diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/design/outfile.ps | 11727 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/expert/outfile.ps | 15746 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/slides/outfile.ps | 4470 |
3 files changed, 0 insertions, 31943 deletions
diff --git a/doc/design/outfile.ps b/doc/design/outfile.ps deleted file mode 100644 index 3f7525a..0000000 --- a/doc/design/outfile.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11727 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-3.0 -%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) -%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 11:56:58 1999 -%%DocumentData: Binary -%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) -%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) -%%Pages: (atend) -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 -%%EndComments - -%%BeginProlog -%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp -/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def -/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def -/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def -/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll - moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def -/in { 1440 mul } def -/cm { 567 mul } def -/pt { 20 mul } def -/em { 120 mul } def -/sp { louts mul } def -/vs { loutv mul } def -/ft { loutf mul } def -/dg { } def - -/LoutGraphic { - /louts exch def - /loutv exch def - /loutf exch def - /ymark exch def - /xmark exch def - /ysize exch def - /xsize exch def -} def - -/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def - -/LoutFont -{ findfont exch scalefont setfont -} bind def - -/LoutRecode { - { findfont dup length dict begin - {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall - /Encoding exch def - currentdict end definefont pop - } - stopped pop -} bind def - -/BeginEPSF { - /LoutEPSFState save def - /dict_count countdictstack def - /op_count count 1 sub def - userdict begin - /showpage { } def - 0 setgray 0 setlinecap - 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin - 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath - /languagelevel where - { pop languagelevel - 1 ne - { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint - } if - } if -} bind def - -/EndEPSF { - count op_count sub { pop } repeat - countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat - LoutEPSFState restore -} bind def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource encoding vec2 -/vec2 [ -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright -/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash -/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven -/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question -/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G -/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O -/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W -/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore -/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g -/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o -/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w -/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef -/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi -/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction -/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent -/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron -/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section -/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron -/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered -/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown -/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla -/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis -/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply -/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls -/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla -/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis -/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide -/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis -] def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % -% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % -% % -% Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% 24 September 1991 % -% 22 December 1992 % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -% linewidth ltabhs - -% horizontal single line -/ltabhs -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhsp - -% horizontal single line with projecting ends -/ltabhsp -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhd - -% horizontal double line -/ltabhd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdb - -% horizontal double line below mark -/ltabhdb -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdnw - -% horizontal double line with northwest corner -/ltabhdnw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch 3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdne - -% horizontal double line with northeast corner -/ltabhdne -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdsw - -% horizontal double line with southwest corner -/ltabhdsw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch -3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdse - -% horizontal double line with southeast corner -/ltabhdse -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvs - -% vertical single line -/ltabvs -{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvd - -% vertical double line -/ltabvd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvdr - -% vertical double line to right of mark -/ltabvdr -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % -% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % -% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % -% % -% <point> is two numbers, a point. % -% <length> is one number, a length % -% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % -% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -errordict begin - /handleerror - { - { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto - $error /errorname get - dup lfigdict exch known - { lfigdict exch get } - { 30 string cvs } ifelse - show - ( Command: ) show - $error /command get 30 string cvs show - } stopped {} if - showpage stop - } def -end - -% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels -/lfigconcat -{ 2 copy length exch length add string - dup 0 4 index putinterval - dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval - 3 1 roll pop pop -} def - -% <string> lfigdebugprint - -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places -% /lfigdebugprint -% { print -% (; operand stack:\n) print -% count copy -% count 2 idiv -% { == -% (\n) print -% } repeat -% (\n) print -% } def - -/lfigdict 120 dict def -lfigdict begin - -% error messages -/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def -/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def -/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def -/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def -/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def -/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def - -% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> -/lfigpi 3.14159 def - -% arc directions -/clockwise false def -/anticlockwise true def - -% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> -/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> -/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> -/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def - -% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> -/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def - -% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> -/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def - -% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> -/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def - -% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> -/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def - -% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> -/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def - -% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> -/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def - -% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> -/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def - -% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> -/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def - -%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> -/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def - -% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - -/lfigsolid -{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - -/lfigdashed -{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } - { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div - 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll - 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - -/lfigcdashed -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } - { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div - 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub - ] exch 2 div setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - -/lfigdotted -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } - { 1 index exch div ceiling div - [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - -/lfignoline -{ pop pop -} def - -% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) -/lfignopaint { } def -/lfignochange { fill } def -/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def - -% line caps (and joins, not currently used) -/lfigbutt 0 def -/lfiground 1 def -/lfigprojecting 2 def -/lfigmiter 0 def -/lfigbevel 2 def - -% shape and labels of the @Box symbol -/lfigbox -{ - 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef - xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef - xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol -/lfigcurvebox -{ - - xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef - xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef - - xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef - xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef - - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - - xmark 0 - xsize xmark sub 0 - [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] - xsize xmark - xsize ysize xmark sub - [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] - xsize xmark sub ysize - xmark ysize - [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] - 0 ysize xmark sub - 0 xmark - [ xmark xmark ] - xmark 0 -} def - -% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol -% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox -/lfigshadow -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Square symbol -/lfigsquare -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol -/lfigdiamond -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S E N W S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol -/lfigellipse -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef - xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol -/lfigcircle -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols -/lfighline -{ - 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols -/lfigvline -{ - xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: -% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> -/lfigpolygon -{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll - [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - exch dup 360 exch div exch - 1 1 3 2 roll - { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn - 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll - 3 2 roll lfigpointdef - dup 3 1 roll add exch - } for - pop lfigatangle -} def - -% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true -% or <array> <index> false -/lfiggetnext -{ 2 copy exch length ge - { false } - { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse -} def - -% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> -/lfigisnumbertype -{ dup type dup - /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or -} def - -% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> -/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def - -% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 -% or <array> <index> <array> 1 -% or <array> <index> <point> 2 -/lfiggetnextitem -{ lfiggetnext - { lfigisarraytype - { 1 - } - { lfigisnumbertype - { 3 1 roll - lfiggetnext - { lfigisnumbertype - { 4 3 roll exch 2 - } - { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { pop 0 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { 0 - } ifelse -} def - -% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> -% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, -% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. -% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing -% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and -% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. -/lfigsetarc -{ - 20 dict begin - matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll - 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub - dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def - dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def - dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def - dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def - - y1s y2s eq - { -1 - } - { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div - } ifelse - /da exch def - - x1s x2s eq - { -1 - } - { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div - } ifelse - /db exch def - - da 0 gt db 0 gt and - { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def - /scalex da sqrt LMax div def - /scaley db sqrt LMax div def - scalex scaley scale - 0 0 LMax - 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle - 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div - } - { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and - { 0 0 - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle - 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div - } - { x2 y2 lineto pop - x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance - } ifelse - } ifelse - 4 -1 roll setmatrix - end -} def - -% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 -% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) -% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> -/lfigsetcurve -{ 8 copy curveto pop pop - lfigangle - 5 1 roll - 4 2 roll lfigangle - exch - 0 -} def - -% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape -% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - -/lfigpaintpath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 newpath - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - { lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr - lfigsetcurve pop pop pop - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc pop pop pop - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr moveto - } ifelse - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop pop pop cvx exec - end -} def - -% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. -% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. -% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] -/lfigdopath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - /backarrow [] def - /fwdarrow [] def - { - lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { - 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { newpath xprev yprev moveto - curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub - xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance - } ifelse - 6 index 6 index cvx exec - [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] - backarrow length 0 eq - { /backarrow exch def } - { pop } ifelse - [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def - } if - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop - pop pop pop pop - backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse - fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse - end -} def - -% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form -% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - -/lfigdoarrow -{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate - 2 get rotate - [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 - 3 index 3 index neg - 1 index 10 index mul 0 - 7 index 7 index ] - 4 1 roll pop pop pop - dup 3 1 roll - gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop - setmatrix -} def - -% arrow head styles -/lfigopen 0.0 def -/lfighalfopen 0.5 def -/lfigclosed 1.0 def - -% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both -/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def -/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def -/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def -/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def - -% lfigprevious: return previous point on path -/lfigprevious -{ lfigisnumbertype - { 2 copy } - { lfigisarraytype - { 2 index 2 index } - { 0 0 } - ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - -/lfigpointdef -{ - % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint - [ 4 2 roll transform - /itransform cvx ] cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary -% <string> lfigpromotelabels - -/lfigpromotelabels -{ - % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end exch currentdict end - { exch 20 string cvs 2 index - (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def - } forall pop begin - % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - -/lfigshowlabels -{ - % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end - currentdict - { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key - { pop pop pop pop pop } - { pop cvx exec 2 copy - newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc - 0 setgray fill - /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show - } - ifelse - } forall - begin - % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> -/lfigfixangle -{ - % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint - { dup 0 ge { exit } if - 360 add - } loop - { dup 360 lt { exit } if - 360 sub - } loop - % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y -/lfigboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def - - % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - alpha theta le - { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - alpha 180 theta sub le - { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) - alpha 180 theta add le - { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) - alpha 360 theta sub le - { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } - { - % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 -% or x2 1 -% or 0 -/lfigqroots -{ - 4 dict begin - /c exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def - disc 0 lt - { 0 - } - { disc 0 eq - { b neg 2 a mul div - 1 - } - { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div - b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div - 2 - } - ifelse - } - ifelse - end -} def - -% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> -/lfigquadrant -{ dup 90 lt - { pop 0 - } - { dup 180 lt - { pop 1 - } - { 270 lt - { 2 - } - { 3 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y -/lfigcb -{ - 6 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /alpha exch def - /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def - /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def - alpha theta1 le - { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } - { alpha theta2 ge - { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b - } - { - % else, return the intersection of line and circle - a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect - dup 0 eq - { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point - pop - a b 0.5 lfigpmul - } - { 1 eq - { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack - } - { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger - lfigpmax - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end -} def - -% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y -/lfigcurveboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 5 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - - % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly - /quad alpha lfigquadrant def - quad 0 eq - { alpha a b xmk lfigcb - } - { quad 1 eq - { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch - } - { quad 2 eq - { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch - } - { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y -/lfigdiamondcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y -/lfigellipsecircum -{ - % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points -% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y -/lfiglineintersect -{ - % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /y4 exch def - /x4 exch def - /y3 exch def - /x3 exch def - /y2 exch def - /x2 exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def - x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def - y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def - y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def - y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def - - % calculate x - y21 x43 mul x1 mul - y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub - y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add - det div - - % calculate y - x21 y43 mul y1 mul - x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub - x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add - det neg div - - end - % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of polygon -% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y -/lfigpolycircum -{ - % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /theta exch def - /num exch def - /radius exch def - /alpha exch def - - % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha - alpha theta sub lfigfixangle - - % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta - 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def - - % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea - anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def - - % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line - anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin - 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul - lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul - - end - % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of a point and a circle -% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 -% or xb yb 1 -% or 0 -/lfigcircleintersect -{ - % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint - 15 dict begin - /theta exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - /r exch def - /y0 exch def - /x0 exch def - - % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 - theta sin abs 0.00001 lt - { - /a 1 def - /b -2 x0 mul def - /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 1 - } - { y1 exch y1 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { - /ct theta cos theta sin div def - /a ct ct mul 1 add def - /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def - /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xb yb 1 - } - { y1 add /ya exch def - ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def - y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xa ya xb yb 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - -/lfigcircumdef -{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint - /CIRCUM exch cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -end -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg - -% width height linethickness louteuro - -% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness -% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley -/louteuro { - 20 dict begin - /eurothick exch def - /euroheight exch def - /eurowidth exch def - /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def - /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def - /eurotheta 40 def - - % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - - % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness - /louteurobox - { - /euroboxthick exch def - /euroboxwidth exch def - newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto - eurostep euroboxthick rlineto - euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill - } def - - % lower cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub - eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox - - % upper cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add - eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox - - % circular part - /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def - /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def - newpath - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn - closepath fill - end -} def - -% path for @FullWidthRule symbol -/LoutRule -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -} def - -% path for @Box symbol -/LoutBox -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto - closepath -} def - -% path for @CurveBox symbol -/LoutCurveBox -{ xmark 0 moveto - xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc - xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc - xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc - closepath -} def - -% path for @ShadowBox symbol -/LoutShadowBox -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto - closepath -} def - -% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - -/LoutMargSet -{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def - LoutMargDict begin - /parity exch def - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /rightx xsize def - /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note - /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note - /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - end -} def - -%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - -% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner -/LoutMargShift -{ LoutMargDict begin - - % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust - 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop - - % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity - exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq - { - % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - lefty min - - % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /lefty exch def - - % want right edge of note at coordinate zero - xsize neg exch - } - { - % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - righty min - - % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /righty exch def - - % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx - rightx exch - } ifelse - - % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates - matr setmatrix translate - end -} def - -% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users -/LoutPageSet -{ - /LoutPageDict 5 dict def - LoutPageDict begin - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /left 0 def - /right xsize def - /foot 0 def - /top ysize def - end - -} def - -%%EndResource - -%%EndProlog - -%%BeginSetup -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman -/Times-Romanfnt82 vec2 /Times-Roman LoutRecode -/fnt82 { /Times-Romanfnt82 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%EndSetup - -%%Page: i 1 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup - -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 2897 12401(The)m 3352(Design)s 4099(and)s 4540(Implementation)s -4239 11998(of)m 4511(the)s 2589 11595(Lout)m 3141(Document)s 4250(F)s 6(ormatting)k -5468(Language)s 240 fnt83 3630 11097(J)m 6(ef)k 4(fr)k 8(e)k 7(y)k -4310(H.)s 4577(Kingston)s 240 fnt82 2551 10596(Basser)m 3248(Department)s -4436(of)s 4707(Computer)s 5724(Science,)s 3007 10308(The)m 3435(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -4489(of)s 4760(Sydne)s 3(y)k 5530(2006,)s 4095 10020(Australia)m -3739 9568(27)m 4027(January)s 15(,)k 4863(1993)s 240 fnt84 -3901 8775(SUMMAR)m 8(Y)k 240 fnt82 480 8320(Lout)m 992(is)s -1202(a)s 1367(high-)s 1861(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -2371(language)s 3291(for)s 3628(document)s 4632(formatting,)s 5746(whose)s -6414(ease)s 6881(of)s 7151(use)s 7526(has)s 7895(permit)s -8518(-)s 480 8032(ted)m 839(an)s 1131(unprecedented)s 2593(number)s -3394(of)s 3674(adv)s 6(anced)k 4639(features)s 5454(to)s -5703(be)s 5994(added)s 6633(quickly)s 7414(and)s 7828(reliably)s 15(.)k -480 7744(This)m 942(paper)s 1518(charts)s 2125(the)s 2458(e)s 6(v)k 4(olution)k -3395(of)s 3651(the)s 3985(design)s 4652(and)s 5042(implementation)s -6584(of)s 6841(Lout)s 7338(from)s 7847(concep)s 8518(-)s -480 7456(tion)m 913(in)s 1161(mid-)s 1601(1984)s 2139(to)s -2383(public)s 3038(release)s 3761(in)s 4008(October)s 4843(1991.)s -5491(It)s 5701(includes)s 6553(e)s 3(xtensi)k 6(v)k 3(e)k -7505(discussions)s 480 7168(of)m 751(remaining)s 1773(problems)s 2714(and)s -3118(possible)s 3958(solutions.)s 240 fnt84 480 6664(K)m 6(eyw)k 2(ords)k -240 fnt82 1623 6665(document)m 2627(formatting)s 3688(typesetting)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 1 2 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 2897 12401(The)m 3352(Design)s 4099(and)s 4540(Implementation)s -4239 11998(of)m 4511(the)s 2589 11595(Lout)m 3141(Document)s 4250(F)s 6(ormatting)k -5468(Language)s 240 fnt83 3630 11097(J)m 6(ef)k 4(fr)k 8(e)k 7(y)k -4310(H.)s 4577(Kingston)s 240 fnt82 2551 10596(Basser)m 3248(Department)s -4436(of)s 4707(Computer)s 5724(Science,)s 3007 10308(The)m 3435(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -4489(of)s 4760(Sydne)s 3(y)k 5530(2006,)s 4095 10020(Australia)m -3739 9568(27)m 4027(January)s 15(,)k 4863(1993)s 240 fnt84 -0 8926(1.)m 291(Intr)s 4(oduction)k 240 fnt82 480 8495(Lout)m -985([1,)s 1284(2])s 1515(is)s 1718(a)s 1877(high-le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -2885(language)s 3798(for)s 4129(document)s 5126(formatting,)s 6234(designed)s -7136(and)s 7533(implemented)s 8832(by)s 0 8207(the)m 341(author)s 13(.)k -1096(The)s 1517(implementation,)s 3117(kno)s 6(wn)k 3814(as)s -4057(Basser)s 4747(Lout,)s 5299(is)s 5502(a)s 5661(fully)s -6159(operational)s 7282(production)s 8368(v)s 3(ersion)k 0 7919(written)m -736(in)s 983(C)s 1198(for)s 1540(the)s 1891(Unix)s -2429(operating)s 3389(system,)s 153 fnt82 4100 8008(1)m 240 fnt82 -4223 7919(which)m 4869(translates)s 5824(Lout)s 6340(source)s 7023(code)s -7535(into)s 7964(PostScript,)s 153 fnt82 8993 8008(2)m 240 fnt82 -0 7631(a)m 201(de)s 6(vice-independent)k 2164(graphics)s 3061(rendering)s -4066(language)s 5021(accepted)s 5951(by)s 6281(man)s 3(y)k -6900(high-resolution)s 8454(output)s 0 7343(de)m 6(vices,)k 833(including)s -1805(most)s 2346(laser)s 2871(printers.)s 3779(Basser)s 4492(Lout)s -5019(is)s 5244(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 6168(free)s -6609(of)s 6895(char)s 4(ge)k 7600([3].)s 8057(It)s -8278(includes)s 0 7055(installation)m 1118(instructions,)s 2339(C)s 2550(source,)s -3281(se)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3873(standard)s 4740(packages,)s -5723(and)s 6127(complete)s 7058(documentation)s 8536(in)s 8778(the)s -0 6767(form)m 524(of)s 795(six)s 1129(technical)s 2046(reports)s -2760(and)s 3164(a)s 3330(manual)s 4089(page.)s 480 6393(The)m -900(Lout)s 1404(project)s 2118(arose)s 2670(out)s 3027(of)s -3290(the)s 3629(author')s 13(s)k 4442(desire)s 5060(to)s -5290(bring)s 5840(to)s 6070(document)s 7066(formatting)s 8118(languages)s -0 6105(the)m 343(ele)s 3(g)k 1(ance)k 1225(of)s -1491(e)s 3(xpression)k 2562(found)s 3174(in)s 3411(programming)s -4761(languages)s 5763(lik)s 2(e)k 6170(Algol-)s 6783(60)s -7072(and)s 7471(P)s 3(ascal.)k 8236(This)s 8706(em)s -8998(-)s 0 5817(phasis)m 638(on)s 924(e)s 3(xpressi)k 6(v)k 3(eness)k -2373(has)s 2731(produced)s 3669(an)s 3941(order)s 4493(of)s -4753(magnitude)s 5808(reduction)s 6757(in)s 6988(the)s 7325(cost)s -7759(of)s 8018(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloping)k 0 5529(document)m -998(formatting)s 2053(applications.)s 3366(F)s 3(or)k 3748(e)s 3(xample,)k -4656(an)s 4933(equation)s 5807(formatting)s 6862(application,)s 8025(which)s -8660(may)s 0 5241(be)m 282(dif\207cult)s 1098(or)s 1357(impossible)s -2449(to)s 2688(add)s 3092(to)s 3331(other)s 3882(systems,)s -4746(can)s 5135(be)s 5417(written)s 6150(in)s 6393(Lout)s -6905(in)s 7148(a)s 7314(fe)s 6(w)k 7720(days.)s -480 4867(When)m 1099(e)s 3(xpert)k 1742(users)s 2274(can)s -2652(implement)s 3724(such)s 4209(applications)s 5405(quickly)s 15(,)k -6204(non-)s 6632(e)s 3(xperts)k 7360(bene\207t.)s 8164(Although)s -0 4579(Lout)m 509(itself)s 1053(pro)s 3(vides)k 1922(only)s -2398(a)s 2560(small)s 3129(k)s 2(ernel)k 3775(of)s -4042(carefully)s 4941(chosen)s 5659(primiti)s 6(v)k 3(es,)k -6721(packages)s 7646(written)s 8375(in)s 8614(Lout)s 0 4291(and)m -399(distrib)s 4(uted)k 1470(with)s 1946(Basser)s 2638(Lout)s -3145(pro)s 3(vide)k 3923(an)s 4201(unprecedented)s 5649(array)s -6187(of)s 6453(adv)s 6(anced)k 7404(features)s 8204(in)s -8442(a)s 8602(form)s 0 4003(accessible)m 1035(to)s 1286(non-)s -1714(e)s 3(xpert)k 2380(users.)s 3047(The)s 3487(features)s -4305(include)s 5076(rotation)s 5888(and)s 6304(scaling,)s 7100(fonts,)s -7697(paragraph)s 8722(and)s 0 3715(page)m 500(breaking,)s 1436(displays)s -2263(and)s 2659(lists,)s 3141(\210oating)s 3917(\207gures)s 4611(and)s -5007(tables,)s 5662(footnotes,)s 6651(chapters)s 7490(and)s 7886(sections)s -8698(\(au)s 8998(-)s 0 3427(tomatically)m 1128(numbered\),)s 2272(running)s -3070(page)s 3579(headers)s 4361(and)s 4765(footers,)s 5536(odd-)s -5964(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6464(page)s 6973(layouts,)s -7772(automatically)s 0 3139(generated)m 975(tables)s 1570(of)s 1829(contents,)s -2720(sorted)s 3350(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es)k 4113(and)s -4505(reference)s 5435(lists,)s 5914(bibliographic)s 7229(and)s 7621(other)s -8159(databases)s 0 2851(\(including)m 1038(databases)s 2008(of)s 2281(formats)s -3064(for)s 3405(printing)s 4217(references\),)s 5386(equations,)s 6412(tables,)s -7079(diagrams,)s 8065(formatting)s 0 2563(of)m 271(P)s 3(ascal)k -933(programs,)s 1943(and)s 2347(automatically)s 3701(maintained)s 4821(cross)s -5363(references.)s 480 2189(This)m 1015(paper)s 1666(charts)s 2347(the)s -2755(e)s 6(v)k 4(olution)k 3766(of)s 4097(Lout)s -4669(from)s 5253(conception)s 6420(in)s 6723(mid-1984)s 7768(to)s -8067(the)s 8475(public)s 0 1901(release)m 722(of)s 997(Basser)s -1699(Lout)s 2215(in)s 2462(October)s 3297(1991.)s 3945(Lout)s -4461(is)s 4676(or)s 4(g)k 1(anized)k 5676(around)s -6403(four)s 6866(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 7265(concepts)s -8157(\211)s 8342(objects,)s 0 1613(de\207nitions,)m 1131(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -1925(and)s 2343(cross)s 2899(references)s 3944(\211)s 4138(and)s -4556(the)s 3(y)k 5033(were)s 5567(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloped)k -6614(in)s 6871(the)s 7233(order)s 7811(listed,)s 8449(so)s -8730(this)s 0 1325(paper)m 593(will)s 1022(treat)s 1508(each)s -2006(in)s 2252(turn,)s 2747(discussing)s 3800(its)s 4079(design,)s -4814(implementation,)s 6424(problems,)s 7424(and)s 7831(prospects)s 8788(for)s -1134 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 574 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -122 fnt82 0 379(1)m 192 fnt82 58 309(Unix)m 485(is)s -653(a)s 786(trademark)s 1609(of)s 1825(A)s 21(T&T)k -2370(Bell)s 2733(Laboratories.)s 122 fnt82 0 112(2)m 192 fnt82 -67 42(PostScript)m 900(is)s 1068(a)s 1201(trademark)s 2024(of)s -2240(Adobe)s 2796(Systems,)s 3519(Incorporated.