PP +It is quite all right to cite a reference from within a footnote, figure, +table, or index entry. The reference will appear in the closest +reference list following the citation point in the final printed document, +or if there is no such list, the closest preceding reference list. This +is fine in documents with just one reference list; but when using +@Code "@ChapCite" in books, if the citation point appears after the intended +reference list (because the footnote or figure has floated past the reference +list at the end of the chapter), the reference will come out in the wrong list. +@PP +Although it is frowned upon by the authorities, some people include +references which are not cited anywhere in the body of their document. For +this there is {@Code "@NoCite"}: +no.cite @Index @Code "@NoCite" +@ID @Code { +"... our scope @NoCite { $kingston1995lout.expert, $kingston1993lout.design }." +} +produces +@ID { +... our scope @NoCite { $kingston1995lout.expert, $kingston1993lout.design }. +} +with the @Code "@NoCite" symbol and any preceding space removed. The +references will nevertheless appear in the reference list as usual. There +is a @Code "@NoChapCite" symbol that combines @Code "@NoCite" and +no.chap.cite @Index @Code "@NoChapCite" +{@Code "@ChapCite"}. For compatibility with previous versions of Lout, +there is a @Code "@Ref" symbol: +ref. @Index @Code "@Ref" +@ID @Code "@Ref kingston1995lout.expert" +is the same as @Code "@Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }" without the +brackets. There are analogous {@Code "@ChapRef"}, {@Code "@NoRef"}, +and {@Code "@NoChapRef"} +chap.ref @Index @Code "@ChapRef" +no.ref @Index @Code "@NoRef" +no.chap.ref @Index @Code "@NoChapRef" +symbols, which are not recommended. +@PP +The @Code "@RefPrint" symbol will print a reference on the spot: +ref.print @Index @Code "@RefPrint" +resume. @Index { resumes } +curriculum. @Index { curriculum vitae } +@ID @Code "@RefPrint kingston1995lout.expert" +has result +@ID @RefPrint kingston1995lout.expert +unrelated to any reference list. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Heading { Journal Articles }" +"@NumberedList" +"@LI @RefPrint kingston1985tree" +"..." +"@LI @RefPrint kingston1993lout.design" +"@EndList" +} +might appear in someone's resume. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/ref_crea b/doc/user/ref_crea new file mode 100644 index 0000000..994f8d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_crea @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +@Section + @Title { Creating your own entry types and formats } + @Tag { refstyles } +@Begin +@PP +Although the set of options to the @Code "@Reference" symbol +({@Code "@Tag"}, {@Code "@Type"}, {@Code "@Author"}, etc.) is fixed, you +can add your own reference types and change the formatting of existing types. +@PP +To do this you must be using your own setup file, as explained in +Section {@NumberOf setup}. At the end of the setup file you will find +this line: +reference.print @Index { reference printing style } +ref.style @Index @Code "@RefStyle" +@ID @Code "@SysDatabase @RefStyle { refstyle }" +This tells Lout to consult a database file of reference styles called +{@Code "refstyle.ld"}. These are not references, they are formatting +styles, one for each reference type. The @Code "Sys" in @Code "@SysDatabase" +sys.database @Index @Code "@SysDatabase" +means that this file is stored in the @I { Lout system database directory }, +system.database.dir @Index { system database directory } +refstyle.ld.file @Index { @Code "refstyle.ld" file} +which is where all the standard databases are kept. To change the +formatting of a reference type, or to add your own types, you need to +create your own reference styles database file by copying and modifying +{@Code "refstyle.ld"}. +@PP +To find out the name of the Lout system database directory, type the +Unix command +@ID @Code "lout -V" +Then, supposing that the Lout system database directory is +{@Code "/usr/lout/data"}, type +@ID @Code "cp /usr/lout/data/refstyle.ld mystyle.ld" +to place a copy of the @Code "refstyle.ld" database file in your +mystyle.ld.file @Index { @Code "mystyle.ld" file} +directory, renaming it {@Code "mystyle.ld"}. Since @Code "refstyle.ld" +is read-only, you may also need to change the mode of @Code "mystyle.ld" +to be writable (by @Code "chmod +w mystyle.ld" in Unix). Now replace +@ID @Code "@SysDatabase @RefStyle { refstyle }" +at the end of your setup file by +@ID @Code "@Database @RefStyle { mystyle }" +and Lout will read its reference styles from @Code "mystyle.ld" instead +of {@Code "refstyle.ld"}. Since the two are at +present identical, this has changed nothing so far; but now any changes +you make to @Code "mystyle.ld" will affect your document. Changing +@Code "@SysDatabase" to @Code "@Database" makes Lout search your +current directory for {@Code "mystyle.ld"}, whereas @Code "@SysDatabase" +searches only the system directory. +@PP +In practice you will probably want to store your database of reference +styles in some library directory, so that it can be used by +many documents. A Unix pathname is appropriate for this: +@ID @Code "@Database @RefStyle { \"/usr/jeff/lib/mystyle\" }" +Quotes are needed because of the @Code "/" characters. +@PP +The database entries within @Code "refstyle.ld" and @Code "mystyle.ld" +might look something like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ Book @RefStyle @Style" +" { @Reference&&reftag @Open" +" {" +" @Author. @I @Title. @Publisher, @Year." +" }" +" }" +"}" +} +The meaning of the first two lines is beyond our scope, except that +@Code "Book" on the first line means that this is the entry which +defines how references of type @Code Book will be printed. Fortunately, +apart from this one word these two lines are the same in every +reference style entry so you don't need to understand them. The +important part is in the middle: +@ID @Code "@Author. @I @Title. @Publisher, @Year." +The meaning should be clear: first print the author option and a full +stop, then the title option and another full stop in italics, and so +on. To change the formatting of books, change this object. To create +a new reference type, copy the entire database entry, change @Code Book +to a new name of your choice, and change the middle part. Don't forget +to delete the index file @Code "mystyle.li" afterwards, if there is one, +so that Lout knows to generate it afresh. +@PP +Although the entry shown above is perfectly viable, the real entry for +@Code Book is much more complicated, in part because there are more +options than those basic four, but mainly because the real entry goes +to great lengths to do the right thing when options are omitted: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.45vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B } +{ +@Rowa A { "{ Book @RefStyle @Style" } +@Rowa A { " { @Reference&&reftag @Open" } +@Rowa A { " {" } +@Rowa A { " { @Author. {}" } B { "} @If @Author" } +@Rowa A { " { @I @Title" } B { "} @If @Title" } +@Rowa A { " { @Word&¬itle" } B { "} @If @Not @Title" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Pinpoint" } B { "} @If @Pinpoint" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Word&&pages @NumSep @Pages" } B { "} @If @Pages" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Word&&page @NumSep @Page" } B { "} @If @Page" } +@Rowa A { " { . @TitleNote" } B { "} @If @TitleNote" } +@Rowa A { " { . @HowPublished" } B { "} @If @HowPublished" } +@Rowa A { " { . @Publisher" } B { "} @If @Publisher" } +@Rowa A { " { . @Organization" } B { "} @If @Organization" } +@Rowa A { " { . @Institution" } B { "} @If @Institution" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Address" } B { "} @If @Address" } +@Rowa A { " { . @Edition" } B { "} @If @Edition" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Month @Year" } B { "} @If @Year @And @Month" } +@Rowa A { " { , @Year " } B { "} @If @Year @And @Not @Month" } +@Rowa A { " { ." } B { "} @If @True" } +@Rowa A { " { {} URL @URL." } B { "} @If @URL" } +@Rowa A { " { {} @Note" } B { "} @If @Note" } +@Rowa A { " }" } +@Rowa A { " }" } +@Rowa A { "}" } +} +The meaning is that each object to the left of an @Code "@If" will be +if. @Index @Code "@If" +printed only if the condition to the right of the @Code "@If" is +true. The condition may contain options, which are considered to be +true if they are not omitted (non-empty), and it may contain {@Code "@And"}, +and. @Index @Code "@And" +or. @Index @Code "@Or" +not. @Index @Code "@Not" +true. @Index @Code "@True" +{@Code "@Or"}, {@Code "@Not"}, and @Code "@True" with the usual precedence +and meaning. Sub-conditions may be enclosed in braces if desired, although +it is best to keep the conditions as simple as possible given the +complexity of the whole setup. +@PP +The objects subject to @Code "@If" are printed with no space preceding +them; any space in the final print will be the result of space within +them, not between them. This is why @Code "@If @True" is not redundant. +@PP +The object @Code "@Word&¬itle" produces @Code "No title" in the +current language; @Code "@Word&&pages" produces {@Code pages} in the +current language, and so on. Consult database @Code "standard.ld" for +standard.ld.file @Index { @Code "standard.ld" file } +other standard words and phrases, and page {@PageOf numsep} for +{@Code "@NumSep"}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/ref_entr b/doc/user/ref_entr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63516b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_entr @@ -0,0 +1,293 @@ +@Section + @Title { Constructing database entries } + @Tag { entries } +@Begin +@PP +Here is the complete, fixed list of options that you may give to the +@Code "@Reference" symbol: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { "{ @Reference" } +@Rowa + A { " @Tag {}" } + B { Used to cite this reference } +@Rowa + A { " @Type {}" } + B { The type of reference, for example {@Code Book}, {@Code Article} } +@Rowa + A { " @Abstract {}" } + B { Not used, intended to hold an abstract } +@Rowa + A { " @Address {}" } + B { The address of a publisher, organization, or institution } +@Rowa + A { " @Annote {}" } + B { Not used, intended for annotations } +@Rowa + A { " @Author {}" } + B { The author(s) or editor(s) } +@Rowa + A { " @Day {}" } + B { The day of the month, for newspaper articles } +@Rowa + A { " @Edition {}" } + B { The edition, for example @Code "Second Edition" } +@Rowa + A { " @HowPublished {}" } + B { How something strange has been published } +@Rowa + A { " @InAuthor {}" } + B { The author of the work that the cited work appears within } +@Rowa + A { " @InTitle {}" } + B { The title of the work that the cited work appears within } +@Rowa + A { " @Institution {}" } + B { The institution or school } +@Rowa + A { " @Journal {}" } + B { The journal name } +@Rowa + A { " @Keywords {}" } + B { Not used, intended to hold keywords } +@Rowa + A { " @Label {}" } + B { The label of a labelled reference } +@Rowa + A { " @Month {}" } + B { The month of publication or writing } +@Rowa + A { " @Note {}" } + B { Any additional helpful information } +@Rowa + A { " @Number {}" } + B { The number of a technical report } +@Rowa + A { " @Organization {}" } + B { The organization sponsoring the work } +@Rowa + A { " @Page {}" } + B { Page number if only one, for example @Code "23" } +@Rowa + A { " @Pages {}" } + B { Page numbers if more than one, for example @Code "23--47" } +@Rowa + A { " @Pinpoint {}" } + B { A point or part of the work, for example @Code "Chapter VI" } +@Rowa + A { " @Publisher {}" } + B { The publisher of the work } +@Rowa + A { " @Title {}" } + B { The title of the work } +@Rowa + A { " @TitleNote {}" } + B { Additional title information (series, editor, etc.) } +@Rowa + A { " @TRType {}" } + B { The type of a technical report, for example @Code "Research Note" } +@Rowa + A { " @URL {}" } + B { The URL of the reference } +@Rowa + A { " @Volume {}" } + B { The volume of a journal } +@Rowa + A { " @Year {}" } + B { The year of publication or writing } +@Rowa + A { "}" } +} +Every reference may contain any of these options, although, depending +on the {@Code "@Type"} option, only some will be printed. You can't give +an option twice; in particular, multiple authors must be placed +within one @Code "@Author" option, arranged as you want them to appear. Here +is the complete set of values that you may give to the @Code "@Type" option: +@ID @Tab + vmargin { 0.5vx } + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col @Code B ! @Col @Code C ! @Col @Code D } +{ + @Rowa + A { Book } + B { TechReport } + C { Article } + D { InBook } + @Rowa + A { Proceedings } + B { MastersThesis } + C {} + D { InProceedings } + @Rowa + A { PhDThesis } + B { Misc } + C {} + D {} +} +Each column represents one broad category of reference type: the first +contains large works; the second contains small works not appearing +within anything else (although possibly part of a series); the third +contains small works appearing within an ongoing forum for such works; +and the fourth contains small works appearing within large works. In each +case, the reference may be to the work as a whole, or to one point or part +of it (known as pinpointing). +@PP +Some care is needed when choosing the @Code "@Tag" option, since references +are both cited and sorted by tag. It is best to choose a three-part +tag consisting of the first author's surname and possibly initial, the +year of publication, and a brief reminder of the contents: +@ID @Code "@Tag { kingston1995lout.expert }" +Keep to lower-case letters, since mixed cases confuse the sorting, and +give the full four digits of the year to avoid trouble in the year +2000. Multi-word tags are possible but not recommended. +@PP +Unusually for Lout, you can have unquoted @Code "/" and @Code "~" +characters inside the @Code "@URL" option: +@ID @Code "@URL { ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/jeff/lout }" +In fact it is better not to use quotes because then Lout will +be able to break lines at @Code "/" characters, which is very useful +since URLs tend to be long and prone to causing bad line breaks. +@PP +Since the types within each broad category are similar, our plan is to +give one example of each and briefly note how the others differ. Here +is a @Code Book entry showing all its options: +book.ref.type @Index { @Code Book reference type } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { homer.odyssey }" +" @Type { Book }" +" @Author { Homer }" +" @Title { The Odyssey }" +" @TitleNote { Translated by E. V. Rieu }" +" @Pinpoint { Chapter VI }" +" @Pages { 102--111 }" +" @Page { 102 }" +" @Publisher { Penguin Books }" +" @Address { Harmondsworth, Middlesex }" +" @Edition { Penguin Classics Edition }" +" @Month { August }" +" @Year { 1942 }" +" @Note { The date of composition is unknown," +"but is thought to be about the tenth century BC. }" +"}" +} +And here is what it produces: +@ID @RefPrint homer.odyssey +The only compulsory options are {@Code "@Tag"}, {@Code "@Type"}, and +{@Code "@Title"}, and Lout will carefully adjust the formatting to the +right thing when you omit others. A basic book would have just +{@Code "@Tag"}, {@Code "@Type"}, {@Code "@Author"}, {@Code "@Title"}, +{@Code "@Publisher"}, and {@Code "@Year"} options. +@PP +@Code Proceedings is similar, except you +proceedings.ref.type @Index { @Code Proceedings reference type } +may have an @Code "@Organization" or @Code "@Institution" option for +the sponsoring organization if you wish, and the author will either be +absent or an editor: +@ID @Code "@Author { P. W. Lamb, editor }" +There is no option specifically for editors, translators, and so forth. +@PP +@Code PhDThesis is very similar again, with @Code "@Institution" +phdthesis.ref.type @Index { @Code PhDThesis reference type } +instead of {@Code "@Publisher"}, and the phrase `Ph.D. thesis' +appearing by magic in the right spot. Like all words and phrases +introduced automatically by Lout, it will be translated into the current +language if this is not English. +@PP +Moving now to the second broad category, here is a typical {@Code TechReport}: +techreport.ref.type @Index { @Code TechReport reference type } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { christofides1976tsp }" +" @Type { TechReport }" +" @Author { Christofides, N. }" +" @Title { Worst-case analysis of a new heuristic" +"for the travelling salesman problem }" +" @Number { 388 }" +" @Institution { Graduate School of Industrial" +"Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University }" +" @Address { Pittsburgh, PA }" +" @Year { 1976 }" +"}" +} +Here is the result: +@ID @RefPrint christofides1976tsp +The two novelties here are the @Code "@Number" option, which is the +number of the report, and the `Tech. Rep.' phrase. If you +need some other phrase instead, use the @Code "@TRType" option: +@ID @Code "@TRType { Programmer's Manual }" +or whatever. The phrase will be `Master's Thesis' in the +current language for type {@Code MastersThesis}, and absent in type +mastersthesis.ref.type @Index { @Code MastersThesis reference type } +misc.ref.type @Index { @Code Misc reference type } +{@Code Misc}. You may use the pinpointing options ({@Code "@Pinpoint"}, +{@Code "@Page"}, and {@Code "@Pages"}) and {@Code "@TitleNote"}, +{@Code "@Month"}, and {@Code "@Note"} in the same way as for books. +@PP +Journal articles are referenced by journal name, volume, number, and +page(s): +article.ref.type @Index { @Code Article reference type } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { kingston1993lout.design }" +" @Type { Article }" +" @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston }" +" @Title { The design and implementation of the" +"Lout document formatting language }" +" @Journal { Software---Practice and Experience }" +" @Volume { 23 }" +" @Pages { 1001--1041 }" +" @Year { 1993 }" +"}" +} +The result of this is +@ID @RefPrint kingston1993lout.design +All are optional, as usual. Notice that @Code "@Pages" and @Code "@Page" +refer to the whole article so are not available for pinpointing here, +but you may still use {@Code "@Pinpoint"}. +@PP +Finally, small works that appear within large works have @Code "@Author" +inbook.ref.type @Index { @Code InBook reference type } +and @Code "@Title" options for the work itself, and @Code "@InAuthor" and +@Code "@InTitle" for the work that it appears within: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { rieu1942intro }" +" @Type { InBook }" +" @Author { E. V. Rieu }" +" @Title { Introduction to @I { The Odyssey } }" +" @InAuthor { Homer }" +" @InTitle { The Odyssey }" +" @Publisher { Penguin }" +" @Year { 1942 }" +"}" +} +@Code "@InAuthor" would often be absent or an editor. The result is +@ID @RefPrint rieu1942intro +The other options are as for large works. Type @Code InProceedings is +inproceedings.ref.type @Index { @Code InProceedings reference type } +similar to {@Code InBook}. +@PP +A database usually has a long life, and some day it might find itself +used in a document whose language is not the one its original compiler +had in mind. For this reason, a truly meticulous compiler of database +entries would enclose @I all language-specific options in +@Code "@Language" symbols: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { zimand1986size.sets.strings }" +" @Type { Article }" +" @Author { French @Language { M. Zimand } }" +" @Title { English @Language { On the topological size of sets of random strings } }" +" @Journal { German @Language { Zeitschr. f. math. Logik und Grundlagen d. Math. } }" +" @Volume { 32 }" +" @Pages { 81--88 }" +" @Year { 1986 }" +"}" +} +(My apologies to M. Zimand if he or she is not French.) This ensures +correct hyphenation whatever the language of the document in which the +reference appears. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/ref_labe b/doc/user/ref_labe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b8cc54 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_labe @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +@Section + @Title { Labelled (as opposed to numbered) references } + @RunningTitle { Labelled references } + @Tag { labelled } +@Begin +@PP +Lout ordinarily assigns a number to each reference, and prints this +labelled.refs @Index { labelled references } +number beside the reference in the reference list and at the point(s) +of citation. There is a way to make Lout use a label of your choice +instead of a number for each reference. First change the following +setup file options to the values shown (these options are explained +in Section {@NumberOf changeref}): +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@RefCiteLabels { @Label }" +"@RefListLabels { @Label. }" +"@RefListLabelWidth { 4.00f }" +"@RefListSortKey { @Label }" +} +Then make sure that every reference you cite has a {@Code "@Label"} option: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { kingston1995lout.expert }" +" @Type { TechReport }" +" @Label { Kin94 }" +" ..." +"}" +} +@Code "@Label" may contain several words, and even font changes, but not +an arbitrary object. +@PP +The effect of these changes is that your references will now be labelled +with their @Code "@Label" options instead of with numbers, and they will +be sorted by label instead of by tag. However, tags are still used when +citing. +@PP +The big problem with labels is that they vary from document to +document, either because of a change of style or because the usual +first few letters of the authors' names plus year has to be augmented +with {@Code a}, {@Code b}, {@Code c} etc. to distinguish publications +by the same authors in the same year. To help you overcome these +problems, the @Code "$" symbol has a @Code "label" option: +@ID @Code { +"@Cite { $ label { Kin94a } kingston1995lout.expert, ... }" +} +The @Code "@Ref" and @Code "@ChapRef" symbols also have a @Code label +option. If you use this option, it will be used to label the reference +instead of the @Code "@Label" option from the @Code "@Reference" symbol +(indeed, the @Code "@Reference" symbol need have no @Code "@Label" option +in this case). But note that using @Code "label" does not itself give +you labelled references; you get them with the setup file options as +explained above. +@PP +If your labels turn out to be too wide for the space allowed for them +in the reference list, you have two alternatives. One is to increase +the @Code "@RefListLabelWidth" setup file option shown above, since it +determines this space. The other is to change the @Code "@RefListFormat" +setup file option to {@Code "DropLabels"}, which produces drop items: +@ID @OneRow { +@RawTaggedList +@DTI { Kin94a. } @RefPrint kingston1995lout.expert +@RawEndList +} +Then it won't matter how wide your labels are. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/ref_sett b/doc/user/ref_sett new file mode 100644 index 0000000..283cb11 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/ref_sett @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +@Section + @Title { Setting up a bibliographic database } + @Tag { databases } +@Begin +@PP +The basic idea is to store your references in a separate +database.file @Index { database file } +@I { database file }, in a form which does not include formatting +details such as font changes. This makes it easy to use the same +references in many documents, and it leaves the formatting to Lout. Here +is an example of a reference as it would appear in a database file: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"{ @Reference" +" @Tag { vanleunen1992 }" +" @Type { Book }" +" @Author { Mary-Claire van Leunen }" +" @Title { A Handbook for Scholars }" +" @Publisher { Oxford }" +" @Edition { Revised Edition }" +" @Year { 1992 }" +"}" +} +reference. @Index @Code "@Reference" +@Code "@Reference" is a symbol, and {@Code "@Tag"}, {@Code "@Type"}, +{@Code "@Author"}, and so on are its options. The database file as +a whole consists of a sequence of references, each enclosed in braces +as shown. +@PP +The @Code "@Tag" option is compulsory: since you cite a reference by +giving its tag, there must be one. The @Code "@Type" option is also +type. @Index { @Code "@Type" option } +compulsory, since it says whether the reference is to a book, a journal +article, or whatever, and this determines what other options are +required. Section {@NumberOf entries} describes all the types provided +by Lout, and Section {@NumberOf refstyles} explains how to add your own. +@PP +Lout database file names must end in {@Code ".ld"}, so now suppose that +you have made one called +ld.file @Index { @Code ".ld" file } +refs.ld.file @Index { @Code "refs.ld" file } +@Code "refs.ld" and put it in the same directory as your document. Next, +place +@ID @Code "@Database @Reference { refs }" +database. @Index @Code "@Database" +at the start of your document, just before {@Code "@Doc"}, +{@Code "@Document"}, {@Code "@Report"}, or whatever. Alternatively, +you may place it at the end of your setup file. It informs Lout that +you might be referring to @Code "@Reference" symbols in database +@Code "refs" (that is, in file {@Code "refs.ld"}). +@PP +If you want to maintain a central database, used by many documents, you +won't want it in the same directory as any one of them. A Unix +pathname will be more appropriate: +@ID @Code "@Database @Reference { \"/usr/jeff/lib/refs\" }" +or whatever. Quotes are needed because of the @Code "/" characters. +@PP +With the database file created and the @Code "@Database" line in place, +you are ready to start citing references. The first time that the +database.index.file @Index { database index file } +index.file @Index { index file } +database is used, Lout will create an @I { index file } whose purpose +is to speed up the retrieval of your references. Thanks to this file +you can have hundreds or even thousands of references in your database, +without slowing Lout down very much. However, whenever you change your +database file @I { you must remove its corresponding index file }, so +that Lout knows to create it afresh. +@FootNote { +Depending on how it was installed on your system, Lout may be able to +use the time of last modification of the database file and its index +file to determine automatically whether the index file needs to be +created afresh, thus saving you the trouble of removing it. You can +find out whether this is true of your system by typing the command +{@Code "lout -V"}. +} + The index file is stored in the +same directory as the database file, and it has the same name except +that it ends in @Code ".li" rather than @Code ".ld" (e.g. +li.file @Index { @Code ".li" file } +{@Code "refs.li"}). +@PP +If a separate database file is not convenient for some reason, perhaps +because you need a self-contained document in a single file, the +@Code "@Reference" symbols may be incorporated into the document +itself, anywhere that ordinary text may appear. Nothing will appear +where they are typed in, but Lout will notice them and treat them as if +they had come from a database file. In this case no @Code "@Database" +symbol is needed unless you are referring to a database as well. +@PP +You may have multiple databases, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Database @Reference { myrefs }" +"@Database @Reference { \"/usr/pub/refs/theoryrefs\" }" +} +Lout will search the databases in the order you list them. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str b/doc/user/str new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0312dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Adding Structure to Documents } + @Tag { structure } +@Begin +@BeginSections +@Include { str_disp } +@Include { str_list } +@Include { str_foot } +@Include { str_marg } +@Include { str_theo } +@Include { str_figs } +@Include { str_larg } +@Include { str_cros } +@Include { str_cont } +@Include { str_indx } +@Include { str_colu } +@Include { str_defs } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/str_colu b/doc/user/str_colu new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b54a404 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_colu @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +@Section + @Title { Multiple columns } + @Tag { columns } +@Begin +@PP +You can change the number of columns of text per page, and the width of +columns. @Index columns +multiple.columns @Index { multiple columns } +the gap between the columns, by changing these two setup file options: +columnnumber. @Index @Code "@ColumnNumber" +columngap. @Index @Code "@ColumnGap" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@ColumnNumber { 1 }" +"@ColumnGap { 1.00c }" +} +If you are using your own setup file (Section {@NumberOf setup}), you can +find and change them there. If not, @Code "@ColumnNumber" may be changed +at the beginning of your document (Section {@NumberOf ordinary}). +@PP +@Code "@ColumnNumber" may be any number between 1 and 10, with default +value 1 as shown, and @Code "@ColumnGap" may be any length (Section +{@NumberOf objects}). The column width is derived from these options +column.width @RawIndex { column width } +column.width.pages @SubIndex { on pages } +using the obvious formula +@ID @Eq { columnwidth = { pagewidth - margins - +({@Code "@ColumnNumber"} - 1) times {@Code "@ColumnGap"} } +over @Code "@ColumnNumber" +} +You must ensure that this comes to something reasonable. +@PP +These two options do not apply to pages containing an index. For them +there are similar setup file options called @Code "@IndexColumnNumber" +and @Code "@IndexColumnGap" (Section {@NumberOf indexes}). +@PP +Most document types permit you to have multiple columns, but certain +things will be kept full width regardless of the @Code "@ColumnNumber" +option: figures and tables, chapter headings, and so on. The details +vary with the document type, so are deferred to Chapter {@NumberOf types}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_cont b/doc/user/str_cont new file mode 100644 index 0000000..148447e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_cont @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +@Section + @Title { Tables of contents } + @Tag { contents } +@Begin +@PP +Lout takes note of the titles of all your large-scale structure symbols +contents. @Index { contents, tables of } +tables.of.contents. @Index { tables of contents } +(Section {@NumberOf largescale}) and what pages they begin on, and it +uses this information to produce a table of contents like the one at +the start of the present document. It is totally automatic; you do +nothing. +@PP +Some details of the appearance of the table of contents, including +whether to make one or not, are controlled by options in the setup +file. The default setting is to make one in books but not to in +other types of documents, but by changing the setup file you can have +a table of contents in any type of document. +@PP +Section @NumberOf setup describes setup files in general and how to +change the options within them. The options relevant to tables of +contents and their default values are: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@MakeContents { No }" +"@ContentsGap { 0.20v }" +"@ContentsGapAbove { 0.80v }" +"@ContentsGapBelow { 0.00v }" +"@ContentsLeader { .. }" +"@ContentsLeaderGap { 4s }" +"@ContentsRightWidth { 3f }" +} +The @Code "@MakeContents" option may be @Code Yes or {@Code No}, and +makecontents. @Index @Code "@MakeContents" +determines whether a table of contents is made or not. Its default +value is @Code No but it is set to @Code Yes in the @Code book setup +file. +@PP +@Code "@ContentsGap" determines how much vertical space to leave +contentsgap. @Index @Code "@ContentsGap" +above each line of the table of contents, in addition to the usual +single line spacing; its value may be any length (Section +{@NumberOf objects}). The default value, {@Code "0.20v"}, is twenty +percent of the current inter-line spacing. +@PP +Some entries, such as those for chapters and appendices in books, are +more important than others. @Code "@ContentsGap" does not apply to these +entries; instead, @Code "@ContentsGapAbove" and @Code "@ContentsGapBelow" +contentsgapabove. @Index @Code "@ContentsGapAbove" +contentsgapbelow. @Index @Code "@ContentsGapBelow" +are used above and below each of them, again in addition to the usual +single line spacing. +@PP +@Code "@ContentsLeader" is the object which is repeated across the page +contentsleader. @Index @Code "@ContentsLeader" +to connect each entry with its page number; popular values are @Code ".." +and @Code "." and the empty object. @Code "@ContentsLeaderGap" determines +contentsleadergap. @Index @Code "@ContentsLeaderGap" +how far apart these objects are; the default value, {@Code "4s"}, is +four times the width of a space character. @Code "@ContentsLeaderGap" +may be {@Code "0s"}, but only if @Code "@ContentsLeader" is non-empty. +@PP +@Code "@ContentsRightWidth" reserves some +contentsrightwidth. @Index @Code "@ContentsRightWidth" +space at the far right for page numbers. Any entry wide enough to +intrude into this space is broken into two or more lines to keep it +clear. +@PP +In addition to these options, each document type has options that +determine which large-scale structure symbols will be listed in the +table of contents. For example, among the options to the +@Code "@BookSetup" symbol in the @Code book setup file are these: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@ChapterInContents { Yes }" +"@SectionInContents { Yes }" +"@SubSectionInContents { Yes }" +"@SubSubSectionInContents { No }" +"@AppendixInContents { Yes }" +"@SubAppendixInContents { Yes }" +"@SubSubAppendixInContents { No }" +} +Each may be either {@Code "Yes"} or {@Code "No"}; these default values +produce entries for everything except sub-subsections and sub-subappendices. