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diff --git a/doc/user/equ_disp b/doc/user/equ_disp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0167b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/equ_disp @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +@Section + @Title { Displaying equations } + @Tag { mathdisplays } +@Begin +@PP +The result of the @Code "@Eq" symbol is an object which, according to the +displayed.equations @Index { displayed equations } +golden rule (Section {@NumberOf objects}), may appear anywhere: inside +a paragraph, inside a table, and so on. In particular, equations are +often displayed using the @Code "@CentredDisplay" or @Code "@IndentedDisplay" +symbols from Section {@NumberOf displays}: +@ID @Code "@IndentedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +Now displayed equations are often numbered, and often aligned with one +another on their equals signs. For this there are special display +symbols which are the the subject of this section. These symbols can +align and number any display at all, but since in practice they seem to +be used only with equations, we discuss them here rather than in +Section {@NumberOf displays} where they really belong. +@PP +Let's begin by looking at a first example of a numbered display: +aligned.displays @Index { aligned displays } +aligned.equations @Index { aligned equations } +numbered.displays @Index { numbered displays } +numbered.equations @Index { numbered equations } +@BeginAlignedDisplays +@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay + @Tag { fibeq } +@Eq { F sub n ^= F sub {n-1} + F sub {n-2} } +After the display we might have some more text for a while, and then +we might want a second display, aligned on its equals sign with the +first, and also numbered in sequence with it: +@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay +@Eq { F sub n - F sub {n-1} ^= F sub {n-2} } +@EndAlignedDisplays +Notice that the two displays are centred as a block as well as +aligned. Altogether there are four ways in which displays vary: +@BL +@LI { A display can be raw or not raw (see below); } +@LI { It can be a {@Code "@Display"}, {@Code "@LeftDisplay"}, +{@Code "@IndentedDisplay"}, {@Code "@QuotedDisplay"}, +{@Code "@CentredDisplay"}, {@Code "@CenteredDisplay"}, +or {@Code "@RightDisplay"}; } +@LI { It can be aligned or not aligned; } +@LI { It can be numbered or not numbered. } +@EL +All possible combinations are allowed. The display that has everything +is called +@ID @Code "@RawCentredAlignedNumberedDisplay" +By leaving out some or all of {@Code Raw}, {@Code Aligned}, and +{@Code Numbered}, and by changing or leaving out {@Code Centred}, +we get all these combinations. Here +numbereddisplay. @Index @Code "@NumberedDisplay" +aligneddisplay. @Index @Code "@AlignedDisplay" +then is how the two displays given earlier were made: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"... a first example of a numbered display:" +"@BeginAlignedDisplays" +"@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay" +" @Tag { fibeq }" +"@Eq { F sub n ^= F sub { n-1 } + F sub { n-2 } }" +"After the display we might ... numbered in sequence with it:" +"@CentredAlignedNumberedDisplay @Eq { F sub n - F sub { n-1 } ^= F sub { n-2 } }" +"@EndAlignedDisplays" +"Notice that the two displays are centred ..." +} +All numbered displays have an optional @Code "@Tag" option which is +used for cross referencing (see Section {@NumberOf cross}). Alignment +and numbering work quite independently; they don't have to start or end +together, and there can be non-aligned and non-numbered displays among +the others. +@PP +When aligned displays are used, it is necessary to indicate where the +aligned group begins and ends, by placing @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" +beginaligneddisplays @Index @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" +endaligneddisplays @Index @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" +just before the first, and @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" just after the +last. The alignment points are indicated by preceding them by the +symbol {@Code "^"}, so you aren't restricted to aligning at equals +signs. @Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" and @Code "@EndAlignedDisplays" +cannot span across several sections or subsections: the equations +aligned by them must lie within a single large-scale structure symbol. +@PP +In our example of aligned and numbered displays, the two displays +were separated by some ordinary text. Very often, though, aligned +displays follow directly after each other. This is a problem, because +if you have one display directly following another there will be too +much vertical space between them. This problem was mentioned in +Section {@NumberOf displays}, and the recommended solution was to +use a list. However, there are no aligned or numbered (in this sense) +lists. +@PP +To solve this problem, each display symbol has a `raw' version, which +means that no space is inserted above or below the display. Instead, +raw.displays @Index { raw displays } +you must insert it yourself using paragraph symbols: +@ID @OneRow @Code { +"preceding text" +"@DP" +"@RawAlignedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +"@DP" +"@RawAlignedNumberedDisplay @Eq { ... }" +"@DP" +"following text" +} +You get the right spacing by placing {@Code "@DP"} symbols before, +between, and after each display; and you get to use the specialized +displays that you need. Raw and non-raw displays may be numbered and +aligned together. +@PP +Numbered displays are numbered automatically. Depending on where in +the document they appear, the number might include a chapter number +or section number, etc. This is controlled by options in the setup +file; for example, setting @Code "@ChapterNumInDisplays" to @Code Yes +ensures that numbered displays will be numbered afresh at the beginning +of each chapter, and that the number will include a chapter number. There +is also a @Code "@DisplayNumStyle" option which controls the style of +displays; the default value, {@Code "(num)"}, encloses the number in +parentheses as is conventional when numbering equations. +@PP +Every display symbol has an abbreviated form consisting of @Code "@" +followed by its capital letters only. For example, +@Code "@BeginAlignedDisplays" may be abbreviated to {@Code "@BAD"}, and +the display that has everything to {@Code "@RCAND"}. Owing to an +unfortunate clash between the initial letters of `raw' and `right', +@Code "@RightDisplay" and the other right displays have no abbreviations. +@End @Section |