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 2 3 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4348 13844(-)m 4476(2)s 4650(-)s 0 13256(further)m 709(impro)s 3(v)k 3(ement.)k -240 fnt84 0 12463(2.)m 291(Objects)s 240 fnt82 480 11987(The)m -923(essence)s 1725(of)s 2011(an)s 3(y)k 2424(mo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -3021(to)s 3276(a)s 3457(higher)s 4144(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -4669(is)s 4895(the)s 5258(introduction)s 6500(of)s 6786(some)s -7363(abstraction)s 8484(which)s 0 11699(serv)m 3(es)k 639(to)s -872(or)s 4(g)k 1(anize)k 1740(the)s 2082(lo)s 6(w-)k -2503(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k 3006(operations,)s 4103(resulting)s -4986(in)s 5223(a)s 5383(more)s 5923(succinct)s 6760(e)s 3(xpression)k -7831(of)s 8096(their)s 8586(com)s 8998(-)s 0 11411(mon)m -475(combinations)s 1806(at)s 2030(the)s 2369(cost)s 2805(of)s -3068(some)s 3620(loss)s 4034(of)s 4297(detailed)s 5102(control.)s -5934(The)s 6354(early)s 6876(part)s 7298(of)s 7561(the)s -7900(Lout)s 8403(project)s 0 11123(w)m 2(as)k 426(spent)s -996(in)s 1245(the)s 1598(de)s 6(v)k 3(elopment)k -2891(of)s 3167(such)s 3668(an)s 3957(abstraction)s 5067(for)s -5411(the)s 5764(b)s 4(uilding)k 6616(blocks)s 7298(of)s -7574(documents,)s 8724(one)s 0 10835(which)m 635(could)s 1217(e)s 3(xplain,)k -2017(not)s 2375(just)s 2772(the)s 3113(simple)s 3798(phenomena)s -4954(of)s 5217(w)s 2(ords,)k 5899(lines,)s 6450(and)s -6846(paragraphs,)s 7994(b)s 4(ut)k 8348(also)s 8778(the)s -0 10547(alignment)m 1016(of)s 1287(columns)s 2149(in)s 2392(tables,)s -3056(and)s 3460(the)s 3808(comple)s 3(x)k 4684(nested)s -5353(structures)s 6332(of)s 6603(equations.)s 240 fnt84 0 9898(2.1.)m -471(The)s 926(genesis)s 1697(of)s 1969(the)s 2343(object)s -3026(abstraction)s 240 fnt82 480 9421(When)m 1163(one)s 1620(e)s 3(xamines)k -2626(pre)s 6(vious)k 3549(document)s 4608(formatting)s 5724(systems)s -6587([4])s 6958(looking)s 7798(for)s 8191(ideas)s 8788(for)s -0 9133(abstractions,)m 1245(as)s 1492(the)s 1837(author)s 2505(did)s -2866(in)s 3106(1984,)s 3690(the)s 4035(Eqn)s 4475(formatting)s -5533(language)s 6450([5])s 6764(stands)s 7410(out)s 7773(lik)s 2(e)k -8182(a)s 8344(beacon.)s 0 8845(In)m 256(Eqn,)s 749(a)s -915(mathematical)s 2256(formula)s 3072(such)s 3568(as)s 168 fnt78 -586 8390(2)m 240 fnt83 480 8330(x)m 240 fnt78 738 8322(+)m -939(1)s gsave -480 8274 translate -240 fnt83 553 0 0 0 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -700 8046(4)m 240 fnt82 0 7535(is)m 210(produced)s -1159(by)s 1453(typing)s 220 fnt35 480 7037({ x sup 2 + 1 } o)m 3(v)k 5(er 4)k -240 fnt82 0 6541(in)m 261(the)s 627(input)s 1197(\207le;)s -220 fnt35 1632 6538(sup)m 240 fnt82 2056 6541(and)m 220 fnt35 -2478 6538(o)m 3(v)k 5(er)k 240 fnt82 2975 6541(are)m -3340(binary)s 4023(operators,)s 5037(and)s 5459(braces)s 6138(are)s -6503(used)s 7018(for)s 7374(grouping.)s 8421(This)s 8916(is)s -0 6253(document)m 1017(formatting)s 2091(at)s 2337(a)s 2516(v)s 3(ery)k -3006(high)s 3502(le)s 6(v)k 3(el,)k 4077(close)s -4638(to)s 4890(the)s 5252(language)s 6185(of)s 6469(mathematics)s -7741(itself,)s 8337(with)s 8833(all)s 0 5965(reference)m 943(to)s -1182(font)s 1627(changes)s 2449(and)s 2853(spacing)s 3637(suppressed.)s -480 5591(Eqn)m 916(pro)s 3(vides)k 1780(a)s 1938(single)s -2557(data)s 3008(type)s 3468(\(let)s 3837(us)s 4093(call)s -4485(it)s 4669(the)s 240 fnt83 5009 5593(e)m 4(xpr)k 8(ession)k -240 fnt82 6014 5591(\),)m 6192(b)s 4(uilt)k 6679(up)s -6964(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 8062(in)s 8297(conte)s 3(xt-)k -0 5303(free)m 457(style:)s 1106(where)s 1778(one)s 2212(e)s 3(xpression)k -3321(may)s 3819(appear)s 9(,)k 4586(an)s 3(y)k -5015(e)s 3(xpression)k 6124(may)s 6622(appear)s 13(.)k -7442(This)s 7950(approach)s 8916(is)s 0 5015(common)m 905(in)s -1158(algebra)s 1931(and)s 2345(programming)s 3710(languages,)s 4785(where)s -5435(its)s 5721(simplicity)s 6740(and)s 7154(e)s 3(xpressi)k 6(v)k 3(eness)k -8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 0 4727(long)m 478(been)s -986(appreciated;)s 2198(b)s 4(ut)k 2559(Eqn)s 3001(w)s 2(as)k -3421(the)s 3768(\207rst)s 4198(language)s 5117(to)s 5355(demonstrate)s -6578(its)s 6853(utility)s 7476(in)s 7718(document)s 8720(for)s -8998(-)s 0 4439(matting.)m 480 4065(Each)m 1015(e)s 3(xpression)k -2092(is)s 2302(treated)s 3009(by)s 3304(Eqn)s 3747(as)s -3997(a)s 4163(rectangle)s 5094(with)s 5577(a)s 240 fnt83 -5743 4067(horizontal)m 6787(axis)s 240 fnt82 7167 4065(,)m 7274(used)s -7771(for)s 8110(alignment)s 0 3777(with)m 482(adjacent)s 1338(e)s 3(xpressions:)k -553 519 0 288 240 288 60 480 2918 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -553 519 0 288 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -553 519 0 288 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd - - ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -168 fnt78 106 404(2)m 240 fnt83 0 344(x)m 240 fnt78 -258 336(+)m 459(1)s gsave -0 288 translate -240 fnt83 553 0 0 0 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -220 60(4)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 2467(The)m 425(size)s -848(and)s 1248(rendering)s 2213(of)s 2481(the)s 2825(e)s 3(xpression)k -3898(on)s 4191(the)s 4536(printed)s 5267(page)s 5771(are)s -6114(kno)s 6(wn)k 6815(only)s 7291(to)s 7526(the)s -7870(implementa)s 8998(-)s 0 2179(tion,)m 481(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -1066(e)s 3(xplicitly)k 2022(calculated)s 3051(or)s 3313(accessed)s -4209(by)s 4506(the)s 4857(user)s 13(.)k 5409(This)s -5888(prohibition)s 7010(is)s 7223(crucial)s 7930(to)s 8172(the)s -8523(main)s 8998(-)s 0 1891(tenance)m 785(of)s 1055(the)s -1402(conte)s 3(xt-)k 2171(free)s 2596(property)s 3459(in)s -3701(practice.)s 4619(In)s 4874(Lout,)s 5432(for)s 5769(e)s 3(xample,)k -6682(equations,)s 7705(\207gures,)s 8462(tables,)s 0 1603(and)m 393(arbitrary)s -1256(objects)s 1972(may)s 2427(be)s 2697(mix)s 3(ed)k -3338(together)s 4169(freely)s 15(.)k 4863(This)s 5327(w)s 2(ould)k -5970(be)s 6241(impossible)s 7321(if)s 7526(size)s 7941(information)s -0 1315(w)m 2(as)k 421(hidden)s 1130(from)s 1654(the)s -2002(implementation)s 3559(in)s 3802(user)s 4260(calculations.)s 480 941(The)m -927(object)s 1591(abstraction)s 2715(of)s 3006(Lout)s 3537(is)s -3767(a)s 3952(direct)s 4575(descendant)s 5717(of)s 6008(the)s -6375(Eqn)s 6838(e)s 3(xpression.)k 8041(It)s 8266(emplo)s 2(ys)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 3 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4353 13844(-)m 4481(3)s 4645(-)s 0 13253(the)m 385(same)s -969(conte)s 3(xt-free)k 2212(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -3171(style)s 3715(of)s 4023(construction,)s 5350(and)s 5791(each)s -6323(object)s 7004(is)s 7251(treated)s 7995(by)s 8326(Lout)s -8876(as)s 0 12965(a)m 166(rectangle:)s 1701 453 567 198 240 288 60 480 12172 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1701 453 567 198 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1701 453 567 198 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1701 453 567 198 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11719(The)m 442(horizontal)s -1481(axis,)s 1987(called)s 2630(a)s 240 fnt83 2810 11721(r)m 10(ow)k -3244(mark)s 240 fnt82 3814 11719(in)m 4072(Lout,)s 4645(has)s -5030(a)s 5210(v)s 3(ertical)k 5992(analogue)s 6926(called)s -7569(a)s 240 fnt83 7749 11721(column)m 8523(mark)s 240 fnt82 -9019 11719(,)m 0 11431(creating)m 822(a)s 988(v)s 6(aluable)k -1848(symmetry)s 2857(between)s 3711(horizontal)s 4735(and)s 5139(v)s 3(ertical.)k -6014(Multiple)s 6893(column)s 7668(and)s 8072(ro)s 6(w)k -8491(marks)s 0 11143(are)m 347(permitted:)s 1984 1189 0 1189 240 288 60 480 9614 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -680 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 736 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -680 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiggrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -737 453 0 453 240 288 60 1247 736 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -567 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiggrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -680 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -396 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiggrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -737 453 0 453 240 288 60 1247 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -737 453 0 453 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiggrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ 0.3 cm 0 A@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W 1.6 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ 0.3 cm 0 C@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@W 1.6 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ A@NW 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -0 0.3 cm C@SW lfigpsub lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ B@NW 0.3 cm 0.3 cm lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@SW 0.3 cm -0.3 cm lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 9163(so)m 266(that)s -684(objects)s 1412(are)s 1759(able)s 2213(to)s 2452(represent)s -3387(tables.)s 480 8789(This)m 946(abstraction)s 2041(has)s 2401(some)s -2952(limitations,)s 4069(the)s 4407(most)s 4922(ob)s 3(vious)k -5719(being)s 6293(the)s 6631(restriction)s 7645(of)s 7906(size)s -8322(calcula)s 8998(-)s 0 8501(tions)m 507(to)s 736(rectangular)s -1860(bounding)s 2809(box)s 3(es.)k 3519(Non-)s 4000(rectangular)s -5124(and)s 5518(disconnected)s 6815(shapes)s 7494(arise)s 7990(naturally)s -8883(in)s 0 8213(\207gures)m 704(and)s 1111(in)s 1356(the)s -1707(characters)s 2727(of)s 3001(fonts;)s 3594(the)s 3944(e)s 3(xtension)k -4918(to)s 5159(them)s 5700(is)s 5912(conceptually)s 7191(straightforw)s 2(ard)k -8722(and)s 0 7925(might)m 615(help)s 1076(to)s 1311(e)s 3(xplain)k -2066(some)s 2623(\207ne)s 3034(points)s 3667(of)s 3934(layout)s -4588(such)s 5081(as)s 5327(k)s 2(erning.)k 6216(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -7173(there)s 7702(are)s 8045(implemen)s 8998(-)s 0 7637(tation)m -599(and)s 1001(language)s 1918(design)s 2598(problems,)s 3592(particularly)s -4744(when)s 5317(\207lling)s 5939(non-)s 6367(rectangular)s 7498(shapes)s -8185(with)s 8664(te)s 3(xt,)k 0 7349(and)m 404(so)s -670(the)s 1018(author)s 1689(chose)s 2290(to)s 2529(k)s 2(eep)k -3032(to)s 3271(Eqn')s 13(s)k 3867(rectangles.)s 480 6975(A)m -766(more)s 1370(fundamental)s 2676(limitation)s 3718(of)s 4045(the)s -4450(object)s 5151(abstraction)s 6312(arises)s 6963(from)s 7543(the)s -7948(inability)s 8855(of)s 0 6687(recursi)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -936(data)s 1408(types)s 1978(to)s 2231(describe)s 3097(cross-link)s 2(ed)k -4335(structures,)s 5384(which)s 6040(seem)s 6605(to)s 6858(require)s -7604(some)s 8179(means)s 8855(of)s 0 6399(naming)m 756(the)s -1089(multiply)s 1938(referenced)s 2988(parts.)s 3601(Lout)s 4098(is)s -4293(obliged)s 5054(to)s 5278(introduce)s 6222(additional)s 7218(abstractions)s -8395(to)s 8618(cope)s 0 6111(with)m 490(cross)s 1040(linking:)s -1892(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2624(for)s 2970(inserting)s -3867(te)s 3(xt)k 4291(into)s 4724(pages)s 5328(\(Section)s -6189(5.1\),)s 6683(cross)s 7233(references)s 8273(\(Section)s 0 5823(6.1\),)m -490(and)s 898(labelled)s 1716(points)s 2356(in)s 2603(\207gure)s -3221(dra)s 3(wing)k 4059([6].)s 4506(An)s 4860(abstraction)s -5969(closer)s 6603(to)s 6846(h)s 1(yperte)k 3(xt)k -7809(might)s 8431(form)s 8960(a)s 0 5535(more)m 547(uni\207ed)s -1270(basis)s 1799(for)s 2137(these)s 2684(features.)s 240 fnt84 -0 4936(2.2.)m 471(Grammatical)s 1893(and)s 2334(lexical)s 3039(structur)s 4(e)k -240 fnt82 480 4504(If)m 700(objects)s 1418(are)s 1755(to)s -1984(be)s 2256(constructed)s 3406(lik)s 2(e)k 3807(mathematical)s -5138(e)s 3(xpressions,)k 6348(the)s 6686(natural)s 7394(notation)s -8225(is)s 8425(a)s 8580(func)s 8998(-)s 0 4216(tional)m -599(language)s 1519(based)s 2122(on)s 2419(operators,)s 3415(as)s -3665(in)s 3908(Eqn.)s 4458(The)s 4886(grammar)s 5808(of)s -6079(Lout)s 6591(objects)s 7319(is)s 7529(accordingly)s 240 fnt78 -1332 3657(\256)m 1332 3324(\256)m 1332 2991(\256)m 1332 2707(\256)m 1332 2374(\256)m -1332 2080(\256)m 1332 1747(\256)m 1332 1463(\256)m 240 fnt83 480 3665(object)m -1826(object)s 2498(in\207xop)s 3227(object)s 1826 3332(pr)m 8(e\207xop)k -2680(object)s 1826 2999(object)m 2498(post\207xop)s 1826 2715(nopar)m 2(sop)k -1826 2382(liter)m 3(alwor)k 8(d)k 220 fnt35 1826 2083({)m -240 fnt83 1974 2088(object)m 220 fnt35 2646 2083(})m 240 fnt83 -1826 1755(object)m 2498(object)s 240 fnt82 0 960(where)m 240 fnt83 -640 962(in\207xop)m 240 fnt82 1285 960(,)m 240 fnt83 1391 962(pr)m 8(e\207xop)k -240 fnt82 2161 960(,)m 240 fnt83 2267 962(post\207xop)m 240 fnt82 -3125 960(,)m 3232(and)s 240 fnt83 3635 962(nopar)m 2(sop)k -240 fnt82 4591 960(are)m 4938(identi\207ers)s 5943(naming)s 6713(operators)s -7653(which)s 8294(tak)s 2(e)k 8745(0,)s 8971(1)s -0 672(or)m 255(2)s 424(parameters,)s 1573(as)s 1819(sho)s 6(wn,)k -2541(and)s 240 fnt83 2940 674(liter)m 3(alwor)k 8(d)k -240 fnt82 4067 672(is)m 4272(a)s 4433(sequence)s 5362(of)s -5628(non-space)s 6649(characters,)s 7719(or)s 7973(an)s 8251(arbitrary)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 4 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4348 13844(-)m 4476(4)s 4650(-)s 0 13256(sequence)m 969(of)s -1276(characters)s 2330(enclosed)s 3262(in)s 3541(double)s 4285(quotes.)s -5110(Ambiguities)s 6380(are)s 6763(resolv)s 3(ed)k 7664(by)s -7995(precedence)s 0 12968(and)m 404(associati)s 6(vity)k 15(.)k -480 12594(The)m 941(last)s 1366(production)s 2494(allo)s 6(ws)k -3197(a)s 3397(meaning)s 4307(for)s 4679(e)s 3(xpressions)k -5877(such)s 6407(as)s 220 fnt35 6691 12591({})m 240 fnt82 -6828 12594(,)m 6968(in)s 7245(which)s 7921(an)s 8238(object)s -8916(is)s 0 12306(missing.)m 907(The)s 1333(v)s 6(alue)k -1899(of)s 2168(this)s 240 fnt83 2562 12308(empty)m 3187(object)s -240 fnt82 3833 12306(is)m 4041(a)s 4205(rectangle)s 5135(of)s -5404(size)s 5829(0)s 6002(by)s 6294(0,)s 6519(with)s -6999(one)s 7399(column)s 8172(mark)s 8722(and)s 0 12018(one)m -402(ro)s 6(w)k 822(mark,)s 1420(that)s 1838(prints)s -2433(as)s 2683(nothing.)s 480 11644(The)m 938(second-last)s 2103(production)s -3227(generates)s 4210(sequences)s 5261(of)s 5562(arbitrary)s 6467(objects)s -7225(separated)s 8215(by)s 8539(white)s 0 11356(space,)m 671(called)s -240 fnt83 1333 11358(par)m 