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_cros b/doc/user/str_cros new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7eb74c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_cros @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +@Section + @Title { Cross references } + @Tag { cross } +@Begin +@PP +Cross references are a useful feature of documents, but they are a +cross.ref @Index { cross references } +problem for authors. Suppose that at one point of your document +you have +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal," +"that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights," +"that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness..." +} +and that at some other point, earlier or later, you have +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"The anti-slavery cause, founded as it was on the Declaration" +"of Independence (page 181), could appeal to patriotic as" +"well as moral sentiments..." +} +This is a @I { cross reference }, and the problem is that as the document +is revised, the Declaration of Independence might move to page 185, and +the cross reference must be found and changed. +@PP +Lout has a simple solution to this problem. Instead of writing the +pageof. @Index @Code "@PageOf" +page number, write +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"The anti-slavery cause, founded as it was on the Declaration" +"of Independence (page @PageOf { decl.of.ind }), could appeal to" +"patriotic as well as moral sentiments..." +} +instead, and at the point referred to, write +pagemark. @Index @Code "@PageMark" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"We @PageMark decl.of.ind hold these truths to be self-evident, that..." +} +Inserting @Code "@PageMark decl.of.ind" will not affect the result, +but Lout makes a note of the number of the page on which the word +preceding it appears, and inserts that number in place of +{@Code "@PageOf decl.of.ind"}. The tag, {@Code "decl.of.ind"}, may be +tag. @Index { tag } +any simple word (actually Lout will accept a multi-word tag, but they +are very inconvenient and better avoided). The braces are there, as +usual, to control grouping: we don't want the following punctuation +characters in the tag. +@PP +One tag called @Code "last.page" is created automatically +"last.page.tag" @Index { @Code "last.page" tag } +for you. @Code "@PageOf last.page" gives the number of the last page +of the document. For example, the result for this document is +{@PageOf last.page}. +@PP +Cross referencing also applies to large-scale structure symbols such as +@Code "@Chapter" and @Code "@Section" (any symbol with a @Code "@Title" +option), as well as @Code { "@FootNote" }, @Code { "@EndNote" }, +@Code { "@Figure" }, @Code { "@Table" }, the numbered display +symbols, and @Code "@ListItem" and @Code "@DropListItem" (but not +@Code "@TagItem" and {@Code "@DropTagItem"}). Each of these symbols +has a @Code "@Tag" option: +tag.sym @Index @Code "@Tag" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Cross references }" +" @Tag { cross }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"Cross references are a useful ..." +} +Now you can use the @Code "@PageOf" symbol to find the +number of the page on which the symbol's result begins, and the +@Code "@NumberOf" symbol to find its number: +numberof. @Index @Code "@NumberOf" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"For further information on this point, please consult" +"Section @NumberOf cross (page @PageOf { cross })." +} +produces +@QD { +For further information on this point, please consult +Section @NumberOf cross (page @PageOf { cross }). +} +Like all tags, the value of the @Code "@Tag" option should be a simple +word (although Lout does accept multi-word tags). Cross referencing of +list items yields just the number of the item, in Arabic, Roman, or +whatever; it does not include the surrounding parentheses or other +decorations introducted by the list's @Code "style" option. +@PP +To work cross references out, Lout has to process your document more +multiple.runs @Index { multiple runs, why needed } +than once, storing information between runs in special files it +creates whose names end in @Code ".li" and {@Code ".ld"}. A complex +document like this Guide requires five runs, but since every run +produces a perfectly good PostScript file suitable for proof reading, +in fact you need two runs to start with and one run per cycle of +revision thereafter, only one more than would have been necessary +in any case. +@PP +The cross referencing system assumes that each Unix directory contains +directories @Index { directories, Lout files and } +only one Lout document (possibly spread over many files). If you keep +several documents in one directory you can turn off the cross referencing +with the @Code "-s" flag: +@ID @Code "lout -s simple > simple.ps" +Since this will cause question marks to replace footnote and section +numbers, and other products of cross referencing, it is only feasible +for simple documents. Alternatively, you can reset cross referencing +when switching from one document to another, by removing file +lout.li @Index { @Code lout.li file } +{@Code "lout.li"}. You should also remove this file if your document +changes radically -- from a report to a book, say. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_defs b/doc/user/str_defs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71bd71e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_defs @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +@Section + @Title { Defining new symbols } + @Tag { definitions } +@Begin +@PP +Whenever you find yourself typing the same thing repeatedly, you can +definitions. @Index definitions +save a lot of time by defining your own personal symbol to stand for that +thing. For example, suppose you type your company's name, @Batlow, +frequently. You can define your own symbol, {@Code "@Batlow"} say, +so that +@ID @Code { +"Concerning your crate supply contract with @Batlow, @Batlow wishes to ..." +} +produces +@ID { +Concerning your crate supply contract with @Batlow, @Batlow wishes to ... +} +You will never have to type @Batlow again. +@PP +The method is to create a file called @Code "mydefs" in your current +mydefs.file @Index { @Code mydefs file } +directory, containing definitions like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @BasicSetup" +"def @Batlow { Batlow Food Distributors Pty. Ltd. }" +} +The meaning of the first line, {@Code "import @BasicSetup"}, will +be explained shortly. After that comes @Code "def" for `define,' +then the name of the symbol being defined, then its value between +braces. So this example defines a symbol called @Code "@Batlow" to +stand for the object following it between braces. Lout will read this +file during its setup phase (Section {@NumberOf setup}). +@PP +Your symbols may have any names you wish made from letters and +{@Code "@"}. However, it is good practice to have exactly one +{@Code "@"}, at the start, and to choose distinctive names that +have no chance of being the same as the name of any existing +symbol. @Code "@Batlow" is a good choice, for example. +@PP +The object between braces is quite arbitrary; in particular, it may +contain symbols. For example, suppose you frequently need a small grey box: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @BasicSetup" +"def @GreyBox { @Box paint { lightgrey } {} }" +} +This defines a @Code "@GreyBox" symbol that produces {@GreyBox}. Most +of the symbols in this guide are from the @I {BasicSetup package}, +import. @Index @Code import +which is why @Code "import @BasicSetup" is required: it makes +these symbols available to the definition, and can actually be omitted +before definitions like the one for @Code "@Batlow" which do not use +any symbols. However it does no harm, so we place it in front of every +definition as a matter of course. +@FootNote { +Later chapters of this guide introduce specialized symbols for producing +tables, equations, diagrams, graphs, and computer programs. You need a +different @Code "import" clause when using those symbols within a +definition, because they are not from the BasicSetup package. Examples +may be found in the chapters concerned. +} +@PP +Now suppose you frequently need a grey box, but enclosing different +things: @GreyBox ENTRY one moment, @GreyBox EXIT the next. You could +try omitting the @Code "{}" from the definition above, but that does +not work, because Lout notices the missing object while reading the +definition, and inserts an empty object in the usual way (Section +{@NumberOf empty}). +@PP +However, there is a way to define a @Code "@GreyBox" symbol so that +@Code "@GreyBox ENTRY" produces {@GreyBox ENTRY}, @Code "@GreyBox EXIT" +produces {@GreyBox EXIT}, and so on: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @BasicSetup" +"def @GreyBox right x { @Box paint { lightgrey } x }" +} +The addition of @Code "right x" immediately after the symbol's name +places @Code "@GreyBox" into that class of symbols, like {@Code "@I"} +and @Code {"@Box"}, which consume and transform the object to their +right. The @Code "x" in @Code "right x" means that the object to the +right will be referred to as @Code "x" within the definition. So in +@ID @Code "@GreyBox { Hello world }" +@Code "@GreyBox" consumes the following object, which becomes +{@Code "x"}, so that the value is +@ID @Code "@Box paint { lightgrey } { Hello world }" +which produces @GreyBox { Hello world }. +@PP +It is a good principle to choose symbol names that refer to what the symbol +is for, rather than how it does what it does. Here is a good example: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @BasicSetup" +"def @Poetry right x { lines @Break @I x }" +} +This kind of name is very pleasant to use, since it allows you to +forget about what is going on behind the scenes: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@IndentedDisplay @Poetry {" +"Teach me to hear Mermaides singing," +"Or to keep off envies stinging," +" And finde" +" What winde" +"Serves to'advance an honest minde." +"}" +} +Most of Lout's symbols follow this principle. +@PP +You can define symbols that consume the object to their left as well +as the object to their right, as the {@Code "@Font"}, {@Code "@Break"}, +and {@Code "@Colour"} symbols do: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"import @BasicSetup" +"def @HeadingBox left x right y" +"{ @Box { @CentredDisplay @Heading x y }" +"}" +} +This definition occupies several lines only because it is long; as +usual, end of line is the same as one space. Now +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"Cheating @HeadingBox {" +"The Department uses assignments ... of that student alone." +"}" +} +is much easier to type than the equivalent example in Section +{@NumberOf boxes}. The result is the same: +@QD Cheating @HeadingBox { +The Department uses assignments both as a teaching device and as a +major component of its assessment of each student. It therefore +requires that all programs, exercises etc. handed in bearing an +individual student's name be the work of that student alone. +} +Do not use a paragraph, display, or list symbol at the beginning or end +of a definition, since the result is not what people who do it are +hoping for. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_disp b/doc/user/str_disp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4634103 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_disp @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +@Section + @Title { Displays } + @Tag { displays } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Display" symbol displays the following object in the centre +displays. @Index displays +display. @Index @Code "@Display" +of the page or column: +@ID @Code "@Display @I { Invitation to Afternoon Tea }" +has result +@Display @I { Invitation to Afternoon Tea } +Space is inserted automatically above and below the display; no +paragraph symbols are needed. +@PP +To make the display appear at the left margin instead of centred, use +leftdisplay. @Index @Code "@LeftDisplay" +{@Code "@LeftDisplay"} instead of {@Code "@Display"}. To make an indented +display, use {@Code "@IndentedDisplay"} or {@Code "@QuotedDisplay"}; +indenteddisplay. @Index @Code "@IndentedDisplay" +quoteddisplay. @Index @Code "@QuotedDisplay" +the latter indents at the right margin as well as at the left. There are +also @Code "@CentredDisplay" and @Code "@CenteredDisplay" symbols which +centreddisplay. @Index @Code "@CentredDisplay" +centereddisplay. @Index @Code "@CenteredDisplay" +centre the display just like {@Code "@Display"} does, and +rightdisplay. @Index @Code "@RightDisplay" +@Code "@RightDisplay" which right-justifies the display. +@PP +If you use displays frequently you might prefer abbreviated forms of +their names. These are made from @Code "@" and the capital letters of +d. @Index @Code "@D" +ld. @Index @Code "@LD" +id. @Index @Code "@ID" +qd. @Index @Code "@QD" +cd. @Index @Code "@CD" +the full name: {@Code "@D"}, {@Code "@LD"}, {@Code "@ID"}, {@Code "@QD"}, +and {@Code "@CD"}. Owing to a clash with the name of another symbol, +{@Code "@RightDisplay"} has no abbreviation. +@PP +Displays often need to be set using a different font, paragraph +breaking style, and so on to the surrounding text. It's best to set +out such displays like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@CentredDisplay @I clines @Break {" +"Invitation to Afternoon Tea" +"with" +"Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Newington-Smith" +"}" +} +You can have as many of these symbols as you like, including specialized +ones like {@Code "@CurveBox"} and {@Code "@Tbl"}. The only rule is that +the display symbol must come first: @Code "@I @Display ..." is wrong. +@PP +It's not a good idea to have one display immediately followed by +another one, because there will be too much vertical space between +them. Use a list instead (Section {@NumberOf lists}). Displays +at the ends of paragraphs look awkward and are best avoided. +@PP +A display may come out partly on one page or column and partly on +the next, if it has places where it obviously can be broken in two. For +example, a display which is an ordinary paragraph of text might be +broken in two between any two lines. To force a display to keep +together on one page or column, use the @Code "@OneRow" symbol like +this: @Code "@Display @OneRow { ... }". +@PP +Other display symbols produce aligned and numbered displays, and raw +displays (i.e. without vertical space). Although these can display any +object as usual, in practice they are used for mathematics, so they are +described in Section {@NumberOf mathdisplays}. +@PP +Three setup file options control the appearance of displays. (For a +general introduction to setup files and their options, consult +Section {@NumberOf setup}.) Here they are with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@DisplayGap { 1.00v }" +"@DefaultIndent { 0.5rt }" +"@DisplayIndent { 2.00f }" +} +@Code "@DisplayGap" is the amount of vertical space inserted before and +display.gap. @Index @Code "@DisplayGap" +after displays, and may be any length (Section {@NumberOf objects}). The +default value, @Code {"1.00v"}, is equal to the current inter-line spacing. +@PP +@Code "@DefaultIndent" is the indent produced by +default.indent @Index @Code "@DefaultIndent" +{@Code "@Display"}; {@Code "0.5rt"} produces centring, although why it does +so is beyond our scope +@Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }. @Code "@DisplayIndent" is the +display.indent. @Index @Code "@DisplayIndent" +indent for {@Code "@IndentedDisplay"}, and used at both margins by +{@Code "@QuotedDisplay"}. Its default value, {@Code "2.00f"}, is twice +the current font size. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_figs b/doc/user/str_figs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..285e097 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_figs @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +@Section + @Title { Figures and tables } + @Tag { figures } +@Begin +@PP +Figures are created in a similar way to footnotes: +figures. @Index { figures } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Figure" +" @Caption { Basser Lout }" +"@Diag vstrut { yes } treehsep { 1c } {" +" @HTree { @Box Lout @FirstSub arrow { yes } @Box PostScript }" +"}" +} +The @Code "@Figure" symbol places the following object (which in this example is +figure. @Index @Code "@Figure" +created using the advanced graphics features of Chapter {@NumberOf diagrams}) +at the top of the following column or page, +@Figure + @Tag { figex } + @Caption { Basser Lout } +@Diag vstrut { yes } treehsep { 1c } { + @HTree { @Box Lout @FirstSub arrow { yes } @Box PostScript } +} +labelled by the @Code "@Caption" option and automatically numbered. You +captions. @RawIndex { captions } +captions.figures @SubIndex { in @Code "@Figure" and @Code "@Table" } +can see this example at the top of page {@PageOf figex}. Tables are +table. @Index @Code "@Table" +obtained in the same way using {@Code "@Table"} instead of {@Code "@Figure"}. +@PP +@Code "@Figure" and @Code "@Table" each have an @Code "@InitialLanguage" +option which determines the language of the figure or table. If this is +omitted, the language of the document as a whole will be used, not the +language where the figure or table occurs. +@PP +The two symbols also have a @Code "@CaptionPos" option, which determines +whether the caption appears above or below the figure or table. The +default is {@Code "Below"}, the alternative is {@Code "Above"}. +@PP +The question of what is a suitable running header to print on pages +containing figures and tables (possibly from different sections) is a +rather awkward one. On any page with a figure or table at the top, Lout +uses whatever running header was appropriate for the text on the previous +page. In practice it seems to work quite well. +@PP +If your document contains many figures, large figures, or multi-page +figures, you are likely to encounter cases where Lout's assignment of +figures to pages is not pleasing. In that case, you can improve things +by moving the figures around within the body text, and by using the +@Code "@Location" option of the @Code "@Figure" symbol, which determines +location. @Index @Code "@Location" +where the figure will appear. Its possible values are +@DP @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@FirstRowa + A { PageTop } + B { The figure will appear at the top of the following page, occupying +the full page width; or, if there is insufficient space there (owing to other +figures already present), at the top of the first subsequent page with +sufficient space. } +@Rowa + A { EvenPageTop } + B { Like @Code PageTop except that the first page of the figure +or table will be an even-numbered (left-hand or verso) page -- useful +for double-pace spreads. } +@Rowa + A { FullPage } + B { Like {@Code PageTop} except that nothing else will appear on the +same page as the figure except the usual running headers and footers, and +possibly other @Code FullPage figures and tables. +@FootNote { This location replaces the @Code "@FullPage" option of +earlier versions of Lout, which has been withdrawn. } +} +@Rowa + A { EvenFullPage } + B { Like {@Code FullPage} except that the first page of the figure +or table will be an even-numbered (left-hand or verso) page, like +{@Code EvenPageTop}. +} +@Rowa + A { PageFoot } + B { The figure will appear at the foot of the current page, occupying +the full page width; or, if there is insufficient space there, at the top +of the following page and so on as for {@Code PageTop}. } +@Rowa + A { ColTop } + B { The figure will appear at the top of the following column, +occupying the column width; or, if there is insufficient space there, +at the top of the first subsequent column with sufficient space. This +is different from @Code PageTop only in multi-column documents. } +@Rowa + A { ColFoot } + B { The figure will appear at the foot of the current column, +occupying the column width; or, if there is insufficient space there, at +the top of the following column as for {@Code ColTop}. This differs +from @Code PageFoot only in multi-column documents. } +@Rowa + A { ColEnd } + B { The figure will appear in a column at the end of the document +(or chapter, appendix etc. in the case of books). There is no +@Code PageEnd value corresponding to {@Code ColEnd}. } +@Rowa + A { AfterLine } + B { The figure will appear as a column-width display immediately after +the line in the final printed document in which it occurs. } +@Rowa + A { TryAfterLine } + B { The same as @Code {AfterLine} unless there is insufficient space +in the current column to hold the displayed figure, in which case it +switches to @Code {ColTop} instead. } +@Rowa + A { Display } + B { The figure will appear as a display at the point it occurs. There +is no @Code TryDisplay value corresponding to {@Code Display}. } +@Rowa + A { Raw } + B { The figure will appear as an object, with no extra spacing, at +the point it occurs. This is useful, for example, for getting two figures +side by side in one display: use a displayed table containing two raw +figures. } +} +@DP +The @Code "@Table" symbol also has this option. The default location is +{@Code "PageTop"}, but this can be changed by changing the +figurelocation. @Index @Code "@FigureLocation" +tablelocation. @Index @Code "@TableLocation" +@Code "@FigureLocation" and @Code "@TableLocation" setup file options. +@PP +The numbers assigned to figures and tables, and their ordering in any list +of figures or tables, is based on where they appear in the final printed +document, not on where they appear in the source files. This is better for +the reader in the unusual case of a fixed figure being overtaken by a +floating one. If a section number is printed as part of a figure number, +and the figure floats forward from one section into another, the figure +number will reflect the later section, not the earlier one as it should. +You can fix this problem by moving the figure to an earlier point in +the section, or by not having section numbers in figures (see below). +@PP +@Code "@Figure" and @Code "@Table" each have a @Code "@OnePage" option, +whose value may be @Code "Yes" or {@Code No}. Setting @Code "@OnePage" +to @Code Yes causes the figure or table and its caption to be kept +together on one page or column (enclosing the body of the figure or table +in @Code "@OneRow" would have the same effect except that it would not +incorporate the caption, hence the need for this option). You need to be +certain that the whole assembly will fit on one page when setting +@Code "@OnePage" to {@Code "Yes"}. +@PP +The @I default value of the @Code "@OnePage" option for each figure or +table depends on the value of its @Code "@Location" option as follows: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col ! @Col @Code B } +{ +@Rowa + A { No } + B { PageTop ColTop ColEnd Raw } +@Rowa + A { Yes } + B { PageFoot ColFoot Display AfterLine TryAfterLine } +} +These choices represent a guess that figures that the user is happy to +see at the page foot or in a display are probably going to be small enough +to keep on one page, but that other figures may not be. In any case, these +are only default values and you may set @Code "@OnePage" as you wish. +@PP +By default, the body of the figure will be centred, and this usually looks +best, at least for small figures. @Code "@Figure" and @Code "@Table" each +have a @Code "@Format" option which controls this format: +@ID @Code { +"@Figure" +" @Format { @CurveBox @HExpand @CC @Body }" +} +Within the @Code "@Format" option, the @Code "@Body" symbol stands for the +body of the figure or table; it must appear exactly once. Display symbols +such as @Code "@CentredDisplay" may not be applied to the {@Code "@Body"} +symbol; instead, there are {@Code "@II"}, {@Code "@QQ"}, {@Code "@CC"}, and +{@Code "@RR"}, which indent, quote, centre, or right-justify the following +object. The example just given centres the figure inside a @Code "@CurveBox" +which is horizontally expanded (by the @Code "@HExpand" symbol, which is not +specific to figures) to occupy the full width of the page or column, rather +than fitting snugly around the figure. +@PP +The @Code "@Format" option applies to just the body of the figure, not to +its caption. It applies to each page or column of a multi-page or +multi-column figure; for example, the above format will draw a box around +each page of a multi-page figure, and each page will be separately centred. +@Code "ColEnd" and @Code "Raw" figures are exceptions to this rule: they +always apply the format to the figure as a whole. This means that you cannot +box multi-page figures of these two types, since the result would be an +unbreakable object too large to fit on one page. +@PP +There are setup file options for controlling the appearance of figures and +tables. Only those for figures will be given here, since the ones for tables +are identical except that @Code Table replaces @Code Figure in their +names. Here they all are: +@FootNote { These are as of Version 3.15 and above. Prior to that +there were {@Code "@CaptionFont"}, {@Code "@CaptionBreak"}, and +{@Code "@CaptionFormat"} options, and {@Code "@CaptionFormat"} +took values that did not include the @Code "caption" symbol. } +@ID @OneCol @Code { +"@FigureLocation { PageTop }" +"@FigureFormat { @CC @Body }" +"@FigureWord { figure }" +"@FigureNumbers { Arabic }" +"@FigureCaptionPos { Below }" +"@FigureCaptionFont { }" +"@FigureCaptionBreak { }" +"@FigureCaptionFormat { @B { word @NumSep number. &2s } @Insert caption }" +"@MakeFigureContents { No }" +"@FigureListWord { figurelist }" +} +@Code "@FigureLocation" is the default value of the @Code "@Location" +option of figures. Changing it, for example to +{@Code "FullPage"}, changes the location of all figures at +once. You may still override this location for any individual figure, +however, by giving that figure a @Code "@Location" option. In a similar way, +figureformat. @Index @Code "@FigureFormat" +tableformat. @Index @Code "@TableFormat" +@Code "@FigureFormat" is the default value of the @Code "@Format" +option (this shows why figures are centred by default) and +figurecaptionpos. @Index @Code "@FigureCaptionPos" +tablecaptionpos. @Index @Code "@TableCaptionPos" +@Code "@FigureCaptionPos" is the default value of {@Code "@CaptionPos"}. +@PP +@Code "@FigureWord" determines the word that is part of the figure +number. The default value, {@Code figure}, produces `Figure' or its +equivalent in the current language; any other value produces itself. +@PP +@Code "@FigureNumbers" +figurenumbers. @Index @Code "@FigureNumbers" +tablenumbers. @Index @Code "@TableNumbers" +determines whether figures are +numbered automatically or not; the choices are +{@Code "None"}, {@Code "Arabic"}, {@Code "Roman"}, {@Code "UCRoman"}, +{@Code "Alpha"}, and {@Code "UCAlpha"}. Depending on the document +type and where the figure or table occurs, the number might include +a chapter number as well. This is determined by options in the +setup file for your document type; for example, +@ID @Code "@SectionNumInFigures { No }" +appears in the @Code "report" setup file, and means that a section +number will not appear in the figure number (unless you change the +option to {@Code Yes}). +@PP +@Code "@FigureCaptionFont" and @Code "@FigureCaptionBreak" determine the +font and paragraph breaking style used in the captions of figures. Their +default values are empty, meaning to use the initial font and break styles; +but, for example, you could have +@ID @Code "@FigureCaptionFont { -2p }" +in your setup file to get a smaller font size in your captions. +@PP +The @Code "@FigureCaptionFormat" option determines the format of the +caption. Within it, the symbol @Code word stands for the `Figure' +word as defined by {@Code "@FigureWord"}); the @Code number +symbol stands for the number of the figure; and @Code caption stands +for the body of the caption. The default value shown above prints +the word and number and a period in bold, inserted together with a +gap of two spaces into the first paragraph of the caption. If you +don't use the @Code "@Insert" symbol you'll run into problems with +multi-paragraph captions. +@PP +You can get a list of figures at the start of your document by setting +the @Code "@MakeFigureContents" setup file option to {@Code Yes}. The +format of these lists will follow the format of tables of contents. These +lists are only available in books (Section {@NumberOf books}). The +title printed above the list of figures is determined by the +@Code "@FigureListWord" option; the default value, {@Code "figurelist"}, +produces `List of Figures' or its equivalent in the current language; any +other value produces itself. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_foot b/doc/user/str_foot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70e50a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_foot @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +@Section + @Title { Footnotes and endnotes } + @Tag { footnotes } +@Begin +@PP +A footnote is created by typing +footnote. @Index @Code "@FootNote" +@ID @Code "@FootNote { Like this. }" +after the word that the footnote refers to. It will be numbered +automatically and placed at the foot of the page or column; +@FootNote { Like this. } +or, if space there is insufficient, it may start on or run onto the +following page or column. The footnote must be enclosed in braces. +@PP +The @Code "@FootNote" symbol has a @Code "@Location" option which +determines where it goes: +@ID @Code { +"@FootNote" +" @Location { ColFoot }" +"{ ... }" +} +places the footnote at the bottom of the column, and +@ID @Code { +"@FootNote" +" @Location { PageFoot }" +"{ ... }" +} +places it at the bottom of the current page, occupying the full page +width even in a multi-column document (this is occasionally +useful for footnotes to headings). Of course, in a single-column +document there is no difference anyway. The default value of the +@Code "@Location" option is {@Code "ColFoot"}. +@PP +Endnotes work in exactly the same way as footnotes, except that the +endnote. @Index @Code "@EndNote" +symbol to use is @Code "@EndNote" and they appear either at the end +of the document or at the end of some major part of it, depending on +the type of document (Chapter {@NumberOf types}). Endnotes are +always column width and so have no @Code "@Location" option. +@PP +Footnotes are usually labelled with consecutive Arabic numberals, but +you can tell Lout to label a footnote (not an endnote) with something +else, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@FootNote + @Label { @Dagger } +{ This footnote will be labelled with a dagger, not a number. } +} +whose result should appear at the bottom of this page. +@FootNote + @Label { @Dagger } +{ This footnote will be labelled with a dagger, not a number. } +Symbols commonly used for footnote labels include @Code "@Dagger" (@Dagger), +@Code "@DaggerDbl" (@DaggerDbl), @Code "@Star" (@Star), +@Code "@SectSym" (@SectSym), and @Code "@ParSym" (@ParSym), +but you can use any object. If you want no label at all, +use an empty object like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@FootNote + @Label {} +} +Footnotes with a @Code "@Label" option are excluded from the automatic +numbering that applies to other footnotes. +@PP +The language of a footnote or endnote will be the language of the +document as a whole. This is not necessarily the same as the +current language at the point where the footnote or endnote occurs, +or even the language of the enclosing large-scale structure symbol. It +may be necessary to enclose the body of the footnote in a language +symbol, like this: +@ID @Code "@FootNote { French @Language { ... } }" +Doing it the other way ({@Code "French @Language @FootNote ..."}) is +not effective. +@PP +A footnote attached to the very last line of a chapter or appendix of +a book occasionally runs onto the first page of the following chapter +or appendix, and this looks very poor. If this happens, the solution +is to place an @Code "@LP" after the last line (including the footnote). +@PP +In the rare case where more than one footnote is attached to one word, +use @Code "@AnotherFootNote" for the second and subsequent footnotes: +anotherfootnote. @Index @Code "@AnotherFootNote" +@ID @Code { +"something or other." +"@FootNote { The first footnote. }" +"@AnotherFootNote { The second footnote. }" +} +This ensures that the superscripts will be separated by +commas, as convention demands. +@PP +The setup file contains a number of options for controlling the +appearance of footnotes. (See Section @NumberOf setup for a general +introduction to setup files and their options.) Here are all the +options, with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@FootNoteThrough { No }" +"@FootNoteLocation { ColFoot }" +"@FootNoteNumbers { Arabic }" +"@FootNoteFont { 0.80f }" +"@FootNoteBreak { 1.20fx }" +"@FootNoteFormat { { number &0.05f } @Insert body }" +"@FootLen { 2.00c }" +"@FootAboveGap { 1.00v }" +"@FootGap { 0.20c }" +} +There are also setup file options for controlling endnotes. Since +they are quite similar to the ones for footnotes, we won't say any +more about them here. +@PP +@Code "@FootNoteThrough" may be @Code "Yes" or @Code { "No" }; +footnotethrough. @Index @Code "@FootNoteThrough" +@Code "Yes" means that the footnotes are numbered continuously +through the document (or through each chapter in the case of books); +@Code "No" means that the numbering begins afresh on each +page. @Code "@FootNoteLocation" determines the default value of +footnotelocatin. @Index @Code "@FootNoteLocation" +the @Code "@Location" option mentioned above; it may be either +@Code "ColFoot" or {@Code "PageFoot"}. @Code "@FootNoteNumbers" +determines how the footnotes are numbered; +footnotenumbers. @Index @Code "@FootNoteNumbers" +it may be {@Code Arabic}, {@Code Roman}, {@Code UCRoman}, {@Code Alpha}, +or {@Code UCAlpha}. +@PP +@Code "@FootNoteFont" and @Code "@FootNoteBreak" determine the +footnotefont. @Index @Code "@FootNoteFont" +footnotebreak. @Index @Code "@FootNoteBreak" +font and paragraph breaking style of footnotes. The default value +of @Code "@FootNoteFont" produces the same font family and face as the +bulk of the document, but reduced to 0.8 times the original size. +@PP +@Code "@FootNoteFormat" determines the format of the footnote. The +@Code number symbol within it must appear exactly once, and is replaced +by the number of the footnote (if numbered). The @Code body symbol is +replaced by the body (that is, the content) of the footnote. The default +value shown uses symbols from raw Lout to add a small space at the right of +the number, then insert it at the beginning of the first paragraph of +the body. Another suitable value might be +@ID @Code "@FootNoteFormat { number |1fx body }" +which places the body in a separate column to the number, one +font width to the right of the left edge of the number. +@PP +@Code "@FootLen" determines the length of the small horizontal line +footlen. @Index @Code "@FootLen" +drawn above the footnotes; +@Code "@FootAboveGap" determines the minimum space to be left clear +footabovegap. @Index @Code "@FootAboveGap" +above this line; and @Code "@FootGap" determines the +footgap. @Index @Code "@FootGap" +vertical separation between footnotes. All three may be any length. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_indx b/doc/user/str_indx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9ea2de --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_indx @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +@Section + @Title { Indexes } + @Tag { indexes } +@Begin +@PP +Although Lout is not clever enough to guess what entries should go in +indexes. @Index { indexes } +your index, it will do almost everything else for you: sort the +entries and attach the correct page numbers automatically. As for +tables of contents, the default setting is to have an index in +books but not in other types of documents. This and a few aspects of +the appearance of the index can be changed by changing the setup file, +as explained at the end of this section. +@PP +Now, suppose you are discussing Galileo and you want his name in your +index. Let's be ambitious and say that you want the index to contain +something like this: +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +Galileo Galilei + life of, 201 + telescope, his use of, 201--203 + trial of, 205--211, 242, 395 +} +Each line shows off one of Lout's four tricks: the first is a +@I { raw entry } (no page number attached); the second is a +@I sub-entry (indented); the third has a @I { page number range } +instead of a single page number; and the fourth is a @I { merged entry } +(several page numbers or ranges within one entry). +@PP +We'll take each of them in turn in a moment, but first, let's see how +to get a basic entry, like this one: +@ID { Galileo Galilei, 201 } +To get this into your index, type +@ID @Code "galileo @Index { Galileo Galilei }" +at the point where you mention Galileo. Nothing will be printed there, +but the object following the @Code "@Index" symbol will be placed in +the index, with a comma and the correct page number appended +automatically. +@PP +The object preceding the @Code "@Index" symbol is a compulsory key +which is used for sorting the index entries, +@FootNote { +The collating sequence used to decide what comes after what is the +collating sequence used by the @Code "memcmp()" library routine (just +the underlying binary character codes). Alternatively, the version +of Lout installed on your system may use the @Code "strcoll()" +collating sequence, which understands accented characters and whose +effect depends on your locale. To find out whether @Code "strcoll()" +is in use or not, type @Code "lout -V" which prints out several lines +of this and similar information. +@PP +If the sorting you get turns out to be not what you expected, the +first thing to try is the replacement of all accented letters in index +keys by unaccented ones. Sorting is quite an intractable problem: even +if @Code "strcoll()" gets the sorting right for one language, there still +remains the problem of sorting multilingual indexes. +@PP +Lout's database mechanism assumes that the @I tab character is collated +before any character that could appear in a sorting key. It seems that +there are a few collating sequences in existence which do not satisfy this +condition, and in these cases Lout will fail to produce the correct index. +} +but which is not itself printed anywhere. It is best to construct these +sorting keys from lower-case letters and the . character only, beginning +with a letter, although multi-word keys are allowed. These sorting keys +do not have to be distinct from the tags used in cross referencing; +however, they do have to be distinct from each other, unless you want +merged entries (see below). +@PP +Our first trick, raw entries (no page number attached), is very +easy: just use @Code "@RawIndex" instead of {@Code "@Index"}. So the +first line of our ambitious example is obtained by +@ID @Code "galileo @RawIndex { Galileo Galilei }" +This could go anywhere, since no page numbers are involved. +@PP +Another use for @Code "@RawIndex" is to get blank lines into the index +between the letters of the alphabet, by inserting phantom entries: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"b @RawIndex {}" +"c @RawIndex {}" +"d @RawIndex {}" +"..." +"z @RawIndex {}" +} +In fact there is a symbol called @Code "@IndexBlanks" that makes +indexblanks. @Index @Code "@IndexBlanks" +exactly these 25 entries. Unfortunately, these blanks will occasionally +appear at the top of a column, and if there are no tags beginning with +x, for example, there will be two blank lines between the w and y +entries. You can start off with @Code "@IndexBlanks" and replace it +later by the appropriate subset, if necessary. +@FootNote { +For Lout to solve this problem automatically, it would need to be told +which letter each index entry belongs under, perhaps by symbols +{@Code "@AIndex"}, {@Code "@BIndex"}, etc. The author felt that this +would have been too tedious. +} +@PP +Our second trick, sub-entries, is also very easy, since a sub-entry +differs from an ordinary entry only by having an indent. The symbol +is {@Code "@SubIndex"}, so the second line of our ambitious example is +produced by +@ID @Code "galileo.life @SubIndex { life of }" +You should always give sub-entries the same sorting key as their +corresponding main entries, plus a . and another word, because then +you can be certain that the sorting will place sub-entries directly +after their main entries. There is a @Code "@SubSubIndex" symbol that +produces a double indent, and there are @Code "@RawSubIndex" and +@Code "@RawSubSubIndex" symbols. +@PP +For our third trick, page number ranges, we use the @Code "to" option +of the {@Code "@Index"}, {@Code "@SubIndex"}, and {@Code "@SubSubIndex"} +symbols. For example, to produce the sub-entry +@ID { telescope, his use of, 201--203 } +put +@ID @Code { + "galileo.telescope @SubIndex to { gt.end } { telescope, his use of }" +} +at the beginning of the range, and +@ID @Code "@PageMark { gt.end }" +at the end. You can use any tag you like inside the @Code "to" option, +as long as it differs from every other tag (notice that sorting keys +do not have to differ from tags, but @Code "to" options do: this +is because @Code "to" options go into @Code "@PageMark" like other +tags do, and if two tags are the same we would have an ambiguous +result of {@Code "@PageOf"}). If both ends of the range fall on the +same page, the @Code "to" option is ignored: you will never get +201--201. +@PP +Our fourth and final trick is the merged entry: +@ID { trial of, 205--211, 242, 395 } +The main thing to grasp is that this merged entry was originally three +separate entries (sub-entries in this case): +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +trial of, 205--211 +trial of, 242 +trial of, 395 +} +We already know how to produce these three entries, using three +@Code "@SubIndex" symbols, one with a @Code "to" option. Now we have +discovered that Lout is able to merge several entries into one +entry. This raises two questions: how does Lout know which entries +to merge? and given those entries, what does the merging produce? +@PP +The answer to the first question is that Lout merges entries whose +sorting keys are equal. The merged entry above is produced by these +three entries, placed in the appropriate places: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"galileo.trial @SubIndex to { gtrial.end } { trial of }" +"galileo.trial @SubIndex { trial of }" +"galileo.trial @SubIndex { trial of }" +} +The entries are merged because they have the same sorting key +({@Code "galileo.trial"}), not because they happen to have the +same content ({@Code "trial of"}). In fact, once the page numbers are +added the content is not the same at all. +@PP +Now, having decided that the three entries +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +trial of, 205--211 +trial of, 242 +trial of, 395 +} +must be merged, what does Lout do? It takes the second entry, discards +any initial part that is the same as the first entry ({@Code "trial of,"} +in this case), and, if anything remains, it adds a comma, a space, and +the remainder to the first entry, producing +@ID { trial of, 205--211, 242 } +in this case. This process is repeated on this and the third entry, +producing +@ID { trial of, 205--211, 242, 395 } +in this case, and so on. The entries are merged in the order in which +their points of origin appear in the final printed document. +@PP +If nothing remains after discarding the common initial part, nothing is +added to the growing merged entry; in effect, the entry that could +contribute nothing new is deleted. With this in mind, let us return to +our initial, ambitious example: +@ID @OneRow lines @Break { +Galileo Galilei + life of, 201 + telescope, his use of, 201--203 + trial of, 205--211, 242, 395 +} +We now know how to produce all four of these entries, but one problem +of some practical importance remains. Suppose we delete the section on +the life of Galileo. If we had put the entry that produces `Galileo +Galilei' in that section, we might inadvertently delete it, and the +other two sub-entries will lose their main entry. Before deleting +anything, we must hunt through it for index entries and ponder their +significance, an error-prone and time-wasting thing to do. +@PP +The solution is as follows. When an index entry has sub-entries, make +it raw, and repeat it just before each of its sub-entries: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"galileo @RawIndex { Galileo Galilei }" +"galileo.life @SubIndex { life of }" +} +at the first place, +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"galileo @RawIndex { Galileo Galilei }" +"galileo.telescope @SubIndex { telescope, his use of }" +} +at the second, and so on. Now it is easy to verify that every +sub-entry has a main entry; and when deleting a sub-entry we can and +should delete the adjacent main entry. After sorting, our index +entries will be +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { galileo } + B { Galileo Galilei } +@Rowa + A { galileo } + B { Galileo Galilei } +@Rowa + A { galileo } + B { Galileo Galilei } +@Rowa + A { galileo } + B { Galileo Galilei } +@Rowa + A { galileo } + B { Galileo Galilei } +@Rowa + A { galileo.life } + B { {} life of, 201 } +@Rowa + A { galileo.telescope } + B { {} telescope, his use of, 201--203 } +@Rowa + A { galileo.trial } + B { {} trial of, 205--211 } +@Rowa + A { galileo.trial } + B { {} trial of, 242 } +@Rowa + A { galileo.trial } + B { {} trial of, 395 } +} +The first five entries have the same sorting key, and will be merged +as required. +@PP +The language of the index entry will be the initial language of the +document as a whole, which is not necessarily the language at the point +where the index entry occurs. To get the correct language you will need a +@Code "@Language" symbol following the @Code "@Index" symbol: +@ID @Code "galileo. @Index French @Language { Galileo Galilei }" +or whatever. If you don't do this your index entry might be hyphenated +incorrectly. +@PP +Although the page numbers in index entries will be kept up to date +automatically as the document changes, as all cross references are, +it is best to refrain from inserting index entries until the document +is complete and an overall plan of the structure of the index can +be made. +@PP +The remainder of this section describes how to change the appearance of +the index by setting options in the setup file. For setup files and +their options in general, consult Section {@NumberOf setup}. +@PP +There are five setup file options for the index. Here they are with +their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@MakeIndex { No }" +"@IndexFont { }" +"@IndexBreak { oragged 1.2fx }" +"@IndexColumnNumber { 2 }" +"@IndexColumnGap { 1.00c }" +} +The @Code "@MakeIndex" option, which may be @Code Yes or {@Code No}, +makeindex. @Index @Code "@MakeIndex" +determines whether to produce an index or not. Although the default +value is {@Code No}, any type of document may be given an index just +by changing it to {@Code Yes}. This has already been done in the +@Code book setup file, but not in the others. +@PP +@Code "@IndexFont" determines the font and font size of index entries +indexfont. @Index @Code "@IndexFont" +(e.g. {@Code "Times Base 12p"}). Leaving it empty as above produces +the same font as the rest of the document. @Code "@IndexBreak" is the +indexbreak. @Index @Code "@IndexBreak" +paragraph breaking style applied to index entries; @Code oragged is the +traditional and best way. +@PP +@Code "@IndexColumnNumber" and @Code "@IndexColumnGap" determine the +indexcolumnnumber. @Index @Code "@IndexColumnNumber" +indexcolumngap. @Index @Code "@IndexColumnGap" +number of index columns per page, and the gap between them, and are +exactly analogous to the @Code "@ColumnNumber" and @Code "@ColumnGap" +options described in Section {@NumberOf columns}. +@PP +Lout offers the possibility of having up to three independent indexes +(useful for glossaries, author indexes, etc.). The other two are called +index A and index B, and they precede the main index in the +output. Just replace @Code Index by @Code IndexA to refer to index A, +and by @Code IndexB to refer to index B. For example, +@ID @Code "smith.j @IndexA { Smith, John }" +will insert an index entry to index A, and @Code "@IndexBBlanks" +will insert the usual 25 blank entries into index B. +@PP +In large projects it might help to rename the @Code "@IndexA" symbol +to something else, such as {@Code "@AuthorIndex"}. This can +be done by placing +@ID @Code { +"import @DocumentSetup" +"macro @AuthorIndex { @IndexA }" +} +in the @Code mydefs file. See Section {@NumberOf definitions} for +an introduction to the @Code "mydefs" file; the word @Code macro +is needed here instead of @Code "def" because we are introducing +a new name for an existing symbol, not defining a new symbol. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_larg b/doc/user/str_larg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..618e69f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_larg @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +@Section + @Title { Large-scale structure: chapters, sections, etc. } + @RunningTitle { Large-scale structure } + @Tag { largescale } +@Begin +@PP +Lout's large-scale structure symbols vary with the type of document +large.scale. @Index { large-scale structure } +({@Code "@Chapter"} for books, @Code "@Overhead" for overhead +transparencies, etc.), but they all work in the same way. Here is a +typical example, {@Code "@Section"}, as it would actually be used: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Allocation of teachers }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"Apart from the usual need to avoid clashes, the allocation of teachers must" +"ensure that no teacher teaches more than seven periods per day, or ..." +"@End @Section" +} +First comes the symbol itself, then any options in the usual way, and +then the following object, enclosed in @Code "@Begin" and +{@Code "@End @Section"}. The following object, also called the body +of the section, may contain paragraphs, displays, and all the other +features as usual. The body should begin with a paragraph symbol, +which may be @Code "@PP" or @Code "@LP" as you prefer. The result is +a section like the present one, automatically numbered, with the +@Code "@Title" option for its heading, preceded by a conditional new +title. @Index @Code "@Title" +page symbol (Section {@NumberOf paragraphs}). +@PP +When @Code "@Section" symbols are used within an ordinary document, they +must be bracketed by @Code "@BeginSections" and @Code "@EndSections" +symbols, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"preceding text" +"@BeginSections" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"..." +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@EndSections" +"@End @Text" +} +This arrangement is reminiscent of the one for lists, and, as for +lists, there may be no paragraph or new page symbols before, between, +or after the sections. To change the gap between sections, you need +to change the @Code "@SectionGap" option in the setup file, as explained +in Chapter {@NumberOf types}. +@PP +The @Code "@Begin ... @End @Section" that brackets the body of each +section may be abbreviated to {@Code "{ ... }"}. However, the long +form is recommended because it helps Lout to detect missing or extra +braces within the body of the section. +@PP +All large-scale structure symbols have a @Code "@Tag" option, whose +use is explained in Section {@NumberOf cross}, and a @Code "@RunningTitle" +runningtitle. @Index @Code "@RunningTitle" +option. If running page headers have been requested, @Code "@RunningTitle" +will be used if it is given, otherwise @Code "@Title" will be used for the +running header. For example, the present section begins like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Large-scale structure: chapters, sections, etc. }" +" @RunningTitle { Large-scale structure }" +" @Tag { largescale }" +"@Begin" +"..." +} +The point is that the section title is rather long for a running +title, and so we use @Code "@RunningTitle" to get an abbreviated +version of it. +@PP +Section titles typically appear in Bold face in the section heading, +but in Roman face in tables of contents and running page headers. So +if part of your title is in italics, enclose it in @Code "@II" rather +than just @Code "@I" to ensure that you get the right kind of italics +in both contexts. +@PP +All large-scale structure symbols also have an @Code "@InitialLanguage" +option which sets the current language for the duration of that +symbol. However, footnotes, endnotes, figures, tables, references, +and index entries are set in the initial language of the document as +a whole, unless you change their language explicitly using the +@Code "@Language" symbol. +@PP +The remainder of this section describes the setup file options for +controlling the appearance of large-scale structure symbols. (For an +introduction to setup files, consult Section {@NumberOf setup}.) These +options mainly appear in the third @Code "@Use" clause, since exactly which +large-scale structure symbols exist depends on the type of document. For +example, here are the setup file options from the @Code "doc" setup file +relating to appendices: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@AppendixWord { appendix }" +"@AppendixNumbers { UCAlpha }" +"@FirstAppendixNumber { 1 }" +"@AppendixHeadingFont { Bold }" +"@AppendixHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen }" +"@AppendixHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title }" +"@AppendixGap { 2.0v @OrIfPlain 2f }" +"@AppendixInContents { Yes }" +"@AppendixNumInTheorems { No }" +"@AppendixNumInDisplays { Yes }" +"@AppendixNumInFigures { No }" +"@AppendixNumInTables { No }" +"@AppendixPrefix { }" +} +There are similar options for each large-scale structure symbol. Here is +a brief explanation. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixWord" contains the word that is to be prefixed to the +appendix number in full headings. The special value @Code appendix +produces Appendix or its equivalent translated into the current +language. Any other value produces itself. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixNumbers" determines the style of numbering of appendices, +and may be {@Code Arabic}, {@Code Roman}, {@Code UCRoman}, {@Code Alpha}, +{@Code UCAlpha}, or {@Code None} meaning unnumbered. Most common is +{@Code Arabic}, but appendices traditionally use upper-case +letters, hence the value {@Code UCAlpha} given above. +@PP +@Code "@FirstAppendixNumber { 1 }" is the number (always in Arabic) to +assign to the first appendix. It is almost always 1, but a few people +like to start their numbering from 0; this is only possible if the +style of numbering specified by @Code "@AppendixNumbers" is {@Code Arabic}. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixHeadingFont" and @Code "@AppendixHeadingBreak" specify +the font and paragraph breaking style to be applied to the appendix +heading (relative to {@Code "@InitialFont"} and {@Code "@InitialBreak"}); +the default values shown above produce Bold in the current font family +and size, and ragged breaking without hyphenation. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixHeadingFormat" defines the format of the appendix +heading. Within it, the symbols @Code number and @Code title stand for the +appendix number (including the appendix word) and title respectively. The +@Code "@DotSep" symbol produces a dot and two spaces, except when there is +no number, when it produces nothing. For example, to draw a full-width +rule under the heading, change this option to +@ID @Code "@AppendixHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title @LP @FullWidthRule }" +Arbitrary formats are acceptable. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixGap" determines the vertical space to leave between +appendices; the default above leaves {@Code 2v}, except that when plain +text output is in effect it leaves @Code 2f instead. To get a new page +between appendices, use the magic value {@Code 2b}, which is raw Lout for +new page. In books, the major components (preface, introduction, tables +of contents, parts, chapters, appendices, and indexes) always start on a +new page and there is nothing you can do to change that. +@PP +@Code "@AppendixInContents" determines whether the appendix will be listed +in the table of contents, and may be @Code "Yes" or {@Code No}. The +next few options determine whether an appendix number will be included +in the numbers assigned to theorems etc., numbered displays, figures, +and tables. +@PP +There is a @Code "@StructPageNums" setup file option which determines +whether page numbers will include the numbers of large-scale structure +symbols. If it is {@Code "Yes"}, @Code "@AppendixPrefix" is prefixed +to all page numbers of pages containing appendices. For example, setting +@Code "@AppendixPrefix" to @Code { APP- } produces page +numbers APP-A-1, APP-A-2, and so on. The object separating each element +of such compound numbers is determined by the @Code "@NumberSeparator" +numberseparator. @Index @Code "@NumberSeparator" +setup file option, which has default value @Code "." but which can easily +be set to @Code "-" or @Code "--" if desired. +@PP +Running page headers above appendices always include the title of +the appendix, so there is no option for specifying whether to do so or +not. But for subappendices and other such smaller units, the choice of +whether to mention them in running headers is left to the user: +@ID @Code "@SubAppendixNumInRunners { Yes }" +Despite the misleading name, this option determines whether the entire +subappendix @I title as well as number will be used as a running header. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_list b/doc/user/str_list new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0654ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_list @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +@Section + @Title { Lists } + @Tag { lists } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@List" symbol introduces a sequence of items to be +lists. @Index { lists } +list. @Index @Code "@List" +l. @Index @Code "@L" +made into a displayed list: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@List" +"@ListItem @I Emma" +"@ListItem @I { Mansfield Park }" +"@EndList" +"following text" +} +After the initial @Code "@List" symbol, each item is introduced by +list.item. @Index @Code "@ListItem" +li. @Index @Code "@LI" +{@Code "@ListItem"}, and the list ends with {@Code "@EndList"}. The +end.list. @Index @Code "@EndList" +el. @Index @Code "@EL" +result here is +@ID @OneRow { +preceding text +@List +@ListItem @I Emma +@ListItem @I { Mansfield Park } +@EndList +following text +} +with space inserted automatically before, between, and after +the items. +@PP +As the example shows, the @Code "@List" symbol causes the items to be +indented. Also available are {@Code "@LeftList"}, {@Code "@IndentedList"}, +leftlist. @Index @Code "@LeftList" +ll. @Index @Code "@LL" +indentedlist. @Index @Code "@IndentedList" +il. @Index @Code "@IL" +{@Code "@QuotedList"}, {@Code "@CentredList"}, and {@Code "@CenteredList"}, +quotedlist. @Index @Code "@QuotedList" +ql. @Index @Code "@QL" +centredlist. @Index @Code "@CentredList" +centeredlist. @Index @Code "@CenteredList" +cl. @Index @Code "@CL" +which format the items like the corresponding display symbols do. +Other list symbols generate a @I label for each item. For example, +@Code "@NumberedList" causes the items to be numbered: +numberedlist. @Index @Code "@NumberedList" +nl. @Index @Code "@NL" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Heading { Quiz }" +"@NumberedList" +"@ListItem { Which American statesman owned a two-storey clock? }" +"@ListItem { Which Yankee commander from the Civil War cut a" +"swathe of destruction through the State of Georgia? }" +"@EndList" +} +has result +@ID @OneRow { +@Heading { Quiz } +@NumberedList +@ListItem { Which American statesman owned a two-storey clock? } +@ListItem { Which Yankee commander from the Civil War cut a +swathe of destruction through the State of Georgia? } +@RawEndList +} +The generated labels are added at the left margin. Here is the full set +of label-generating list symbols, showing the first label produced by each: +parennumberedlist. @Index @Code "@ParenNumberedList" +pnl. @Index @Code "@PNL" +romanlist. @Index @Code "@RomanList" +rl. @Index @Code "@RL" +parenromanlist. @Index @Code "@ParenRomanList" +prl. @Index @Code "@PRL" +ucromanlist. @Index @Code "@UCRomanList" +ucrl. @Index @Code "@UCRL" +parenucromanlist. @Index @Code "@ParenUCRomanList" +pucrl. @Index @Code "@PUCRL" +alphalist. @Index @Code "@AlphaList" +al. @Index @Code "@AL" +parenalphalist. @Index @Code "@ParenAlphaList" +pal. @Index @Code "@PAL" +ucalphalist. @Index @Code "@UCAlphaList" +ucal. @Index @Code "@UCAL" +parenucalphalist. @Index @Code "@ParenUCAlphaList" +pucal. @Index @Code "@PUCAL" +bulletlist. @Index @Code "@BulletList" +bl. @Index @Code "@BL" +starlist. @Index @Code "@StarList" +sl. @Index @Code "@SL" +dashlist. @Index @Code "@DashList" +dl. @Index @Code "@DL" +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @CC A ! @Col @Code B ! @Col ! @Col @CC C ! @Col @Code D } +{ +@Rowa + A { 1. } + B { "@NumberedList" } + C { (1) } + D { "@ParenNumberedList" } +@Rowa + A { i. } + B { "@RomanList" } + C { (i) } + D { "@ParenRomanList" } +@Rowa + A { I. } + B { "@UCRomanList" } + C { (I) } + D { "@ParenUCRomanList" } +@Rowa + A { a. } + B { "@AlphaList" } + C { (a) } + D { "@ParenAlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { A. } + B { "@UCAlphaList" } + C { (A) } + D { "@ParenUCAlphaList" } +@Rowa + A { @Bullet } + B { "@BulletList" } +@Rowa + A { @Star } + B { "@StarList" } +@Rowa + A { -- } + B { "@DashList" } +} +roman @Index { Roman numerals } +The Roman numerals end at cc (200), but ordinary decimal numbers have +no limit. The labels produced by the four alphabetical list symbols are +determined by the current language; in English they start at @Code "a" +and end at {@Code "z"}. +@PP +You may also supply your own labels using the @Code "@TaggedList" +taggedlist @Index @Code "@TaggedList" +tl. @Index @Code "@TL" +symbol. Each item is introduced by @Code "@TagItem" instead of +tagitem. @Index @Code "@TagItem" +ti. @Index @Code "@TI" +{@Code "@ListItem"}. Since such labels tend to be quite wide, +there are @Code "@WideTaggedList" and @Code "@VeryWideTaggedList" symbols +widetaggedlist @Index @Code "@WideTaggedList" +wtl. @Index @Code "@WTL" +verywidetaggedlist @Index @Code "@VeryWideTaggedList" +vwtl. @Index @Code "@VWTL" +which leave extra space for them: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@WideTaggedList" +"@TagItem { 9 a.m. } { Breakfast in the Ipamena Lounge," +"served with Irish coffee and fresh croissants. }" +"@TagItem { 10 a.m. } { Prof. A. Smith" +"speaks on `The Wealth of Nations.' }" +"@EndList" +} +Each @Code "@TagItem" symbol is followed by the desired label between +braces, and then the item proper. The label may be empty, but still its +enclosing braces must be there. The result here is +@ID @OneRow { +@RawWideTaggedList +@TagItem { 9 a.m. } { Breakfast in +the Ipamena Lounge, served with +Irish coffee and fresh croissants. } +@TagItem { 10 a.m. } { Prof. A. Smith +speaks on `The Wealth of Nations.' } +@RawEndList +} +An alternative way to accommodate wide labels is the `drop item,' +drop.item @Index { drop items } +which looks like this: +@ID @OneRow { +@RawTaggedList +@DTI { 10 a.m. } { Prof. A. Smith speaks on `The Wealth of Nations.' } +@RawEndList +} +Individual items are dropped in this way by using @Code "@DropTagItem" +drop.tag.item @Index @Code "@DropTagItem" +dti. @Index @Code "@DTI" +instead of {@Code "@TagItem"}. There is also a @Code "@DropListItem" +drop.list.item @Index @Code "@DropListItem" +dli. @Index @Code "@DLI" +symbol corresponding to {@Code "@ListItem"}, but it is very rarely +needed. Lout is not able to decide for itself whether a label is wide +enough to require a drop item. +@PP +Each list has a `raw' version which omits the preceding space, and +raw.lists @Index { raw lists } +raw.list. @Index @Code "@RawList" +raw.end.list. @Index @Code "@RawEndList" +@Code "@EndList" has a raw version which omits the following +space. These are mainly used when an item is itself a list: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@ParenNumberedList" +"@ListItem {" +" @RawParenRomanList" +" @ListItem { MV Nominees," +"hereinafter called the vendor, ... }" +" @RawEndList" +"}" +"@EndList" +} +produces +@ID @OneRow { +@RawParenNumberedList +@ListItem { + @RawParenRomanList + @ListItem { MV Nominees, +hereinafter called the vendor, ... } + @RawEndList +} +@RawEndList +} +If @Code "@ParenRomanList" had been used instead of +{@Code "@RawParenRomanList"}, (1) and (i) would have appeared on +different lines; or if @Code "@EndList" had been used instead of +{@Code "@RawEndList"}, there would have been too much space following +the list. +@PP +A list item may come out partly on one page or column and partly on +the next, if it has places where it obviously can be broken in two. For +example, a list item which is an ordinary paragraph of text might be +broken in two between any two lines. To force a list item to keep +together on one page or column, use the @Code "@OneRow" symbol like +this: @Code "@ListItem @OneRow { ... }". +@PP +Occasionally it is desirable to start a new page or column between +two list items. This cannot be done by inserting @Code "@NP" +between them, because the space between two list items is a kind +of no-man's land where nothing is allowed to be. Instead, the +@Code "@ListNewPage" symbol is used: it is permitted only between +two list items, and its effect is to make the following list item +appear at the top of the next page or column. It may be used within +any kind of list. +@PP +Another special list item is {@Code "@ListInterruptItem"}. This +prints its content without any numbering or formatting: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@NumberedList" +"@ListItem { This is the first list item. }" +"@ListInterruptItem { This is an interruption to the list. }" +"@ListItem { This is the second list item. }" +"@EndList" +} +produces +@ID @OneRow { +@RawNumberedList +@ListItem { This is the first list item. } +@ListInterruptItem { This is an interruption to the list. } +@ListItem { This is the second list item. } +@RawEndList +} +Although @Code "@ListInterruptItem" is written like a list item, the +result appears to be an interruption to the list. It may be used +in any kind of list. +@PP +Every symbol introduced in this section has an abbreviated form +consisting of @Code "@" followed by its capital letters only. For +example, @Code "@RawNumberedList" abbreviates to {@Code "@RNL"}, +and @Code "@ListItem" to {@Code "@LI"}. The sole exception is +{@Code "@RawList"}, which has no abbreviation because @Code "@RL" +is the abbreviation for {@Code "@RomanList"}. +@PP +list.symbol.options @Index { list symbol options } +Expert users will be interested to learn that all of the list symbols +described in this section are derived from the two basic ones, +@Code "@List" and {@Code "@RawList"}, merely by setting options. Here +are all the options, together with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@List" +" type { num }" +" style { num }" +" labelwidth { 2f }" +" indent { 0c }" +" rightindent { 0c }" +" gap { 1v }" +" start { 1 }" +} +These options may be used with all of the list and raw list symbols, +except that some combinations don't make sense, for example @Code "indent" +with {@Code "@CentredList"} or @Code "style" with {@Code "@BulletList"}, +since the list symbol has clearly already set the option. +@PP +The @Code "type" option determines the type of numbering (Arabic, Roman, +etc.) and is not intended for ordinary use, since there are distinct +symbols for each type, as we have seen. The @Code "style" option +determines the format of the label, any @Code "num" symbol within it +being replaced by the number (in Arabic, Roman, etc. as determined by the +@Code "type" option) of the item. For example, @Code "@ParenNumberedList" +is just +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@List" +" style { (num) }" +} +and @Code "@BulletList" is just +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@List" +" style { @Bullet }" +} +with @Code "num" not mentioned since no number is wanted. The +@Code "@TaggedList" symbol and its variants also have the +@Code "style" option; in their case, the @Code "num" symbol within +it must be mentioned exactly once, and its value is set to produce +the label supplied by the author. +@PP +The @Code "labelwidth" option determines the width set aside for the labels; +this is where @Code "@WideTaggedList" and @Code "@VeryWideTaggedList" differ +from {@Code "@TaggedList"}. The @Code "indent" and @Code "rightindent" +options determine the space left blank at the left and right margins. The +value given to these three options may be any length, for example +@Code "0.5i" (half an inch), or @Code "0.5f" (half the current font +size). Section {@NumberOf objects} describes lengths in general. There +are also three useful symbols denoting lengths: @Code "@DisplayIndent" +is the amount by which indented and quoted displays are indented; +@Code "@WideIndent" and @Code "@VeryWideIndent" are the indents used by +@Code "@WideTaggedList" and {@Code "@VeryWideTaggedList"}. Using these +symbols helps to keep documents consistent. +@PP +The @Code "gap" option determines the vertical space inserted between +items. Once again this must be a length, although since it is +vertical rather than horizontal, somewhat different kinds of lengths +are appropriate: @Code "1.5v" for 1.5 times the current vertical space +between lines, or the default value, {@Code "@DisplayGap"}, which produces +the amount of vertical space used before and after displays. Owing to +problems behind the scenes, there is no list option for the space before or after +the list as a whole. To change this space in one list, use a raw list and +insert your own paragraph symbols; to change it in every list there is a +setup file option, described below. +@PP +The @Code "start" option is the number assigned to the first +item. It must be decimal: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@ParenRomanList" +" start { 25 }" +} +looks strange, but it is the correct way to number the first +item (xxv). +@PP +Here is a larger example of these options in action. Setting both +@Code "indent" and @Code "rightindent" to @Code "@DisplayIndent" +produces an effect similar to {@Code "@QuotedDisplay"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@List" +" style { @I {Item num}: }" +" indent { @DisplayIndent }" +" rightindent { @DisplayIndent }" +" labelwidth { @WideIndent }" +" start { 10 }" +"@ListItem { The vendor ... in the case of accident. }" +"@ListItem { The vendor ... adjacent to the facility. }" +"@EndList" +"following text" +} +The result is +@ID @OneRow { +preceding text +@List + style { @I {Item num}: } + indent { @DisplayIndent } + rightindent { @DisplayIndent } + labelwidth { @WideIndent } + start { 10 } +@ListItem { +The vendor will not be liable for any injury caused by the escape of +radiation or radioactive materials from the facility, nor for the +costs of repair of any property damaged by nuclear blast or fallout +in the case of accident. +} +@ListItem { +The vendor will not be liable for any injury caused by radioactive +materials being transported to or from the facility, nor for injury +caused by radioactive materials stored adjacent to the facility. +} +@EndList +following text +} +You can change the @I default values of the {@Code "labelwidth"}, +{@Code "indent"}, {@Code "rightindent"}, and {@Code "gap"} options, +by setting options called {@Code "@ListTagWidth"}, {@Code "@ListIndent"}, +{@Code "@ListRightIndent"}, and {@Code "@ListGap"} in the setup +file (Section {@NumberOf setup}). These default values will then apply +automatically to every list in the document unless overridden by an option, +just as the usual default values do. The setup file also has a +{@Code "@ListOuterGap"} option which determines the gap before the first +and after the last list item in non-raw lists. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_marg b/doc/user/str_marg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f9f75d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_marg @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +@Section + @Title { Margin notes and arbitrary placement } + @Tag { marginnotes } +@Begin +@PP +A note can be placed in the left margin by typing +leftnote. @Index @Code "@LeftNote" +marginnote. @Index { margin notes } +@ID { +@Code "@LeftNote { A left note. }" +@LeftNote { A left note. } +} +after the word that the note refers to. The note will appear in the +margin at the same height on the page as that word, unless that would +cause it to overlap a previous margin note, in which case it will be +shifted downwards (but never onto the next page). The note may be an +arbitrary Lout object; for example, you might type +@ID { +@Code "@LeftNote @I { A left note. }" +@LeftNote @I { A left note. } +} +to make your note come out in italics. +@PP +You can get a note in the right margin by using @Code "@RightNote" +@RightNote { A right note. } +rightnote. @Index @Code "@RightNote" +instead of {@Code "@LeftNote"}. To get a note in the outer margin +(left on even pages, right on odd pages), use {@Code "@OuterNote"}; +@OuterNote { An outer note. } +outernote. @Index @Code "@OuterNote" +and for the opposite, use {@Code "@InnerNote"}. +@InnerNote { An inner note. } +@PP +By default, Lout produces margins that are 2.5 centimetres wide, which +is not really enough to accommodate reasonable margin notes. To +change these margins, you need to change options in the setup file, as +explained in Section {@NumberOf margins}. +@PP +The appearance of the margin notes themselves is also determined by +options in the setup file (for a general introduction to setup files +and their options, consult Section {@NumberOf setup}). Here are +the options and their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@MarginNoteFont { 0.80f }" +"@MarginNoteBreak { ragged 1.10fx }" +"@MarginNoteHGap { 0.5c }" +"@MarginNoteVGap { 1.00v }" +"@MarginNoteWidth { 1.50c }" +} +@Code "@MarginNoteFont" determines the font; the default value +produces the current font scaled to 0.8 times the current size. +@Code "Slope 0.80f" would yield italic notes, and so +on. @Code "@MarginNoteBreak" is the paragraph breaking style, +similar to the @Code "@InitialBreak" setup file option. +@PP +@Code "@MarginNoteHGap" determines how far away from the +adjacent text column the margin note will appear; the default +value is 0.5 centimetres. @Code "@MarginNoteVGap" is the minimum +vertical separation between margin notes (i.e. it determines how +far downwards a note will be shifted to avoid the previous +one). @Code "@MarginNoteWidth" determines the width of the column +in which margin notes (both left and right) are set; the default +value of 1.5 centimetres is suited to the 2.5 centimetre page margins +that are the default, but if you widen the page margins you will be +able to increase @Code "@MarginNoteWidth" too. +@PP +Left notes extend into the left margin a total distance of +@Code "@MarginNoteHGap" plus {@Code "@MarginNoteWidth"}, and it is +up to you to make sure that this does not put them off +the page. Similar remarks apply to right notes. And since notes +are never shifted to the next page, only downwards, there is also +a risk that a note will be shifted off the bottom of the page, if +it is very long or if preceding notes obstruct it. Again, it is +up to you to avoid this problem by keeping your notes small and not +too close together. +@PP +Margin notes inside footnotes, figures and tables work well. Margin +notes in multi-column documents are disastrous unless used very +sparingly. Margin notes do not appear in plain text output +(Section {@NumberOf plain}). +@PP +A more radical way to place objects at arbitrary points on the current +place. @Index @Code "@Place" +page is provided by the @Code "@Place" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Place" +" x { right - 1 cm - xsize }" +" y { { foot + top } / 2 }" +"{" +" @Box { Hello }" +"}" +} +The placed object may be any object. This particular example produces a +box whose @I x (horizontal) position is such that its right edge is one +centimetre from the right edge of the page, and whose @I y (vertical) +position is halfway up & +@Place + x { right - 1 cm - xsize } + y { { foot + top } / 2 } +{ + @Box { Hello } +} +the page. +@PP +In addition to numbers, Lout lengths (Section {@NumberOf objects}), +and Diag lengths (Section {@NumberOf dia_summ}), the following symbols +may be used inside the @Code "x" and @Code "y" options: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col @Code A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { left } + B { The left edge of the page } +@Rowa + A { right } + B { The right edge of the page } +@Rowa + A { foot } + B { The foot edge of the page } +@Rowa + A { top } + B { The top edge of the page } +@Rowa + A { "+" } + B { Addition (positive is to the right and up) } +@Rowa + A { "-" } + B { Subtraction (negative is to the left and down) } +@Rowa + A { "*" } + B { Multiplication } +@Rowa + A { "/" } + B { Division } +@Rowa + A { "xsize" } + B { The width of the object being placed } +@Rowa + A { "xmark" } + B { The column mark of the object being placed (for expert users) } +@Rowa + A { "ysize" } + B { The height of the object being placed } +@Rowa + A { "ymark" } + B { The row mark of the object being placed (for expert users) } +} +The usual precedences and associativities apply to the mathematical +operators; braces (not parentheses) may be used for grouping. It is +best to give values to @Code "x" and @Code y that do not depend on +any assumptions about where the coordinate system's origin is; this +is true of the examples above. At the point where @Code "@Place" occurs, +the result is an empty object. As with margin notes, Lout does not know +what is happening and will not lay out the rest of the page around the +placed object. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/str_theo b/doc/user/str_theo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d85c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/str_theo @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +@Section + @Title { Theorems, lemmas, corollaries, definitions, propositions, +examples, and claims } + @RunningTitle { Theorems, lemmas, etc. } + @Tag { theorems } +@Begin +@PP +theorem. @Index @Code "@Theorem" +A theorem is created like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@LD @Theorem" +" @Title { Fermat's Last Theorem }" +"{" +"@Eq { a sup n + b sup n != c sup n } for all positive integers @Eq { a }," +"@Eq { b }, @Eq { c } and @Eq { n } when @Eq { n > 2 }." +"@LP" +"@Proof I have a proof of this theorem, but the margin" +"is too small to contain it. @EndProof" +"}" +} +where we have used the @Code "@LD" `left display' symbol from +Section {@NumberOf displays} to get a left-justified display, +and the @Code "@Eq" symbol from Chapter {@NumberOf equations} +for the equations. The result is +@ID @Theorem + @Title { Fermat's Last Theorem } +{ +@Eq { a sup n + b sup n != c sup n } for all positive integers @Eq { a }, +@Eq { b }, @Eq { c } and @Eq { n } when @Eq { n > 2 }. +@LP +@Proof I have a proof of this theorem, but the margin +is too small to contain it. @EndProof +} +The @Code "@Theorem" symbol produces an object with no adjacent +vertical space, hence it needs to be used in conjuction with +display or paragraph symbols. The theorem is numbered automatically, +with the title and number inserted at the start of the first +paragraph. @Code "@Title" may be omitted. +@PP +@Code "@Proof" produces @Proof @Null +proof. @Index @Code "@Proof" +with the appropriate following space, and @Code "@EndProof" produces +endproof. @Index @Code "@EndProof" +a box at the end of the line. They may be used anywhere, not +just within theorems. +@FootNote { Occasionally @Code "@EndProof" does not +appear as far to the right as it should. This problem can be fixed by using +{@Code "@LD @HExpand @Theorem"}, which instructs Lout to make sure +that as much horizontal space as possible is allocated to the theorem. } +@PP +There are seven symbols that produce independently numbered sequences +in this way. They are {@Code "@Theorem"}, {@Code "@Definition"}, +definition. @Index @Code "@Definition" +claim. @Index @Code "@Claim" +proposition. @Index @Code "@Proposition" +lemma. @Index @Code "@Lemma" +corollary. @Index @Code "@Corollary" +example. @Index @Code "@Example" +{@Code "@Claim"}, {@Code "@Proposition"}, {@Code "@Lemma"}, +{@Code "@Corollary"}, and {@Code "@Example"}. +@PP +The setup file contains options which determine whether the theorem +numbers include a chapter number ({@Code "@ChapterNumInTheorems"}), +or a section number ({@Code "@SectionNumInTheorems"}), and so on. A +section number automatically includes a chapter number, etc. There +are also options to change the word printed. For example, if you +need a sequence of conjectures, change the @Code "@ClaimWord" setup +file option to +@ID @Code "@ClaimWord { Conjecture }" +and use the @Code "@Claim" symbol for your conjectures. You can even put +@ID @Code { +"import @DocumentSetup" +"macro @Conjecture { @Claim }" +} +into your @Code mydefs file (Section {@NumberOf definitions}) if you wish, +so that you can write @Code "@Conjecture" in your documents instead of +{@Code "@Claim"}. +@PP +The setup file also contains two options which control the format of +the theorem (claims and so on have corresponding options). Here they +are with their default values: +@ID @Code { +"@TheoremTitleFormat { (title) }" +"@TheoremFormat { { @B { word @NumSep number title: } &2s } @Insert body }" +} +The first option is used only when a @Code "@Title" is given to the +theorem, and it determines how the title is formatted: the @Code title +symbol within the option stands for the @Code "@Title" option. The default +value shown places parentheses around the title. The second option +determines the format of the entire theorem. Within it, @Code word +stands for the value of {@Code "@TheoremWord"}; +@Code "number" is the number of the theorem; @Code "title" is the title +of the theorem after formatting by {@Code "@TheoremFormat"} (if there +is a title; otherwise @Code title is {@Code "@Null"}, which prints as +nothing and even deletes the preceding space as required); and +@Code body is the body of the theorem. The default value prints the +word, number and title with a colon in bold, and inserts them and two +spaces into the first paragraph of the body; another value might be +@ID @Code { "@TheoremFormat { @B { word @NumSep number title } @LP body }" } +which places the header in bold on a line by itself, separated from the +body by a paragraph break. For @Code "@NumSep" see page {@PageOf numsep}. +@PP +Owing to problems behind the scenes, the @Code "@Theorem" symbol and its +companions have a potential efficiency problem: although all numbers are +finalized on the second run, it takes Lout time proportional to the square +of the highest theorem number to do this. So large numbers of theorems +numbered together might be slow. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/su_crest.eps b/doc/user/su_crest.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95bc0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/su_crest.eps @@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 60 53 +%%Pages: 1 +%%Title: Crest for The University of Sydney +%%Creator: jaa@cs.su.oz.au encapsulated by rex@cs.su.oz.au +%%+ Converted for colour and bug fixes by Rex. +%%CreationDate: Wed May 13 18:02:34 EST 1992 +%%+ Converted for colour: Tue Jul 7 20:06:30 EST 1992 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +%%EndSetup + +% PMS colours +% red - 185 +% blue - 286 +% gold - 871 +gsave +.01 dup scale +-1988 -1050 translate +/colour 1 def % set to one if colour +/pathtextdict 27 dict def + +/pathtext + { pathtextdict begin + /spacing exch def + /offset exch def + /str exch def + /pathdist 0 def + /offset offset str 0 1 getinterval stringwidth pop 2 div add def + /setdist offset def + /charcount 0 def + gsave flattenpath + {movetoproc} {linetoproc} {} {closepathproc} pathforall + grestore + newpath + end } def + +pathtextdict begin + +/movetoproc + { /newy exch def /newx exch def + /firstx newx def /firsty newy def + /ovr setdist pathdist sub def + newx newy transform + /cpy exch def /cpx exch def } def + +/linetoproc + { /oldx newx def /oldy newy def + /newy exch def /newx exch def + /dx newx oldx sub def + /dy newy oldy sub def + /dist dx dup mul dy dup mul add sqrt def + dist 0 ne + { /dsx dx dist div ovr mul def + /dsy dy dist div ovr mul def + oldx dsx add oldy dsy add transform + /cpy exch def /cpx exch def + /pathdist pathdist dist add def + { setdist pathdist le + { charcount str length lt + {setchar} {exit} ifelse } + { /ovr setdist pathdist sub def + exit } + ifelse } loop } if } def + +/closepathproc + { firstx firsty linetoproc + firstx firsty movetoproc } def + +/setchar + { /char str charcount 1 getinterval def + /charcount charcount 1 add def + /charwidth char stringwidth pop def + gsave + cpx cpy itransform translate + dy dx atan rotate + charwidth -2 div 0 moveto char show + /charwidth str length charcount gt + { str charcount 1 getinterval stringwidth pop } + { 0 } ifelse charwidth add 2 div def + charwidth 0 moveto + currentpoint transform + /cpy exch def /cpx exch def + grestore + /setdist setdist charwidth spacing add add def } def +end +/gold_colour { + colour 0 ne + { 0.9453 0.6206 0.004 setrgbcolor } + { 1 setgray } + ifelse +} def +/blue_colour { + colour 0 ne +% { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } +% { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor } + { 0.0599 0.0526 0.5493 setrgbcolor } + { 1 setgray } + ifelse +} def +/red_colour { + colour 0 ne + { 0.9375 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } + { 1 setgray } + ifelse +} def +/c { curveto } def +/m { moveto } def +/l { lineto } def + +/sym1 { 5000 1939 m +4974 2006 4971 2065 4924 2119 c +4909 2137 4893 2152 4870 2153 c +4845 2154 4824 2141 4811 2120 c +4791 2089 4771 2068 4740 2047 c +4722 2079 4713 2105 4706 2141 c +4659 2111 4624 2091 4580 2057 c +4555 2116 4561 2178 4597 2232 c +4570 2236 4551 2242 4525 2242 c +4543 2280 4564 2305 4598 2329 c +4572 2345 4553 2358 4528 2375 c +4432 2284 4332 2235 4201 2226 c +3989 2210 3846 2323 3636 2356 c +3596 2363 3565 2353 3525 2362 c +3478 2372 3444 2415 3441 2463 c +3358 2444 3304 2395 3250 2329 c +3222 2365 3205 2402 3211 2447 c +3179 2445 3148 2437 3135 2408 c +3122 2378 3135 2351 3144 2320 c +3092 2351 3046 2396 3050 2457 c +3053 2509 3097 2544 3146 2563 c +3104 2574 3073 2584 3030 2587 c +3053 2628 3079 2655 3119 2679 c +3070 2703 3031 2726 3003 2773 c +3033 2798 3059 2811 3095 2827 c +3062 2842 3035 2852 2999 2850 c +2961 2846 2934 2826 2909 2798 c +2897 2844 2904 2890 2936 2925 c +2999 2992 3096 2968 3185 2949 c +3143 3062 3116 3145 3080 3260 c +3056 3248 3037 3240 3012 3228 c +3009 3255 3008 3275 3004 3303 c +2954 3263 2914 3228 2851 3218 c +2792 3210 2733 3215 2694 3260 c +2657 3302 2652 3361 2676 3411 c +2698 3457 2745 3480 2796 3479 c +2848 3478 2888 3433 2900 3382 c +2976 3532 2884 3672 2865 3839 c +2853 3951 2882 4059 2972 4127 c +3035 4175 3120 4184 3186 4141 c +3233 4110 3249 4047 3232 3993 c +3306 4030 3338 4126 3312 4204 c +3286 4278 3221 4333 3143 4334 c +3082 4335 3030 4290 3012 4231 c +2987 4270 2970 4307 2979 4352 c +2991 4411 3040 4445 3096 4466 c +3052 4496 3012 4518 2959 4515 c +2915 4512 2887 4486 2857 4455 c +2857 4526 2870 4594 2928 4636 c } def +/sym2 { 3004 4693 3106 4680 3188 4630 c +3195 4668 3210 4699 3241 4721 c +3280 4749 3325 4751 3370 4734 c +3324 4681 3347 4603 3386 4544 c +3428 4480 3447 4422 3454 4346 c +3491 4560 3479 4786 3309 4922 c +3309 4871 3298 4821 3255 4794 c +3200 4760 3143 4771 3080 4784 c +2987 4804 2933 4885 2837 4880 c +2806 4878 2771 4868 2762 4837 c +2750 4800 2777 4768 2801 4737 c +2736 4747 2662 4782 2659 4848 c +2657 4904 2696 4947 2744 4976 c +2706 4986 2676 4992 2637 4986 c +2650 5022 2666 5051 2700 5067 c +2751 5090 2798 5075 2851 5060 c +2854 5126 2881 5190 2942 5213 c +2997 5235 3049 5211 3099 5180 c +3043 5175 2983 5150 2972 5095 c +2960 5029 2985 4969 3033 4922 c +3045 4972 3068 5004 3102 5043 c +3175 5126 3245 5203 3235 5313 c +3228 5402 3182 5463 3122 5528 c +3096 5557 3073 5580 3067 5618 c +3059 5671 3076 5722 3118 5756 c +3174 5801 3245 5811 3313 5787 c +3350 5775 3378 5745 3382 5707 c +3387 5660 3355 5625 3320 5594 c +3378 5596 3424 5615 3465 5657 c +3488 5680 3500 5709 3492 5741 c +3479 5789 3422 5808 3372 5807 c +3398 5849 3436 5877 3485 5879 c +3540 5881 3582 5851 3621 5812 c +3626 5868 3617 5910 3633 5965 c +3647 6015 3678 6046 3720 6077 c +3728 6032 3736 5996 3761 5957 c +3793 6007 3828 6041 3883 6062 c +3939 6083 3991 6081 4047 6060 c +3996 6024 3964 5988 3935 5934 c +3967 5942 3991 5948 4021 5962 c +4016 5935 4014 5915 4008 5889 c +4103 5911 4184 5919 4273 5880 c +4323 5858 4354 5820 4374 5768 c +4396 5801 4407 5829 4419 5867 c +4426 5890 4435 5908 4453 5924 c +4487 5953 4511 5975 4544 6004 c +4556 5978 4563 5960 4575 5935 c +4629 5971 4670 5993 4721 6033 c +4730 5997 4739 5972 4751 5937 c +4775 5951 4795 5964 4806 5990 c +4816 6013 4815 6039 4797 6057 c +4771 6083 4733 6075 4696 6068 c +4704 6112 4719 6149 4757 6172 c +4799 6198 4847 6189 4892 6169 c +4896 6198 4905 6220 4923 6243 c +4942 6267 4969 6275 5000 6276 c +closepath 0 setgray fill } def +/sym3 { 5000 6214 m +4943 6214 4937 6122 4950 6067 c +4900 6113 4830 6146 4770 6114 c +4809 6102 4847 6083 4855 6044 c +4876 5953 4780 5890 4699 5844 c +4690 5859 4685 5870 4676 5885 c +4687 5894 4695 5900 4705 5908 c +4700 5925 4697 5938 4692 5955 c +4663 5938 4642 5927 4615 5910 c +4588 5893 4579 5868 4565 5840 c +4549 5838 4538 5837 4522 5836 c +4531 5867 4536 5892 4530 5924 c +4495 5894 4471 5865 4457 5821 c +4444 5776 4425 5744 4391 5712 c +4388 5697 4383 5687 4376 5673 c +4469 5733 4547 5769 4656 5786 c +4818 5811 4930 5924 5000 6072 c +closepath gold_colour fill +5000 2189 m +4938 2287 4857 2343 4746 2376 c +4678 2396 4629 2419 4570 2459 c +4567 2441 4563 2427 4557 2410 c +4614 2373 4657 2348 4717 2315 c +4676 2303 4642 2301 4606 2277 c +4637 2276 4659 2271 4688 2262 c +4643 2233 4615 2195 4602 2143 c +4652 2176 4692 2196 4748 2215 c +4749 2183 4753 2160 4763 2130 c +4787 2168 4816 2203 4861 2204 c +4925 2205 4976 2156 5000 2096 c +closepath gold_colour fill +4392 2432 m +4408 2444 4419 2476 4402 2484 c +4390 2489 4373 2482 4371 2469 c +4368 2450 4354 2439 4337 2430 c +4322 2422 4305 2425 4292 2436 c +4269 2456 4267 2491 4281 2518 c +4302 2562 4346 2582 4395 2588 c +4443 2593 4494 2578 4515 2534 c +4533 2497 4520 2455 4494 2422 c +4429 2336 4347 2292 4241 2272 c +4078 2243 3955 2308 3798 2362 c +3712 2391 3644 2402 3552 2403 c +3526 2403 3502 2415 3489 2438 c } def +/sym4 { 3478 2458 3480 2484 3496 2500 c +3511 2515 3533 2519 3552 2510 c +3577 2498 3586 2477 3603 2454 c +3616 2466 3627 2472 3641 2482 c +3611 2524 3575 2566 3524 2561 c +3489 2558 3459 2538 3448 2505 c +3371 2498 3317 2460 3262 2407 c +3251 2431 3260 2453 3265 2479 c +3203 2492 3143 2480 3097 2436 c +3096 2455 3095 2471 3107 2487 c +3142 2535 3198 2539 3256 2554 c +3211 2591 3168 2607 3111 2619 c +3127 2634 3139 2645 3158 2654 c +3250 2647 3315 2628 3406 2609 c +3408 2621 3408 2631 3410 2643 c +3340 2669 3285 2680 3211 2689 c +3152 2696 3112 2723 3063 2756 c +3103 2781 3140 2795 3187 2788 c +3134 2861 3054 2899 2965 2890 c +3045 2966 3170 2921 3265 2864 c +3251 2897 3248 2926 3254 2962 c +3340 2893 3343 2793 3410 2707 c +3422 2716 3431 2723 3443 2732 c +3372 2844 3351 2965 3233 3026 c +3227 3016 3223 3008 3218 2997 c +3175 3107 3141 3187 3116 3302 c +3124 3313 3128 3322 3135 3333 c +3160 3280 3179 3241 3192 3184 c +3252 3221 3277 3279 3291 3349 c +3355 3062 3431 2842 3621 2618 c +3809 2396 4163 2253 4392 2432 c +closepath gold_colour fill +3039 4863 m +2983 4908 2943 4954 2927 5024 c +2915 5080 2929 5128 2960 5175 c +2899 5138 2888 5055 2909 4986 c +2847 5018 2791 5045 2724 5028 c +2766 5018 2795 4995 2820 4959 c +2781 4942 2744 4934 2720 4898 c +2705 4875 2705 4845 2720 4822 c +2727 4875 2775 4915 2829 4920 c +2912 4928 2966 4873 3045 4844 c +3043 4851 3042 4856 3039 4863 c +closepath gold_colour } def +/sym5 { 3771 5716 m +3765 5719 3760 5721 3754 5724 c +3770 5759 3789 5787 3823 5803 c +3878 5829 3926 5846 3959 5896 c +3928 5887 3906 5879 3877 5866 c +3878 5934 3908 5984 3952 6036 c +3868 6021 3814 5962 3770 5888 c +3735 5918 3714 5947 3698 5990 c +3657 5925 3671 5860 3657 5785 c +3646 5724 3605 5682 3549 5656 c +3576 5689 3603 5723 3592 5765 c +3578 5817 3517 5835 3463 5835 c +3513 5807 3554 5753 3539 5697 c +3504 5571 3311 5510 3202 5581 c +3175 5599 3155 5628 3162 5659 c +3170 5697 3216 5709 3255 5709 c +3264 5709 3272 5699 3272 5690 c +3272 5682 3266 5673 3258 5672 c +3242 5672 3219 5667 3219 5650 c +3219 5634 3234 5620 3250 5619 c +3283 5618 3311 5638 3327 5667 c +3340 5692 3331 5728 3306 5741 c +3261 5764 3210 5761 3167 5733 c +3130 5710 3107 5670 3114 5627 c +3125 5558 3186 5514 3254 5498 c +3369 5471 3464 5510 3568 5565 c +3734 5651 3855 5715 4032 5775 c +4106 5801 4192 5825 4246 5767 c +4264 5748 4269 5713 4249 5695 c +4238 5684 4222 5684 4207 5688 c +4197 5690 4189 5710 4198 5714 c +4205 5717 4213 5722 4212 5729 c +4210 5738 4203 5742 4196 5747 c +4180 5756 4160 5757 4145 5747 c +4128 5736 4119 5718 4119 5698 c +4119 5657 4151 5616 4192 5612 c +4242 5608 4293 5626 4316 5670 c +4339 5715 4335 5769 4301 5806 c +4259 5852 4200 5860 4138 5854 c +4067 5848 4018 5824 3948 5818 c +3890 5771 3825 5768 3771 5716 c +closepath gold_colour fill +3351 3504 m +3316 3561 3252 3571 3187 3584 c +3110 3600 3060 3641 3004 3697 c +3016 3707 3025 3713 3037 3724 c +3101 3660 3167 3625 3257 3613 c +3312 3606 3361 3640 3388 3688 c +3411 3731 3408 3781 3382 3822 c +3364 3849 3334 3858 3302 3859 c +3271 3861 3242 3842 3231 3813 c +3222 3791 3221 3763 3240 3749 c +3253 3739 3284 3740 3285 3757 c +3286 3768 3301 3773 3312 3771 c +3322 3769 3329 3757 3326 3747 c +3322 3727 3305 3714 3284 3708 c +3256 3700 3230 3704 3203 3718 c +3115 3764 3064 3837 3037 3933 c +3113 3879 3205 3865 3289 3905 c +3595 4053 3667 4488 3532 4801 c +3477 4929 3390 5011 3265 5073 c +3297 5102 3328 5121 3371 5123 c } def +/sym6 { 3413 5125 3443 5105 3479 5084 c +3476 5132 3466 5167 3451 5214 c +3527 5188 3578 5153 3638 5100 c +3632 5179 3602 5235 3556 5299 c +3590 5327 3613 5351 3634 5389 c +3530 5370 3412 5363 3351 5450 c +3310 5451 3280 5452 3240 5461 c +3287 5354 3297 5242 3236 5142 c +3194 5074 3147 5036 3101 4970 c +3075 4931 3081 4876 3115 4844 c +3144 4817 3187 4810 3223 4827 c +3260 4844 3270 4889 3265 4928 c +3262 4944 3246 4954 3230 4952 c +3215 4951 3195 4943 3196 4927 c +3198 4910 3191 4886 3174 4887 c +3140 4888 3147 4960 3174 4980 c +3197 4996 3221 5002 3248 4995 c +3457 4941 3527 4682 3509 4467 c +3501 4375 3484 4302 3429 4228 c +3414 4238 3403 4244 3389 4254 c +3422 4339 3411 4425 3360 4500 c +3318 4562 3278 4620 3293 4695 c +3239 4664 3226 4599 3234 4538 c +3175 4590 3117 4626 3039 4626 c +2987 4625 2949 4593 2920 4550 c +3017 4578 3119 4523 3169 4436 c +3099 4425 3027 4388 3017 4318 c +3072 4363 3134 4389 3203 4373 c +3269 4357 3316 4315 3344 4253 c +3384 4164 3381 4054 3308 3990 c +3269 3956 3220 3939 3171 3956 c +3138 3948 3102 3956 3083 3984 c +3070 4003 3072 4027 3084 4047 c +3094 4064 3113 4077 3132 4073 c +3145 4070 3154 4057 3153 4044 c +3152 4035 3146 4027 3137 4025 c +3130 4024 3125 4024 3119 4026 c +3114 4015 3122 4001 3134 3997 c +3152 3992 3170 4004 3181 4019 c +3192 4037 3190 4058 3182 4078 c +3173 4098 3158 4113 3137 4118 c +3063 4138 2984 4100 2947 4034 c +2887 3928 2905 3819 2938 3702 c +2978 3561 2993 3351 2852 3312 c +2826 3305 2798 3300 2778 3318 c +2760 3335 2756 3368 2774 3386 c +2782 3395 2797 3400 2806 3392 c +2813 3385 2815 3372 2808 3364 c +2804 3358 2809 3347 2816 3347 c +2833 3346 2851 3352 2857 3367 c +2865 3390 2850 3414 2830 3427 c +2803 3444 2768 3445 2742 3426 c +2715 3406 2703 3372 2710 3338 c +2719 3293 2759 3258 2805 3257 c +2904 3254 2972 3321 3034 3397 c +3040 3365 3047 3342 3053 3310 c +3088 3343 3108 3375 3125 3420 c +3173 3371 3193 3321 3214 3256 c +3249 3322 3255 3386 3240 3459 c +3283 3440 3321 3428 3368 3437 c +3376 3438 3379 3449 3376 3457 c +3370 3475 3361 3487 3351 3504 c +closepath gold_colour fill } def + +/sym7 { +%main interior +5000 2313 m +4955 2385 4880 2430 4730 2470 c +4670 2490 4630 2538 4621 2553 c +4641 2530 4630 2538 4621 2553 c +4585 2613 4538 2650 4472 2670 c +4397 2694 4326 2682 4259 2639 c +4193 2598 4169 2523 4172 2445 c +3789 2440 3543 2822 3392 3344 c +3431 3350 3458 3359 3495 3371 c +3490 3425 3475 3465 3415 3578 c +3530 3685 3540 3805 3441 3896 c +3632 4058 3686 4286 3678 4536 c +3673 4730 3650 4830 3573 4935 c +3573 5041 l +3596 5023 3630 4992 3667 4942 c +3740 5075 3732 5205 3670 5295 c +3713 5352 3745 5410 3780 5495 c +3692 5468 3608 5445 3533 5440 c +4026 5680 l +4040 5593 4125 5530 4250 5530 c +4310 5530 4415 5580 4453 5616 c +4514 5658 4607 5693 4661 5699 c +4823 5717 4930 5780 5000 5890 c +closepath 1 setgray fill } def +/sym8 { +% Banner outside +5000 1556 m +4862 1556 4759 1613 4651 1699 c +4509 1814 4423 1918 4279 2033 c +4149 2137 4015 2173 3848 2182 c +3697 2189 3587 2175 3436 2165 c +3273 2154 3136 2138 2993 2218 c +2923 2257 2875 2297 2823 2359 c +2818 2365 2826 2373 2832 2378 c +2864 2398 2887 2412 2919 2433 c +2954 2455 2947 2512 2922 2545 c +2881 2600 2850 2641 2823 2703 c +2793 2771 2795 2830 2758 2894 c +2745 2916 2720 2935 2696 2927 c +2647 2911 2610 2902 2561 2886 c +2557 2885 2552 2889 2550 2894 c +2530 2941 2515 2976 2502 3027 c +2500 3032 2505 3038 2510 3040 c +2546 3054 2573 3062 2609 3075 c +2626 3081 2638 3091 2645 3108 c +2652 3125 2651 3142 2643 3159 c +2619 3213 2586 3244 2561 3297 c +2538 3350 2530 3393 2511 3448 c +2500 3481 2452 3494 2421 3478 c +2291 3413 2194 3370 2064 3305 c +2034 3289 2015 3267 2004 3236 c +1988 3194 2014 3153 2048 3124 c +2053 3119 2059 3111 2065 3115 c +2075 3120 2082 3124 2092 3130 c +2102 3135 2116 3133 2121 3123 c +2134 3092 2150 3073 2169 3046 c +2174 3040 2177 3030 2171 3026 c +2144 3007 2124 2995 2097 2977 c +2081 2966 2072 2948 2074 2928 c +2078 2872 2082 2830 2101 2778 c +2125 2717 2157 2677 2203 2631 c +2210 2624 2219 2620 2228 2623 c +2254 2631 2274 2637 2300 2646 c +2307 2648 2315 2644 2318 2638 c +2330 2616 2332 2597 2339 2574 c +2340 2568 2336 2562 2330 2558 c +2303 2539 2280 2531 2251 2515 c +2240 2509 2234 2497 2237 2484 c +2293 2264 2369 2102 2522 1934 c +2640 1804 2769 1740 2940 1699 c +3122 1655 3264 1689 3451 1705 c +3631 1720 3776 1743 3942 1673 c +4083 1613 4148 1508 4263 1408 c +4485 1215 4706 1090 5000 1090 c +closepath 0 setgray fill } def + +/sym9 { 5000 1502 m +4722 1503 4558 1710 4353 1898 c +4199 2039 4042 2129 3833 2132 c +3632 2136 3486 2109 3286 2101 c +3149 2096 3040 2122 2923 2194 c +2745 2303 2674 2468 2599 2664 c +2500 2600 2426 2557 2324 2497 c +2385 2294 2456 2143 2606 1994 c +2761 1838 2945 1768 3165 1777 c +3357 1784 3497 1797 3689 1807 c +3873 1817 4023 1758 4161 1638 c +4301 1516 4393 1411 4554 1319 c +4703 1234 4828 1178 5000 1177 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2660 2661 m +2695 2563 2727 2492 2784 2405 c +2798 2413 2808 2420 2822 2430 c +2771 2508 2758 2578 2721 2663 c +2712 2683 2692 2706 2671 2697 c +2658 2692 2655 2674 2660 2661 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2608 2857 m +2597 2853 2589 2851 2577 2847 c +2586 2839 2592 2833 2602 2826 c +2606 2837 2606 2846 2608 2857 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2390 2680 m +2403 2655 2407 2634 2412 2607 c +2482 2651 2535 2679 2607 2721 c +2633 2736 2659 2747 2688 2739 c +2726 2728 2751 2702 2766 2665 c +2795 2595 2806 2539 2845 2474 c +2853 2460 2869 2447 2883 2454 c +2901 2463 2894 2490 2885 2508 c +2851 2572 2813 2612 2784 2679 c +2758 2740 2752 2789 2729 2851 c +2722 2870 2709 2890 2689 2888 c +2670 2887 2663 2864 2662 2845 c +2660 2803 2625 2773 2586 2757 c +2514 2728 2462 2707 2390 2680 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2481 3136 m +2479 3113 2479 3094 2486 3072 c +2500 3078 2510 3082 2524 3088 c +2512 3108 2500 3121 2481 3136 c +closepath 1 setgray fill } def +/syma { +2429 3113 m +2333 3058 2261 3021 2166 2965 c +2173 2856 2202 2775 2261 2684 c +2368 2725 2447 2754 2553 2799 c +2482 2901 2455 2992 2429 3113 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2472 3422 m +2469 3434 2457 3445 2445 3441 c +2434 3436 2427 3423 2430 3411 c +2438 3381 2452 3362 2471 3338 c +2373 3280 2300 3241 2200 3186 c +2219 3144 2234 3114 2259 3077 c +2326 3114 2374 3141 2441 3178 c +2466 3191 2497 3200 2518 3182 c +2549 3156 2567 3134 2593 3105 c +2600 3136 2599 3166 2579 3190 c +2552 3224 2532 3250 2514 3289 c +2493 3336 2484 3372 2472 3422 c +closepath 1 setgray fill +2380 3392 m +2379 3400 2368 3406 2361 3402 c +2269 3354 2202 3321 2112 3270 c +2093 3260 2096 3233 2102 3212 c +2103 3210 2105 3206 2107 3208 c +2210 3264 2288 3301 2391 3358 c +2386 3370 2383 3380 2380 3392 c +closepath 1 setgray fill } def +/symb_colour { +% cross in 'azure' blue +blue_colour +5000 2313 m +4955 2385 4880 2430 4730 2470 c +4670 2490 l +4670 3220 l +3430 3220 l +3392 3344 l +3431 3350 3458 3359 3495 3371 c +3490 3425 3475 3465 3415 3578 c +3530 3685 3500 3805 3490 3813 c +4670 3813 l +4670 4582 l +5000 4582 l +closepath fill +% Chief Gules +red_colour +5000 4582 m +3675 4582 l +3673 4730 3650 4830 3573 4935 c +3573 5041 l +3596 5023 3630 4992 3667 4942 c +3740 5075 3732 5205 3670 5295 c +3713 5352 3745 5410 3780 5495 c +3692 5468 3608 5445 3533 5440 c +4026 5680 l +4040 5593 4125 5530 4250 5530 c +4310 5530 4415 5580 4453 5616 c +4514 5658 4607 5693 4661 5699 c +4823 5717 4930 5780 5000 5890 c +closepath fill +% and now some lines around the cross, and at the base of the lion field +0 setgray +16 setlinewidth +3675 4582 m 5000 4582 l stroke +3490 3813 m 4670 3813 l 4670 4582 l stroke +3430 3220 m 4670 3220 l 4670 2490 l stroke +} def +/book_clasp { +2 copy +gold_colour +m +50 0 rlineto +0 50 rlineto +-50 0 rlineto +closepath fill +2 copy +0 setgray +m +50 0 rlineto +stroke +m +0 50 rmoveto +50 0 rlineto +stroke +} def +/sym_book { +% Book outline +% First fill the outline +1 setgray +5000 3742 m +4856 3798 4755 3804 4671 3700 c +4671 3325 l +5329 3325 l +5329 3700 l +5245 3804 5144 3798 5000 3742 c +closepath fill +% along the base of the book colour it gold +gold_colour +5329 3315 m +5227 3420 5114 3413 5000 3363 c +4886 3413 4773 3420 4671 3315 c +closepath fill +% Clasps for the book +% Firstly colour the clasps gold +gold_colour +8 setlinewidth +4671 3355 m +4611 3355 l +4611 3700 l +4671 3700 l +closepath +gsave +fill +grestore +0 setgray +stroke +% and strokes on the clasp holder +3412 58 3644 { dup 4611 exch m 4671 exch l stroke } for +4671 3300 m 4671 3700 l stroke +% Now do the three book clasps +5329 3400 book_clasp +5329 3500 book_clasp +5329 3600 book_clasp +% then actually draw the book in black +16 setlinewidth +0 setgray +5000 3742 m +5000 3363 l +4886 3413 4773 3420 4671 3315 c +4671 3700 l +4755 3804 4856 3798 5000 3742 c +closepath stroke +5329 3700 m +5245 3804 5144 3798 5000 3742 c +5000 3363 l +5114 3413 5227 3420 5329 3315 c +5329 3700 l +closepath stroke +5337 3300 m +4663 3300 l +stroke +% Stroke along the spine of the book +5000 3300 m +5000 3742 l +stroke +% Line to the sides of the book +22 setlinewidth +4716 3360 m +4716 3750 l +stroke +5284 3360 m +5284 3750 l +stroke +0 setgray +% finally some fine text lines on the book +4 setlinewidth +3470 60 3710 { dup dup dup dup dup dup dup + 4766 exch m 4840 exch l stroke + 5234 exch m 5160 exch l stroke + 4877 exch m 4953 exch l stroke + 5123 exch m 5047 exch l stroke + } for +} def +/symb_mono { +0 setgray 30 setlinewidth +% bottom most horizontal stroke +4860 2400 m 5000 2400 l stroke +% Horizontal strokes to base of book +2500 100 3200 { dup 4670 exch m 5000 exch l stroke } for +% strokes to the sides of the book +3300 100 3700 { dup 3400 exch m 5000 exch l stroke } for +% horiz strokes above the book +3800 100 4500 { dup 4670 exch m 5000 exch l stroke } for +% Vertical strokes to the top of the figure +3614 5450 m 3614 5520 l stroke +5060 5580 5620 5680 5720 5590 5570 5580 5620 5690 5720 5740 5770 5860 5950 +5000 -99 3614 { dup 4620 m exch l stroke } for +% bottom dark horizontal line for cross +84 setlinewidth 3400 3220 m 4696 3220 l stroke +% Top dark horizontal line for cross +56 setlinewidth 3460 3813 m 4696 3813 l stroke +% Bottom dark line for vertical strokes +92 setlinewidth 3650 4582 m 5000 4582 l stroke +} def + +/sym { sym1 sym2 sym3 sym4 sym5 sym6 sym7 sym8 sym9 syma + colour 0 ne + { symb_colour } + { symb_mono } + ifelse +} def + +% Draw the main body of the crest.. +0 setlinecap +5000 0 translate -1 1 scale -5000 0 translate sym +5000 0 translate -1 1 scale -5000 0 translate sym +sym_book +colour 0 eq +{ + % draw the dark & light edges for the cross + 30 setlinewidth + 4681 3813 m 4681 4582 l stroke + 4681 3220 m 4681 2400 l stroke + 84 setlinewidth + 5346 3813 m 5346 4582 l stroke + 5346 3220 m 5346 2400 l stroke +} if + +/star { +-41 -82 rlineto +-112 42 rlineto +39 -90 rlineto +-85 -52 rlineto +87 -48 rlineto +-28 -86 rlineto +93 33 rlineto +45 -89 rlineto +44 83 rlineto +90 -28 rlineto +-27 106 rlineto +75 45 rlineto +-77 42 rlineto +28 82 rlineto +-90 -24 rlineto +-41 66 rlineto closepath } def +% Draw the lion in black +0 setlinewidth +5863 4715 m +5825 4660 5740 4655 5695 4700 c +5660 4670 5608 4670 5582 4700 c +5553 4730 5555 4780 5588 4800 c +5554 4852 5576 4902 5655 4895 c +5668 4893 5678 4900 5678 4910 c +5678 4970 l +5607 4971 5546 4980 5481 5020 c +5481 4875 l +5363 4930 5323 4890 5364 4810 c +5267 4842 5240 4830 5245 4735 c +5174 4810 5112 4773 5146 4703 c +5115 4655 5055 4640 5021 4678 c +4972 4677 4934 4694 4923 4723 c +4910 4757 4917 4798 4955 4822 c +4932 4850 4952 4875 4983 4896 c +5012 4918 5050 4911 5077 4892 c +5190 4970 l +5127 5061 l +5010 4973 4928 4950 4870 4962 c +4845 4910 4795 4875 4733 4858 c +4659 4942 4610 4932 4602 4804 c +4520 4855 4483 4842 4460 4757 c +4422 4782 4393 4781 4367 4760 c +4378 4710 4357 4672 4326 4659 c +4285 4648 4240 4655 4223 4697 c +4167 4693 4137 4720 4115 4752 c +4112 4790 4130 4828 4183 4840 c +4183 4875 4192 4901 4222 4920 c +4248 4939 4272 4930 4313 4904 c +4315 4980 4272 5010 4225 4994 c +4233 5040 4231 5070 4195 5080 c +4149 5060 4095 5062 4075 5090 c +4050 5112 4045 5159 4074 5193 c +4047 5238 4050 5270 4075 5301 c +4108 5338 4162 5330 4196 5298 c +4232 5320 4262 5315 4287 5285 c +4304 5262 4312 5220 4275 5181 c +4387 5072 l +4430 5095 l +4408 5132 4395 5145 4395 5175 c +4375 5193 4355 5219 4347 5251 c +4302 5293 4300 5330 4335 5367 c +4283 5422 4314 5485 4393 5483 c +4407 5531 4465 5552 4506 5530 c +4545 5561 4615 5562 4655 5530 c +4716 5543 4762 5522 4770 5472 c +4835 5490 4855 5422 4813 5372 c +4844 5313 l +4960 5313 l +4865 5422 4870 5514 5015 5575 c +5035 5631 5067 5658 5114 5700 c +5128 5713 5153 5702 5151 5672 c +5150 5617 l +5195 5656 5240 5660 5258 5628 c +5267 5611 5259 5586 5204 5530 c +5220 5511 5227 5470 5207 5423 c +5255 5442 5300 5467 5334 5485 c +5473 5565 5652 5553 5728 5450 c +5771 5382 5770 5338 5708 5272 c +5673 5245 5674 5200 5702 5173 c +5745 5131 5802 5110 5865 5093 c +5810 5033 5813 5010 5866 4968 c +5795 4925 5795 4898 5863 4850 c +5786 4791 5783 4760 5863 4715 c +5539 5324 m +5565 5327 5589 5328 5607 5348 c +5620 5363 5615 5388 5601 5403 c +5586 5421 5562 5419 5539 5418 c +5470 5406 5386 5372 5332 5324 c +5539 5324 l +closepath 0 setgray fill +% We firstly fix problems, +% The hole in the tail +red_colour +5091 5462 m +5083 5471 5073 5475 5062 5475 c +5050 5475 5040 5471 5032 5462 c +5023 5454 5019 5444 5019 5433 c +5019 5421 5023 5411 5032 5403 c +5040 5394 5050 5390 5062 5390 c +5073 5390 5083 5394 5091 5403 c +5100 5411 5104 5421 5104 5433 c +5104 5444 5100 5454 5091 5462 c +closepath fill +% Inside of right fore paw +4294 5212 m +4287 5200 4282 5191 4274 5180 c +4280 5173 4287 5171 4294 5164 c +4294 5182 4295 5195 4294 5212 c +closepath fill +% Rest of the right fore