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aphs)k -240 fnt82 2439 11356(.)m 2636(Ignoring)s 3547(paragraph)s 4593(breaking)s -5517(for)s 5888(no)s 6(w)k 15(,)k 6421(the)s -6802(natural)s 7554(meaning)s 8464(is)s 8708(that)s 0 11068(the)m -361(tw)s 2(o)k 784(objects)s 1525(should)s 2235(appear)s -2946(side)s 3400(by)s 3707(side,)s 4212(and)s 4629(Lout')s 13(s)k -5305(parser)s 5961(accordingly)s 7157(interpolates)s 8335(an)s 8632(in\207x)s -0 10780(horizontal)m 1017(concatenation)s 2395(operator)s 3244(\(see)s 3677(belo)s 6(w\))k -4377(between)s 5224(them.)s 5859(This)s 6328(operator)s 7177(is)s -7380(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k 8519(so)s 8778(the)s -0 10492(grammatical)m 1262(ambiguity)s 2301(does)s 2806(no)s 3113(harm.)s -3783(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -4758(the)s 5120(Algol-60)s 6054(rule)s 6496(that)s 6928(white)s -7530(space)s 8132(should)s 8844(be)s 0 10204(signi\207cant)m 1056(only)s -1536(as)s 1786(a)s 1952(separator)s 2887(is)s 3097(necessarily)s -4212(brok)s 2(en)k 4932(by)s 5226(Lout)s 5738(in)s -5981(just)s 6386(this)s 6782(one)s 7184(place.)s 480 9830(Algol-lik)m 2(e)k -1506(languages)s 2504(distinguish)s 3601(literal)s 4201(strings)s 4879(from)s -5393(identi\207ers)s 6389(by)s 6673(enclosing)s 7633(them)s 8161(in)s -8394(quotes,)s 0 9542(b)m 4(ut)k 372(literals)s 1082(are)s -1440(f)s 2(ar)k 1773(too)s 2143(frequent)s 3010(in)s -3264(document)s 4278(formatting)s 5350(for)s 5699(this)s 6106(to)s -6356(be)s 6649(viable.)s 7408(The)s 7847(con)s 9(v)k 3(entional)k -0 9254(solution)m 829(is)s 1041(to)s 1282(be)s 3(gin)k -1870(identi\207ers)s 2878(with)s 3362(a)s 3530(special)s 4250(character)s 9(,)k -5224(and)s 5630(Lout)s 6144(follo)s 6(ws)k 6908(Scribe)s -7576([7])s 7895(in)s 8140(using)s 8714(`@')s 0 8966(rather)m -616(than)s 1085(the)s 1433(`\\')s 1690(of)s 1961(trof)s 6(f)k -2450([8])s 2767(and)s 3171(T)s 3313 8918(E)m 3456 8966(X)m -3685([9].)s 480 8592(Ho)m 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -1447(Lout)s 1966(tak)s 2(es)k 2513(the)s 2868(unusual)s -3675(step)s 4120(of)s 4398(making)s 5176(an)s 5466(initial)s -6084(`@')s 6503(optional.)s 7458(The)s 7893(designers)s 8855(of)s -0 8304(Eqn)m 449(apparently)s 1519(considered)s 2620(such)s 3122(characters)s -4147(dis\207guring)s 5244(in)s 5494(\207ne-grained)s 6713(input)s 7272(lik)s 2(e)k -7691(equations,)s 8722(and)s 0 8016(this)m 401(author)s 1077(agrees.)s -1856(The)s 2289(implementation)s 3851(is)s 4066(straightforw)s 2(ard:)k -5707(`@')s 6124(is)s 6339(classed)s 7092(as)s 7347(just)s -7757(another)s 8539(letter)s 9(,)k 0 7728(and)m 407(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -986(w)s 2(ord)k 1537(is)s 1750(searched)s 2647(for)s -2988(in)s 3234(the)s 3585(symbol)s 4348(table.)s 4979(If)s -5212(it)s 5407(is)s 5620(found,)s 6289(it)s 6484(is)s -6697(an)s 6983(identi\207er)s 9(,)k 7946(otherwise)s 8934(it)s -0 7440(is)m 214(a)s 384(literal.)s 1107(A)s 1341(w)s 2(arning)k -2181(message)s 3051(is)s 3265(printed)s 4004(when)s 4585(a)s -4755(literal)s 5369(be)s 3(ginning)k 6381(with)s 6867(`@')s -7284(is)s 7498(found,)s 8168(since)s 8719(it)s 8916(is)s -0 7152(probably)m 905(a)s 1071(mis-spelt)s 2006(identi\207er)s 13(.)k -3019(No)s 3365(such)s 3861(safety)s 4485(net)s 4837(is)s -5047(possible)s 5887(for)s 6225(identi\207ers)s 7231(without)s 8022(`@'.)s -480 6778(Equation)m 1418(formatting)s 2496(also)s 2951(demands)s 3871(symbols)s -4737(made)s 5328(from)s 5869(punctuation)s 7074(characters,)s 8165(such)s -8678(as)s 220 fnt35 8946 6775(+)m 240 fnt82 0 6490(and)m -220 fnt35 404 6487(<=)m 240 fnt82 652 6490(.)m 816(It)s -1021(is)s 1231(traditional)s 2267(to)s 2506(allo)s 6(w)k -3085(such)s 3581(symbols)s 4430(to)s 4669(be)s 4951(juxtaposed,)s -6095(which)s 6737(means)s 7399(that)s 7817(the)s 8165(input)s -220 fnt35 480 6040(<=++)m 240 fnt82 0 5589(for)m 354(e)s 3(xample)k -1234(must)s 1776(be)s 2075(interpreted)s 3184(within)s 3869(the)s -4234(le)s 3(xical)k 4939(analyser)s 5812(by)s 6123(searching)s -7109(the)s 7474(symbol)s 8251(table)s 8788(for)s 0 5301(its)m -306(pre\207x)s 3(es)k 1142(in)s 1416(the)s 1795(order)s -220 fnt35 2390 5298(<=++)m 240 fnt82 2894 5301(,)m 220 fnt35 -3032 5298(<=+)m 240 fnt82 3408 5301(,)m 220 fnt35 3546 5298(<=)m -240 fnt82 3794 5301(.)m 3988(Although)s 4981(this)s 5408(tak)s 2(es)k -5979(quadratic)s 6952(time,)s 7514(in)s 7788(practice)s 8630(such)s -0 5013(sequences)m 1021(are)s 1368(too)s 1727(short)s 2265(to)s -2504(mak)s 2(e)k 3076(a)s 3242(more)s 3789(sophisticated)s -5095(linear)s 5698(method)s 6474(lik)s 2(e)k 6886(tries)s -7347(w)s 2(orthwhile.)k 240 fnt84 0 4364(2.3.)m 471(Basic)s -1073(structural)s 2149(operators)s 240 fnt82 480 3887(A)m 696(programming)s -2036(language)s 2941(may)s 3393(be)s 3660(considered)s 4739(complete)s -5656(when)s 6218(it)s 6395(attains)s 7054(the)s 7388(po)s 6(wer)k -8025(of)s 8281(a)s 8432(T)s 10(uring)k 0 3599(machine,)m -917(b)s 4(ut)k 1280(no)s 1574(such)s 2071(criterion)s -2937(seems)s 3573(rele)s 6(v)k 6(ant)k 4390(to)s -4630(document)s 5635(formatting.)s 6808(Instead,)s 7606(as)s 7857(the)s -8206(language)s 0 3311(de)m 6(v)k 3(elops)k 913(and)s -1338(ne)s 6(w)k 1806(applications)s 3033(are)s 3401(attempted,)s -4471(de\207ciencies)s 5670(are)s 6038(e)s 3(xposed)k 6899(and)s -7324(the)s 7693(operator)s 8570(set)s 8916(is)s 0 3023(re)m 6(vised)k -742(to)s 981(o)s 3(v)k 3(ercome)k 1974(them.)s -480 2649(Lout)m 1025(has)s 1429(a)s 1629(repertoire)s 2646(of)s -2950(23)s 3268(primiti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4224(operators)s -5198(\(Figure)s 5990(1\),)s 6390(which)s 7066(has)s 7470(pro)s 3(v)k 3(en)k -8220(adequate)s 0 2361(for)m 348(a)s 525(wide)s 1056(v)s 6(ariety)k -1778(of)s 2059(features,)s 2932(including)s 3899(equations,)s 4934(tables,)s -5609(and)s 6023(page)s 6542(layout,)s 7257(and)s 7672(so)s -7948(seems)s 8594(to)s 8844(be)s 0 2073(reasonably)m 1077(complete)s -1995(in)s 2225(this)s 2607(pragmatic)s 3602(sense.)s 4270(In)s -4513(this)s 4895(section)s 5616(we)s 5937(introduce)s 6883(the)s -7217(eight)s 7741(concatenation)s 0 1785(and)m 424(mark-hiding)s 1680(operators.)s -2754(T)s 19(o)k 3075(them)s 3634(f)s 2(alls)k -4114(the)s 4482(basic)s 5047(task)s 5514(of)s 5806(assembling)s -6956(comple)s 3(x)k 7853(objects)s 8602(from)s 0 1497(simple)m -693(ones,)s 1239(and)s 1643(the)s 3(y)k 2106(were)s -2626(the)s 2974(\207rst)s 3405(to)s 3644(be)s 3926(designed)s -4835(and)s 5239(implemented.)s 480 1123(Man)m 3(y)k 1094(of)s -1370(the)s 1723(operators)s 2668(of)s 2944(Eqn)s 3392(can)s -3786(be)s 4073(vie)s 6(wed)k 4821(as)s 5076(b)s 4(uilding)k -5928(small)s 6505(tables.)s 7231(A)s 7466(b)s 4(uilt-up)k -8277(fraction,)s 0 835(for)m 367(e)s 3(xample,)k 1310(has)s -1710(one)s 2141(column)s 2945(and)s 3379(three)s 3941(ro)s 6(ws)k -4480(\(numerator)s 9(,)k 5669(line,)s 6163(and)s 6596(denominator\).)s -8078(Numerous)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 5 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4352 13841(-)m 4480(5)s 4646(-)s 240 fnt83 266 13217(object)m -220 fnt35 974 13212(/)m 240 fnt83 1038 13217(gap)m 1511(object)s -240 fnt82 3816 13215(V)m 26(ertical)k 4613(concatenation)s 5998(with)s -6480(mark)s 7032(alignment)s 240 fnt83 266 12929(object)m 220 fnt35 -974 12924(//)m 240 fnt83 1099 12929(gap)m 1572(object)s 240 fnt82 -3816 12927(V)m 26(ertical)k 4613(concatenation)s 5998(with)s 6480(left)s -6857(justi\207cation)s 240 fnt83 266 12641(object)m 220 fnt35 974 12636(|)m -240 fnt83 1011 12641(gap)m 1484(object)s 240 fnt82 3816 12639(Horizontal)m -4893(concatenation)s 6278(with)s 6760(mark)s 7312(alignment)s 240 fnt83 -266 12353(object)m 220 fnt35 974 12348(||)m 240 fnt83 1068 12353(gap)m -1541(object)s 240 fnt82 3816 12351(Horizontal)m 4893(concatenation)s 6278(with)s -6760(top-justi\207cation)s 240 fnt83 266 12065(object)m 220 fnt35 974 12060(&)m -240 fnt83 1116 12065(gap)m 1589(object)s 240 fnt82 3816 12063(Horizontal)m -4893(concatenation)s 6278(within)s 6946(paragraphs)s 220 fnt35 266 11772(@OneCol)m -240 fnt83 1338 11777(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 11775(Hide)m 4337(all)s -4630(b)s 4(ut)k 4992(one)s 5394(column)s 6169(mark)s -6721(of)s 240 fnt83 6992 11777(object)m 220 fnt35 266 11484(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt83 1457 11489(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 11487(Hide)m 4337(all)s -4630(b)s 4(ut)k 4992(one)s 5394(ro)s 6(w)k -5814(mark)s 6366(of)s 240 fnt83 6637 11489(object)m 266 11201(font)m -220 fnt35 762 11196(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt83 1534 11201(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 11199(Render)m 240 fnt83 4567 11201(object)m 240 fnt82 -5215 11199(in)m 5458(nominated)s 6526(font)s 240 fnt83 266 10913(br)m 8(eakstyle)k -220 fnt35 1353 10908(@Break)m 240 fnt83 2269 10913(object)m 240 fnt82 -3816 10911(Break)m 4448(paragraphs)s 5548(of)s 240 fnt83 5819 10913(object)m -240 fnt82 6467 10911(in)m 6710(nominated)s 7778(style)s 240 fnt83 -266 10625(spacestyle)m 220 fnt35 1361 10620(@Space)m 240 fnt83 2318 10625(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 10623(Render)m 4567(spaces)s 5242(between)s 6096(w)s 2(ords)k -6730(in)s 6973(nominated)s 8041(style)s 240 fnt83 266 10337(length)m -220 fnt35 979 10332(@Wide)m 240 fnt83 1813 10337(object)m 240 fnt82 -3816 10335(Render)m 240 fnt83 4567 10337(object)m 240 fnt82 5215 10335(to)m -5454(width)s 240 fnt83 6056 10337(length)m 266 10049(length)m 220 fnt35 -979 10044(@High)m 240 fnt83 1758 10049(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 10047(Render)m -240 fnt83 4567 10049(object)m 240 fnt82 5215 10047(to)m 5454(height)s -240 fnt83 6112 10049(length)m 220 fnt35 266 9756(@HExpand)m 240 fnt83 -1499 9761(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 9759(Expand)m 4606(horizontal)s 5630(g)s 1(aps)k -6119(to)s 6358(\207ll)s 6678(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -7586(space)s 220 fnt35 266 9468(@VExpand)m 240 fnt83 1487 9473(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 9471(Expand)m 4606(v)s 3(ertical)k 5373(g)s 1(aps)k -5862(to)s 6101(\207ll)s 6421(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -7329(space)s 220 fnt35 266 9180(@HScale)m 240 fnt83 1307 9185(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 9183(Horizontal)m 4893(geometrical)s 6075(scaling)s 6805(to)s -7044(\207ll)s 7364(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 8272(space)s -220 fnt35 266 8892(@VScale)m 240 fnt83 1295 8897(object)m 240 fnt82 -3816 8895(V)m 26(ertical)k 4613(geometrical)s 5795(scaling)s 6525(to)s -6764(\207ll)s 7084(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 7992(space)s -240 fnt83 266 8609(angle)m 220 fnt35 911 8604(@Rotate)m 240 fnt83 -1892 8609(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 8607(Rotate)m 240 fnt83 4496 8609(object)m -240 fnt82 5144 8607(by)m 240 fnt83 5438 8609(angle)m 266 8321(P)m 19(ostScript)k -220 fnt35 1367 8316(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt83 2471 8321(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 8319(Escape)m 4549(to)s 4788(graphics)s 5649(language)s -220 fnt35 266 8028(@Ne)m 6(xt)k 240 fnt83 1050 8033(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 8031(Add)m 4287(1)s 4442(to)s 4681(an)s -4964(object)s 5608(denoting)s 6499(a)s 6665(number)s 240 fnt83 -266 7745(object)m 220 fnt35 974 7740(@Case)m 240 fnt83 1821 7745(alternatives)m -240 fnt82 3816 7743(Select)m 4459(from)s 4983(a)s 5149(set)s -5474(of)s 5745(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 6799(objects)s -240 fnt83 266 7457(identi\207er)m 220 fnt35 1254 7452(&&)m 240 fnt83 -1662 7457(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 7455(Cross)m 4412(reference)s 240 fnt83 -266 7169(cr)m 10(oss-r)k 8(efer)k 8(ence)k 220 fnt35 -1839 7164(@Open)m 240 fnt83 2705 7169(object)m 240 fnt82 3816 7167(Retrie)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -4672(v)s 6(alue)k 5240(from)s 5764(cross)s 6306(reference)s -240 fnt83 266 6881(cr)m 10(oss-r)k 8(efer)k 8(ence)k -220 fnt35 1839 6876(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt83 2888 6881(object)m -240 fnt82 3816 6879(Attach)m 4510(cross)s 5052(referencing)s 6192(tag)s -6537(to)s 6776(object)s 240 fnt84 472 6199(Figur)m 4(e)k -1201(1.)s 1492(The)s 1947(23)s 2240(primiti)s 2(v)k 2(e)k -3233(operators)s 4270(of)s 4542(Lout,)s 5148(in)s 5403(order)s -6032(of)s 6304(incr)s 4(easing)k 7405(pr)s 4(ecedence.)k -240 fnt82 0 5562(in)m 9(v)k 3(estig)k 1(ations)k -1377(of)s 1660(this)s 2068(kind)s 2564(con)s 9(vinced)k -3609(the)s 3969(author)s 4652(that)s 5082(operators)s 6034(capable)s -6832(of)s 7115(assembling)s 8256(the)s 8616(ro)s 6(ws)k -0 5274(and)m 404(columns)s 1266(of)s 1537(tables)s 2145(w)s 2(ould)k -2800(suf\207ce)s 3493(for)s 3831(b)s 4(uilding)k 4678(all)s -4971(kinds)s 5541(of)s 5812(objects.)s 480 4900(The)m 906(simplest)s -1759(objects)s 2485(are)s 2829(empty)s 3479(objects)s 4204(and)s -4605(literal)s 5213(w)s 2(ords)k 5844(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 6254 4897(metempsychosis)m 240 fnt82 7882 4900(,)m 7986(which)s -8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 0 4612(one)m 402(column)s -1177(mark)s 1729(and)s 2133(one)s 2535(ro)s 6(w)k -2955(mark:)s 1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 4106 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 52(metempsychosis)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 3655(T)m 19(o)k 337(place)s -934(tw)s 2(o)k 1381(arbitrary)s 2294(objects)s 3059(side)s -3537(by)s 3868(side,)s 4398(we)s 4770(use)s 5182(the)s -5567(in\207x)s 6099(operator)s 220 fnt35 6992 3652(|)m 240 fnt82 -7029 3655(,)m 7173(denoting)s 8102(horizontal)s 0 3367(concatenation.)m 1492(F)s 3(or)k -1881(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 2866(USA |0.2i A)m 6(ustr)k 2(alia)k -240 fnt82 0 2411(produces)m 915(the)s 1263(object)s 476 166 0 57 240 288 60 480 1905 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -875 166 0 57 240 288 60 1244 1905 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 1 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 1454(The)m 443(ro)s 6(w)k 879(marks)s -1529(are)s 1892(mer)s 4(ged)k 2678(into)s 3119(one,)s -3587(\207xing)s 4215(the)s 4579(v)s 3(ertical)k 5361(position)s -6205(of)s 6491(the)s 6855(objects)s 7598(relati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -8376(to)s 8631(each)s 0 1166(other;)m 611(their)s 1116(horizontal)s -2148(separation)s 3196(is)s 3414(determined)s 4555(by)s 4857(the)s -240 fnt83 5214 1168(gap)m 240 fnt82 5635 1166(attached)m 6497(to)s -6744(the)s 7101(operator)s 9(,)k 8003(in)s 8254(this)s -8659(case)s 0 878(0.2)m 361(inches.)s 1143(W)s 19(e)k -1519(think)s 2080(of)s 2358(the)s 2713(g)s 1(ap)k -3118(as)s 3376(part)s 3814(of)s 4092(the)s 4448(operator)s 9(,)k -5349(although)s 6251(strictly)s 6974(it)s 7174(is)s 7391(a)s -7564(third)s 8081(parameter)s 13(.)k 0 590(It)m 205(may)s -671(be)s 953(omitted,)s 1790(def)s 2(aulting)k 2810(to)s -220 fnt35 3049 587(0i)m 240 fnt82 3205 590(.)m 240 fnt83 -480 218(V)m 26(ertical)k 1294(concatenation)s 240 fnt82 2644 216(,)m -2762(denoted)s 3590(by)s 3895(the)s 4254(in\207x)s 4760(operator)s -220 fnt35 5627 213(/)m 240 fnt82 5691 216(,)m 5809(is)s -6031(the)s 6390(same)s 6948(apart)s 7497(from)s 8032(the)s -8392(change)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 6 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4348 13842(-)m 4476(6)s 4649(-)s 0 13251(of)m 271(direction:)s -220 fnt35 480 12800(A)m 6(ustr)k 2(alia /0.1i USA)k 240 fnt82 -0 12345(produces)m 915(the)s 1263(object)s 875 165 0 56 240 288 60 480 11840 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -875 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 11531 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11080(with)m 482(column)s 1257(marks)s 1892(mer)s 4(ged)k -2663(and)s 3067(a)s 3233(0.1)s 3568(inch)s 4037(g)s 1(ap.)k -480 10706(Consider)m 1404(no)s 6(w)k 1865(what)s 2390(happens)s -3226(when)s 3802(horizontal)s 4826(and)s 5230(v)s 3(ertical)k -5997(are)s 6344(combined:)s 220 fnt35 1000 10205({)m 1186(USA)s -2442(|0.2i)s 2958(A)s 6(ustr)k 2(alia)k 3919(})s -480 9917(/0.1i)m 1000({)s 1186(W)s 8(ashington)k 2442(|)s -2958(Canberr)s 2(a)k 3987(})s 240 fnt82 0 9418(The)m -445(tw)s 2(o)k 872(parameters)s 1987(of)s 220 fnt35 -2275 9415(/)m 240 fnt82 2416 9418(no)m 6(w)k 2895(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3413(tw)s 2(o)k 3840(column)s 4632(marks)s 5284(each,)s -5846(and)s 6268(the)s 3(y)k 6748(will)s 7191(be)s -7490(mer)s 4(ged)k 8278(with)s 8778(the)s 0 9130(corresponding)m -1422(marks)s 2057(in)s 2300(the)s 2648(other)s 3199(parameter)s 9(,)k -4251(yielding)s 5088(the)s 5436(object)s 476 166 0 57 240 288 60 480 8624 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -659 166 0 57 240 288 60 956 8624 LoutGr2 -0 ymark moveto xsize 10 pt add ymark lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 1903 8624 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 1 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 8265 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 52(W)m 19(ashington)k -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -876 215 0 106 240 288 60 1903 8265 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 0 49 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(Canberra)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 7814(The)m 220 fnt35 -425 7811(0.2i)m 240 fnt82 821 7814(g)m 1(ap)k 1216(separates)s -2139(columns,)s 3054(not)s 3416(indi)s 6(vidual)k 4432(items)s -4997(in)s 5237(columns,)s 6152(so)s 6414(a)s 6577(g)s 1(ap)k -6972(attached)s 7823(to)s 8059(the)s 8403(second)s 220 fnt35 -0 7523(|)m 240 fnt82 96 7526(w)m 2(ould)k 749(serv)s 3(e)k -1304(no)s 1595(purpose;)s 2464(an)s 3(y)k 2859(such)s -3353(g)s 1(ap)k 3749(is)s 3957(ignored.)s 4851(If)s -5079(the)s 5425(number)s 6214(of)s 6484(marks)s 7117(to)s -7354(be)s 7634(mer)s 4(ged)k 8403(dif)s 6(fers,)k -0 7238(empty)m 638(columns)s 1485(are)s 1818(added)s 2433(at)s -2651(the)s 2984(right)s 3481(to)s 3705(equalize)s 4542(the)s -4876(number)s 13(.)k 5743(The)s 6157(four)s 6600(marks)s -7221(protruding)s 8269(from)s 8778(the)s 0 6950(result)m 601(are)s -959(all)s 1263(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 2182(for)s -2531(mer)s 4(ging)k 3389(with)s 3882(neighbouring)s 5223(marks)s -5869(by)s 6174(other)s 6736(concatenation)s 8133(operators.)s 0 6662(The)m -428(precedence)s 1559(of)s 220 fnt35 1830 6659(|)m 240 fnt82 -1927 6662(is)m 2137(higher)s 2808(than)s 3277(the)s 3625(precedence)s -4756(of)s 220 fnt35 5027 6659(/)m 240 fnt82 5091 6662(,)m -5198(so)s 5464(the)s 5812(braces)s 6473(could)s 7063(be)s -7345(omitted.)s 480 6288(When)m 1131(lines)s 1656(of)s 1950(te)s 3(xt)k -2387(are)s 2757(concatenated,)s 4135(it)s 4349(is)s 4582(con)s 9(v)k 3(entional)k -5884(to)s 6145(measure)s 7020(their)s 7540(separation)s 8602(from)s -0 6000(baseline)m 832(to)s 1063(baseline)s 1894(\(mark)s 2517(to)s -2748(mark)s 3292(in)s 3527(Lout\),)s 4157(rather)s 4765(than)s -5226(from)s 5742(edge)s 6242(to)s 6473(edge)s 6973(as)s -7215(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e.)k 7937(This)s 8405(idea)s -8855(of)s 0 5712(dif)m 6(ferent)k 863(reference)s 1794(points)s -2417(for)s 2743(measurement)s 4065(e)s 6(v)k 4(olv)k 3(ed)k -4855(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 5322(the)s 5658(years)s -6200(into)s 6613(a)s 6767(system)s 7478(of)s 7737(six)s -240 fnt83 8059 5714(gap)m 8459(modes)s 240 fnt82 0 5424(\(Figure)m -769(2\),)s 1085(e)s 3(xpressed)k 2094(by)s 2398(appending)s -3460(a)s 3636(letter)s 4195(to)s 4445(the)s 4803(length.)s -5576(F)s 3(or)k 5975(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -6899 5421(|0.2i)m 240 fnt82 7366 5424(is)m 7586(an)s 7880(abbre)s 6(viation)k -0 5136(for)m 220 fnt35 377 5133(|0.2ie)m 240 fnt82 901 5136(,)m -1047(meaning)s 1963(0.2)s 2356(inches)s 3057(measured)s 4070(from)s -4633(edge)s 5180(to)s 5458(edge;)s 220 fnt35 6061 5133(|0.3ix)m -240 fnt82 6678 5136(produces)m 7632(a)s 7837(0.3)s 8220(inch)s -8728(g)s 1(ap)k 0 4848(measured)m 972(from)s 1493(mark)s -2043(to)s 2279(mark)s 2829(and)s 3230(widened)s 4097(if)s -4311(necessary)s 5292(to)s 5528(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k -6294(o)s 3(v)k 3(erstriking;)k 7552(and)s 220 fnt35 -7954 4845(|2.5it)m 240 fnt82 8478 4848(places)m 0 4560(its)m 273(right)s -781(parameter)s 1792(2.5)s 2135(inches)s 2794(from)s 3314(the)s -3659(current)s 4392(left)s 4766(mar)s 4(gin,)k 5543(irrespecti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -6699(of)s 6967(the)s 7312(position)s 8137(of)s 8405(the)s -8749(left)s 0 4272(parameter)m 13(.)k 1098(There)s 1704(is)s -1907(also)s 2338(a)s 2496(choice)s 3169(of)s 3433(ele)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -4098(units)s 4606(of)s 4870(measurement)s 6197(\(inches,)s 6987(centimetres,)s -8186(multiples)s 0 3984(of)m 288(the)s 654(current)s 1407(font)s -1870(size,)s 2365(etc.\),)s 2907(the)s 3272(most)s 3815(interesting)s -4894(being)s 5496(the)s 220 fnt35 5862 3981(r)m 240 fnt82 -6012 3984(unit:)m 6568(one)s 220 fnt35 6987 3981(r)m 240 fnt82 -7138 3984(is)m 7365(the)s 7731(column)s 8524(width)s 0 3696(minus)m -635(the)s 982(width)s 1583(of)s 1852(the)s 2199(follo)s 6(wing)k -3175(object,)s 3864(so)s 4129(that)s 220 fnt35 4546 3693(|1r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 4921 3696(produces)m 5835(suf\207cient)s 6783(space)s 7368(to)s -7606(right)s 8116(justify)s 8778(the)s 0 3408(follo)m 6(wing)k -987(object,)s 1688(and)s 220 fnt35 2103 3405(|0.5r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 2673 3408(to)m 2923(center)s 3576(it.)s 3883(These)s -4520(features)s 5337(implement)s 6429(spacings)s 7315(needed)s 8061(in)s -8315(practice)s 0 3120(rather)m 608(than)s 1069(suggested)s 2063(by)s -2349(theory)s 15(.)k 3101(The)s 3(y)k 3636(w)s 2(ork)k -4179(with)s 4653(all)s 4938(\207v)s 3(e)k 5342(concatenation)s -6719(operators,)s 7707(horizontal)s 8722(and)s 0 2832(v)m 3(ertical.)k -480 2458(When)m 1113(we)s 1452(construct)s 2392(a)s 2562(b)s 4(uilt-up)k -3372(fraction,)s 4225(the)s 4577(result)s 5171(has)s 5545(three)s -6082(ro)s 6(w)k 6506(marks,)s 7201(b)s 4(ut)k -7567(only)s 8051(the)s 8403(second)s 0 2170(should)m 697(be)s -979(visible)s 1672(outside)s 2419(the)s 2767(object:)s gsave -480 1339 translate -240 fnt83 156 491 0 288 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -156 491 0 288 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -156 491 0 288 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 336(X)m -156 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 288 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -2 68(Y)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 888(This)m 493(is)s 721(a)s 905(common)s -1817(problem,)s 2739(and)s 3161(accordingly)s 4361(a)s 220 fnt35 -4545 885(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 5694 888(operator)m 6567(w)s 2(as)k -7006(introduced)s 8105(for)s 8461(hiding)s 0 600(all)m 291(b)s 4(ut)k -650(one)s 1050(of)s 1318(the)s 1663(ro)s 6(w)k -2081(marks)s 2713(of)s 2981(its)s 3255(parameter)s 13(.)k -4357(Normally)s 15(,)k 5363(the)s 5708(\207rst)s 6136(mark)s -6686(is)s 6893(the)s 7238(survi)s 6(v)k 4(or)k 9(,)k -8121(b)s 4(ut)k 8480(a)s 8643(later)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 7 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4351 13848(-)m 4479(7)s 4647(-)s 6693 8221 0 8221 240 288 60 1186 5201 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -0 7447(Edge-to-edge)m 220 fnt35 -1786 7444(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 7449(length)m 220 fnt35 2456 7444(e)m -240 fnt82 0 6238(Hyphenation)m 220 fnt35 1786 6235(|)m 240 fnt83 -1843 6240(length)m 220 fnt35 2456 6235(h)m 240 fnt82 0 5029(Ov)m 3(erstrik)k 2(e)k -220 fnt35 1786 5026(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 5031(length)m 220 fnt35 -2456 5026(o)m 240 fnt82 0 3820(Mark-to-mark)m 220 fnt35 1786 3817(|)m -240 fnt83 1843 3822(length)m 220 fnt35 2456 3817(x)m 240 fnt82 -0 2611(K)m 6(erning)k 220 fnt35 1786 2608(|)m 240 fnt83 -1843 2613(length)m 220 fnt35 2456 2608(k)m 240 fnt82 0 1402(T)m 19(ab)k 4(ulation)k -220 fnt35 1786 1399(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 1404(length)m 220 fnt35 -2456 1399(t)m gsave -3291 0 translate -240 fnt82 3402 8221 0 8221 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -567 7485 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 7371 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 7485 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 7371 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2267 7395 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 7395 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 7395 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 7395 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 1534 7192(length)m gsave -567 6304 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 6190 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 6304 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 6190 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2267 6214 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6214 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6214 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6214 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1534 6011(length)m gsave -567 5123 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 5009 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 5123 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 5009 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 4976 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4976 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4976 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4976 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1392 4774(length)m -gsave -567 3886 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3772 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3886 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 3772 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 3739 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3739 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3739 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3739 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt82 941 3536(max)m 180 fnt78 1256 3531(\()m 180 fnt83 -1319 3537(length)m 180 fnt78 1774 3531(,)m 180 fnt83 1854 3537(a)m -180 fnt78 1994 3531(+)m 180 fnt83 2145 3537(b)m 180 fnt78 -2240 3531(\))m gsave -1247 4363 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 567 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4363 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4363 translate -180 fnt82 567 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4363 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 920 4431(a)m gsave -2551 4363 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 4363 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 4363 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 4363 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -2366 4387(b)m gsave -567 2590 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2476 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 2590 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 2476 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 2443 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2443 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2443 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2443 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt82 -999 2240(max)m 180 fnt78 1314 2235(\()m 180 fnt83 1377 2241(length)m -180 fnt78 1832 2235(,)m 180 fnt83 1912 2241(a)m 180 fnt78 -2007 2235(,)m 180 fnt83 2087 2241(b)m 180 fnt78 2182 2235(\))m -gsave -1247 3067 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 567 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3067 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3067 translate -180 fnt82 567 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3067 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 920 3135(a)m gsave -2551 3067 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3067 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3067 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3067 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -2366 3091(b)m gsave -567 1438 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 1324 translate -180 fnt82 2722 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 1438 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 1324 translate -180 fnt82 851 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 1234 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 2268 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 1234 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 1234 translate -180 fnt82 2268 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 1234 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1587 1032(length)m gsave -3402 734 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 3402 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate -180 fnt82 3402 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1189 523(curr)m 6(ent)k -1759(bound)s -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt84 0 4610(Figur)m 4(e)k 774(2.)s -1110(The)s 1610(six)s 1991(gap)s 2462(modes)s 3212(\()s -240 fnt83 3285 4613(length)m 240 fnt84 3984 4610(is)m 4242(any)s -4716(length\).)s 5648(Hyphenation)s 7078(mode)s 7737(has)s 8182(an)s -8537(extra)s 0 4322(pr)m 4(operty)k 955(not)s 1347(sho)s 2(wn)k -2053(her)s 4(e.)k 240 fnt82 0 3685(mark)m 552(can)s -941(be)s 1223(chosen)s 1945(by)s 2239(pre\207xing)s 220 fnt35 -3156 3682(^)m 240 fnt82 3322 3685(to)m 3561(the)s 3909(preceding)s -4905(concatenation)s 6290(operator:)s 220 fnt35 480 3184(@OneRo)m 3(w { X ^/2p @HLine /2p )k 19(Y })k -240 fnt82 0 2688(has)m 396(the)s 770(desired)s 1545(result,)s -2208(where)s 220 fnt35 2874 2685(2p)m 240 fnt82 3197 2688(is)m -3433(tw)s 2(o)k 3870(points)s 4532(and)s 220 fnt35 -4962 2685(@HLine)m 240 fnt82 5836 2688(is)m 6072(an)s 6381(easy)s -6887(combination)s 8166(of)s 8464(Lout')s 13(s)k 0 2400(graphics)m -861(operators.)s 1914(A)s 2144(similar)s 2866(operator)s 9(,)k -220 fnt35 3760 2397(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 4712 2400(,)m 4819(hides)s -5375(column)s 6150(marks.)s 480 2026(A)m 728(v)s 6(ariant)k -1463(of)s 220 fnt35 1753 2023(/)m 240 fnt82 1895 2026(called)m -220 fnt35 2542 2023(//)m 240 fnt82 2745 2026(is)m 2974(pro)s 3(vided)k -3898(which)s 4558(performs)s 5490(v)s 3(ertical)k 6275(concatenation)s -7679(b)s 4(ut)k 8059(ignores)s 8833(all)s 0 1738(column)m -775(marks)s 1410(and)s 1814(simply)s 2519(left-justi\207es)s 3709(its)s -3985(tw)s 2(o)k 4395(parameters:)s 220 fnt35 480 1237(Heading //0.1i)m -480 949(A |0.2i B /0.1i)m 480 661(C | D)m 240 fnt82 0 206(has)m 370(result)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 8 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4351 13844(-)m 4479(8)s 4646(-)s 480 13253(Heading)m 480 12896(A)m -938(B)s 480 12590(C)m 938(D)s 0 12136(sho)m 6(wing)k -883(that)s 1325(spanning)s 2267(columns)s 3153(in)s 3420(tables)s -4052(moti)s 6(v)k 6(ate)k 4956(the)s 5328(inclusion)s -6286(of)s 6581(this)s 7001(operator)s 13(.)k 7972(There)s -8609(is)s 8843(an)s 0 11848(analogous)m 220 fnt35 1029 11845(||)m -240 fnt82 1191 11848(operator)m 13(.)k 2145(The)s 2581(author)s -3259(w)s 2(ould)k 3922(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4430(preferred)s 5370(to)s 5616(lea)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6177(out)s 6550(these)s 7105(operators,)s 8108(since)s 8663(the)s 3(y)k -0 11560(complicate)m 1104(the)s 1452(implementation,)s 3059(and)s 3463(it)s -3655(is)s 3865(interesting)s 4926(to)s 5165(e)s 3(xamine)k -6028(the)s 6376(prospects)s 7330(of)s 7601(doing)s 8200(so.)s -480 11186(The)m 220 fnt35 953 11183(//)m 240 fnt82 1184 11186(operator)m -2086(is)s 2342(formally)s 3263(redundant,)s 4373(because)s 5232(in)s -5521(general)s 6324(the)s 6718(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 -7841 11183(x // y)m 240 fnt82 8409 11186(can)m 8844(be)s 0 10898(replaced)m -867(by)s 220 fnt35 480 10397(@OneCol { | x } /)m 480 10109(@OneCol { | y })m 240 fnt82 -0 9611(for)m 338(an)s 3(y)k 734(objects)s 220 fnt35 -1462 9608(x)m 240 fnt82 1629 9611(and)m 220 fnt35 2032 9608(y)m -240 fnt82 2140 9611(.)m 2304(By)s 2637(concatenating)s 4017(an)s -4300(empty)s 4951(object)s 5594(at)s 5826(the)s 6173(left)s -6549(of)s 220 fnt35 6820 9608(x)m 240 fnt82 6987 9611(and)m -7390(hiding)s 8055(all)s 8347(b)s 4(ut)k 8708(that)s -0 9323(empty)m 641(object')s 13(s)k 1423(column)s 2186(mark,)s -2772(we)s 3095(ef)s 6(fecti)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k -4143(shift)s 220 fnt35 4615 9320(x)m 240 fnt82 4723 9323(')m 13(s)k -4921(column)s 5684(mark)s 6224(to)s 6452(its)s 6716(left)s -7081(edge.)s 7685(The)s 8101(same)s 8636(goes)s 0 9035(for)m -220 fnt35 349 9032(y)m 240 fnt82 457 9035(,)m 575(so)s -852(the)s 220 fnt35 1211 9032(/)m 240 fnt82 1347 9035(operator)m -2214(has)s 2595(just)s 3011(one)s 3424(column)s 4211(mark)s -4774(to)s 5024(mer)s 4(ge,)k 5735(at)s 5978(the)s -6338(e)s 3(xtreme)k 7171(left,)s 7606(and)s 8021(its)s -8308(ef)s 6(fect)k 8916(is)s 0 8747(indistinguishable)m 1690(from)s -220 fnt35 2214 8744(//)m 240 fnt82 2339 8747(.)m 480 8373(Unfortunately)m 15(,)k -1915(if)s 220 fnt35 2134 8370(y)m 240 fnt82 2304 8373(consists)m -3114(of)s 3387(tw)s 2(o)k 3799(ro)s 6(ws)k -4311(separated)s 5274(by)s 220 fnt35 