paw +4328 5261 m +4328 5212 4328 5176 4328 5127 c +4347 5110 4360 5098 4379 5080 c +4386 5074 4401 5084 4400 5094 c +4400 5120 4396 5138 4396 5164 c +4395 5179 4386 5190 4375 5200 c +4354 5219 4354 5250 4328 5261 c +closepath fill +% and now in the rest in gold +gold_colour +% crotch +5300 5162 m +5326 5166 5354 5166 5371 5145 c +5344 5139 5321 5146 5300 5162 c +% Right hind leg +closepath fill +5316 4855 m +5271 4863 5221 4835 5211 4791 c +5188 4803 5166 4806 5141 4798 c +5107 4787 5107 4741 5109 4704 c +5096 4692 5085 4679 5067 4680 c +5044 4682 5030 4709 5033 4731 c +5034 4740 5010 4743 5009 4734 c +5007 4723 4998 4712 4987 4713 c +4962 4716 4939 4737 4939 4762 c +4939 4784 4964 4797 4986 4797 c +4995 4797 5003 4816 4995 4821 c +4979 4831 4973 4859 4987 4872 c +5010 4893 5051 4883 5071 4860 c +5123 4892 5160 4917 5211 4950 c +5221 4956 5224 4970 5218 4979 c +5200 5007 5187 5027 5171 5056 c +5162 5072 5157 5096 5173 5104 c +5207 5121 5231 5135 5264 5152 c +5299 5125 5338 5112 5382 5120 c +5405 5088 5425 5067 5451 5037 c +5450 4993 5449 4961 5449 4916 c +5416 4926 5386 4940 5356 4924 c +5330 4910 5318 4884 5316 4855 c +closepath fill +% Chest +4631 5190 m +4627 5148 4616 5095 4575 5091 c +4535 5087 4514 5140 4511 5180 c +4491 5152 4467 5122 4481 5091 c +4494 5062 4515 5048 4537 5025 c +4580 5046 4612 5060 4653 5085 c +4673 5097 4681 5120 4680 5144 c +4679 5168 4651 5175 4631 5190 c +closepath fill +% Main Body +4306 4871 m +4291 4896 4249 4908 4229 4888 c +4212 4871 4212 4841 4227 4824 c +4224 4819 4220 4817 4217 4812 c +4195 4813 4169 4805 4166 4784 c +4163 4765 4171 4745 4188 4737 c +4207 4728 4229 4738 4243 4753 c +4249 4748 4255 4746 4261 4742 c +4255 4722 4259 4695 4278 4688 c +4297 4682 4319 4681 4332 4696 c +4346 4713 4336 4734 4330 4755 c +4328 4762 4327 4769 4332 4775 c +4358 4805 4401 4817 4438 4801 c +4464 4849 4526 4868 4577 4851 c +4579 4891 4612 4926 4652 4932 c +4687 4936 4722 4923 4740 4892 c +4781 4908 4812 4928 4835 4965 c +4843 4977 4841 4989 4839 5002 c +4835 5027 4826 5043 4815 5065 c +4810 5074 4836 5085 4841 5076 c +4856 5048 4864 5026 4873 4996 c +4939 4998 4995 5004 5047 5045 c +5138 5116 5212 5185 5328 5191 c +5357 5192 5384 5181 5399 5156 c +5462 5050 5572 5010 5694 4995 c +5703 4994 5707 4984 5707 4975 c +5707 4912 5707 4866 5707 4802 c +5697 4802 5689 4802 5678 4801 c +5677 4822 5674 4837 5672 4858 c +5669 4883 5613 4876 5605 4853 c +5597 4833 5615 4813 5633 4800 c +5631 4793 5628 4787 5626 4780 c +5610 4780 5592 4778 5587 4764 c +5581 4748 5584 4729 5598 4719 c +5613 4708 5630 4703 5649 4709 c +5668 4714 5679 4728 5690 4745 c +5698 4744 5703 4743 5711 4742 c +5718 4710 5767 4698 5797 4712 c +5769 4752 5770 4807 5801 4845 c +5773 4874 5770 4922 5794 4954 c +5772 4992 5773 5033 5791 5072 c +5745 5094 5709 5112 5675 5150 c +5643 5186 5635 5231 5647 5277 c +5688 5310 5718 5357 5707 5410 c +5691 5483 5604 5514 5529 5511 c +5385 5505 5298 5418 5159 5379 c +5109 5365 5062 5347 5019 5374 c +4997 5388 4981 5409 4982 5436 c +4983 5465 5003 5488 5030 5500 c +5052 5510 5077 5511 5097 5497 c +5118 5482 5125 5460 5127 5435 c +5128 5423 5147 5413 5157 5419 c +5175 5430 5187 5447 5185 5468 c +5182 5495 5172 5513 5161 5537 c +5187 5554 5199 5574 5217 5599 c +5222 5606 5204 5619 5198 5613 c +5175 5593 5153 5586 5128 5568 c +5122 5563 5107 5568 5107 5576 c +5110 5608 5110 5631 5109 5663 c +5072 5629 5045 5590 5050 5541 c +4992 5542 4922 5509 4919 5451 c +4916 5384 4969 5341 5021 5300 c +4954 5296 4904 5297 4836 5293 c +4833 5276 4821 5264 4806 5256 c +4798 5223 4777 5202 4749 5185 c +4742 5157 4725 5138 4701 5122 c +4694 5093 4682 5069 4657 5054 c +4531 4981 4435 4936 4306 4871 c +5207 5299 l +5319 5353 5395 5408 5515 5439 c +5555 5450 5594 5453 5625 5426 c +5643 5411 5654 5391 5650 5368 c +5645 5330 5611 5298 5573 5297 c +5207 5299 l +closepath fill +% Mane below Left Ear +4774 5350 m +4765 5338 4761 5328 4755 5315 c +4770 5303 4780 5293 4793 5279 c +4800 5284 4804 5289 4810 5295 c +4805 5296 4802 5296 4798 5296 c +4798 5307 4798 5315 4797 5325 c +4796 5338 4783 5342 4774 5350 c +closepath fill +% Mane below Right Ear +4378 5312 m +4368 5324 4365 5337 4362 5352 c +4344 5342 4322 5328 4326 5308 c +4328 5296 4333 5287 4342 5278 c +4354 5292 4362 5302 4378 5312 c +closepath fill +% Mane below left Eye +4690 5230 m +4683 5217 4674 5209 4661 5200 c +4677 5187 4687 5177 4700 5161 c +4713 5173 4735 5196 4720 5207 c +4709 5216 4701 5222 4690 5230 c +closepath fill +% Mane below right Eye +4483 5195 m +4466 5201 4452 5207 4443 5221 c +4420 5208 4398 5174 4416 5155 c +4425 5145 4432 5139 4442 5131 c +4454 5156 4465 5173 4483 5195 c +closepath fill +% Face +4426 5435 m +4418 5454 4400 5481 4417 5491 c +4440 5505 4461 5512 4487 5509 c +4496 5508 4505 5506 4510 5498 c +4521 5479 4526 5464 4536 5444 c +4545 5445 4552 5447 4561 5447 c +4556 5473 4519 5512 4545 5518 c +4571 5524 4606 5536 4619 5512 c +4632 5489 4639 5471 4645 5445 c +4655 5447 4662 5447 4673 5448 c +4669 5471 4658 5508 4681 5511 c +4701 5514 4721 5508 4733 5493 c +4744 5479 4724 5463 4711 5452 c +4717 5445 4722 5440 4729 5433 c +4752 5447 4788 5465 4803 5441 c +4818 5417 4783 5392 4758 5378 c +4754 5375 4750 5372 4747 5367 c +4739 5350 4733 5338 4724 5321 c +4721 5315 4723 5307 4729 5303 c +4747 5289 4758 5276 4777 5262 c +4769 5246 4759 5235 4743 5228 c +4725 5241 4711 5250 4693 5263 c +4693 5269 4694 5273 4694 5278 c +4685 5278 4679 5279 4670 5278 c +4671 5247 4642 5218 4610 5218 c +4597 5218 4585 5226 4581 5239 c +4575 5260 4600 5274 4620 5283 c +4632 5288 4643 5297 4643 5310 c +4643 5325 4644 5336 4643 5350 c +4643 5357 4648 5363 4654 5366 c +4668 5373 4678 5377 4692 5384 c +4690 5393 4689 5400 4687 5410 c +4665 5402 4650 5396 4629 5387 c +4622 5385 4616 5379 4616 5371 c +4615 5351 4611 5336 4612 5315 c +4613 5307 4605 5300 4597 5300 c +4575 5299 4560 5301 4539 5301 c +4529 5301 4524 5312 4523 5322 c +4521 5339 4520 5351 4519 5369 c +4518 5376 4516 5384 4509 5386 c +4486 5397 4470 5405 4446 5414 c +4443 5405 4440 5399 4437 5390 c +4458 5382 4472 5371 4492 5361 c +4494 5340 4494 5325 4496 5304 c +4498 5288 4516 5279 4533 5278 c +4545 5277 4551 5262 4551 5249 c +4551 5235 4541 5217 4526 5218 c +4509 5220 4496 5219 4478 5222 c +4456 5227 4461 5258 4459 5281 c +4450 5281 4443 5281 4434 5281 c +4435 5257 4423 5236 4402 5223 c +4388 5214 4371 5235 4366 5251 c +4360 5273 4387 5291 4409 5295 c +4410 5301 4411 5305 4412 5311 c +4394 5328 4388 5350 4388 5375 c +4361 5387 4321 5414 4338 5437 c +4355 5460 4391 5441 4414 5425 c +4418 5428 4421 5432 4426 5435 c +closepath fill +% Tongue +4564 5204 m +4556 5198 4549 5194 4540 5192 c +4543 5167 4546 5129 4571 5130 c +4597 5130 4596 5170 4595 5195 c +4583 5197 4574 5198 4564 5204 c +closepath fill +% Right Fore Paw +4458 5072 m +4429 5058 4408 5049 4379 5036 c +4324 5086 4286 5124 4232 5174 c +4255 5202 4277 5248 4249 5271 c +4228 5288 4201 5264 4179 5248 c +4158 5270 4127 5298 4103 5280 c +4075 5260 4096 5216 4115 5188 c +4094 5177 4077 5154 4084 5131 c +4093 5101 4137 5086 4166 5100 c +4186 5110 4208 5111 4227 5099 c +4248 5084 4250 5059 4253 5034 c +4304 5041 4346 4983 4351 4931 c +4408 4961 4450 4983 4506 5014 c +4487 5034 4471 5048 4458 5072 c +closepath fill +% Draw the stars (outline in black) +0 setgray 60 setlinewidth +3943 3714 m star stroke +6077 3714 m star stroke +5010 2943 m star stroke +5010 4379 m star stroke +% and fill in gold +gold_colour +3928 3725 m star fill +6062 3725 m star fill +4995 2958 m star fill +4995 4394 m star fill + +0 setgray +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold + +/Times-Bold findfont [ 342 0 0 250 0 0 ] makefont setfont newpath + +2430 2395 m +2460 2278 2514 2220 2555 2180 c +2576 2140 2613 2090 2662 2053 c +2730 1993 2812 1925 2910 1893 c +2987 1870 3115 1851 3207 1855 c +3290 1860 3400 1860 3495 1870 c +3760 1890 3990 1834 4135 1732 c +4195 1690 4273 1615 4320 1565 c +4368 1513 4517 1435 4547 1390 c +4666 1320 4847 1250 5000 1250 c +5153 1250 5334 1320 5453 1390 c +5483 1435 5632 1513 5680 1565 c +5727 1615 5805 1690 5865 1732 c +6010 1834 6240 1890 6505 1870 c +6600 1860 6710 1860 6793 1855 c +6885 1851 7013 1870 7090 1893 c +7188 1925 7270 1993 7338 2053 c +7387 2090 7424 2140 7445 2180 c +7486 2220 7540 2278 7570 2395 c +(SIDERE\264MENS\264EADEM\264MUTATO) 0 30 pathtext +grestore +showpage +%%Trailer diff --git a/doc/user/tbl b/doc/user/tbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..230c69e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Tables } + @Tag { tables } +@Begin +@LP +This chapter explains how to produce tables like this one: +tables. @Index { tables } +@CD @Tbl + aindent { ctr } + arulebelow { double } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell @B X | | @HSpan } + bformat { @Cell rr { no } @I A | @Cell rl { no } B | @Cell C } + rule { yes } +{ +@Rowa + X { Value of mathematical formulae (millions of dollars) } +@Rowb + A { Quadratic formula } + B { @Eq { x ^= { minus b +- sqrt { b sup 2 - 4ac } } over 2a } } + C { 3^.5 } +@Rowb + A { Binomial theorem } + B { @Eq { ( a + b ) sup n ^= big sum from k=0 to infty +matrix atleft { ( } atright { ) } { n above k } a sup k b sup n-k +} } + C { 12^ } +} +As the example shows, the tables may contain spanning columns, aligned +columns, and rules, and the cells may contain arbitrary objects. +@BeginSections + +@Include { tbl_intr } # introduction +@Include { tbl_cell } # basic cell formatting: font, break, width, paint +@Include { tbl_rows } # row formats and the @Row symbol +@Include { tbl_marg } # margins +@Include { tbl_widt } # width and height +@Include { tbl_inde } # indenting and struts +@Include { tbl_rule } # rules +@Include { tbl_span } # spanning columns and rows +@Include { tbl_mult } # multi-page tables +@Include { tbl_alig } # aligned columns and headings over them +@Include { tbl_mark } # @MarkRow +@Include { tbl_plai } # plain text tables +@Include { tbl_setu } # setup file options +@Include { tbl_summ } # summary + +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_alig b/doc/user/tbl_alig new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24b6864 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_alig @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +@Section + @Title { Aligned columns } + @Tag { tbl_alig } +@Begin +@PP +Columns of numbers are often presented with decimal points aligned: +aligned.columns @Index { aligned columns in tables } +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @Cell A } +{ +@Rowa A { 5^.46 } marginabove { 0i } +@Rowa A { 3^.4159 } +@Rowa A { 5772^ } marginbelow { 0i } +} +You can produce this by placing a @Code "^" symbol, which is used +generally throughout Lout for alignment, just before the alignment point in +each entry: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @Cell A } +{ +@Rowa A { 5^.46 } +@Rowa A { 3^.4159 } +@Rowa A { 5772^ } +} +} +The equals signs of equations can be aligned in the same way (see the +example at the start of this chapter). Aligned cells should have no +@Code indent option. +@PP +Owing to problems behind the scenes, getting a heading over the top +of an aligned column is a problem with no ideal solution. What most +people want is for the heading to be centred in the column, and the +aligned entries to be centred in the column as a block, but Lout cannot +do this. One approximation is to make the heading cell a spanning +cell with centring, like this: +@FootNote { Lout does not currently accept single-column tables +with {@Code "@StartHSpan"}, so we've had to add +an empty second column. } +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell indent { ctr } @B A | } + bformat { @Cell A | } +{ +@Rowa A { Heading } +@Rowb A { 5^.46 } +@Rowb A { 3^.4159 } +@Rowb A { 5772^ } +} +} +The spanning frees the heading from alignment, permitting +@Code "indent { ctr }" to work: +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell indent { ctr } @B A | } + bformat { @Cell A | } +{ +@Rowa A { Heading } marginabove { 0i } +@Rowb A { 5^.46 } +@Rowb A { 3^.4159 } +@Rowb A { 5772^ } marginbelow { 0i } +} +But if the heading cell is wider than the aligned cells, you get this: +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell indent { ctr } @B A | } + bformat { @Cell A | } +{ +@Rowa A { A Wider Heading } marginabove { 0i } +@Rowb A { 5^.46 } +@Rowb A { 3^.4159 } +@Rowb A { 5772^ } marginbelow { 0i } +} +In other words, this will centre a heading with respect +to aligned entries, but it will not centre aligned entries with +respect to a heading. In these cases you could forget about +@Code "@StartHSpan" and treat the heading as an aligned entry, +either by placing a @Code "^" within it or by using +@ID @Code "@Cell 0.5w @HShift A" +which places the alignment point in the centre of the entry. +#@CD @OneRow @Tbl +# marginvertical { 0.5vx } +# aformat { @Cell 0.5w @HShift @B A } +# bformat { @Cell A } +#{ +#@Rowa A { A Wider Heading } marginabove { 0i } +#@Rowb A { 5^.46 } +#@Rowb A { 3^.4159 } +#@Rowb A { 5772^ } marginbelow { 0i } +#} +You can move the alignment point about by changing the 0.5. Of course, +all this is a poor substitute for the real thing. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_cell b/doc/user/tbl_cell new file mode 100644 index 0000000..159372e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_cell @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the appearance of cells } + @Tag { tbl_cell } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Cell" symbol offers a few options for changing the appearance +cell.option @Index { cell options in tables } +of entries placed in it. Like all options, these +appear immediately after the @Code "@Cell" symbol, with their values in braces: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell paint { lightgrey } font { Italic } break { clines } A } +{ +@Rowa A { +IMPORTANT +Do not throw stones at this notice +} +} +} +The result here is +@CD +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell paint { lightgrey } font { Italic } break { clines } A | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa A { +IMPORTANT +Do not throw stones at this notice +} +} +with a light grey background, Italic font, and +@Code "clines" paragraph breaking style. The paint colour +may be any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour}. Another option, +{@Code background}, allows an arbitrary object to be placed in the +background of the cell, in front of any paint but behind the entry. +@PP +Later sections introduce other @Code "@Cell" options, for +fixed-width columns, indented entries, margins, and rules. It is also +possible to combine other symbols from Lout with cell formatting, by +placing them between the @Code "@Cell" symbol and its following letter, +rotated.entries @Index { rotated entries in tables } +like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell 90d @Rotate @S A | @Cell @B grey @Colour B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Col A } + B { Col B } +} +} +Think of the @Code "A" as standing for the value of the @Code "A" +option of the @Code "@Rowa" symbol (which it does), and you'll see +that this is just Lout's usual rule of symbols applying to the +object that follows them. The result here is +@CD @Tbl + aformat { @Cell 90d @Rotate @S A | @Cell @B grey @Colour B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Col A } + B { Col B } +} +In simple cases @Code "@B" is easier than {@Code "font { Bold }"}; +the latter is useful as a default value, as we will see in a moment. +Note the difference between a coloured background, obtained with +{@Code "paint"}, and a coloured entry, obtained using the @Code "@Colour" +symbol. +@PP +@Code "@Tbl" offers many places where you can set cell options. The meaning +of the option is the same wherever you set it; +what changes is the extent of its application. Taking the @Code "paint" +option as a representative example, the most specific place to set it +is at a @Code "@Cell" symbol as above; then it affects only that cell +in rows formatted using that format. Alternatively, +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + apaint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B } +} +will paint every cell in the {@Code "aformat"}. And +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Rowa + paint { lightgrey } + A { ... } +} +will paint every cell in a particular row. To paint the entire table, use +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + paint { lightgrey } +} +And finally, there is a @Code "paint" option in the +setup file (Section {@NumberOf tbl_setu}), which if set will paint every +table in the document. When a more general setting of an option is +contradicted by a more specific setting (e.g. when @Code "@Tbl" has +@Code "paint { lightgrey }" but some cell or row has +{@Code "paint { nopaint }"}), the more specific setting applies. For a +precise description, see Section {@NumberOf tbl_summ}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_inde b/doc/user/tbl_inde new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75a3471 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_inde @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +@Section + @Title { Indenting and struts } + @Tag { tbl_inde } +@Begin +@PP +By default, entries appear at the left within cells, not counting the +cell margin. The @Code indent option causes entries to be indented +horizontally. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code "@Cell indent { ctr }" +horizontally centres the entry within the cell. The other possible values +centred.entries @Index { centred entries in tables } +right.justified.entries @Index { right justified entries in tables } +of this option are {@Code "left"}, {@Code "right"}, or any length (for +example, {@Code 2f}) meaning that much indent. +@PP +There is a corresponding @Code "indentvertical" option for vertical indenting +within the cell. It takes the same values except that @Code "left" is +renamed {@Code "top"}, and @Code "right" is renamed {@Code foot}. +A common problem with vertical placement is that words that lack +ascenders (parts of letters that rise up) or descenders (parts that +sink down) can easily become misaligned with words that +don't. Looking at +@CD @Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } + marginvertical { 0i } +{ +@Rowa + A { resume } + B { poppy } + C { title } +} +which is the result of +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { resume } + B { poppy } + C { title } +} +} +we see that the words are aligned correctly despite the absence of +ascenders from the first two words, and of descenders from the first +and last; and this despite the fact that these words are vertically +placed at the top of the cell. This is because by default +@Code "@Tbl" adds a @I { vertical strut } to each entry: an invisible +object of zero width and height {@Code "1f"}, which covers for any absent +ascenders and descenders. The option +@ID @OneRow @Code "@Cell strut { no }" +can be used to remove the strut; other acceptable values for this +option are {@Code yes} (the default value), and any length, which will +add a strut of that length. +@PP +For completeness there is a corresponding @Code "struthorizontal" option; it +takes the same values, its default value is {@Code no}, and it unlikely +ever to be used. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_intr b/doc/user/tbl_intr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a46da18 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_intr @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +@Section + @Title { Getting started } + @Tag { tbl_intr } +@Begin +@PP +The Lout definitions for table formatting +@FootNote { +The @Code "tbl" package described here replaces the @Code "tab" +package of Version 3.12 and earlier. For backward compatibility +the @Code "tab" package is still available and still works as +described in older versions of this documentation. Users of +@Code "tab" will find simple uses of @Code "tbl" to be very similar, +replacing @Code "@Tab" by {@Code "@Tbl"}, @Code "@Fmta" by +{@Code "aformat"}, @Code "@Col" by {@Code "@Cell"}, and +@Code "!" by {@Code "|"}. +} +are kept in a file called {@Code "tbl"}, which you must include at +the start of your document if +tbl.file @Index { @Code "tbl" file } +you want tables, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { tbl }" +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +Specialized setup files, like {@Code "tbl"}, are included before the main +setup file (@Code "doc" in this case). Alternatively, if you are using +your own setup file, you may place the include commands within it, near the +start. +@PP +To begin with a very simple example, the table +tbl. @Index @Code "@Tbl" +@CD +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Austen } + B { Chaucer } + C { Donne } +@Rowa + A { Balzac } + B { Darwin } + C { Goethe } +@Rowa + A { Byron } + B { Dickens } + C { Homer } +} +is produced by the following input: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Tbl" +" aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C }" +"{" +"@Rowa" +" A { Austen }" +" B { Chaucer }" +" C { Donne }" +"@Rowa" +" A { Balzac }" +" B { Darwin }" +" C { Goethe }" +"@Rowa" +" A { Byron }" +" B { Dickens }" +" C { Homer }" +"}" +} +Immediately after the @Code "@Tbl" symbol, which introduces the table, +comes a @I { format option }, {@Code "aformat"}, describing the format of +each row. It says that each row contains three cells: {@Code "@Cell A"}, +{@Code "@Cell B"}, and {@Code "@Cell C"}. The format option may have up +to 26 cells, with names chosen freely from the upper-case letters from +@Code A to {@Code Z}. The symbol @Code "|" separates each cell from the next. +@PP +After the format option comes the body of the table, enclosed in +braces. It consists entirely of a sequence of rows, each introduced by +a @Code "@Rowa" symbol and containing one entry for each cell of the +format option, as shown (the row may occupy any number of lines of the +input file). The entries may be arbitrary Lout objects, such as words, +paragraphs, equations, figures, and so on without restriction. An entry +may be omitted altogether if it is empty. Lout will choose suitable widths +for the cells, and break paragraphs in the entries to the right widths. +@PP +The result of the @Code "@Tbl" symbol is an object. As usual with +Lout, this object may appear at any point in the document, +@FootNote { +In rare cases, when the table occupies an entire paragraph but is not +displayed, a bug in the current version of Basser Lout causes the second +column to appear much too far to the right. Until the problem is fixed, +the first thing to try if this occurs is to replace the very first +row symbol ({@Code "@Rowa"}, {@Code "@Rowb"}, etc.) by {@Code "@FirstRowa"}, +{@Code "@FirstRowb"}, etc. +# That should work, but if it doesn't, replacing +# @Code "@Tbl" by @Code "@OneCol @Tbl" certainly will, although it also +# prevents the table from breaking across page boundaries. +} +even within a paragraph or another table. Most commonly, though, tables +are displayed using the @Code "@IndentedDisplay" and @Code "@CentredDisplay" +symbols (Section {@NumberOf displays}): +@ID @Code "@CentredDisplay @Tbl ..." +or else they go into the @Code "@Table" symbol (Section {@NumberOf figures}): +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Table" +" @Caption { ... }" +"@Tbl ..." +} +which centres them at the top of the following page and adds a +caption. Note the difference between {@Code "@Tbl"}, which builds a +table, and {@Code "@Table"}, which places an arbitrary object in an +appropriate place. It's important to remember that the result +is an object like any other, because from time to time one wants such +things as rotated tables whose entire contents are to be italicised: +@ID @Code "90d @Rotate @I @Tbl ..." +and it helps to remember that the full power of Lout can be +brought to bear on the @I entire table. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_marg b/doc/user/tbl_marg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89e63cd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_marg @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +@Section + @Title { Margins } + @Tag { tbl_marg } +@Begin +@PP +The @Code "@Cell" symbol offers a @Code margin option for changing the +margins @RawIndex { margins } +margins.in.tables @SubIndex { margins in tables } +amount of margin left between the entry and the boundary of the cell: +@ID @Code "@Cell margin { 0.3f }" +The default values are different for horizontal and vertical margins, +which brings us to the @Code marginhorizontal and @Code marginvertical +options: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Cell + marginhorizontal { 0.6f } + marginvertical { 0.3f } +} +These are the default values, 0.6 and 0.3 times the current font size +respectively. Another useful value is {@Code "marginvertical { 0.5vx }"}, +which asks for a vertical margin of half the current line separation, but +measured from baseline to baseline (this is what the @Code "x" means). +This produces a separation equal to the separation of the surrounding lines: +@CD @Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Austen } + B { Chaucer } + C { Donne } +@Rowa + A { Balzac } + B { Darwin } + C { Goethe } +@Rowa + A { Byron } + B { Dickens } + C { Homer } +} +This margin does not work so well when the cells contain paragraphs, +diagrams or other things that could not be described as single lines. +@PP +There are {@Code "marginabove"}, {@Code "marginbelow"}, {@Code "marginleft"}, +and {@Code "marginright"} options for setting margins individually. For +example, sometimes you don't want the extreme left and right margins in +a table, and they can be got rid of like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + paint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell ml { 0i } A | @Cell B | @Cell mr { 0i } C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Column A } + B { Column B } + C { Column C } +} +} +We've used abbreviated versions of the options' names: @Code "ml" for +{@Code marginleft}, and @Code "mr" for {@Code marginright}. Every option +has such an abbreviated name, made from the first letters of the parts of +its full name (Section {@NumberOf tbl_summ} lists all these names). The +result is +@CD @Tbl + paint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell ml { 0i } A | @Cell B | @Cell mr { 0i } C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Column A } + B { Column B } + C { Column C } +} +with the painting showing the reduced margins. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_mark b/doc/user/tbl_mark new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8761979 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_mark @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +@Section + @Title { Vertical alignment of tables } + @Tag { tbl_mark } +@Begin +@PP +Occasionally the vertical alignment of a table with objects to its left +vertical.alignment @Index { vertical alignment of tables } +and right becomes an issue. Examples are hard to find, but let's say +that we need to construct a symbol +@ID @AmberLight +and include it in running text. The obvious first attempt at a table +with three rows produces +#@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +#@Tbl +# aformat { @Cell A } +# margin { 0i } +# strut { no } +#{ +#@Rowa A { @OpenCircle } +#@Rowa A { @ClosedCircle } +#@Rowa A { @OpenCircle } +#} +#} +#where @Code "@OpenCircle" and @Code "@ClosedCircle" produce open and +#closed circles (they may be defined using the @Code "@Diag" package); +#but this produces +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell A } + margin { 0i } + strut { no } +{ +@Rowa A { @OpenCircle } +@Rowa A { @ClosedCircle } +@Rowa A { @OpenCircle } +} +in running text, because vertical alignment is by default through the +top boundary of the table. To make the alignment pass through one of +the rows, replace its @Code "@Row" symbol by a corresponding +@Code "@MarkRow" symbol. Here is the revised table, enclosed in a +definition for ease of use: +amberlight @Index { @Code "@AmberLight" symbol } +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +import @TblSetup +def @AmberLight +{ + @OneRow @Tbl + aformat { @Cell A } + margin { 0i } + strut { no } + paint { no } rule { no } + { + @Rowa A { @OpenCircle } + @MarkRowa A { @ClosedCircle } + @Rowa A { @OpenCircle } + } +} +} +Now when we write +@ID @Code "produces @AmberLight in running text" +we find that this definition produces @AmberLight in running text, as +desired. We have enclosed the table in @Code "@OneRow" to ensure that +its rows will never become separated, and added some options just in +case the definition is ever used with a setup file (Section +{@NumberOf tbl_setu}) that has default painting or rules. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_mult b/doc/user/tbl_mult new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84ce363 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_mult @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +@Section + @Title { Multi-page tables } + @Tag { tbl_mult } +@Begin +@PP +The tables produced by @Code "@Tbl" permit page breaks (including breaking +multi.page.tables @Index { multi-page tables } +to a new column) between every two rows, except rows that have a +vertically spanning cell in common. Page breaks cannot occur +within rows. The choice of page breaks can either be left to Lout, +or it can be forced by placing the new page symbol @Code "@NP" between two +np.tables @Index { @Code "@NP" (new page) in tables } +rows. +@PP +Some care is needed over where to put multi-page tables. They can't go +within any of the display symbols, because display symbols are not clever +enough to break tables between rows, even though they are sometimes able +to break simpler displays. (A display symbol will scale a very high table +to fit on one page, and it will go wrong on a table containing +{@Code "@NP"}.) Multi-page tables can go inside @Code "@Figure" or +@Code "@Table" symbols, because these symbols have been set up to accept +multi-page objects. Or they can go into the body text of the document +at full width with a paragraph symbol before and after, like this: +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@DP +@Tbl ... +@DP +} +An example of this kind of multi-page table appears in +Section {@NumberOf tbl_summ}. You can simulate an indent by means of an +empty cell at the left of each row format, although in the author's opinion +a multi-page table looks better at full width anyway. Lout will expand the +rightmost column to the full page width; one way to prevent this is to add +a @Code "|" after the last cell within each {@Code format} option, creating +an empty extra column. +@PP +The simplest way to get rules right in multi-page tables is to set +@Code "rulehorizontal" to {@Code yes}. This places a rule above every +row including the first on each page, and a rule below every row including +the last on each page. +@PP +To prevent page breaks within a table, precede the @Code "@Tbl" +symbol by {@Code "@OneRow"}: +@ID @Code "@CD @OneRow @Tbl ..." +@Code "@OneRow" is a general Lout symbol which binds the following +object into a single, unbreakable row. Make sure your table is +small enough to fit on one page when you do this, otherwise an error +message will be printed and it will be scaled to fit. Of course, we +have just said that display symbols like @Code "@CD" do this anyway, +but that might change some day. +@PP +To prevent a page break between two particular rows, but not in +general, replace the @Code "@Row" symbol of the second row with +the corresponding @Code "@NoBreakRow" symbol (@Code "@NoBreakRowa" +instead of {@Code "@Rowa"}, @Code "@NoBreakRowb" instead of +{@Code "@Rowb"}, and so on). +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_plai b/doc/user/tbl_plai new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0813717 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_plai @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +@Section + @Title { Plain text tables } + @Tag { tbl_plai } +@Begin +@PP +Tables work well with plain text output (Section {@NumberOf plain}): +plain.text.tables @Index { plain text tables } +@CD @OneRow -1px @Break @F @Verbatim { +................................................... +. . . +. Johnson . Johnson suddenly uttered an . +. suddenly . apophegm, at which many will . +. uttered an . start: `Patriotism is the . +. apophegm, at . last refuge of a scoundrel.' . +. which many . . +. will start: . . +. `Patriotism ................................. +. is the last . . . +. refuge of a . Johnson . Johnson . +. scoundrel.' . suddenly . suddenly . +. . uttered an . uttered an . +. . apophegm, at . apophegm, at . +. . which many . which many . +. . will start: . will start: . +. . `Patriotism . `Patriotism . +. . is the last . is the last . +. . refuge of a . refuge of a . +. . scoundrel.' . scoundrel.' . +. . . . +. . . . +................................... . +. . . +. Johnson suddenly uttered an . . +. apophegm, at which many will . . +. start: `Patriotism is the . . +. last refuge of a scoundrel.' . . +. . . +. . . +................................................... +} +This table was produced by a separate run of Lout and pasted into this +document. +@PP +@Code "@Tbl" changes the default values of several options when used +in a plain text document: +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + marginvertical { 2f } + marginhorizontal { 2s } + rulehorizontalwidth { 1f } + ruleverticalwidth { 1s } + rulehorizontalgap { 0f } + ruleverticalgap { 0s } +} +When using plain text it is advisable to make vertical distances whole +multiples of {@Code "1f"}, and horizontal distances whole multiples of +{@Code "1s"}, since this avoids fractional spacing which cannot be successful +in plain text files and produces quite messy results. There is also a +@Code ruleplainchar option for changing the character used to +draw rules. For example, +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + ruleplainchar { - } +} +would be a good choice if you plan to draw only horizontal rules. This +option can be set anywhere as usual. +@PP +If you do use rules it is worth pondering the implications of the last +part of Section {@NumberOf tbl_rule}. Right and below rules are drawn +outside the boundary of the cell, which is unimportant +in ordinary output, but means that they will appear one space to the +right and one line below the cell in plain text output. This explains +the slight asymmetry in the example above; you can correct it with +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + marginright { 1s } + marginbelow { 1f } +} +but you still have to worry about rules at the extreme right of the +page going off the edge, and rules below the last line bumping into +whatever follows the table. The first can be fixed by not using +full width tables with right rules; the second by inserting an extra +@Code "@DP" after a table that ends with a below rule. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_rows b/doc/user/tbl_rows new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d26b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_rows @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the appearance of rows } + @Tag { tbl_rows } +@Begin +@PP +We've seen that the @Code aformat option of @Code "@Tbl" determines the +format of the rows introduced by the @Code "@Rowa" symbol. There are +eight of these row format options: {@Code aformat}, +row.formats @Index { row formats in tables } +{@Code bformat}, and so on up to {@Code hformat}, and for each there +is a corresponding {@Code "@Row"} symbol: {@Code "@Rowa"}, {@Code "@Rowb"}, +and so on up to {@Code "@Rowh"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell @I A | @Cell @I B } + bformat { @Cell A | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Name } + B { Nationality } +@Rowb + A { Austen } + B { English } +@Rowb + A { Balzac } + B { French } +} +} +The result of this is +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + aformat { @Cell @I A | @Cell @I B } + bformat { @Cell A | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa + A { Name } + B { Nationality } +@Rowb + A { Austen } + B { English } +@Rowb + A { Balzac } + B { French } +} +The first row, being a {@Code "@Rowa"}, is formatted using +{@Code aformat}; the others, being {@Code "@Rowb"} symbols, are +formatted using {@Code bformat}. +@PP +In addition to the eight @Code format options of {@Code "@Tbl"}, it is +possible to specify the format of a row at the row itself, using the +@Code "@Row" symbol like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Row + format { @Cell @B A | @Cell paint { lightgrey } B } + A { ... } + B { ... } +} +All formats must contain the same number of cells, otherwise the table +will not be rectangular. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_rule b/doc/user/tbl_rule new file mode 100644 index 0000000..383ffab --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_rule @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +@Section + @Title { Rules } + @Tag { tbl_rule } +@Begin +@PP +There is a @Code "rule" option for drawing a rule around a cell: +@ID @OneRow @Code "@Cell rule { yes }" +The other possible values are {@Code no} (the default), +{@Code single} (the same as {@Code yes}), and {@Code double}, which +draws a double rule. +@PP +There are @Code "rulehorizontal" and @Code "rulevertical" options which +draw only horizontal or vertical rules, and also {@Code "ruleabove"}, +{@Code "rulebelow"}, {@Code "ruleleft"}, and {@Code "ruleright"} options: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa + ruleabove { yes } + A { Commercial property } + B { 10% } +@Rowa + A { Stock market } + B { 15% } + rulebelow { yes } +} +} +produces +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa + ruleabove { yes } + A { Commercial property } + B { 10% } +@Rowa + A { Stock market } + B { 15% } + rulebelow { yes } +} +These options take the same values as {@Code "rule"}, but draw +along only one or two of the four edges. +@PP +Other options control the appearance of rules. Here they are with their +default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + rulewidth { 0.05f } + rulegap { 0.15f } + rulecolour { black } +} +These say that rules are to be @Code "0.05f" wide (thick), double rules +are to appear @Code "0.15f" apart, and the colour of rules is to be black. +Once again, more specific versions of these symbols exist for controlling +above, below, left, and right rules: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Tbl + aformat { @Cell ml { 0i } A | @Cell B | @Cell C } + marginvertical { 0.5vx } +{ +@Rowa + A { rulehorizontalwidth } + B { rulehorizontalgap } + C { rulehorizontalcolour } +@Rowa + A { ruleabovewidth } + B { ruleabovegap } + C { ruleabovecolour } +@Rowa + A { rulebelowwidth } + B { rulebelowgap } + C { rulebelowcolour } +@Rowa + A { ruleverticalwidth } + B { ruleverticalgap } + C { ruleverticalcolour } +@Rowa + A { ruleleftwidth } + B { ruleleftgap } + C { ruleleftcolour } +@Rowa + A { rulerightwidth } + B { rulerightgap } + C { rulerightcolour } +} +As usual, all these options have abbreviated names; and @Code { colour } +may be spelt @Code { color } wherever it appears. Section +{@NumberOf tbl_summ} has a complete summary of all spellings of all +options. +@PP +To clarify exactly where the rules are drawn, let's start with +a cell with no rules at all: +@CD @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } paint { lightgrey } A } +{ +@Rowa +} +Above rules and left rules are drawn within the cell boundary, just +touching it, with any above rule overstriking any left rule: +@CD { @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } paint { lightgrey } A } +{ +@Rowa +} +@Background @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } A } + ruleleft { yes } + ruleabove { yes } + rulehorizontalwidth { 0.8v } + ruleverticalwidth { 0.5v } + ruleverticalcolour { grey } + rulehorizontalcolour { black } +{ +@Rowa +} +} +Below and right rules are drawn just outside the boundary of the +cell, also touching it: +@CD @Tbl aformat { @Cell A | @Cell | @Cell B } +{ +@Rowa + A { + @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } paint { lightgrey } A } + { + @Rowa + } + @Background + @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } A } + rulebelow { yes } + rulehorizontalwidth { 0.8v } + ruleverticalwidth { 0.5v } + ruleverticalcolour { grey } + rulehorizontalcolour { black } + { + @Rowa + } + } + B { + @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } paint { lightgrey } A } + { + @Rowa + } + @Background + @Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } A } + ruleright { yes } + rulehorizontalwidth { 0.8v } + ruleverticalwidth { 0.5v } + ruleverticalcolour { grey } + rulehorizontalcolour { black } + { + @Rowa + } + } +} +@DP +When a right rule is present, any above and below rules are extended +by the width of the right rule, and they overstrike it: +@CD { +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } paint { lightgrey } A } +{ +@Rowa +} +@Background +@Tbl + aformat { @Cell width { 3c } height { 1.5c } A } + ruleabove { yes } + ruleright { yes } + rulebelow { yes } + rulehorizontalwidth { 0.8v } + ruleverticalwidth { 0.5v } + ruleverticalcolour { grey } + rulehorizontalcolour { black } +{ +@Rowa +} +} +@DP +(These diagrams were produced by @Code "@Tbl" itself, using horizontal +rules of width @Code 0.8v drawn in black, and vertical rules of width +@Code 0.5v drawn in grey.) These arrangements ensure that even thick +rules produce clean corners, and also that a right rule and a neighbouring +left rule exactly overstrike each other, as do a below rule and its +neighbouring above rule. +@PP +For information about rules in plain text tables, consult Section +{@NumberOf tbl_plai}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_setu b/doc/user/tbl_setu new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74bdb9a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_setu @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +@Section + @Title { Changing the overall format } + @Tag { tbl_setu } +@Begin +@PP +All of the options apart from the @Code format options can be changed +setup.files.tables @Index { setup files for tables } +in the @Code { tbl } setup file, in which case the new values become +the default values for every table in the document. This section +explains how to do it. Changing options in the setup file can save a +lot of time, but its more important purposes are to promote consistency +and to allow document-wide formatting changes to be carried out easily. +@PP +The first step is to obtain your own copy of the setup file, @Code { tbl }, +from the Lout system include directory. You can find out where that +is by typing +@ID @Code { lout -V } +This prints out various things about Lout. Supposing that it says +that the Lout system include directory is @Code { "/usr/lout/include" }, for +example, you can copy the setup file into your current directory, +renaming it @Code { mytbl }, with the Unix command +@ID @Code "cp /usr/lout/include/tbl mytbl" +or its equivalent on your system. You will also need to make +@Code { mytbl } writable. +@PP +The next step is to replace the @Code "@SysInclude { tbl }" line at the +start of your document with @Code { "@Include { mytbl }" }. This causes +Lout to read your copy of the setup file, not the one in the system +include directory. Since the two files are currently identical, this +has changed nothing so far, but now you can change the options within +@Code mytbl and the changes will affect your document. +@PP +Your copy of the setup file has some lines beginning with @Code "#" +that are ignored by Lout, and then it has @Code { "@SysInclude { tblf }" }. +This line tells Lout to read file @Code tblf which contains the definition +of the @Code tbl package, so it should not be changed. After it comes +the @Code "@TblSetup" @Code "@Use" clause, which looks like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Use { @TblSetup + # paint { nopaint } + # font { } + # break { } +} +} +Only a few of the options are shown here. To change a setup file +option, delete the @Code "#" in front of it and change the value. For +example, suppose you want all table entries two points smaller than the +surrounding text: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Use { @TblSetup + # paint { nopaint } + font { -2p } + # break { } +} +} +This relative specification of font size is available anywhere, not +just in setup files (Section {@NumberOf fonts}). +@PP +Some setup file options contain values which use the @Code "@OrIfPlain" +symbol: +@ID @Code "marginvertical { 0.3f @OrIfPlain 1f }" +This means that the value of @Code marginvertical is to be @Code "0.3f" +usually, but @Code 1f in plain text documents. Feel free to leave these +symbols there when you change a value, or delete them if you prefer. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_span b/doc/user/tbl_span new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5621961 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_span @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +@Section + @Title { Spanning columns and rows } + @Tag { tbl_span } +@Begin +@PP +To make a cell span across several columns, precede the @Code "@Cell" +spanning.columns @Index { spanning columns and rows in tables } +symbol with @Code "@StartHSpan" and replace each spanned cell's +@Code "@Cell" symbol with {@Code "@HSpan"}, like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + rule { yes } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell indent { ctr } @B A | @HSpan | @HSpan } + bformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Some famous authors } +@Rowb + A { Austen } + B { Chaucer } + C { Donne } +@Rowb + A { Balzac } + B { Darwin } + C { Goethe } +} +} +The result of this is +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + rule { yes } + aformat { @StartHSpan @Cell indent { ctr } @B A | @HSpan | @HSpan } + bformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Some famous authors } +@Rowb + A { Austen } + B { Chaucer } + C { Donne } +@Rowb + A { Balzac } + B { Darwin } + C { Goethe } +} +We've used a sample of options to show how naturally these go with +spanning cells: they apply to the whole cell as usual, whatever +its extent. It is quite acceptable to span just some of the columns, +not all of them; indeed, there may be no @Code "@HSpan" symbols at +all, and then the cell just spans its own column, which sounds redundant +but actually has a use (Section {@NumberOf tbl_alig}). +@PP +Spanning rows work in the same way; the spanning cell is preceded by +{@Code "@StartVSpan"}, and the spanned cells are replaced by +{@Code "@VSpan"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + rule { yes } + aformat { @StartVSpan @Cell @I A | @Cell B | @Cell C } + bformat { @VSpan | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Mathematics } + B { MATH 1001 } + C { Differential Calculus } +@Rowb + B { MATH 1002 } + C { Linear Algebra } +@Rowa + A { Computer Science } + B { COMP 1001 } + C { Introductory Programming } +@Rowb + B { COMP 1002 } + C { Introductory Computer Science } +} +} +The result of this is +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + rule { yes } + aformat { @StartVSpan @Cell @I A | @Cell B | @Cell C } + bformat { @VSpan | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Mathematics } + B { MATH 1001 } + C { Differential Calculus } +@Rowb + B { MATH 1002 } + C { Linear Algebra } +@Rowa + A { Computer Science } + B { COMP 1001 } + C { Introductory Programming } +@Rowb + B { COMP 1002 } + C { Introductory Computer Science } +} +Here is a notorious larger example, the `spiral': +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@QuotedDisplay @Tbl + rule { yes } +{ +@Row + format { @StartVSpan @Cell A | @StartHSpan @Cell B | @HSpan } + A { @SomeText } + B { @SomeText } +@Row + format { @VSpan | @Cell B | @StartVSpan @Cell C } + B { @SomeText } + C { @SomeText } +@Row + format { @StartHSpan @Cell A | @HSpan | @VSpan } + A { @SomeText } +} +} +The @Code "@SomeText" symbol produces a short paragraph of text. The +result is +@QD @Tbl + rule { yes } +{ +@Row format { @StartVSpan @Cell A | @StartHSpan @Cell B | @HSpan } + A { @SomeText } + B { @SomeText } +@Row format { @VSpan | @Cell B | @StartVSpan @Cell C } + B { @SomeText } + C { @SomeText } +@Row format { @StartHSpan @Cell A | @HSpan | @VSpan } + A { @SomeText } +} +It is important when constructing mind-boggling tables like this one +to ensure that every format has exactly the same number of @Code "|" +symbols. Otherwise the number of columns will differ from row to row. +The names given to the entries ({@Code "A"}, {@Code "B"}, {@Code "C"}, +etc.) are quite irrelevant: having a @Code "@Cell D" in one row and a +@Code "@Cell D" in another does not mean that the cells will appear in +the same column. +@PP +There is an asymmetry in the spiral above: the first column +occupies slightly more space than the other two. This arises +because the left margin of the leftmost column is excluded from the +calculation of how much space is available. This anomaly might be +corrected some day. +@PP +There is a @Code "@StartHVSpan" symbol which combines the effects +of @Code "@StartHSpan" and {@Code "@StartVSpan"}. You need to +use it in this arrangement: +@ID @OneRow @Tbl + mv { 0.5vx } + aformat { @Cell @Code A | @Cell @Code B | @Cell @Code C } +{ +@Rowa + A { "@StartHVSpan" } + B { "@HSpan" } + C { "@HSpan" } +@Rowa + A { "@VSpan" } +@Rowa + A { "@VSpan" } +} +The blank positions should be left empty. For example: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Tbl + rule { yes } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C | @Cell D } + bformat { @Cell A | @StartHVSpan @Cell i { ctr } iv { ctr } B | @HSpan | @Cell D } + cformat { @Cell A | @VSpan | | @Cell D } +{ +@Rowa +@Rowb + B { CPU } +@Rowc +@Rowa +} +} +produces +@CD @OneRow @Tbl + rule { yes } + strut { no } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C | @Cell D } + bformat { @Cell A | @StartHVSpan @Cell i { ctr } iv { ctr } B | @HSpan | @Cell D } + cformat { @Cell A | @VSpan | | @Cell D } +{ +@Rowa +@Rowb + B { CPU } +@Rowc +@Rowa +} +This example illustrates how Lout apportions space in the presence of +spanning columns. If the spanning cell is naturally narrower than the +cells it spans, it is widened to their size. If it is wider (as in +the example above), then the last spanned cell is widened to take +up the slack. This is why the third cell is wider than the second in the +first row of this example. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_summ b/doc/user/tbl_summ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fed734 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_summ @@ -0,0 +1,255 @@ +@Section + @Title { Summary of options } + @Tag { tbl_summ } +@Begin +@PP +This summary applies to all @Code "@Tbl" options except the @Code format +options described in Section {@NumberOf tbl_rows}. Here is the complete +list of these options, one option per line, showing its alternative +spellings, default values (PostScript and PDF, and plain text) from the setup +file, and allowed range of values. Where one option is indented below +another, it means that the indented option is a specialized version of +the other, which affects its default value. For more on this see below. +@DP +@Tbl + marginvertical { 0.5vx } + aformat { @Cell ml { 0i } @Code A | + @Cell @Code B | @Cell @Code C | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + bformat { @Cell ml { 0i } indent { 1f } @Code A | + @Cell @Code B | @Cell @Code C | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + cformat { @Cell ml { 0i } indent { 2f } @Code A | + @Cell @Code B | @Cell @Code C | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + dfont { Italic } + dbreak { lines } + dformat { @Cell ml { 0i } A | @Cell B | @Cell C | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + fformat { @StartHSpan @Cell ml { 0i } @Code A | + @HSpan | @HSpan | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + gformat { @StartHSpan @Cell ml { 0i } indent { 1f } @Code A | + @HSpan | @HSpan | @Cell mr { 0i } D } + hformat { @StartHSpan @Cell ml { 0i } indent { 2f } @Code A | + @HSpan | @HSpan | @Cell mr { 0i } D } +{ +@Rowd + A { Option names } + B { Default in +PS, PDF } + C { Default in +plain text } + D { Allowed values } + rulebelow { yes } +@Rowa + A { paint p } + B { nopaint } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowa + A { background bg } + D { any object } +@Rowa + A { font f } + D { any font e.g. @Code "Helvetica Slope -2p" } +@Rowa + A { break b } + D { any break e.g. @Code "ragged nohyphen" } +@Rowa + A { width w } + D { @Code "expand" or any length e.g. @Code 5c } +@Rowa + A { height h } + D { any length e.g. @Code 3c } +@Rowa + A { indent i } + D { {@Code left}, {@Code ctr}, {@Code mctr}, {@Code right}, or any length } +@Rowa + A { indentvertical iv } + D { {@Code top}, {@Code ctr}, {@Code mctr}, {@Code foot}, or any length } +@Rowa + A { strut s } + B { yes } + C { yes } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, or any length } +@Rowa + A { struthorizontal sh } + B { no } + C { no } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, or any length } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { margin m } + B { } + C { } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { marginhorizontal mh } + B { 0.6f } + C { 2s } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { marginleft ml } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { marginright mr } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { marginvertical mv } + B { 0.3f } + C { 2f } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { marginabove ma } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { marginbelow mb } + D { any length } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { rule r } + B { no } + C { no } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowb + A { rulehorizontal rh } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowc + A { ruleabove ra } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowc + A { rulebelow rb } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowb + A { rulevertical rv } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowc + A { ruleleft rl } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowc + A { ruleright rr } + D { {@Code no}, {@Code yes}, {@Code single}, or {@Code double} } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { rulewidth rw } + B { 0.05f } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { rulehorizontalwidth rhw } + C { 1f } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { ruleabovewidth raw } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { rulebelowwidth rbw } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { ruleverticalwidth rvw } + C { 1s } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { ruleleftwidth rlw } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { rulerightwidth rrw } + D { any length } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { rulegap rg } + B { 0.15f } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { rulehorizontalgap rhg } + C { 0f } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { ruleabovegap rag } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { rulebelowgap rbg } + D { any length } +@Rowb + A { ruleverticalgap rvg } + C { 0s } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { ruleleftgap rlg } + D { any length } +@Rowc + A { rulerightgap rrg } + D { any length } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { rulecolour rulecolor rc } + B { black } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowg + A { rulehorizontalcolour rulehorizontalcolor rhc } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowh + A { ruleabovecolour ruleabovecolor rac } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowh + A { rulebelowcolour rulebelowcolor rbc } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowg + A { ruleverticalcolour ruleverticalcolor rvc } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowh + A { ruleleftcolour ruleleftcolor rlc } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowh + A { rulerightcolour rulerightcolor rrc } + D { any colour from Section {@NumberOf colour} } +@Rowa +@Rowa + A { ruleplainchar rpc } + C { . } + D { any simple word e.g. @Code + } + rulebelow { yes } +} +@DP +There are seven places where these options may be given, counting the +setup file (Section {@NumberOf tbl_setu}). To make it clear that this +summary applies to any of these options, we illustrate the seven places +with a fictitious option called {@Code option}: +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@Use { @TblSetup + option { 1 } +} + +@Tbl + option { 2 } + aoption { 3 } + aformat { @Cell option { 4 } A } +{ + @Rowa + option { 5 } + @Row + option { 6 } + format { @Cell option { 7 } A } +} +} +Each occurrence of @Code option is of course optional. If there are +none, the default value given in the table above applies. For any other +combination of absent and present options, the value that applies is the +present and relevant one with the largest number in the illustration +just above. But before applying this rule, any general options must be +thought of as being replaced by their more specialized versions: +@ID @Code "rulehorizontal { yes }" +is equivalent to +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +ruleabove { yes } +rulebelow { yes } +} +for example. Conflicts are resolved in the logical way: +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +margin { 0.5f } +marginleft { 0.0f } +} +is equivalent to the four specialized options +@ID @Code @Verbatim { +marginabove { 0.5f } +marginbelow { 0.5f } +marginleft { 0.0f } +marginright { 0.5f } +} +General options are really just abbreviations for sets of specialized +options. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/tbl_widt b/doc/user/tbl_widt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2e39ad --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/tbl_widt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +@Section + @Title { Cell width and height } + @Tag { tbl_widt } +@Begin +@PP +Lout is quite good a choosing suitable widths for cells. It leaves +narrow cells at their natural width, then uses paragraph breaking to +reduce the wider cells to a common width which is as large as +the available space allows: +@QD @OneRow @Tbl + aformat { @Cell @I A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { Acacia } + B { +Shrub or small tree with grey-green foliage and brilliant +yellow blossom in late winter. +} + C { +Distributed widely throughout Australia except in the most arid +parts; many varieties. +} +} +This usually looks good, but if you need something else, the @Code width +option may be used to give a particular width to a cell: +@ID @OneRow @Code "@Cell width { 3c }" +Here we have asked for a cell width of three centimetres; this includes +the cell margins. When using @Code width to fine-tune the appearance of +a table wide enough to require paragraph breaking, it is best to use +@Code width to make cells narrower, not wider. +@PP +Regrettably, there is no way to request that several cells in a row be +given a common width equal to the width of the widest. One simple way to +approximate this is to give these cells the same @Code width value. The +@Code width option also has a special value, {@Code "expand"}. All +cells with @Code "width { expand }" are assigned a common width +expand.cell.width @Index { @Code expand cell width in tables } +equal to the maximum amount permitted by the available space. For example, +@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim { +@QuotedDisplay @Tbl + width { expand } + paint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { 23.56 } + B { 98.76 } + C { 65.00 } +} +} +has result +@QuotedDisplay @Tbl + width { expand } + paint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { 23.56 } + B { 98.76 } + C { 65.00 } +} +We have used our usual trick of making the option apply to several cells +by moving it to a more general level, in this case to {@Code "@Tbl"}. +The available space can be reduced using the @Code "@Wide" symbol; if +we replace @Code "@QuotedDisplay @Tbl" in the example above with +@ID @OneRow @Code "@CentredDisplay 4i @Wide @Tbl" +the result will be +@CentredDisplay 4i @Wide @Tbl + width { expand } + paint { lightgrey } + aformat { @Cell A | @Cell B | @Cell C } +{ +@Rowa + A { 23.56 } + B { 98.76 } + C { 65.00 } +} +with the total table width reduced to four inches. +@PP +There is an analogous @Code height option which makes a cell take on +a particular fixed height, again including margins. Make sure there +is enough height in the cell to hold its entry when you use this +option. The @Code "expand" value is not available for height. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ b/doc/user/typ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ebe52f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +@Chapter + @Title { Types of Documents } + @Tag { types } +@Begin +@LP +Particular types of documents have specialized formatting requirements: +title pages in books, abstracts in technical reports, and so on. Lout +provides a range of @I { document types } with the appropriate +specialized features for +document.types @Index { document types } +each type. +@PP +There are five types: ordinary documents, technical reports, +books, overhead transparencies, and stand-alone illustrations. The +features of all other chapters are available within each document type, +but the features of one type are not available within other types. +@BeginSections +@Include { typ_ordi } +@Include { typ_repo } +@Include { typ_book } +@Include { typ_over } +@Include { typ_illu } +@Include { typ_plai } +@Include { typ_apdf } +@Include { typ_orga } +@EndSections +@End @Chapter diff --git a/doc/user/typ_apdf b/doc/user/typ_apdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3203384 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_apdf @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +@Section + @Title { PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format) documents } + @Tag { pdf } +@Begin +@PP +You can get Lout to produce PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format) output as +an alternative to PostScript, by adding @Code "-PDF" to the command line +like this: +pdf. @Index { PDF documents } +@ID @Code "lout -PDF simple > simple.pdf" +No other changes are required. +@PP +The PDF output is superior to PostScript in providing links: when viewed +with a PDF viewer, entries in tables of contents and indexes can be +clicked on and this transports the viewer to the part of the document +referenced by the link. (Recent versions of PostScript support this +feature too, but Lout's PostScript doesn't.) However, the PDF output +produced by Lout is inferior at graphics: the advanced features of the +@Code "@Diag" and @Code "@Graph" packages do not produce any output. One +can still format documents that contain them, but the results are disappointing. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_book b/doc/user/typ_book new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34abde2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_book @@ -0,0 +1,420 @@ +@Section + @Title { Books } + @Tag { books } +@Begin +@PP +To produce a book, start off with the @Code book setup file and the +books. @Index { books } +book. @Index @Code "@Book" +@Code "@Book" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { book }" +"@Book" +" @Title {}" +" @Author {}" +" @Edition {}" +" @Publisher {}" +" @BeforeTitlePage {}" +" @OnTitlePage {}" +" @AfterTitlePage {}" +" @AtEnd {}" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +" @PageHeaders { Titles }" +" @ColumnNumber { 1 }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @IntroFirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @OptimizePages { No }" +"//" +} +This shows all the options of @Code "@Book" with their default values. As +usual, these options may be given in any order, and only those +to be changed need be given at all. The meaning of the +@Code "//" symbol after the last option is beyond our scope, but total +disaster will ensue if it is forgotten. +@PP +The {@Code "@Title"}, {@Code "@Author"}, and {@Code "@Edition"} options +will appear on the title page, in the @Code "clines" paragraph breaking +style which centres each line (Section {@NumberOf paras}). The +@Code "@Publisher" option will appear at the foot of the title page. +@PP +The {@Code "@BeforeTitlePage"} option will come out on the page (or +pages) preceding the title page. This is where publishers +advertise other books of a similar kind, perhaps from a series. +@PP +If {@Code "@OnTitlePage"} is given it will replace the title page +that usually appears, superseding the {@Code "@Title"}, {@Code "@Author"}, +{@Code "@Edition"}, and @Code "@Publisher" options in the process. +@PP +The {@Code "@AfterTitlePage"} option will come out on the page +(or pages) following the title page. This is where publishers +traditionally put copyright notices, information about production, +and cataloguing-in-publication data. If this option is empty or +omitted, there will be no such pages. +@PP +The {@Code "@AtEnd"} option will come out on a single unnumbered page +with no page headers or footers, and using the same margins as for even +pages, after the very last page of the book; even after the index if +there is one. It is intended to make it possible to include a back +cover, so @Code "@PageOf last.page" (Section {@NumberOf cross}) does +not take account of any @Code "@AtEnd" page. +@PP +The remaining options are a selection of setup file options (Section +{@NumberOf setup}) that frequently need to be changed. If your changes +to the overall formatting are confined to these options, you can change +them here and avoid having your own setup file. If you already have +your own setup file, change them in either place and omit them in +the other. +@PP +@Code "@InitialFont" is the font of the bulk of the book, +and should contain a family, a face, and a size. The default +value selects the Times family, the Base face, and the 12 point size. +@PP +@Code "@InitialBreak" controls the behaviour of paragraph breaking in +the bulk of the book. It should have three parts: a paragraph +breaking style ({@Code adjust}, {@Code ragged}, etc.), an inter-line +spacing ({@Code "1.2fx"} for single spacing, {@Code "2.4fx"} for +double spacing, and so on), and either @Code "hyphen" or +@Code "nohyphen" for turning hyphenation on or off. It may also +have @Code "nobreakfirst" or @Code "nobreaklast" (or both), meaning +to disallow a page break after the first line of a paragraph, or +before the last, respectively. +@PP +@Code "@InitialSpace" determines how Lout treats white space +between two objects, as described in Section +{@NumberOf white}. @Code "@InitialLanguage" determines the +language of the bulk of the book. +@PP +@Code "@PageOrientation" determines the orientation of the page. Its +value may be {@Code Portrait} (the default), {@Code Landscape}, +{@Code ReversePortrait}, or {@Code ReverseLandscape}. See +Section {@NumberOf pagesize} for further details. +@PP +@Code "@PageHeaders" determines the appearance of page headers and +footers. Its value may be {@Code None}, +{@Code Simple}, {@Code Titles}, or {@Code NoTitles}. Section +{@NumberOf headers} has the details, but just briefly, {@Code None} +and {@Code Simple} are not really suitable for books, @Code Titles +produces full running titles as in the present document, and +@Code "NoTitles" is like @Code "Titles" with the running titles +omitted, leaving just the page numbers. +@PP +@Code "@ColumnNumber" is the number of columns per page in the bulk of +the book, and may be anything from {@Code 1} (the default value) to +{@Code 10}. Irrespective of its value, all prefatory material, all +chapter and appendix headings, and all figures and tables will be +printed full width. There is a separate @Code "@IndexColumnNumber" +option in the setup file which determines the number of columns in +the index (Section {@NumberOf indexes}). +@PP +@Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the page number to be given to the first +non-introductory page. @Code "@IntroFirstPageNumber" is the +page number of the first introductory page; it will usually appear +in Roman but must be given in Arabic. +@PP +Lout ordinarily places lines onto a page until space runs out, then moves +to the next page and so on. This often produces ugly empty spaces at +the bottoms of pages preceding large unbreakable displays. Setting the +@Code "@OptimizePages" option to {@Code "Yes"} causes Lout to examine the +overall situation and try to minimize the ugliness, using the @TeX +optimal paragraph breaking algorithm. It takes two runs to do this, +with intermediate results stored in Lout's cross reference database +(Section {@NumberOf cross}); so deleting file {@Code lout.li} will reset +it, which might be wise after major changes. It is possible for the +optimizer to cycle, never settling on a single final best version; this +is usually caused by footnotes or floating figures inserted at points +which end up near page boundaries. +@PP +After the compulsory @Code "//" comes an optional preface: +preface. @Index @Code "@Preface" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Preface" +" @Title { About this book }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Preface" +} +Since the title of most prefaces is simply Preface, that is the default +value in English of the @Code "@Title" option. After the preface there +will automatically appear a table of contents listing the introduction, +chapters, sections, subsections, appendices, sub-appendices, bibliography, +and index as appropriate. +@PP +The pages up to this point will be numbered in lower case Roman +numerals; subsequent pages will be numbered in Arabic starting from +the @Code "@FirstPageNumber" option of {@Code "@Book"}. There is +a setup file option for changing this to a single numbering sequence +(see below). +@PP +Next comes an optional abbreviations sections, exactly like the +preface except that its name is @Code "@Abbreviations" and the +abbreviations. @Index @Code "@Abbreviations" +default title in English is Abbreviation. There is no support for +what goes inside; you need to use a list or table to lay out the +abbreviations, in the usual way. +@PP +Next comes an optional introduction, exactly like the preface except that +its name is @Code "@Introduction" and the default title in English is +introduction. @Index @Code "@Introduction" +Introduction: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Introduction" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Introduction" +} +After that comes a sequence of chapters in the usual style: +chapter. @Index @Code "@Chapter" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @Title { Australian Native Plants }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Chapter" +} +No @Code "@BeginChapters" or @Code "@EndChapters" symbols are +beginchapters. @Index @Code "@BeginChapters" +endchapters. @Index @Code "@EndChapters" +needed, because these chapters are not