5570 8370(/)m 240 fnt82 -5634 8373(,)m 5743(as)s 5995(in)s 6240(the)s 6590(e)s 3(xample)k -7455(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k 8130(both)s 8616(ro)s 6(ws)k -0 8085(must)m 533(be)s 823(placed)s 1513(inside)s 2148(the)s -220 fnt35 2504 8082(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 3456 8085(,)m 3571(and)s -3983(the)s 4340(table)s 4868(cannot)s 5574(be)s 5864(entered)s -6633(in)s 6884(the)s 7240(simple)s 7942(ro)s 6(w-by-ro)k 6(w)k -0 7797(manner)m 777(that)s 1194(non-e)s 3(xpert)k 2287(users)s -2828(naturally)s 3731(e)s 3(xpect.)k 4515(Another)s 5359(adv)s 6(antage)k -6378(of)s 220 fnt35 6649 7794(//)m 240 fnt82 6833 7797(is)m -7043(that)s 7460(its)s 7736(left)s 8112(parameter)s 0 7509(can)m -382(be)s 657(printed)s 1385(before)s 2044(its)s 2313(right)s -2817(parameter)s 3824(is)s 4027(kno)s 6(wn;)k 4779(this)s -5168(is)s 5371(important)s 6353(when)s 6922(the)s 7263(left)s -7633(parameter)s 8640(is)s 8843(an)s 0 7221(entire)m 599(page.)s -480 6847(The)m 960(\207fth)s 1468(and)s 1924(\207nal)s 2457(concatenation)s -3895(operator)s 9(,)k 220 fnt35 4841 6844(&)m 240 fnt82 -4983 6847(,)m 5143(is)s 5405(an)s 5741(e)s 3(xplicit)k -6567(v)s 3(ersion)k 7377(of)s 7701(the)s 8102(horizontal)s -0 6559(concatenation)m 1402(operator)s 2275(interpolated)s 3492(when)s 4085(objects)s -4830(are)s 5195(separated)s 6172(by)s 6483(white)s 7088(space.)s -7800(It)s 8022(is)s 8250(formally)s 0 6271(identical)m 907(to)s -220 fnt35 1177 6268(|)m 240 fnt82 1305 6271(e)m 3(xcept)k -2017(for)s 2386(taking)s 3068(higher)s 3770(precedence)s 4932(and)s -5367(being)s 5983(subject)s 6751(to)s 7021(replacement)s 8279(by)s -220 fnt35 8604 6268(//1vx)m 240 fnt82 0 5983(during)m 678(paragraph)s -1691(breaking)s 2581(\(Section)s 3434(2.5\).)s 240 fnt84 0 5334(2.4.)m -471(Implementation)s 2159(of)s 2431(objects)s 3201(and)s 3642(concatenation)s -240 fnt82 480 4857(In)m 738(this)s 1136(section)s 1872(we)s -2210(discuss)s 2954(the)s 3304(implementation)s 4863(of)s 5137(objects)s -5867(and)s 6273(concatenation,)s 7710(and)s 8117(especially)s 0 4569(mark)m -552(alignment.)s 1672(The)s 2100(\207rst)s 2531(step)s 2969(is)s -3179(to)s 3418(use)s 3793(an)s 4076(operator)s 4932(precedence)s -6063(parser)s 6706(to)s 6945(con)s 9(v)k 3(ert)k -7710(input)s 8262(such)s 8758(as)s 220 fnt35 480 4068(a |0.5i b /0.2i c | d)m -240 fnt82 0 3613(into)m 425(parse)s 985(trees)s 1486(such)s -1982(as)s gsave -480 1919 translate -240 fnt83 3396 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1867 338 56 282 240 288 12 1529 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 136 106(\244)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1413 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -876 338 56 282 240 288 12 537 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -511 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -511 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -511 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 -195 111(.)m 192 fnt78 270 105(5)m 192 fnt83 404 111(i)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 962 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1075 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1413 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1413 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 1526 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 -195 111(.)m 192 fnt78 270 105(2)m 192 fnt83 410 111(i)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2043 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1240 846 0 790 240 288 12 2156 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -789 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 789 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 902 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1240 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3396 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 1468(Missing)m 879(objects)s 1662(are)s 2065(replaced)s -2987(by)s 3336(empty)s 4044(objects,)s 4883(and)s 5342(sequences)s -6419(of)s 6745(concatenation)s 8186(operators)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 9 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4349 13844(-)m 4477(9)s 4648(-)s 0 13251(are)m 347(consolidated:)s -gsave -480 11602 translate -240 fnt83 2492 1359 0 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1415 338 56 282 240 288 12 1077 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 451 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 -56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 195 111(.)m 192 fnt78 270 105(2)m -192 fnt83 410 111(i)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 968 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1411 846 0 790 240 288 12 1081 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -875 338 56 282 240 288 12 536 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -509 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -509 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -509 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 195 111(.)m -192 fnt78 270 105(3)m 192 fnt83 402 111(i)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 960 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1073 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1411 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2492 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt78 3284 12840(\336)m gsave -3825 11602 translate -240 fnt83 2492 1359 0 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1415 338 56 282 240 288 12 1077 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 451 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -517 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 -195 111(.)m 192 fnt78 270 105(2)m 192 fnt83 410 111(i)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 968 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 1081 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1419 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -509 846 56 790 240 288 12 1532 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -509 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -509 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 56 105(0)m 192 fnt83 -195 111(.)m 192 fnt78 270 105(3)m 192 fnt83 402 111(i)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2041 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 2154 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2492 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt82 0 11151(to)m 239(mak)s 2(e)k -811(manifest)s 1693(their)s 2190(associati)s 6(vity)k 3432(and)s -3836(reduce)s 4529(the)s 4877(depth)s 5466(of)s 5737(the)s -6085(tree)s 6498(for)s 6836(ef\207cienc)s 3(y)k 7829(later)s 13(.)k -480 10777(The)m 970(required)s 1887(semantic)s 2851(information)s 4099(is)s -4371(the)s 4782(size)s 5271(of)s 5605(each)s 6162(subobject,)s -7249(consisting)s 8334(of)s 8668(four)s 0 10489(inte)m 3(gers:)k -920(width)s 1524(to)s 1765(left)s 2144(and)s 2550(right)s -3062(of)s 3335(the)s 3685(distinguished)s 5021(column)s 5798(mark,)s -6397(and)s 6803(height)s 7463(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -8087(and)s 8493(belo)s 6(w)k 0 10201(the)m 368(distinguished)s -1722(ro)s 6(w)k 2162(mark.)s 2837(These)s 3484(numbers)s -4379(are)s 4746(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 5477(non-ne)s 3(g)k 1(ati)k 6(v)k 3(e)k -6789(in)s 7052(Basser)s 7769(Lout,)s 8348(b)s 4(ut)k -8730(this)s 0 9913(restriction)m 1024(is)s 1234(unnecessary)s 2457(and)s -2861(should)s 3558(be)s 3840(dropped.)s 480 9539(F)m 3(or)k -867(the)s 1212(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es,)k 1907(which)s -2546(are)s 2890(simple)s 3581(w)s 2(ords,)k 4268(the)s -4614(numbers)s 5486(are)s 5830(obtained)s 6710(from)s 7231(font)s -7674(tables.)s 8392(F)s 3(or)k 8778(the)s 0 9251(higher)m -678(le)s 6(v)k 3(els)k 1285(we)s 1628(apply)s -2222(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 3152(rules.)s 3788(Suppose)s -4664(that)s 240 fnt83 5090 9253(hgap)m 240 fnt78 5583 9245(\()m -240 fnt83 5675 9253(x)m 240 fnt78 5801 9245(,)m 240 fnt83 -5932 9253(g)m 240 fnt78 6066 9245(,)m 240 fnt83 6197 9253(y)m -240 fnt78 6319 9245(\))m 240 fnt82 6453 9251(returns)m 7175(the)s -7531(desired)s 8287(distance)s 0 8963(between)m 846(the)s 1186(column)s -1952(marks)s 2579(of)s 2841(objects)s 240 fnt83 3561 8965(x)m -240 fnt82 3719 8963(and)m 240 fnt83 4114 8965(y)m 240 fnt82 -4268 8963(when)m 4835(the)s 3(y)k 5290(are)s 5629(separated)s -6580(by)s 6866(g)s 1(ap)k 240 fnt83 7255 8965(g)m -240 fnt82 7369 8963(:)m 240 fnt83 7527 8965(right)m 240 fnt78 -8000 8957(\()m 240 fnt83 8075 8965(x)m 240 fnt78 8185 8957(\))m -8298(+)s 240 fnt83 8473 8965(length)m 240 fnt78 0 8669(\()m -240 fnt83 89 8677(g)m 240 fnt78 221 8669(\))m 376(+)s -240 fnt83 594 8677(left)m 240 fnt78 920 8669(\()m 240 fnt83 -1009 8677(y)m 240 fnt78 1129 8669(\))m 240 fnt82 1261 8675(when)m -1842(the)s 2196(g)s 1(ap)k 2600(mode)s 3193(is)s -3409(edge-to-edge,)s 4770(the)s 5124(lar)s 4(ger)k 5741(of)s -240 fnt83 6018 8677(length)m 240 fnt78 6629 8669(\()m 240 fnt83 -6718 8677(g)m 240 fnt78 6850 8669(\))m 240 fnt82 6982 8675(and)m -240 fnt83 7391 8677(right)m 240 fnt78 7878 8669(\()m 240 fnt83 -7968 8677(x)m 240 fnt78 8091 8669(\))m 8246(+)s 240 fnt83 -8464 8677(left)m 240 fnt78 8790 8669(\()m 240 fnt83 8880 8677(y)m -240 fnt78 9000 8669(\))m 240 fnt82 0 8387(when)m 576(the)s -924(mode)s 1512(is)s 1722(mark-to-mark,)s 3155(and)s 3559(so)s -3825(on.)s 4229(Gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 4862(an)s -5145(object)s 240 fnt83 480 7892(X)m 240 fnt78 720 7884(=)m -240 fnt83 933 7892(x)m 168 fnt78 1039 7799(1)m 240 fnt78 -1249 7884(|)m 240 fnt83 1294 7892(g)m 168 fnt78 1405 7799(1)m -240 fnt78 1615 7884(\274)m 200 fnt83 1973 7900(^)m 240 fnt78 -2069 7884(|)m 240 fnt83 2114 7892(g)m 168 fnt83 2225 7805(i)m -168 fnt78 2291 7799(-)m 2403(1)s 240 fnt83 2613 7892(x)m -168 fnt83 2719 7805(i)m 240 fnt78 2907 7884(\274)m 3265(|)s -240 fnt83 3310 7892(g)m 168 fnt83 3421 7805(n)m 168 fnt78 -3523 7799(-)m 3635(1)s 240 fnt83 3845 7892(x)m 168 fnt83 -3951 7805(n)m 240 fnt82 0 7348(we)m 335(may)s 801(calculate)s -1705(its)s 1981(size)s 2408(as)s 2658(follo)s 6(ws:)k -240 fnt83 740 6845(left)m 240 fnt78 1060 6837(\()m 240 fnt83 -1144 6845(X)m 240 fnt78 1312 6837(\))m 1474(=)s 240 fnt83 -1687 6845(left)m 240 fnt78 2007 6837(\()m 240 fnt83 2091 6845(x)m -168 fnt78 2197 6752(1)m 240 fnt78 2275 6837(\))m 2413(+)s -240 fnt83 2614 6845(hgap)m 240 fnt78 3099 6837(\()m 240 fnt83 -3183 6845(x)m 168 fnt78 3289 6752(1)m 240 fnt78 3367 6837(,)m -240 fnt83 3474 6845(g)m 168 fnt78 3585 6752(1)m 240 fnt78 -3663 6837(,)m 240 fnt83 3770 6845(x)m 168 fnt78 3876 6752(2)m -240 fnt78 3968 6837(\))m 4106(+)s 4307(\274)s 4593(+)s -240 fnt83 4794 6845(hgap)m 240 fnt78 5279 6837(\()m 240 fnt83 -5363 6845(x)m 168 fnt83 5469 6758(i)m 168 fnt78 5535 6752(-)m -5647(1)s 240 fnt78 5725 6837(,)m 240 fnt83 5832 6845(g)m -168 fnt83 5943 6758(i)m 168 fnt78 6009 6752(-)m 6121(1)s -240 fnt78 6199 6837(,)m 240 fnt83 6306 6845(x)m 168 fnt83 -6412 6758(i)m 240 fnt78 6468 6837(\))m 240 fnt83 579 6442(right)m -240 fnt78 1060 6434(\()m 240 fnt83 1144 6442(X)m 240 fnt78 -1312 6434(\))m 1474(=)s 240 fnt83 1687 6442(hgap)m 240 fnt78 -2172 6434(\()m 240 fnt83 2256 6442(x)m 168 fnt83 2362 6355(i)m -240 fnt78 2418 6434(,)m 240 fnt83 2525 6442(g)m 168 fnt83 -2636 6355(i)m 240 fnt78 2692 6434(,)m 240 fnt83 2799 6442(x)m -168 fnt83 2905 6355(i)m 168 fnt78 2971 6349(+)m 3084(1)s -240 fnt78 3162 6434(\))m 3300(+)s 3501(\274)s 3787(+)s -240 fnt83 3988 6442(hgap)m 240 fnt78 4473 6434(\()m 240 fnt83 -4557 6442(x)m 168 fnt83 4663 6355(n)m 168 fnt78 4765 6349(-)m -4877(1)s 240 fnt78 4955 6434(,)m 240 fnt83 5062 6442(g)m -168 fnt83 5173 6355(n)m 168 fnt78 5275 6349(-)m 5387(1)s -240 fnt78 5465 6434(,)m 240 fnt83 5572 6442(x)m 168 fnt83 -5678 6355(n)m 240 fnt78 5770 6434(\))m 5908(+)s 240 fnt83 -6109 6442(right)m 240 fnt78 6590 6434(\()m 240 fnt83 6674 6442(x)m -168 fnt83 6780 6355(n)m 240 fnt78 6872 6434(\))m 240 fnt83 -485 6039(abo)m 2(ve)k 240 fnt78 1060 6031(\()m 240 fnt83 -1144 6039(X)m 240 fnt78 1312 6031(\))m 1474(=)s 240 fnt83 -1687 6039(abo)m 2(ve)k 240 fnt78 2262 6031(\()m 240 fnt83 -2346 6039(x)m 168 fnt78 2452 5944(1)m 240 fnt78 2530 6031(\))m -2680(\255)s 2901(\274)s 3199(\255)s 240 fnt83 3420 6039(abo)m 2(ve)k -240 fnt78 3995 6031(\()m 240 fnt83 4079 6039(x)m 168 fnt83 -4185 5950(n)m 240 fnt78 4277 6031(\))m 240 fnt83 480 5636(below)m -240 fnt78 1060 5628(\()m 240 fnt83 1144 5636(X)m 240 fnt78 -1312 5628(\))m 1474(=)s 240 fnt83 1687 5636(below)m 240 fnt78 -2267 5628(\()m 240 fnt83 2351 5636(x)m 168 fnt78 2457 5541(1)m -240 fnt78 2535 5628(\))m 2685(\255)s 2906(\274)s 3204(\255)s -240 fnt83 3425 5636(below)m 240 fnt78 4005 5628(\()m 240 fnt83 -4089 5636(x)m 168 fnt83 4195 5547(n)m 240 fnt78 4287 5628(\))m -240 fnt82 0 5041(where)m 240 fnt78 693 5035(\255)m 240 fnt82 -943 5041(returns)m 1678(the)s 2046(lar)s 4(ger)k 2679(of)s -2971(its)s 3267(tw)s 2(o)k 3698(parameters.)s 4930(Similar)s -5712(formulas)s 6633(are)s 7001(easily)s 7632(deri)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k -8419(for)s 8778(the)s 0 4753(other)m 551(operators.)s 480 4379(F)m 3(or)k -866(purposes)s 1765(of)s 2033(e)s 3(xposition)k 3081(we)s -3412(will)s 3835(no)s 6(w)k 4293(mak)s 2(e)k -4862(the)s 5207(simplifying)s 6358(assumptions)s 7589(that)s 8004(all)s -8294(g)s 1(aps)k 8779(are)s 220 fnt35 0 4088(0i)m -240 fnt82 156 4091(,)m 248(all)s 525(column)s 1285(marks)s -1904(lie)s 2183(at)s 2399(the)s 2732(left)s 3093(edge,)s -3637(and)s 4025(all)s 4303(ro)s 6(w)k 4707(marks)s -5327(lie)s 5605(at)s 5822(the)s 6154(top)s 6498(edge.)s -7098(Then)s 7632(the)s 7964(size)s 8376(of)s 8631(each)s -0 3803(object)m 644(can)s 1033(be)s 1315(e)s 3(xpressed)k -2313(by)s 2607(just)s 3012(tw)s 2(o)k 3422(numbers,)s -4353(width)s 4955(and)s 5359(height,)s 6064(and)s 6468(the)s -6816(four)s 7274(formulas)s 8174(reduce)s 8867(to)s 240 fnt83 -555 3300(width)m 240 fnt78 1094 3292(\()m 240 fnt83 1178 3300(x)m -168 fnt78 1284 3207(1)m 240 fnt78 1434 3292(|)m 1551(\274)s -1849(|)s 240 fnt83 1966 3300(x)m 168 fnt83 2072 3213(n)m -240 fnt78 2164 3292(\))m 2326(=)s 240 fnt83 2539 3300(width)m -240 fnt78 3078 3292(\()m 240 fnt83 3162 3300(x)m 168 fnt78 -3268 3207(1)m 240 fnt78 3346 3292(\))m 3484(+)s 3685(\274)s -3971(+)s 240 fnt83 4172 3300(width)m 240 fnt78 4711 3292(\()m -240 fnt83 4795 3300(x)m 168 fnt83 4901 3213(n)m 240 fnt78 -4993 3292(\))m 240 fnt83 480 2897(height)m 240 fnt78 1094 2889(\()m -240 fnt83 1178 2897(x)m 168 fnt78 1284 2804(1)m 240 fnt78 -1434 2889(|)m 1551(\274)s 1849(|)s 240 fnt83 1966 2897(x)m -168 fnt83 2072 2810(n)m 240 fnt78 2164 2889(\))m 2326(=)s -240 fnt83 2539 2897(height)m 240 fnt78 3153 2889(\()m 240 fnt83 -3237 2897(x)m 168 fnt78 3343 2804(1)m 240 fnt78 3421 2889(\))m -3571(\255)s 3792(\274)s 4090(\255)s 240 fnt83 4311 2897(height)m -240 fnt78 4925 2889(\()m 240 fnt83 5009 2897(x)m 168 fnt83 -5115 2810(n)m 240 fnt78 5207 2889(\))m 240 fnt82 0 2353(The)m -428(corresponding)s 1850(formulas)s 2750(for)s 3088(v)s 3(ertical)k -3855(concatenation)s 5240(are)s 240 fnt83 555 1803(width)m 240 fnt78 -1094 1795(\()m 240 fnt83 1178 1803(x)m 168 fnt78 1284 1710(1)m -240 fnt83 1434 1803(/)m 240 fnt78 1609 1795(\274)m 240 fnt83 -1907 1803(/)m 2082(x)s 168 fnt83 2188 1716(n)m 240 fnt78 -2280 1795(\))m 2442(=)s 240 fnt83 2655 1803(width)m 240 fnt78 -3194 1795(\()m 240 fnt83 3278 1803(x)m 168 fnt78 3384 1710(1)m -240 fnt78 3462 1795(\))m 3612(\255)s 3833(\274)s 4131(\255)s -240 fnt83 4352 1803(width)m 240 fnt78 4891 1795(\()m 240 fnt83 -4975 1803(x)m 168 fnt83 5081 1716(n)m 240 fnt78 5173 1795(\))m -240 fnt83 480 1400(height)m 240 fnt78 1094 1392(\()m 240 fnt83 -1178 1400(x)m 168 fnt78 1284 1307(1)m 240 fnt83 1434 1400(/)m -240 fnt78 1609 1392(\274)m 240 fnt83 1907 1400(/)m 2082(x)s -168 fnt83 2188 1313(n)m 240 fnt78 2280 1392(\))m 2442(=)s -240 fnt83 2655 1400(height)m 240 fnt78 3269 1392(\()m 240 fnt83 -3353 1400(x)m 168 fnt78 3459 1307(1)m 240 fnt78 3537 1392(\))m -3675(+)s 3876(\274)s 4162(+)s 240 fnt83 4363 1400(height)m -240 fnt78 4977 1392(\()m 240 fnt83 5061 1400(x)m 168 fnt83 -5167 1313(n)m 240 fnt78 5259 1392(\))m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 10 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4287 13844(-)m 4415(10)s 4710(-)s 0 13253(According)m 1063(to)s -1302(these)s 1849(formulas,)s 2805(the)s 3153(height)s 3811(of)s -gsave -480 11559 translate -240 fnt83 3044 1354 56 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1240 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 789 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 902 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1240 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1353 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 136 106(\244)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1691 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1240 846 56 790 240 288 12 1804 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 789 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 902 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1240 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3044 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11108(is)m -240 fnt78 480 10600([)m 240 fnt83 563 10608(height)m 240 fnt78 -1177 10600(\()m 240 fnt83 1261 10608(a)m 240 fnt78 1388 10600(\))m -1538(\255)s 240 fnt83 1759 10608(height)m 240 fnt78 2373 10600(\()m -240 fnt83 2457 10608(b)m 240 fnt78 2583 10600(\))m 2661(])s -2792(+)s 2993([)s 240 fnt83 3076 10608(height)m 240 fnt78 -3690 10600(\()m 240 fnt83 3774 10608(c)m 240 fnt78 3888 10600(\))m -4038(\255)s 240 fnt83 4259 10608(height)m 240 fnt78 4873 10600(\()m -240 fnt83 4957 10608(d)m 240 fnt78 5095 10600(\))m 5173(])s -240 fnt82 0 10104(which)m 642(is)s 852(correct,)s 1621(b)s 4(ut)k -1983(for)s 2321(width)s 2923(the)s 3(y)k 3386(yield)s -240 fnt78 480 9546([)m 240 fnt83 563 9554(width)m 240 fnt78 -1102 9546(\()m 240 fnt83 1186 9554(a)m 240 fnt78 1313 9546(\))m -1451(+)s 240 fnt83 1652 9554(width)m 240 fnt78 2191 9546(\()m -240 fnt83 2275 9554(b)m 240 fnt78 2401 9546(\))m 2479(])s -2622(\255)s 2843([)s 240 fnt83 2926 9554(width)m 240 fnt78 -3465 9546(\()m 240 fnt83 3549 9554(c)m 240 fnt78 3663 9546(\))m -3801(+)s 240 fnt83 4002 9554(width)m 240 fnt78 4541 9546(\()m -240 fnt83 4625 9554(d)m 240 fnt78 4763 9546(\))m 4841(])s -240 fnt82 0 9050(which)m 645(is)s 859(not,)s 1276(since)s -1827(it)s 2023(does)s 2517(not)s 2887(tak)s 2(e)k -3343(the)s 3694(mer)s 4(ging)k 4544(of)s 4819(column)s -5598(marks)s 6237(into)s 6666(account.)s 7578(The)s 8010(asymmetry)s -0 8762(between)m 874(horizontal)s 1918(and)s 2342(v)s 3(ertical)k -3130(has)s 3520(come)s 4114(about)s 4726(because)s 5560(the)s -5928(ro)s 6(w)k 6368(entries,)s 7131(such)s 7648(as)s -240 fnt83 7918 8764(a)m 240 fnt82 8113 8762(and)m 240 fnt83 -8537 8764(b)m 240 fnt82 8651 8762(,)m 8779(are)s 0 8474(adjacent)m -849(in)s 1085(the)s 1426(tree,)s 1883(b)s 4(ut)k -2238(the)s 2579(column)s 3346(entries,)s 4082(such)s 4571(as)s -240 fnt83 4814 8476(a)m 240 fnt82 4982 8474(and)m 240 fnt83 -5379 8476(c)m 240 fnt82 5481 8474(,)m 5581(are)s 5920(not.)s -6383(It)s 6581(w)s 2(ould)k 7229(be)s 7504(possible)s -8337(to)s 8568(solv)s 3(e)k 0 8186(this)m 395(cross-linking)s -1694(problem)s 2550(by)s 2842(augmenting)s 4024(the)s 4370(size)s -4795(information)s 5979(stored)s 6619(in)s 6861(each)s 7354(node)s -7875(to)s 8112(record)s 8778(the)s 0 7898(number)m 791(of)s -1063(marks)s 1698(and)s 2103(the)s 2451(size)s 2879(of)s -3150(each,)s 3696(b)s 4(ut)k 4058(the)s 4407(author)s -5078(has)s 5449(preferred)s 6381(the)s 6730(follo)s 6(wing)k -7707(method)s 8484(which)s 0 7610(mak)m 2(es)k 660(structural)s -1616(changes)s 2438(to)s 2677(the)s 3025(tree)s 3438(instead.)s -480 7236(If)m 240 fnt83 715 7238(a)m 240 fnt82 896 7236(and)m -240 fnt83 1305 7238(c)m 240 fnt82 1473 7236(share)m 2038(a)s -2210(column)s 2990(mark,)s 3594(the)s 3(y)k 4063(each)s -4563(might)s 5187(as)s 5442(well)s 5914(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6420(width)s 240 fnt83 7028 7238(width)m 240 fnt78 7572 7230(\()m -240 fnt83 7662 7238(a)m 240 fnt78 7795 7230(\))m 7961(\255)s -240 fnt83 8199 7238(width)m 240 fnt78 8743 7230(\()m 240 fnt83 -8833 7238(c)m 240 fnt78 8953 7230(\))m 240 fnt82 9019 7236(,)m -0 6948(since)m 547(all)s 840(width)s 1442(calculations)s 2635(apply)s -3221(to)s 3460(entire)s 4060(columns.)s 5035(Accordingly)s 15(,)k -6323(we)s 6659(introduce)s 7618(a)s 7784(ne)s 6(w)k -8232(operator)s 9(,)k 240 fnt83 0 6662(COL)m 240 fnt82 -466 6660(,)m 573(de\207ned)s 1336(by)s 240 fnt83 480 6110(width)m -240 fnt78 1019 6102(\()m 240 fnt83 1103 6110(x)m 168 fnt78 -1209 6017(1)m 240 fnt83 1347 6110(COL)m 240 fnt78 1885 6102(\274)m -240 fnt83 2171 6110(COL)m 2709(x)s 168 fnt83 2815 6023(n)m -240 fnt78 2907 6102(\))m 3057(=)s 240 fnt83 3270 6110(width)m -240 fnt78 3809 6102(\()m 240 fnt83 3893 6110(x)m 168 fnt78 -3999 6017(1)m 240 fnt78 4077 6102(\))m 4227(\255)s 4448(\274)s -4746(\255)s 240 fnt83 4967 6110(width)m 240 fnt78 5506 6102(\()m -240 fnt83 5590 6110(x)m 168 fnt83 5696 6023(n)m 240 fnt78 -5788 6102(\))m 240 fnt82 0 5566(and)m 440(replace)s 1221(both)s -240 fnt83 1741 5568(a)m 240 fnt82 1952 5566(and)m 240 fnt83 -2393 5568(c)m 240 fnt82 2591 5566(by)m 240 fnt83 2922 5568(a)m -3218(COL)s 3865(c)s 240 fnt82 3967 5566(.)m 4168(T)s 19(o)k -4504(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k 240 fnt83 5309 5568(COL)m -240 fnt82 5871 5566(operators)m 6848(from)s 7408(disturbing)s 8468(height)s -0 5278(calculations,)m 1248(we)s 1583(de\207ne)s 2224(a)s 2390(binary)s -3055(operator)s 3911(called)s 240 fnt83 4539 5280(SPLIT)m 240 fnt82 -5228 5278(by)m 240 fnt83 555 4775(width)m 240 fnt78 1094 4767(\()m -240 fnt83 1178 4775(x)m 1356(SPLIT)s 2057(y)s 240 fnt78 -2171 4767(\))m 2333(=)s 240 fnt83 2546 4775(width)m 240 fnt78 -3085 4767(\()m 240 fnt83 3169 4775(x)m 240 fnt78 3287 4767(\))m -240 fnt83 480 4372(height)m 240 fnt78 1094 4364(\()m 240 fnt83 -1178 4372(x)m 1356(SPLIT)s 2057(y)s 240 fnt78 2171 4364(\))m -2333(=)s 240 fnt83 2546 4372(height)m 240 fnt78 3160 4364(\()m -240 fnt83 3244 4372(y)m 240 fnt78 3358 4364(\))m 240 fnt82 -0 3868(which)m 642(switches)s 1516(height)s 2174(and)s 2578(width)s -3180(calculations)s 4372(onto)s 4851(dif)s 6(ferent)k 5726(subtrees.)s -6673(Then)s 7222(the)s 7570(transformation)s gsave -480 2169 translate -240 fnt83 338 1359 56 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -338 1359 56 1298 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 1016 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt78 1130 3407(\336)m gsave -1671 2169 translate -240 fnt83 2564 1359 56 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1386 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -56 107(COL)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 935 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1048 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1386 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 1499 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2113 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 2226 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 508 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 2564 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt82 0 1669(widens)m 240 fnt83 -740 1671(a)m 240 fnt82 926 1669(to)m 240 fnt83 1176 1671(width)m -240 fnt78 1726 1663(\()m 240 fnt83 1821 1671(a)m 240 fnt78 -1959 1663(\))m 2142(\255)s 240 fnt83 2396 1671(width)m 240 fnt78 -2946 1663(\()m 240 fnt83 3041 1671(c)m 240 fnt78 3166 1663(\))m -240 fnt82 3303 1669(without)m 4105(af)s 6(fecting)k 5011(its)s -5298(height;)s 6019(it)s 6222(is)s 6443(applied)s 7216(to)s -7466(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 8053(object)s 8708(that)s -0 1381(shares)m 638(its)s 904(column)s 1669(mark)s 2211(with)s -2683(at)s 2905(least)s 3392(one)s 3784(other)s 4325(object.)s -5063(A)s 5283(similar)s 5995(transformation)s 7448(in)s 9(v)k 4(olving)k -8396(a)s 240 fnt83 8552 1383(R)m 9(O)k 12(W)k -240 fnt82 0 1093(operator)m 856(deals)s 1398(with)s 1880(shared)s -2562(ro)s 6(w)k 2982(marks.)s 3730(The)s 4158(ef)s 6(fect)k -4754(on)s 5051(our)s 5430(little)s 5922(table)s 6442(is)s -6652(to)s 6891(replace)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 11 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4297 13844(-)m 4425(11)s 4700(-)s gsave -480 12065 translate -240 fnt83 3044 1354 56 1298 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1240 846 56 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 789 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 902 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1240 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1353 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 -136 106(\244)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1691 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1240 846 56 790 240 288 12 1804 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 451 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 789 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 902 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1240 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3044 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11614(by)m gsave -480 8904 translate -240 fnt83 6248 2370 0 2314 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 70 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -3293 338 56 282 240 288 12 2955 2032 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 136 106(\244)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -3096 1862 0 1806 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1717 338 56 282 240 288 12 1379 1524 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -56 107(COL)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 1576 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(COL)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3096 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3096 1806 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -3096 1862 0 1806 240 288 12 3152 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1717 338 56 282 240 288 12 1379 1524 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt78 -156 121(|)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(COL)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1520 1354 0 1298 240 288 12 1576 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -1067 338 56 282 240 288 12 453 1016 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -614 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(SPLIT)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -608 338 56 282 240 288 12 124 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -484 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -56 107(COL)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 105(b)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -732 846 0 790 240 288 12 788 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -628 338 56 282 240 288 12 104 508 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -524 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 56 107(R)m 7(O)k 9(W)k -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -128 128(c)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 338 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 394 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 70 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 732 282 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 1520 790 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 3096 1298 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 6248 1806 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 8453(In)m 244(f)s 2(act,)k -693(common)s 1576(sube)s 3(xpressions)k 3060(are)s 3395(identi\207ed)s -4343(\(tri)s 6(vially\))k 5286(and)s 5678(the)s 6013(result)s -6591(is)s 6788(a)s 6942(directed)s 7756(ac)s 3(yclic)k -8469(graph;)s 0 8165(each)m 486(af)s 6(fected)k 1296(leaf)s -1716(has)s 2076(tw)s 2(o)k 2477(parents,)s 3264(one)s -3657(for)s 3985(width)s 4578(and)s 4972(one)s 5365(for)s -5693(height;)s 6394(and)s 6788(each)s 240 fnt83 7274 8167(COL)m -240 fnt82 7790 8165(or)m 240 fnt83 8040 8167(R)m 9(O)k 12(W)k -240 fnt82 8604 8165(node)m 0 7877(has)m 360(one)s 752(parent)s -1398(and)s 1792(one)s 2184(child)s 2709(for)s 3037(each)s -3521(object)s 4155(lying)s 4690(on)s 4976(the)s 5314(corresponding)s -6726(mark.)s 7370(The)s 7788(data)s 8235(structure)s 0 7589(roughly)m -799(doubles)s 1595(in)s 1838(size,)s 2316(and)s 2720(this)s -3116(occurs)s 3791(only)s 4271(rarely)s 4881(in)s 5124(practice.)s -480 7215(This)m 956(method)s 1732(can)s 2121(cope)s 2629(with)s -3111(an)s 3(y)k 3508(le)s 3(g)k 1(al)k -4023(input,)s 4622(including)s 220 fnt35 480 6714({ a // c | d } | { b / e })m 480 6426(/ { f / i } | { g | h // j })m -240 fnt82 0 5927(which)m 642(produces)s 1557(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlapping)k -2747(spanning)s 3665(columns:)s gsave -480 3779 translate -240 fnt83 1699 1808 0 1695 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1133 452 113 339 240 288 60 0 1356 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 511 178(a)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 1133 1356 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 -228 150(b)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 0 904 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 234 178(c)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 566 904 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 222 150(d)m - -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 1132 904 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 235 178(e)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 0 452 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 235 173(f)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 566 452 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 -228 200(g)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 1132 452 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 228 149(h)m -grestore -566 452 113 339 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 253 153(i)m - -grestore -1133 452 113 339 240 288 60 566 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -230 fnt83 535 176(j)m -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 3328(The)m 428(box)s 3(es)k -1035(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 1536(been)s 2045(added)s -2675(to)s 2914(clarify)s 3590(the)s 3938(structure.)s 4937(The)s -5365(width)s 5967(of)s 6238(this)s 6634(object)s 7278(is)s -7488(formally)s 240 fnt78 480 2770(\()m 564(\()s 240 fnt83 -648 2778(width)m 240 fnt78 1187 2770(\()m 240 fnt83 1271 2778(a)m -240 fnt78 1398 2770(\))m 1548(\255)s 1769(\()s 240 fnt83 -1853 2778(x)m 240 fnt78 2031 2770(+)m 240 fnt83 2232 2778(y)m -240 fnt78 2346 2770(\))m 2424(\))s 2562(+)s 240 fnt83 -2763 2778(z)m 240 fnt78 2866 2770(\))m 3016(\255)s 3237(\()s -240 fnt83 3321 2778(x)m 240 fnt78 3499 2770(+)m 3700(\()s -3784(\()s 240 fnt83 3868 2778(y)m 240 fnt78 4042 2770(+)m -240 fnt83 4243 2778(z)m 240 fnt78 4346 2770(\))m 4496(\255)s -240 fnt83 4717 2778(width)m 240 fnt78 5256 2770(\()m 240 fnt83 -5340 2778(j)m 240 fnt78 5418 2770(\))m 5496(\))s 5574(\))s -240 fnt82 0 2274(where)m 240 fnt83 480 1773(x)m 240 fnt78 -670 1765(=)m 240 fnt83 883 1773(width)m 240 fnt78 1422 1765(\()m -240 fnt83 1506 1773(c)m 240 fnt78 1620 1765(\))m 1770(\255)s -240 fnt83 1991 1773(width)m 240 fnt78 2530 1765(\()m 240 fnt83 -2662 1773(f)m 240 fnt78 2823 1765(\))m 2973(\255)s 240 fnt83 -3194 1773(width)m 240 fnt78 3733 1765(\()m 240 fnt83 3817 1773(i)m -240 fnt78 3892 1765(\))m 240 fnt83 480 1222(y)m 240 fnt78 -666 1214(=)m 240 fnt83 879 1222(width)m 240 fnt78 1418 1214(\()m -240 fnt83 1502 1222(d)m 240 fnt78 1688 1214(\))m 1838(\255)s -240 fnt83 2059 1222(width)m 240 fnt78 2598 1214(\()m 240 fnt83 -2682 1222(g)m 240 fnt78 2808 1214(\))m 240 fnt83 480 671(z)m -240 fnt78 655 663(=)m 240 fnt83 868 671(width)m 240 fnt78 -1407 663(\()m 240 fnt83 1491 671(b)m 240 fnt78 1617 663(\))m -1767(\255)s 240 fnt83 1988 671(width)m 240 fnt78 2527 663(\()m -240 fnt83 2611 671(e)m 240 fnt78 2722 663(\))m 2872(\255)s -240 fnt83 3093 671(width)m 240 fnt78 3632 663(\()m 240 fnt83 -3716 671(h)m 240 fnt78 3843 663(\))m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 12 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(12)s 4710(-)s 0 12968(It)m 224(seems)s -878(clear)s 1420(that)s 240 fnt83 1857 12970(y)m 240 fnt82 -2038 12968(at)m 2289(least)s 2805(must)s 3349(appear)s 4065(twice)s -4657(in)s 4919(an)s 3(y)k 5335(e)s 3(xpression)k -6431(for)s 6788(the)s 7155(width)s 7776(of)s 8066(this)s -8482(object)s 0 12680(made)m 602(out)s 997(of)s 1297(simple)s -2019(addition)s 2889(and)s 3322(maxing)s 4121(operations,)s 5253(sho)s 6(wing)k -6141(that)s 6588(an)s 6900(ordinary)s 7793(tree)s 8235(structure)s -0 12392(is)m 227(insuf\207cient)s 1379(for)s 1734(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlapping)k -2941(spanning)s 3876(columns.)s 4868(The)s 5313(Basser)s 6027(Lout)s -6556(interpreter)s 7626(actually)s 8453(rejects)s 0 12104(such)m 521(structures,)s -1581(o)s 6(wing)k 2252(to)s 2517(the)s 2890(author')s 13(s)k -3736(doubts)s 4451(about)s 5069(the)s 5442(implementability)s 7153(of)s -240 fnt83 7449 12106(Constr)m 3(ained)k 240 fnt82 8722 12104(and)m -240 fnt83 0 11818(AdjustSize)m 240 fnt82 1049 11816(\(Section)m 1902(5.3\))s -2330(on)s 