inside any other large-scale +structure symbol. Within a chapter, there may be a sequence of sections, +each introduced by {@Code "@Section"}, all bracketed +section.books @SubIndex { in books } +by @Code "@BeginSections" and {@Code "@EndSections"}: +beginsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +endsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSections" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"..." +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@EndSections" +} +Within each section there may be subsections, each introduced by +{@Code "@SubSection"}, and the sequence as a whole bracketed by +@Code "@BeginSubSections" and {@Code "@EndSubSections"}: +subsection.books @SubIndex { in books } +beginsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +endsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubSections" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"..." +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@EndSubSections" +} +The subsections may contain sub-subsections, but +subsubsection.books @SubIndex { in books } +beginsubsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +endsubsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books } +there are no sub-sub-subsections. +@PP +After the chapters comes an optional sequence of appendices. Each +is introduced by @Code "@Appendix" in the usual way: +appendix.books @SubIndex { in books } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Appendix" +" @Title { Climatic Regions of Australia }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Appendix" +} +No @Code "@BeginAppendices" or @Code "@EndAppendices" symbols are +beginappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +endappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +needed, because (like chapters) these appendices do not lie inside +any other large-scale structure symbol. The appendices are numbered +A, B, C, etc., as is conventional for them. Within each appendix +there may be a sequence of subappendices, obtained with the +@Code "@SubAppendix" symbol and bracketed by +subappendix.books @SubIndex { in books } +@Code "@BeginSubAppendices" and {@Code "@EndSubAppendices"}: +beginsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +endsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubAppendices" +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"..." +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"@EndSubAppendices" +} +There are sub-subappendices following the same pattern, but no +subsubappendix.books @SubIndex { in books } +beginsubsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +endsubsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books } +sub-sub-subappendices. +@PP +The book ends with the last chapter or appendix; any reference list or +index will be appended automatically. Although we have described how to +create books as though everything was in one large file, in practice it +is much better to divide the book into multiple files, following the +method given in Section {@NumberOf organizing}. +@PP +In addition to the {@Code "@Title"} option, each large-scale structure +symbol (i.e. {@Code "@Preface"}, {@Code "@Introduction"}, {@Code "@Chapter"}, +{@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@SubSection"}, {@Code "@SubSubSection"}, +{@Code "@Appendix"}, {@Code "@SubAppendix"}, and {@Code "@SubSubAppendix"}) +has a @Code "@Tag" option for cross referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}), +an @Code "@InitialLanguage" option for changing the language of that +part of the document, and a @Code "@RunningTitle" option which will be +used in place of @Code "@Title" in running headers if given. This last +is useful when the full title is rather long. +@PP +The @Code "@Chapter" symbol has three additional options for dividing +parts. @Index { parts of books } +the book into parts: +part.number @Index @Code "@PartNumber" +part.title @Index @Code "@PartTitle" +part.text @Index @Code "@PartText" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @PartNumber { Part A }" +" @PartTitle { The Ancient World }" +" @PartText { ... }" +} +Any chapter with a non-empty @Code "@PartTitle" option will become the +first chapter of a part. It will be preceded by two pages containing the +part number, title, and text, and there will also be an entry +made in the table of contents. @Code "@PartNumber" and @Code "@PartText" +may be omitted. Parts are @I not numbered automatically: you +have to supply your own numbers or letters as shown above. +@PP +The features described in other chapters are all available within +books. A table of contents and index will appear automatically, and +you will need to change the setup file to avoid them. Endnotes will +appear at the end of the enclosing preface, introduction, chapter, or +appendix. The numbering of figures and tables includes a chapter or +appendix number: the first figure of Appendix C will be Figure C.1, +and so on. Figures and tables within the preface or introduction are +numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. A figure or table will never appear on the +same page as the beginning of a chapter or appendix. References work +as described in Chapter {@NumberOf biblio}. As explained there, it is +possible to have a list of references at the end of each chapter as well +as at the end of the book. +@PP +Within the @Code "book" setup file there is a @Code "@BookSetup" +booksetup. @Index @Code "@BookSetup" +symbol whose options control the appearance of features specific to books +(in other words, the features described in this section). Here is a +representative sample of these options, showing their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @BookSetup" +" # @TitlePageFont { Helvetica Base }" +" # @SeparateIntroNumbering { Yes }" +" # @PrefaceAfterContents { No }" +" # @ReferencesBeforeAppendices { No }" +" # @ChapterStartPages { Any }" +" # @ChapterWord { chapter }" +" # @ChapterNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @ChapterHeadingFont { Bold 2.00f }" +" # @ChapterHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen }" +" # @ChapterHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title }" +" # @AboveChapterGap { 3.00f }" +" # @ChapterInContents { Yes }" +"}" +} +Section {@NumberOf setup} explains how to make your own setup file and +change its options. @Code "@TitlePageFont" is the font used on the title +title.page.font. @Index @Code "@TitlePageFont" +page of the book, not including a size. @Code "@ChapterStartPages" +determines what kinds of pages chapters and other major components of the +book may begin on, and may be {@Code Any}, {@Code Odd}, or {@Code Even}, +meaning any page, odd-numbered pages only, or even-numbered pages +only. @Code "@SeparateIntroNumbering" +separate.intro.numbering @Index @Code "@SeparateIntroNumbering" +determines whether the introductory part of the book is to have a +separate numbering sequence or not. @Code "@ReferencesBeforeAppendices" +references.before.appendices @Index @Code "@ReferencesBeforeAppendices" +determines whether any final list of references appears before or +after any appendices. @Code "@ChapterWord" determines +the word used in chapter titles; its default value, {@Code "chapter"}, +produces `Chapter' in the current language. The other six options control +the appearance of chapters, and there are similar options for controlling +the other large-scale structure symbols. +@PP +@Code "@ChapterNumbers" determines how chapters will be numbered, and may +be @Code { None }, @Code { Arabic }, @Code { Roman }, @Code { UCRoman }, +@Code { Alpha }, or @Code { UCAlpha }. The default value is @Code Arabic +for chapters and also for all large-scale structure symbols except +appendices, for which it is {@Code UCAlpha}. This produces the appendices +numbered in upper-case letters (A, B, C, etc.) that were mentioned earlier. +@PP +@Code "@ChapterHeadingFont" is the font used for chapter headings. The +default value shown above produces the bold face of the initial font +family, at twice the initial size. A family name is acceptable +here as well. @Code "@ChapterHeadingBreak" is the break style for +chapter headings. +@PP +@Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat" allows you to change +the format of the heading. The symbol @Code "number" within it will +be replaced by the number of the chapter (actually including the word +Chapter as well in the current language, e.g. {@Code "Chapter 12"}); the +symbol @Code "title" within it will be replaced by the title. So you could +write, say, +@ID @Code +"@ChapterHeadingFormat { @Box paint { lightgrey } { number @DP title } }" +to get the title below the number, both enclosed in a box. The default +value uses the @Code "@DotSep" symbol from Section {@NumberOf headers} +to produce the number and title separated by a dot and two spaces, roughly +the same as +@ID @Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat { number. title }" +except when there is no number. This option is applied +to other major headings, in the preface, introduction, table of +contents, appendices, reference list, and index. In all these other +cases, @Code "number" is an empty object, except for appendices, when it +contains @Code "Appendix A" or whatever. +@PP +There is a @Code "@PartHeadingFormat" option for determining the +format of part headings. It works in the same way as +{@Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat"}, with @Code "number" and @Code "title" +symbols standing for the relevant @Code "@PartNumber" and @Code "@PartTitle" +options. The default value is +@ID @Code "@PartHeadingFormat { @CD number @DP @CD title }" +which centres the number and title. The default paragraph breaking +style is {@Code "clines"}, but you may place a @Code "@Break" symbol +within @Code "@PartHeadingFormat" to change this. +@PP +The example of boxed titles for chapters given above suffers from two +practical deficiencies. First, the box won't extend right across the +page, and second, when there is no @Code "number" we don't want the +@Code "@DP" either. Here is a value for @Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat" +that solves both of these problems and looks good in practice: +@ID @OneCol @Code { +"@ChapterHeadingFormat {" +" number @Case {" +" {} @Yield @Box paint { lightgrey } @HExpand { title }" +" else @Yield @Box paint { lightgrey } @HExpand { number @DP title }" +" }" +"}" +} +The @Code "@Case" symbol (Expert's Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert }) +distinguishes between the cases where @Code "number" is empty and non-empty; +the @Code "@HExpand" symbol expands the horizontal space occupied by the +heading to the maximum possible, so that when the box is drawn around it +it will occupy the full page width. The format can be as +complicated as you like, and there is no need to squeeze it all onto +one line; as always, the end of a line is the same as one space. +@PP +Every chapter and appendix begins on a new page. @Code "@AboveChapterGap" +determines how much space is left blank above the chapter title; the +default value is three times the initial font size. There are similar +options for other large-scale structure symbols, which determine how +much space is left before each one. +@PP +@Code "@ChapterInContents" determines whether or not an entry is made in +the table of contents for each chapter; it may be @Code Yes or {@Code No}, +but would always be {@Code Yes}. The default value of the corresponding +options for sub-subsections and sub-subappendices, however, is {@Code No}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_illu b/doc/user/typ_illu new file mode 100644 index 0000000..532b42b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_illu @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +@Section + @Title { Stand-alone illustrations } + @Tag { illustrations } +@Begin +@PP +This section describes how to use Lout to produce an illustration for +stand.alone.illustrations. @Index { stand-alone illustrations } +illustrations. @Index { illustrations } +inclusion in some other document, which may itself be a Lout document +but need not be. The opposite process, the inclusion of an illustration +in a Lout document, is the subject of Section {@NumberOf include}. +@PP +Suppose you want to produce the following logo +for inclusion in some other document: +@ID { +45d @Rotate @CurveBox { ARMY @LP 180d @Rotate ARMY } +} +This is just an object, and it is not hard to make it using Lout's +graphics features: +@ID @Code "45d @Rotate @CurveBox { ARMY @LP 180d @Rotate ARMY }" +The problem is that objects ordinarily come out on pages with margins, +page numbers, and so forth, which we don't want here. The solution +is to use the illustration document type, whose setup file, curiously +enough, is called {@Code "picture"}: +illustration. @Index @Code "@Illustration" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { picture }" +"@Illustration {" +" 45d @Rotate @CurveBox { ARMY @LP 180d @Rotate ARMY }" +"}" +} +After the usual @Code "@SysInclude" line comes one @Code "@Illustration" +symbol. Following it is an arbitrary object which becomes the entire +result, with no pages and no margins, ready for inclusion in some other +document as an illustration. +@PP +The @Code "@Illustration" symbol has options for setting the initial +font, paragraph breaking style, colour, and language. Here they are +with their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Illustration" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @InitialColour { black }" +"{" +" ..." +"}" +} +You can specify any colour from the list in Section {@NumberOf colour}, +for example {@Code blue}, and then your illustration will have that +colour wherever it is included. +@PP +Because there are no pages, the width and height of the result are +indeterminate, depending on how large the object turns out to be. This +makes things very awkward for filled paragraphs and centring, which depend +on knowing how much space is available to be occupied. So you should either +avoid filled paragraphs and all displays and lists altogether in +illustrations, or else enclose your object in a @Code "@Wide" symbol: +wide @RawIndex { @Code "@Wide" } +wide.illustrations @SubIndex { with illustrations } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Illustration 5c @Wide {" +" ..." +"}" +} +to make clear how wide you want your illustration to be. +@PP +The technical name for a file containing a stand-alone illustration +encapsulated.postscript @Index { encapsulated PostScript file } +eps @Index { EPS file } +is `encapsulated PostScript file' or `EPS file' for short. To get +Lout to produce an encapsulated PostScript file instead of an ordinary +PostScript file, you have to use the @Code "-EPS" Unix command line +flag. For example, suppose the Lout file containing our example +illustration is called {@Code "army"}; then the appropriate Unix +command for formatting it is +@ID @Code "lout -EPS army > army.eps" +An EPS file is supposed to contain only one `page', so Lout will refuse +to generate any second or subsequent pages when the @Code "-EPS" flag +is given. There is also a minor difference in format between ordinary +and encapsulated PostScript files, which is why the @Code "-EPS" flag +is needed at all. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_ordi b/doc/user/typ_ordi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fbd07a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_ordi @@ -0,0 +1,313 @@ +@Section + @Title { Ordinary documents } + @Tag { ordinary } +@Begin +@PP +Ordinary documents are the simplest kind, consisting of a plain sequence +ordinary. @Index { ordinary documents } +of numbered pages. To produce an ordinary document, use the @Code doc +setup file and the @Code "@Doc" symbol: +doc. @Index @Code "@Doc" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Doc @Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +where @Code ... stands for the body of your document. This is the +arrangement from Section {@NumberOf start} for getting +started. Alternatively, you can begin with +@Code "@Document" instead of {@Code "@Doc"}: +document. @Index @Code "@Document" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Document" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +" @PageHeaders { Simple }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @ColumnNumber { 1 }" +" @OptimizePages { No }" +" @Unpaginated { No }" +"//" +"@Text @Begin" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +This shows all the options of {@Code "@Document"}, with their default +values. As usual with options, the options of {@Code "@Document"} +may be given in any order, and only the ones that need to be changed +need be given at all. Notice the @Code "//" after the last option. Its +meaning is beyond our +"//" @Index { @Code "//" symbol } +scope, but total disaster will ensue if it is forgotten. The @Code "@Doc" +symbol is an abbreviation for {@Code "@Document //"}, which is why you don't +need @Code "//" with {@Code "@Doc"}. +@PP +The eight options are a selection of setup file options (Section +{@NumberOf setup}) that frequently need to be changed. If your changes +to the overall formatting are confined to these options, you can change +them here and avoid having your own setup file. If you already have +your own setup file, change them in either place and omit them in +the other. +@PP +@Code "@InitialFont" is the font of the bulk of the document, +and should contain a family, a face, and a size. The default +value selects the Times family, the Base face, and the 12 point size. +@PP +@Code "@InitialBreak" controls the behaviour of paragraph breaking in +the bulk of the document. It should have three parts: a paragraph +breaking style ({@Code adjust}, {@Code ragged}, etc.), an inter-line +spacing ({@Code "1.2fx"} for single spacing, {@Code "2.4fx"} for +double spacing, and so on), and either @Code "hyphen" or @Code "nohyphen" +for turning hyphenation on or off. It may also have @Code "nobreakfirst" +or @Code "nobreaklast" (or both), meaning to disallow a page break after +the first line of a paragraph, or before the last, respectively. +@PP +@Code "@InitialSpace" determines how Lout treats white space between +two objects, as described in Section +{@NumberOf white}. @Code "@InitialLanguage" determines the language +of the bulk of the document. +@PP +@Code "@PageOrientation" determines the orientation of the page. Its +value may be {@Code Portrait} (the default), {@Code Landscape}, +{@Code ReversePortrait}, or {@Code ReverseLandscape}. See +Section {@NumberOf pagesize} for further details. +@PP +@Code "@PageHeaders" determines the appearance of page headers and +footers throughout the document, and may be {@Code None}, +{@Code Simple}, {@Code Titles}, or {@Code NoTitles}. Section +{@NumberOf headers} has the details, but just briefly, {@Code None} +means no page headers at all, {@Code Simple} means a +page number between hyphens at the top of each page except the first, +@Code Titles produces full running titles as in this guide, +and @Code "NoTitles" is like @Code "Titles" with the running titles +omitted, leaving just the page numbers. +@PP +@Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the page number given to the first page. +@PP +@Code "@ColumnNumber" is the number of columns per page in the bulk of +the document, and may be anything from {@Code 1} (the default value) to +{@Code 10}. It is possible to produce full-width ordinary +text in a multi-column document, using the @Code "@FullWidth" +full.width. @Index @Code "@FullWidth" +symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Document" +" @ColumnNumber { 2 }" +"//" +"@Text @Begin" +"@FullWidth {" +"@CentredDisplay @Heading { NOTICE TO TRESPASSERS }" +"}Trespassers are hereby notified that, ..." +"@End @Text" +} +This produces a full-width heading above a two-column body. The word +@Code Trespassers has been placed immediately after the closing brace +of @Code "@FullWidth" because (regrettably) any space here will appear +before @Code Trespassers in the output. Alternatively you could use +a paragraph symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@FullWidth {" +"@CentredDisplay @Heading { NOTICE TO TRESPASSERS }" +"}" +"@PP" +"Trespassers are hereby notified that, ..." +} +You can have several @Code "@FullWidth" symbols, +producing full-width text wherever you want. Just be aware that +@Code "@FullWidth" always causes a fresh page to be begun, it will never +appear on the same page as a figure or table, and it is not able to hold +a table of contents, a section, or an appendix. +@PP +Lout ordinarily places lines onto a page until space runs out, then moves +to the next page and so on. This often produces ugly empty spaces at +the bottoms of pages preceding large unbreakable displays. Setting the +@Code "@OptimizePages" option to {@Code "Yes"} causes Lout to examine the +overall situation and try to minimize the ugliness, using the @TeX +tex.page @SubIndex { page optimization } +optimal paragraph breaking algorithm. It takes two runs to do this, +with intermediate results stored in Lout's cross reference database +(Section {@NumberOf cross}); so deleting file {@Code lout.li} will reset +it, which might be wise after major changes. It is possible for the +optimizer to cycle, never settling on a single final best +version; this is usually caused by footnotes or floating figures inserted +at points that end up near page boundaries. +@PP +The @Code "@Unpaginated" option, whose value is ignored unless plain text +output is in effect, produces unpaginated output when changed to +{@Code Yes} (see Section {@NumberOf plain}). +@PP +Within the @Code "@Text" symbol, it is possible to have a sequence +of sections: +section. @RawIndex @Code "@Section" +section.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginsections. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginSections" +beginsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endsections. @RawIndex @Code "@EndSections" +endsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSections" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"..." +"@Section ... @End @Section" +"@EndSections" +} +as described in Section {@NumberOf largescale}. Within any +section, a similar arrangement produces subsections: +subsection. @RawIndex @Code "@SubSection" +subsection.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginsubsections. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginSubSections" +beginsubsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endsubsections. @RawIndex @Code "@EndSubSections" +endsubsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubSections" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"..." +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@EndSubSections" +} +Within any subsection, there may be sub-subsections, obtained +using {@Code "@BeginSubSubSections"}, {@Code "@SubSubSection"}, +subsubsection. @RawIndex @Code "@SubSubSection" +subsubsection.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginsubsubsections. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginSubSubSections" +beginsubsubsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endsubsubsections. @RawIndex @Code "@EndSubSubSections" +endsubsubsections.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +and {@Code "@EndSubSubSections"}. There are no sub-sub-subsections. +@PP +Also within the @Code "@Text" symbol only, there may be a sequence of +appendices: +appendix. @RawIndex @Code "@Appendix" +appendix.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginAppendices" +beginappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@EndAppendices" +endappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginAppendices" +"@Appendix ... @End @Appendix" +"@Appendix ... @End @Appendix" +"..." +"@Appendix ... @End @Appendix" +"@EndAppendices" +} +These will be `numbered' A, B, C etc. as is conventional. Within any +appendix there may be a sequence of subappendices, obtained in the +usual way using {@Code "@BeginSubAppendices"}, {@Code "@SubAppendix"}, +subappendix. @RawIndex @Code "@SubAppendix" +subappendix.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginsubappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginSubAppendices" +beginsubappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endsubappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@EndSubAppendices" +endsubappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +and {@Code "@EndSubAppendices"}. There are sub-subappendices as well, +following the same pattern, but no sub-sub-subappendices. +subsubappendix. @RawIndex @Code "@SubSubAppendix" +subsubappendix.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +beginsubsubappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@BeginSubSubAppendices" +beginsubsubappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +endsubsubappendices. @RawIndex @Code "@EndSubSubAppendices" +endsubsubappendices.ordinary @SubIndex { in ordinary documents } +@PP +In addition to the {@Code "@Title"} option, each large-scale structure +symbol ({@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@SubSection"}, {@Code "@SubSubSection"}, +{@Code "@Appendix"}, {@Code "@SubAppendix"}, and {@Code "@SubSubAppendix"}) +has a @Code "@Tag" option for cross referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}), +an @Code "@InitialLanguage" option for changing the language of that part +of the document, and a @Code "@RunningTitle" option which will be used in +place of @Code "@Title" in running headers if given. @Code "@RunningTitle" +is useful when the full title is rather long. +@PP +The features described in other chapters are all available within +ordinary documents. Endnotes and references appear automatically at +the end of the document. Figures are labelled Figure 1, Figure 2, +etc., and tables are labelled Table 1, Table 2, etc. +@PP +To get a table of contents, set the @Code "@MakeContents" option in +the setup file to {@Code Yes}, and insert the symbol +@Code "@ContentsGoesHere" at the point where you would like the +contents.goes.here. @Index @Code "@ContentsGoesHere" +table of contents to appear, anywhere before the first section: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { doc }" +"@Text @Begin" +"@CentredDisplay @Heading { Safety Procedures }" +"@Heading { Contents }" +"@DP" +"@ContentsGoesHere" +"@DP" +"..." +"@End @Text" +} +You must supply your own heading, as well as paragraph symbols +before and after. Regrettably, @Code "@ContentsGoesHere" may +not be placed inside a display, nor inside {@Code "@FullWidth"}. +@PP +To get an index, set the @Code "@MakeIndex" option in the setup file +to {@Code Yes}, and follow the instructions in Section +{@NumberOf indexes}. The index will appear automatically at the end +of your document. +@PP +Within the @Code doc setup file there is an @Code "@OrdinarySetup" +symbol whose options control the appearance of features specific to +ordinary documents (in other words, the features described in this +section). Here is a representative sample of these options, showing +their default values: +ordinary.setup @Index @Code "@OrdinarySetup" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @OrdinarySetup" +" # @IndexWord { index }" +" # @AppendixWord { appendix }" +" # @SectionNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @SectionHeadingFont { Bold }" +" # @SectionGap { 2.00v }" +" # @SectionInContents { Yes }" +"}" +} +Section {@NumberOf setup} explains how to make your own setup file and +change its options. +@PP +The @Code "@IndexWord" option determines what the index is called, if +there is one. The default value, {@Code "index"}, produces the word +`Index' in the current language. Any other value produces itself. The +@Code "@AppendixWord" option is similar; its default value is `Appendix' +in the current language. +@PP +@Code "@SectionNumbers" determines how sections will be numbered, and may +be @Code { None }, @Code { Arabic }, @Code { Roman }, @Code { UCRoman }, +@Code { Alpha }, or @Code { UCAlpha }. The default value is @Code Arabic +for sections and also all other large-scale structure symbols except +appendices, for which it is {@Code UCAlpha}. This produces the appendices +numbered in upper-case letters (A, B, C, etc.) that were mentioned earlier. +@PP +@Code "@SectionHeadingFont" is the font used for section headings. The +default value produces the bold face from the family of the +initial font. A family name or size is also acceptable: +@ID @Code "@SectionHeadingFont { Helvetica Base +2p }" +makes the section heading appear in the Helvetica font, two +points larger than the initial size. +@PP +@Code "@SectionGap" determines how much space is left blank before each +section title; the default value shown above is twice the current +inter-line spacing. The special value @Code "2b" may be used to get a +page break rather than a space. There are similar options for other +large-scale structure symbols, which determine how much space is left +before each one. +@PP +@Code "@SectionInContents" determines whether or not an entry is made in +the table of contents for each section; it may be @Code Yes or {@Code No}, +but would always be {@Code Yes}. The default value of the corresponding +options for sub-subsections and sub-subappendices, however, is {@Code No}. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_orga b/doc/user/typ_orga new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ba6ab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_orga @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +@Section + @Title { Organizing large documents } + @Tag { organizing } +@Begin +@PP +It is not a good plan to store a large document in a single large +organizing.large @Index { organizing large documents } +file. It takes too long to find things in it, and if some catastrophe +occurs, you lose the lot. Lout encourages you to break documents into +pieces by its willingness to read a sequence of files +({@Code "lout file1 file2 ..."}). For large documents, the following +plan is recommended. +@PP +Suppose you are making a book whose third chapter contains sections on +banksias, grevilleas, acacias, and eucalypts. Place each section, from +@Code "@Section" to {@Code "@End @Section"}, in a separate file, making +four files called, say, {@Code banksias}, {@Code grevilleas}, +{@Code acacias}, and {@Code eucalypts}. Then make a single file for the +chapter as a whole whose contents are as follows: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Chapter" +" @Title { Australian Native Plants }" +"@Begin" +"Australian native plants provide a distinctive identity to the garden. Although" +"less colourful than their European alternatives, some banksias and grevilleas do" +"flower strongly, and of course the acacias (wattles) are unsurpassable in late winter." +"@BeginSections" +"@Include { banksias }" +"@Include { grevilleas }" +"@Include { acacias }" +"@Include { eucalypts }" +"@EndSections" +"@End @Chapter" +} +The @Code "@Include" symbol causes Lout to read the file whose name follows +include. @Index @Code "@Include" +it between braces, just as though the contents of that file had been included +at that point. +@PP +With this arrangement you can easily rearrange the order of the +sections: just swap their @Code "@Include" lines. You should be using +Lout's automatic cross referencing features (Section {@NumberOf cross}), +so you don't have to worry about keeping cross references up to date. You +can also temporarily delete a section by placing a @Code "#" character at +the start of its line: +@ID @Code "# @Include { acacias }" +This works because @Code "#" is the @I { comment character }: Lout will +comment. @Index { comments } +ignore this character (unless enclosed in double quotes) and everything +following it up to the end of the line. You can even temporarily delete +every section except the one you are working on at the moment, using +these comments. +@PP +Suppose now that this chapter file is called @Code { natives }, and you +have others called @Code { preface }, @Code { flowers }, etc. Then you +can make one file (call it @Code { garden }) for the whole book like this: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { book }" +"@Book" +" @Title { The Australian Garden }" +" @Author { Martha S. Vineyard }" +"//" +"@Include { preface }" +"@Include { flowers }" +"@Include { shrubs }" +"@Include { natives }" +"@Include { trees }" +} +You can play the same tricks here: swap chapters around, or temporarily +delete one or more with a {@Code "#"}. When a chapter is finished +you can temporarily delete it to save formatting time and paper, and +bring it back at the end. To format the book, use +@Code "lout garden > out.ps" +in Unix. Lout will read each @Code "@Include" file as it comes to it, +and if it finds an @Code "@Include" of a section while reading a chapter +file, it will read the section too. +@PP +If the order of your chapters is fairly stable, it might be advantageous +to use the @Code "@BypassNumber" option of @Code "@Chapter" (described +in Appendix {@NumberOf bypass}) to fix the numbers of all your chapters, +so that you get correct chapter numbers even when formatting one +chapter at a time. +@PP +If you decide to store chapters in separate Unix directories, make sure +that any @Code "/" characters in the file names are enclosed in double +quotes: +@ID @Code "@Include { \"natives.dir/acacias\" }" +Be careful not to give the directory the same name as your chapter +file. You might also find it useful to construct your book +@I { top-down }, as computer scientists call it, laying out all the +chapters and sections as empty skeletons and filling their contents in +later. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_over b/doc/user/typ_over new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd14e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_over @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +@Section + @Title { Overhead transparencies } + @Tag { overheads } +@Begin +@PP +To produce overhead transparencies +@FootNote { +In Version 3.15 overhead transparencies were updated and brought into line +with the other document types. Although existing source files do not need +to be modified, their printed appearance may change (spacing, running +headers). There are some new setup file options, and some changes to +existing setup file options. +} +(hereafter called overheads), start off +overheads. @Index { overhead transparencies } +slides. @RawIndex { slides @I see overhead transparencies } +with the @Code slides setup file and the @Code "@OverheadTransparencies" +overhead.transparencies. @Index @Code "@OverheadTransparencies" +symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { slides }" +"@OverheadTransparencies" +" @Title {}" +" @RunningTitle {}" +" @Author {}" +" @Institution {}" +" @DateLine { No }" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 20p }" +" @InitialBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen }" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +" @PageHeaders { Titles }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @FirstOverheadNumber { 1 }" +" @FirstLectureNumber { 1 }" +" @OptimizePages { No }" +"//" +} +This shows all the options of @Code "@OverheadTransparencies" with their +default values. As usual with options, they may be given in any order, and +only the ones whose values need to be changed need be given at all. The +meaning of the @Code "//" symbol after the last option is beyond our +scope, but disaster will ensue if it is forgotten. +@PP +If @Code "@Title" is not empty, an initial overhead will be produced +containing the {@Code "@Title"}, {@Code "@Author"}, {@Code "@Institution"}, +and {@Code "@DateLine"} options. @Code "@DateLine" may be set to +{@Code "No"}, meaning no dateline, {@Code "Yes"}, meaning print the current +date, or anything else, which is taken to be a date and printed. +@PP +Each overhead has a running header printed in small type at the top +left. The @Code "@RunningTitle" option goes into this header, or, if +there is no @Code "@RunningTitle" option, @Code "@Title" is used instead. +@PP +The remaining options are a selection of setup file options (Section +{@NumberOf setup}) that frequently need to be changed. If your changes +to the overall formatting are confined to these options, you can change +them here and avoid having your own setup file. If you already have +your own setup file, change them in either place and omit them in +the other. +@PP +@Code "@InitialFont" is the font in which the overheads will be set, and +should contain a family, a face, and a size. A good font size for +overheads is 20 points, so that is the default size. +@PP +@Code "@InitialBreak" controls the behaviour of paragraph breaking in +the overheads. It should have three parts: a paragraph +breaking style ({@Code adjust}, {@Code ragged}, etc.), an inter-line +spacing ({@Code "1.2fx"} for single spacing, {@Code "2.4fx"} for +double spacing, and so on), and either @Code "hyphen" or @Code "nohyphen" +for turning hyphenation on or off. Adjusted lines and hyphenated words +are difficult to read from overheads, so the default is not to have them. +@Code "@InitialSpace" determines how Lout treats white space between +objects (Section {@NumberOf white}). @Code "@InitialLanguage" +determines the language of the overheads. +@PP +@Code "@PageOrientation" determines the orientation of the page. Its +value may be {@Code Portrait} (the default), {@Code Landscape}, +{@Code ReversePortrait}, or {@Code ReverseLandscape}. See +Section {@NumberOf pagesize} for further details. +@PP +@Code "@PageHeaders" determines the appearance of page headers and +footers. Its value may be {@Code None}, {@Code Simple}, {@Code Titles}, +or {@Code NoTitles}. Section {@NumberOf headers} has the details, but +just briefly, {@Code None} produces no page headers, {@Code Simple} produces +page numbers only, @Code Titles produces full running titles, and +@Code "NoTitles" is similar to @Code "Simple" in this context. +@PP +@Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the number given to the first page, +@Code "@FirstOverheadNumber" is the number given to the first overhead, +and @Code "@FirstLectureNumber" is the number given to the first lecture, +of which more below. See preceding sections for {@Code "@OptimizePages"}. +# Lout ordinarily places lines onto a page until space runs out, then moves +# to the next page and so on. This often produces ugly empty spaces at +# the bottoms of pages preceding large unbreakable displays. Setting the +# @Code "@OptimizePages" option to {@Code "Yes"} causes Lout to examine the +# overall situation and try to minimize the ugliness, using the @TeX +# optimal paragraph breaking algorithm. It takes two runs to do this, +# with intermediate results stored in Lout's cross reference database +# (Section {@NumberOf cross}); so deleting file {@Code lout.li} will reset +# it, which might be wise after major changes. It is possible for the +# optimizer to cycle, never settling on a single final best +# version; this is usually caused by footnotes or floating figures inserted +# at points which end up near page boundaries. +@PP +After the compulsory {@Code "//"} come the overheads themselves. There +are two alternatives: a series of overheads, corresponding to a single +lecture, or a series of series of overheads, corresponding to a series +of lectures. If the first is wanted, use this arrangement: +overhead. @Index @Code "@Overhead" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { slides }" +"@OverheadTransparencies" +" ..." +"//" +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +"..." +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +} +@Code "@Overhead" is a large-scale structure symbol, similar to +{@Code "@Section"}, with the usual options: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Overhead" +" @Title { Trends in investment since 1980 }" +" @RunningTitle { Investment }" +" @Tag { investment }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +"@Begin" +"..." +"@End @Overhead" +} +If @Code "@Title" is given it will appear as a centred, bold display +at the beginning of the overhead. As usual, these options may be given +in any order or omitted altogether. +@PP +The body of the overhead is quite arbitrary. Typically one tends to +use lists and displays more than paragraphs, but all the usual features +are available. Each overhead begins on a fresh page, but it may occupy +more than one page. +@PP +@Code "@Overhead" also has a @Code "@Format" option which allows you to +specify an arbitrary format for the body of the overhead (that is, +everything except its title). For example, +@ID @Code "@Format { @CurveBox @HExpand @VExpand @Body }" +encloses the body in a curvebox, with the box expanded to the full +available width and height. Unlike the similar option for figures +and tables, however, this @Code "@Format" option unfortunately has +not been set up to work with multi-page overheads, so if you use the +format just given you have to make sure your overheads all fit on one +page. To draw boxes around the @I entire page, use the @Code "@PageBox" +setup file options. +@PP +Lout does not provide any special support for overlays. A good way to +make them is to first produce one overhead containing all the layers +simultaneously. Once this is correct, enclose the entire body of the +overhead in {@Code "white @Colour"}, make one copy of the text of the +overhead for each layer, separating the copies with @Code "@NP" +(new page) symbols, and, in each copy, enclose the parts that are +to appear in that layer in {@Code "black @Colour"} (or any other +colour). This works because @Code "white @Colour" makes an object +invisible without altering its size. +@PP +We turn now to the second major alternative, which is a series +of lectures, like this: +lecture. @Index @Code "@Lecture" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { slides }" +"@OverheadTransparencies" +" ..." +"//" +"@Lecture ... @End @Lecture" +"@Lecture ... @End @Lecture" +"..." +"@Lecture ... @End @Lecture" +} +@Code "@Lecture" is a large-scale structure symbol, again with +the usual options: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Lecture" +" @Title { Macro-Economic Policies for the Nineties }" +" @RunningTitle { Macro-economic policies }" +" @Tag { macro-economics }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +"@Begin" +"..." +"@End @Lecture" +} +If @Code "@Title" is non-empty the series of overheads will begin with +an overhead containing the title alone, centred on the page using the +@Code "clines" paragraph breaking style. This means that it makes +sense to have a multi-line title. Any text following the @Code "@Begin" +will appear under the lecture title as you would expect. +@PP +Within the body of {@Code "@Lecture"}, place a series of overheads +bracketed by @Code "@BeginOverheads" and {@Code "@EndOverheads"}: +beginoverheads. @Index @Code "@BeginOverheads" +endoverheads. @Index @Code "@EndOverheads" +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@BeginOverheads" +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +"..." +"@Overhead ... @End @Overhead" +"@EndOverheads" +} +The @Code "@Overhead" symbol is exactly as described earlier. +@PP +The features described in other chapters are available with +overheads. Endnotes and references appear automatically at the +end of the overheads. You can have a table of contents, by setting +the @Code "@MakeContents" option of the setup file to {@Code Yes}. It +will appear automatically after any title overhead. The setup file +options have been set on the assumption that you want your lectures +to appear in the table of contents, but not individual overheads. It is not +possible to have an index, and it is not possible to have multiple columns. +@PP +Within the @Code slides setup file there is an @Code "@OverheadSetup" +symbol whose options control the appearance of features specific to +overhead.setup. @Index @Code "@OverheadSetup" +overheads (in other words, the features described in this section). Here +are some of these options and their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @OverheadSetup" +" # @DateLine { No }" +" # @FirstOverheadNumber { 1 }" +" # @FirstLectureNumber { 1 }" +" # @ContentsWord { contents }" +" # @LectureNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @OverheadNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @TitlePageFont { Helvetica Base }" +" # @LectureHeadingFont { Bold 1.20f }" +" # @LectureHeadingFormat { @Centre number @DP @Centre title @DP }" +" # @OverheadHeadingFormat { @Centre title @DP }" +" # @OverheadHeadingFont { Bold }" +" # @LectureInContents { Yes }" +" # @OverheadInContents { No }" +" # @ReferencesInContents { Yes }" +"}" +} +For an introduction to setup files and their options, consult +Section {@NumberOf setup}. The first four options are as for +@Code "@OverheadTransparencies" as described above. @Code "@ContentsWord" +determines the table of contents heading; its default value, {@Code contents}, +produces `Contents' in the current language. @Code "@LectureNumbers" +and @Code "@OverheadNumbers" determine the style of numbering of lectures +and overheads, and may be {@Code None}, {@Code Arabic}, {@Code Roman}, +{@Code UCRoman}, {@Code Alpha}, or {@Code UCAlpha} as usual. Next come +options for setting the font of the overall title page, the +title page of each lecture, and so on, and finally options which +determine which entries are made in any table of contents. +@PP +The @Code "@LectureHeadingFormat" option determines the +format of the heading of each lecture. Within it, the symbol @Code "number" +stands for the number of the lecture, including the `Lecture' word if +there is one, and @Code "title" stands for the title of the lecture. The +default value centres the number and title, with display gaps below +each one. @Code "@OverheadHeadingFormat" is similar; it has the same +symbols but the default value chooses not to use {@Code "number"}. +@PP +Other setup file options exist which permit you to have a box drawn +around each overhead, and to change the page size, margins, and +orientation. These are described in Chapter {@NumberOf changes}. +@PP +Section {@NumberOf headers} describes the setup file options that +control the appearance of page headers and footers. With overheads, +the values given to the {@Code "@MajorTitle"}, {@Code "@MinorTitle"}, +{@Code "@MajorNum"}, and {@Code "@MinorNum"} symbols within those +options are as follows. If @Code "@Lecture" is being used: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MajorTitle" } + B { The @Code "@RunningTitle" option of +{@Code "@OverheadTransparencies"}, or its @Code "@Title" option +if @Code "@RunningTitle" is absent; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MinorTitle" } + B { The @Code "@RunningTitle" option of the current +{@Code "@Lecture"}, or else its @Code "@Title" option if +@Code "@RunningTitle" is absent; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MajorNum" } + B { The number of the current {@Code "@Lecture"}; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MinorNum" } + B { A two-part number, for example 5.2, containing the number of +the current @Code "@Lecture" and the number within that lecture +of the current overhead. } +} +If @Code "@Lecture" is not being used: +@ID @Tab + @Fmta { @Col A ! @Col B } +{ +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MajorTitle" } + B { The @Code "@RunningTitle" option of +{@Code "@OverheadTransparencies"}, or its @Code "@Title" option +if @Code "@RunningTitle" is absent; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MinorTitle" } + B { Empty; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MajorNum" } + B { Empty; } +@Rowa + A { @Code "@MinorNum" } + B { The number of the current overhead. } +} +The first page occupied by any overhead is a @Code Start page; subsequent +pages are @Code NonStart pages. There are no @Code Intro pages. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_plai b/doc/user/typ_plai new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a880ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_plai @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +@Section + @Title { Plain text documents } + @Tag { plain } +@Begin +@PP +Occasionally you may need to produce an output file containing plain text +plain.text. @Index { plain text documents } +rather than PostScript, for example for an online manual entry or to send +as electronic mail. Any document that can be produced by Lout in +PostScript can be produced in plain text as well, by adding a @Code "-p" +flag to the Unix command line: +@ID @Code "lout -p simple" +No other changes are required. Here we are sending the output directly to +the screen, but it can be redirected to a file, or piped through the +@Code more command for viewing one page at a time, etc. +@PP +Of course, plain text is an extremely limited medium of communication +compared with PostScript, and this forces Lout to make some rather +drastic compromises: +@BulletList gap { @ParaGap } +@LI { Symbols like {@Code "@Bullet"}, which stand for unusual characters, +produce printable characters which approximate the PostScript ones. For +example, {@Code "@Bullet"} produces {@Code "o"}. However, the @Code "@Char" +and @Code "@Sym" symbols often produce unprintable characters, and are best +avoided; } +@LI { All font and size changes are ignored, since plain text has only +one font and size. Every character is taken to be @Eq { 1 frac 10 } inch +wide and @Eq { 1 frac 6 } inch high; } +@LI { No underlines are printed; } +@LI { No margin notes are printed; } +@LI { Scaled objects are not printed unless the scale factor happens to be 1; } +@LI { Rotated objects are not printed unless the angle happens to be zero +degrees. This means that page orientations (Section {@NumberOf pagesize}) +other than @Code Portrait do not work; } +@LI { Ruled lines are not printed, and paint and colour options are +ignored. This spoils the graphics and graphs of Chapters +{@NumberOf graphics}, {@NumberOf diagrams}, and {@NumberOf graphs}. } +@EndList +Despite the problems, many things work surprisingly well. Tables, for example, +look very good. It does no harm to try things and see if they work out. +@PP +The worst problem with plain text is that characters cannot be placed at +arbitrary points on the page. A superscript, for example, is impossible to +place correctly, so Lout uses a different layout for footnote labels (and +makes a mess of equations, which are best avoided). Because of this problem +it's best to make all horizontal lengths multiples of @Eq {1 frac 10} inch +(conveniently expressed as {@Code 1s}), and all vertical lengths multiples +of @Eq { 1 frac 6 } inch (conveniently expressed as {@Code 1f}). To help +you do this, the setup files contain many entries that look like this +example: +@ID @Code "# @InitialBreak { {adjust 1.2fx hyphen} @OrIfPlain {ragged 1fx nohyphen} }" +The meaning is that the value of @Code "@InitialBreak" will be +@Code "adjust 1.2fx hyphen" usually, but will switch to +{@Code "ragged 1fx nohyphen"}, which is better suited to plain text, +if the @Code "-p" command line flag is used. These setup file values +allow you to switch from PostScript to plain text and back again without +changing anything at all except the @Code "-p" command line flag. +@PP +If you use @Code "lout -P" instead of {@Code "lout -p"}, the plain text +output will contain a form-feed character (control-L) after each page +form.feed @Index { form-feed in plain text } +except the last. This character causes most printing devices to start +a new page, which is very useful when your page height is not exactly +right. +@PP +The @Code "@Document" symbol (Section {@NumberOf ordinary}) has an +unpaginated. @Index @Code "@Unpaginated" +@Code "@Unpaginated" option which, when set to {@Code "Yes"}, causes +the plain text output to appear unpaginated, that is, in one long +continous stream with no page breaks. Its value is ignored if plain text +output is not in effect, so it can be safely set to @Code "Yes" in +documents intended for formatting both ways. The usual margins apply; +footnotes appear at the end; figures and tables do not work. Lout +stupidly reads the entire document before producing any output when +this option is used, so if the document is long you might run out of memory. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/typ_repo b/doc/user/typ_repo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b73671a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/typ_repo @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ +@Section + @Title { Technical reports } + @Tag { reports } +@Begin +@PP +To make a technical report, +start off with the @Code "report" setup +reports. @Index { reports } +technical.reports. @Index { technical reports } +report. @Index @Code "@Report" +file and the @Code "@Report" symbol: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@SysInclude { report }" +"@Report" +" @Title {}" +" @Author {}" +" @Institution {}" +" @DateLine { No }" +" @AtEnd {}" +" @CoverSheet { Yes }" +" @ContentsSeparate { No }" +" @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }" +" @InitialBreak { hyphen adjust 1.2fx }" +" @InitialSpace { lout }" +" @InitialLanguage { English }" +" @PageOrientation { Portrait }" +" @PageHeaders { Simple }" +" @ColumnNumber { 1 }" +" @FirstPageNumber { 1 }" +" @OptimizePages { No }" +" @AbstractDisplay { Yes }" +" @AbstractTitle { Abstract }" +" @Abstract {}" +"//" +} +This shows all the options of {@Code "@Report"} +@FootNote { +Version 3.13 of Lout is not completely upwardly compatible with +previous versions in its handling of technical reports. The change +concerns the abstract, and if you see the error message +@ID @Code "symbol @Abstract unknown or misspelt" +you probably need to convert your document. To convert an older +document to Version 3.13, move any @Code "@Abstract" from after the +@Code "//" to before it, delete any options to the @Code "@Abstract" +symbol, and delete any initial paragraph symbol within the abstract. +You can use the @Code "@AbstractTitle" option described in this section +to change the title of the abstract. +} +with their default values. As usual with options, they may be given in +any order, and only the ones whose values need to be changed need be +given at all. The meaning of the @Code "//" symbol is beyond our scope, +but disaster will ensue if it is forgotten. +@PP +The @Code "@Title" option holds the title of the report. It will be +printed using the @Code clines paragraph breaking style (Section +{@NumberOf paras}), which centres each line, so it makes sense +to have multi-line titles: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Report" +" @Title {" +"The solution of real instances of" +"the timetabling problem" +"}" +" ..." +} +With a multi-line title, each line after the first should begin +at the left margin, not indented. It doesn't matter where the first +line begins, because space following an open brace is ignored. +@PP +The @Code "@Author" and @Code "@Institution" options hold the author's +name and institution or address, and will also be printed using the +@Code clines style. If there are several authors but only one +institution, list all the authors in the @Code "@Author" option: +@ID @Code "@Author { Tim B. Cooper and Jeffrey H. Kingston }" +With more authors, or with more than one institution, it is best to +ignore the @Code "@Institution" option and place all the information +within the @Code "@Author" option, enclosing institution information +in @Code "@I" symbols. In extreme cases, a table with columns of +authors might be necessary (Chapter {@NumberOf tables}). +@PP +@Code "@DateLine" may be set to {@Code No}, meaning no dateline, +{@Code Yes}, meaning print the current date, or anything else, which is +taken to be a date and printed: +@ID @Code "@DateLine { 4 July, 1776 }" +A good plan is to use @Code "@DateLine { Yes }" until +the report is finalized. +@PP +The {@Code "@AtEnd"} option will come out on a single unnumbered +page with no page headers or footers, and using the same margins as for +even pages, after the very last page of the report; even after the +index if there is one. It is intended to make it possible to +include a back cover, so @Code "@PageOf last.page" does not take +account of any @Code "@AtEnd" page. +@PP +The remaining options (except {@Code "@Abstract"}) are setup file options +(Section {@NumberOf setup}) that frequently need to be changed. If your +changes to the overall formatting are confined to these options, you can +change them here and avoid having your own setup file. If you already have +your own setup file, change them in either place and omit them in +the other. +@PP +If @Code "@CoverSheet" is {@Code Yes}, an unnumbered cover +cover.sheet. @Index @Code "@CoverSheet" +sheet will be produced containing the title, author, institution, +abstract, and dateline. Otherwise they will appear on the +first page. The `cover sheet' is in reality a sequence of Intro pages +(Section {@NumberOf headers}), numbered by default with Roman numerals +on pages after the first. +@PP +In order to get a table of contents, it is necessary to use your +own setup file (Section {@NumberOf setup} explains how to do this) +and to set the @Code "@MakeContents" option within it to +{@Code Yes}. The table of contents will ordinarily appear beginning +on the first page, but if the @Code "@ContentsSeparate" option of +@Code "@Report" is +contents.separate @Index @Code "@ContentsSeparate" +set to @Code "Yes" it will appear on separate pages. This is only +effective if @Code "@CoverSheet" is {@Code No}, since a separate cover +sheet and separate pages for the table of contents would leave nothing on +the first page. +@PP +@Code "@InitialFont" is the font of the bulk of the report, +and should contain a family, a face, and a size. The default +value selects the Times family, the Base face, and the 12 point size. +@PP +@Code "@InitialBreak" controls the behaviour of paragraph breaking in +the bulk of the report. It should have three parts: a paragraph +breaking style ({@Code adjust}, {@Code ragged}, etc.), an inter-line +spacing ({@Code "1.2fx"} for single spacing, {@Code "2.4fx"} for +double spacing, and so on), and either @Code "hyphen" or +@Code "nohyphen" for turning hyphenation on or off. It may also +have @Code "nobreakfirst" or @Code "nobreaklast" (or both), meaning +to disallow a page break after the first line of a paragraph, or +before the last, respectively. +@PP +@Code "@InitialSpace" determines how Lout treats white space between +two objects, as described in Section +{@NumberOf white}. @Code "@InitialLanguage" determines the language +of the bulk of the report. +@PP +@Code "@PageOrientation" determines the orientation of the page. Its +value may be {@Code Portrait} (the default), {@Code Landscape}, +{@Code ReversePortrait}, or {@Code ReverseLandscape}. See +Section {@NumberOf pagesize} for further details. +@PP +@Code "@PageHeaders" determines the appearance of page headers and +footers. Its value may be {@Code None}, +{@Code Simple}, {@Code Titles}, or {@Code NoTitles}. Section +{@NumberOf headers} has the details, but just briefly, {@Code None} +produces no page headers, {@Code Simple} produces a centred page number +between hyphens on every page except the cover sheet and the first +page, @Code Titles produces full running titles as in the present +document, and @Code "NoTitles" is like @Code "Titles" with the running +titles omitted, leaving just the page numbers. +@PP +@Code "@ColumnNumber" is the number of columns per page in the bulk of +the report, and may be anything from {@Code 1} (the default value) to +{@Code 10}. However, there is nothing analogous to the @Code "@FullWidth" +symbol of ordinary documents. Instead, the cover sheet, title material, +and all figures and tables will be printed full width, and the rest will +be set in columns. There is a separate @Code "@IndexColumnNumber" option +in the setup file which determines the number of columns in the index +(Section {@NumberOf indexes}). +@PP +@Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the page number given to the first page. +@PP +Lout ordinarily places lines onto a page until space runs out, then moves +to the next page and so on. This often produces ugly empty spaces at +the bottoms of pages preceding large unbreakable displays. Setting the +@Code "@OptimizePages" option to {@Code "Yes"} causes Lout to examine the +overall situation and try to minimize the ugliness, using the @TeX +optimal paragraph breaking algorithm. It takes two runs to do this, +with intermediate results stored in Lout's cross reference database +(Section {@NumberOf cross}); so deleting file {@Code lout.li} will reset +it, which might be wise after major changes. It is possible for the +optimizer to cycle, never settling on a single final best version; this +is usually caused by footnotes or floating figures inserted at points +which end up near page boundaries. +@PP +Finally we have three options that control the abstract. +@Code "@AbstractDisplay" may be @Code { Yes } or {@Code No}; +it determines whether the abstract is displayed (occupying +the full page width except for an indent at each side like a quoted +display) or inline (occupying the column width). +@Code "@AbstractTitle" is the title of the abstract; its default +value is @Code Abstract or its equivalent in the current language. +abstract. @Index @Code "@Abstract" +Finally, @Code "@Abstract" contains the abstract itself; it may be +empty or absent, in which case there will be no abstract. +@PP +The abstract may contain footnotes in the usual way. Regrettably, each +footnote in the abstract will generate one spurious `unresolved cross +reference' error message that does not go away. This slight problem +might be fixed in the future. +@PP +After the compulsory {@Code "//"} comes the report body in the +form of a sequence of sections: +section.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Section" +" @Title { Introduction }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Section" +} +No @Code "@BeginSections" or @Code "@EndSections" symbols are needed. The +beginsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +general rule is that you need these bracketing symbols only when you are +inside something else. Sections lie inside +@Code "@Text" in ordinary documents, but they don't lie inside anything +else in technical reports. +@PP +A section may have subsections, between +subsection.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +beginsubsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endsubsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +@Code "@BeginSubSections" and {@Code "@EndSubSections"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubSections" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"..." +"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection" +"@EndSubSections" +} +Within each subsection there may be sub-subsections, each introduced +by {@Code "@SubSubSection"}, with the whole sequence bracketed by +subsubsection.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +beginsubsubsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endsubsubsections.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +@Code "@BeginSubSubSections" and {@Code "@EndSubSubSections"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubSubSections" +"@SubSubSection ... @End @SubSubSection" +"@SubSubSection ... @End @SubSubSection" +"..." +"@SubSubSection ... @End @SubSubSection" +"@EndSubSubSections" +} +There are no sub-sub-subsections. +@PP +After the sections comes an optional sequence of appendices: +appendix.reports @SubIndex { in technical reports } +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Appendix" +" @Title { Derivation of the renewal formula }" +"@Begin" +"@PP" +"..." +"@End @Appendix" +} +No @Code "@BeginAppendices" or @Code "@EndAppendices" symbols are needed, +beginappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +because (like the sections above) these appendices do not lie inside +any other large-scale structure symbol. The appendices are numbered +A, B, C, etc., as is conventional for them. Within each appendix +there may be a sequence of subappendices, obtained with the +@Code "@SubAppendix" symbol and bracketed by @Code "@BeginSubAppendices" +subappendix.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +beginsubappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endsubappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +and {@Code "@EndSubAppendices"}: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@BeginSubAppendices" +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"..." +"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix" +"@EndSubAppendices" +} +There are sub-subappendices following the same pattern, but no +subsubappendix.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +beginsubsubappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +endsubsubappendices.reports @SubIndex { in reports } +sub-sub-subappendices. +@PP +The report ends with the last section or appendix; any reference list or +index will be appended automatically. Although we have described how to +create reports as though everything was in one large file, in practice it +is much better to divide the report into multiple files, following the +method given in Section {@NumberOf organizing}. +@PP +In addition to the {@Code "@Title"} option, each large-scale structure +symbol ({@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@SubSection"}, {@Code "@SubSubSection"}, +{@Code "@Appendix"}, {@Code "@SubAppendix"}, +and {@Code "@SubSubAppendix"}) has a @Code "@Tag" option for cross +referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}), an @Code "@InitialLanguage" +option for changing the language of that part of the document, and a +@Code "@RunningTitle" option which will be used in place of @Code "@Title" +in running headers if given. @Code "@RunningTitle" is useful when the +full title is rather long. +@PP +The features described in other chapters are all available within +technical reports. To get a table of contents, change the @Code +"@MakeContents" option in the setup file to {@Code Yes}; the rest is +automatic, and you don't need the @Code "@ContentsGoesHere" symbol from +ordinary documents. To get an index, again you need only change the +@Code "@MakeIndex" setup file option to {@Code Yes}. Endnotes and +references appear at the end of the report. Figures and tables are +numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. +@PP +Within the @Code "report" setup file there is a @Code "@ReportSetup" +symbol whose options control the appearance of features specific to +report.setup @Index @Code "@ReportSetup" +reports (in other words, the features described in this section). Section +{@NumberOf setup} explains setup files and their options in general; here +is a representative sample of these options, showing their default values: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"@Use { @ReportSetup" +" # @CoverSheet { Yes }" +" # @DateLine { No }" +" # @ReferencesBeforeAppendices { No }" +" # @AbstractWord { abstract }" +" # @ContentsWord { contents }" +" # @SectionNumbers { Arabic }" +" # @SectionHeadingFont { Bold }" +" # @SectionGap { 2.00v }" +" # @SectionInContents { Yes }" +"}" +} +@Code "@CoverSheet" and @Code "@DateLine" are as for {@Code "@Report"}; +you can set them in either place as you prefer. @Code +"@ReferencesBeforeAppendices" determines whether the reference list is +printed out before or after any appendices. @Code "@AbstractWord" +determines the value of the title of the abstract if none is given there; +its default value, {@Code abstract}, produces `Abstract' in the current +language. @Code "@ContentsWord" is similar; its default value produces +`Contents' in the current language. The other four options +control the appearance of sections, and there are similar options for +controlling the other large-scale structure symbols. +@PP +@Code "@SectionNumbers" determines how sections will be numbered, and may +be @Code { None }, @Code { Arabic }, @Code { Roman }, @Code { UCRoman }, +@Code { Alpha }, or @Code { UCAlpha }. The default value is @Code Arabic +for sections, and also for all large-scale structure symbols except +appendices, for which it is {@Code UCAlpha}. This produces the appendices +numbered in upper-case letters (A, B, C, etc.) that were mentioned earlier. +@PP +@Code "@SectionHeadingFont" is the font used for section headings. The +default value shown above produces the bold face from the family of the +initial font. A family name and size is acceptable here as well: +@ID @Code "@SectionHeadingFont { Helvetica Base +2p }" +produces section headings in the Helvetica font, two points larger +than the initial font size. +@PP +@Code "@SectionGap" determines how much space is left blank before each +section title; the default value shown above is twice the current +inter-line spacing. The special value @Code "2b" may be used to get a +page break rather than a space. @Code "@SectionInContents" determines +whether or not an entry is made in the table of contents for each section; +it may be @Code Yes or {@Code No}. There are similar options for other +large-scale structure symbols. +@End @Section diff --git a/doc/user/vbas b/doc/user/vbas new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0004cfb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vbas @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +vi bas bas_star bas_objs bas_spac bas_char bas_empt bas_font bas_head \ + bas_par1 bas_par2 bas_line bas_hyph bas_unde bas_date bas_lang \ + bas_supe bas_verb bas_drop bas_conv diff --git a/doc/user/vfmt b/doc/user/vfmt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39d5efe --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vfmt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +vi fmt fmt_setu fmt_size fmt_marg fmt_head diff --git a/doc/user/vref b/doc/user/vref new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55e3596 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vref @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +vi ref ref_sett ref_cite ref_labe ref_entr ref_chan ref_crea diff --git a/doc/user/vstr b/doc/user/vstr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f4e2d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vstr @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +vi str str_disp str_list str_foot str_marg str_theo str_figs str_larg \ + str_cros str_cont str_indx str_colu str_defs diff --git a/doc/user/vtbl b/doc/user/vtbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24f6a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vtbl @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +vi tbl tbl_intr tbl_cell tbl_rows tbl_marg tbl_widt tbl_inde tbl_rule \ + tbl_span tbl_mult tbl_alig tbl_mark tbl_plai tbl_setu tbl_summ diff --git a/doc/user/vtyp b/doc/user/vtyp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..003ff0b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vtyp @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +vi typ typ_ordi typ_repo typ_book typ_over typ_illu typ_plai \ + typ_apdf typ_orga |