2627(them;)s 3217(b)s 4(ut)k 3579(with)s -4061(hindsight)s 5012(this)s 5408(caution)s 6169(w)s 2(as)k -6590(unnecessary)s 15(.)k 480 11442(The)m 915(directed)s 1749(ac)s 3(yclic)k -2482(graph)s 3091(is)s 3308(ordered)s 4104(in)s 4354(the)s -4709(sense)s 5290(that)s 5715(the)s 6071(order)s 6642(of)s -6920(the)s 7275(edges)s 7878(entering)s 8722(and)s 0 11154(lea)m 4(ving)k -746(each)s 1234(node)s 1748(matters.)s 2607(The)s 3028(structure)s -3911(is)s 4114(highly)s 4773(dynamic,)s 5696(and)s 6093(tra)s 4(v)k 3(ersals)k -7044(both)s 7519(with)s 7994(and)s 8390(ag)s 1(ainst)k -0 10866(the)m 349(arro)s 6(ws)k 1045(are)s 1394(required.)s -2355(After)s 2920(a)s 3087(fe)s 6(w)k 3494(ad-)s -3788(hoc)s 4189(attempts)s 5050(to)s 5291(e)s 3(xtend)k -5985(the)s 6334(usual)s 6896(tree)s 7310(representation)s 8722(had)s -0 10578(f)m 2(ailed,)k 665(the)s 1030(author)s 1718(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloped)k -2769(a)s 2952(representation)s 4379(based)s 5000(on)s 5314(doubly)s -6051(link)s 2(ed)k 6723(lists)s 7175(of)s 7463(records)s -8235(denoting)s 0 10290(links,)m 578(whose)s 1253(\210e)s 3(xibility)k -2240(more)s 2794(than)s 3270(compensated)s 4584(for)s 4929(the)s -5284(some)s 6(what)k 6315(e)s 3(xcessi)k 6(v)k 3(e)k -7282(memory)s 8140(consump)s 8998(-)s 0 10002(tion.)m 536(F)s 3(or)k -925(e)s 3(xample,)k gsave -480 8136 translate -240 fnt83 3282 1526 0 1470 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 1188 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 123 128(a)m -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 2944 1188 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -123 105(b)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 128 128(c)m -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 1472 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -338 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 118 105(d)m - -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR C@CTR lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@CTR C@CTR A@CTR lfigangle C@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR D@CTR lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@CTR D@CTR A@CTR lfigangle D@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ B@CTR B@CTR D@CTR lfigangle B@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@CTR D@CTR B@CTR lfigangle D@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 7685(is)m 210(represented)s 1369(by)s gsave -1135 3169 translate -240 fnt83 6796 4176 0 4120 240 288 12 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 300 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 0 3162 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 180 128(a)m - -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 6344 3162 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 180 105(b)m -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 0 1581 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 104 107(LK)m -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 1586 1581 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 -104 107(LK)m -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(M) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 4758 1581 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 104 107(LK)m -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(N) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 185 128(c)m - -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 1014 0 958 240 288 12 3172 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 676 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -206 150 translate -192 fnt83 39 39 0 39 192 288 48 LoutGraphic -gsave -/lfigblack [ lfigcircle ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigcircle ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -(TOP) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 338 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(MID) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 300 dict begin begin -grestore -452 338 56 282 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -192 fnt83 175 105(d)m -grestore -(BASE) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ 0.5 cm 0 A@MID@CTR L@MID@CTR A@MID@CTR M@MID@CTR lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpsub /BL lfigpointdef -A@MID@CTR L@MID@CTR A@MID@CTR M@MID@CTR lfigpmax lfigpmax lfigpmax 0.5 cm 0 lfigpadd /TR lfigpointdef -BL 0 BL TR lfigydistance lfigpadd /TL lfigpointdef -BL BL TR lfigxdistance 0 lfigpadd /BR lfigpointdef -BL -BR [ BR 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BR 0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd -TR 0.5 cm -0.5 cm lfigpadd [ 0 0.5 cm TR lfigpsub ] -TR -TL [ 0 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub ] -0.5 cm 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub -BL -0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd [ BL 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BL ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ 0.5 cm 0 L@TOP@CTR C@TOP@CTR L@TOP@CTR C@TOP@CTR lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpsub /BL lfigpointdef -L@TOP@CTR C@TOP@CTR L@TOP@CTR C@TOP@CTR lfigpmax lfigpmax lfigpmax 0.5 cm 0 lfigpadd /TR lfigpointdef -BL 0 BL TR lfigydistance lfigpadd /TL lfigpointdef -BL BL TR lfigxdistance 0 lfigpadd /BR lfigpointdef -BL -BR [ BR 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BR 0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd -TR 0.5 cm -0.5 cm lfigpadd [ 0 0.5 cm TR lfigpsub ] -TR -TL [ 0 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub ] -0.5 cm 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub -BL -0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd [ BL 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BL ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ 0.5 cm 0 M@TOP@CTR D@TOP@CTR N@TOP@CTR D@TOP@CTR lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpsub /BL lfigpointdef -M@TOP@CTR D@TOP@CTR N@TOP@CTR D@TOP@CTR lfigpmax lfigpmax lfigpmax 0.5 cm 0 lfigpadd /TR lfigpointdef -BL 0 BL TR lfigydistance lfigpadd /TL lfigpointdef -BL BL TR lfigxdistance 0 lfigpadd /BR lfigpointdef -BL -BR [ BR 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BR 0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd -TR 0.5 cm -0.5 cm lfigpadd [ 0 0.5 cm TR lfigpsub ] -TR -TL [ 0 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub ] -0.5 cm 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub -BL -0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd [ BL 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BL ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 12 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ 0.5 cm 0 B@MID@CTR N@MID@CTR B@MID@CTR N@MID@CTR lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpmin lfigpsub /BL lfigpointdef -B@MID@CTR N@MID@CTR B@MID@CTR N@MID@CTR lfigpmax lfigpmax lfigpmax 0.5 cm 0 lfigpadd /TR lfigpointdef -BL 0 BL TR lfigydistance lfigpadd /TL lfigpointdef -BL BL TR lfigxdistance 0 lfigpadd /BR lfigpointdef -BL -BR [ BR 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BR 0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd -TR 0.5 cm -0.5 cm lfigpadd [ 0 0.5 cm TR lfigpsub ] -TR -TL [ 0 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub ] -0.5 cm 0.5 cm TL lfigpsub -BL -0.5 cm 0.5 cm lfigpadd [ BL 0 0.5 cm lfigpadd ] -BL ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 2718(where)m 240 fnt83 645 2720(LK)m -240 fnt82 1017 2718(tags)m 1458(a)s 1630(record)s 2304(representing)s -3543(a)s 3715(link.)s 4257(The)s 4690(\207rst)s 5127(list)s -5484(in)s 5732(an)s 3(y)k 6135(node)s 6663(contains)s -7516(all)s 7815(the)s 8169(incoming)s 0 2430(links,)m 577(the)s -931(second)s 1660(contains)s 2514(the)s 2867(outgoing)s 3778(ones.)s -4387(The)s 4821(node)s 5348(serv)s 3(es)k 5999(as)s -6255(the)s 6609(header)s 7311(for)s 7655(both)s 8144(lists.)s -8698(The)s 0 2142(required)m 890(operations)s 1974(reduce)s 2704(to)s -2979(simple)s 3709(appends,)s 4638(deletes,)s 5444(and)s 5885(tra)s 4(v)k 3(ersals)k -6880(of)s 7187(doubly)s 7944(link)s 2(ed)k 8635(lists,)s -0 1854(all)m 325(ha)s 4(ving)k 1058(small)s 1663(constant)s -2552(cost.)s 3133(There)s 3779(is)s 4021(a)s 4219(highly)s -4918(tuned)s 5540(memory)s 6423(allocator)s 9(,)k 7389(and)s -7825(care)s 8310(is)s 8553(tak)s 2(en)k 0 1566(to)m -269(dispose)s 1073(of)s 1374(each)s 1900(node)s 2452(when)s -3058(the)s 3436(last)s 3858(incoming)s 4845(link)s 5308(is)s -5549(deleted,)s 6376(so)s 6672(that)s 7120(there)s 7684(is)s -7924(no)s 8247(need)s 8788(for)s 0 1278(g)m 1(arbage)k -812(collection.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 13 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4293 13844(-)m 4421(13)s 4705(-)s 480 13253(In)m 739(normal)s -1475(use)s 1854(the)s 2205(number)s 3000(of)s 3275(nodes)s -3888(at)s 4124(higher)s 4799(le)s 6(v)k 3(els)k -5402(of)s 5676(the)s 6028(dag)s 6431(is)s 6644(small)s -7220(in)s 7467(comparison)s 8644(with)s 0 12965(the)m 351(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es)k -995(and)s 1402(their)s 1903(incoming)s 2863(links,)s 3438(so)s -3707(we)s 4046(may)s 4515(estimate)s 5369(the)s 5720(space)s -6311(comple)s 3(xity)k 7441(at)s 7676(about)s 8271(60)s -8570(bytes)s 0 12677(per)m 355(input)s 896(w)s 2(ord)k -1433(\(20)s 1797(bytes)s 2342(per)s 2696(link,)s 3165(40)s -3449(per)s 3803(leaf)s 4222(node\).)s 4920(Careful)s 5680(optimization)s -6935(could)s 7514(easily)s 8114(halv)s 3(e)k 8674(this,)s -0 12389(b)m 4(ut)k 362(since)s 909(memory)s 1760(is)s -1970(reclaimed)s 2969(after)s 3465(printing)s 4275(each)s 4770(page)s -5278(there)s 5811(is)s 6021(little)s 6513(need.)s 240 fnt84 -0 11740(2.5.)m 471(Context-sensiti)s 2(v)k 2(e)k 2274(attrib)s 4(utes)k -3318(of)s 3590(objects)s 240 fnt82 480 11264(Although)m 1466(we)s -1826(are)s 2198(free)s 2649(to)s 2913(place)s 3498(an)s 3(y)k -3920(object)s 4588(in)s 4856(an)s 3(y)k 5278(conte)s 3(xt,)k -6111(the)s 6484(conte)s 3(xt)k 7270(must)s 7820(in\210uence)s -8778(the)s 0 10976(appearance)m 1131(of)s 1402(the)s 1750(object,)s -2441(since)s 2988(otherwise)s 220 fnt35 480 10477(A shor)m -8(t par)k 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph of te)k 6(xt.)k -240 fnt82 0 9978(could)m 588(not)s 952(appear)s 1647(in)s -1887(a)s 2051(v)s 6(ariety)k 2760(of)s 3028(fonts,)s -3611(column)s 4384(widths,)s 5126(etc.)s 5566(This)s 6040(in\210uence)s -6970(cannot)s 7666(tak)s 2(e)k 8116(the)s 8461(purely)s -0 9690(static)m 569(form)s 1106(that)s 1538(block-structured)s 3175(languages)s -4196(use)s 4585(to)s 4837(associate)s 5769(v)s 6(alues)k -6438(with)s 6933(identi\207ers,)s 8009(for)s 8360(then)s 8843(an)s -0 9402(operator)m 850(could)s 1434(not)s 1794(in\210uence)s 2721(the)s -3063(appearance)s 4188(of)s 4453(its)s 4723(parameters;)s 5876(and)s -6274(a)s 6434(state)s 6921(v)s 6(ariable)k 7734(solution)s -8556(is)s 8760(not)s 0 9114(compatible)m 1118(with)s 1600(the)s -1948(o)s 3(v)k 3(erall)k 2660(functional)s 3684(design.)s -480 8740(The)m 914(information)s 2105(needed)s 2848(from)s 3378(the)s -3733(conte)s 3(xt)k 4500(seems)s 5141(quite)s 5682(limited,)s -6471(comprising)s 7607(the)s 7961(font)s 8413(f)s 2(amily)k 15(,)k -0 8452(f)m 2(ace,)k 525(and)s 952(size)s 1402(to)s -1664(use,)s 2114(the)s 2485(style)s 3015(of)s 3309(paragraph)s -4345(breaking)s 5259(required,)s 6185(ho)s 6(w)k 6669(much)s -7281(space)s 7891(to)s 8154(substitute)s 0 8164(between)m 873(the)s -1240(w)s 2(ords)k 1893(of)s 2184(paragraphs,)s 3359(and)s -3782(ho)s 6(w)k 4263(much)s 4871(horizontal)s 5914(and)s -6337(v)s 3(ertical)k 7124(space)s 7730(is)s 7959(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -8887(to)s 0 7876(recei)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 763(the)s -1139(object.)s 1914(These)s 2569(four)s 3054(items)s 3650(constitute)s -4662(the)s 5038(so-called)s 5985(`style)s 6599(information')s 7866(of)s -8165(Lout.)s 8809(As)s 0 7588(graphics)m 902(rendering)s 1912(hardw)s 2(are)k -2896(impro)s 3(v)k 3(es,)k 3928(the)s 4317(style)s -4865(information)s 6091(will)s 6558(probably)s 7504(gro)s 6(w)k -8085(to)s 8366(include)s 0 7300(colour)m 671(and)s 1075(te)s 3(xture)k -1791(information.)s 480 6926(The)m 908(w)s 2(ay)k 1359(to)s -1598(deal)s 2051(with)s 2533(fonts)s 3062(at)s 3294(least)s -3791(is)s 4001(v)s 3(ery)k 4477(clear:)s 220 fnt35 -480 6425({ )m 11(Times Slope 12p } @F)k 6(ont { Hello)k 8(, w)k 2(or)k -3(ld })k -240 fnt82 0 5929(should)m 697(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1198(result)s 240 fnt83 480 5475(Hello,)m 1104(world)s 240 fnt82 -0 4993(Lout)m 528(also)s 983(pro)s 3(vides)k 220 fnt35 -1872 4990(@Break)m 240 fnt82 2745 4993(and)m 220 fnt35 3166 4990(@Space)m -240 fnt82 4080 4993(symbols)m 4946(for)s 5301(controlling)s 6420(the)s -6785(paragraph)s 7815(breaking)s 8722(and)s 0 4705(space)m 610(styles)s -1229(mentioned)s 2320(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e.)k 3074(These)s -3724(w)s 2(ork)k 4299(in)s 4565(the)s 4937(same)s -5507(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 6020(returning)s 6972(their)s -7493(right)s 8028(parameters)s 0 4417(in)m 261(the)s 627(style)s -1152(of)s 1441(their)s 1956(left.)s 2455(The)s 2901(implementation)s -4476(is)s 4704(v)s 3(ery)k 5198(simple:)s 6019(one)s -6439(merely)s 7174(broadcasts)s 8252(the)s 8619(style)s 0 4129(information)m -1183(do)s 6(wn)k 1765(into)s 2188(the)s 2533(parse)s -3091(tree)s 3502(of)s 3771(the)s 4116(right)s 4625(parameter)s 13(.)k -5728(A)s 5956(font,)s 6445(for)s 6781(e)s 3(xample,)k -7693(is)s 7901(con)s 9(v)k 3(erted)k 8887(to)s -0 3841(an)m 278(8-bit)s 783(internal)s 1562(name)s 2130(and)s -2529(stored)s 3165(in)s 3403(each)s 3892(leaf,)s 4351(while)s -4932(a)s 5093(breaking)s 5977(style)s 6479(is)s 6683(stored)s -7320(in)s 7557(the)s 7900(root)s 8339(node)s 8855(of)s -0 3553(each)m 495(paragraph.)s 480 3179(The)m 954(same)s 1547(language)s -2514(design)s 3242(can)s 3677(be)s 4006(used)s 4549(for)s -4933(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5888(width)s 6536(and)s -6986(height,)s 7738(only)s 8264(here)s 8778(the)s 0 2891(implementation)m -1557(is)s 1767(much)s 2356(more)s 2903(demanding:)s 220 fnt35 -480 2390(2i @Wide {)m 480 2102(\(1\) |0.1i An e)m 6(xample)k 480 1814(containing a small)m 480 1526(par)m 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph of \207lled te)k 6(xt.)k -480 1238(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 14 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(14)s 4710(-)s 0 13256(is)m 210(guaranteed)s -1317(to)s 1556(be)s 1838(tw)s 2(o)k 2248(inches)s -2910(wide:)s 480 12753(\(1\))m 891(An)s 1270(e)s 3(xample)k -2162(containing)s 3254(a)s 891 12465(small)m 1504(paragraph)s 2558(of)s -2871(\207lled)s 891 12177(te)m 3(xt.)k 0 11724(One)m 448(must)s -966(calculate)s 1863(that)s 2273(1.9)s 2617(inches)s 3272(minus)s -3900(the)s 4241(width)s 4836(of)s 220 fnt35 5100 11721(\(1\))m -240 fnt82 5406 11724(is)m 5609(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -6510(to)s 6741(the)s 7082(paragraph,)s 8138(and)s 8534(break)s -0 11436(it)m 186(accordingly;)s 1421(Basser)s 2111(Lout)s 2617(does)s -3100(this)s 3490(in)s 3727(tw)s 2(o)k 4130(stages.)s -4872(In)s 5121(the)s 5463(\207rst,)s 5935(upw)s 2(ard-mo)k 3(ving)k -7505(stage,)s 8097(widths)s 8779(are)s 0 11148(calculated)m 1018(using)s -1581(the)s 1920(formulae)s 2829(of)s 3091(Section)s 3856(2.3,)s -4254(which)s 4887(assume)s 5638(that)s 6047(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -6946(space)s 7524(is)s 7725(in\207nite.)s 8557(If)s 8778(the)s -0 10860(upw)m 2(ard)k 763(mo)s 3(v)k 3(ement)k -1815(reaches)s 2570(a)s 240 fnt83 2724 10862(WIDE)m 240 fnt82 -3375 10860(node,)m 3936(corresponding)s 5346(to)s 5573(a)s 220 fnt35 -5728 10857(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 6490 10860(operator)m 9(,)k 7372(and)s -7764(the)s 8100(calculated)s 0 10572(width)m 627(e)s 3(xceeds)k -1457(that)s 1900(allo)s 6(wed,)k 2784(a)s 2975(second,)s -3772(do)s 6(wnw)k 2(ard-mo)k 3(ving)k 5661(stage)s -6234(is)s 6469(initiated)s 7334(which)s 8001(attempts)s 8887(to)s -0 10284(reduce)m 681(the)s 1017(width)s 1606(by)s 1888(\207nding)s -2607(and)s 2999(breaking)s 3877(paragraphs.)s 5077(This)s 5541(second)s -6251(stage)s 6786(is)s 6984(quite)s 7505(routine)s 8226(e)s 3(xcept)k -8894(at)s 220 fnt35 0 9993(|)m 240 fnt82 84 9996(nodes,)m -736(whose)s 1390(children)s 2216(are)s 2549(the)s 2883(columns)s -3731(of)s 3988(a)s 4141(table.)s 4755(It)s 4946(is)s -5142(necessary)s 6111(to)s 6336(apportion)s 7296(the)s 7630(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -8524(width)s 0 9708(\(minus)m 727(inter)s 4(-column)k 2026(g)s 1(aps\))k -2604(among)s 3321(the)s 3681(columns.)s 4668(Basser)s 5377(Lout)s -5901(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es)k 6554(narro)s 6(w)k -7291(columns)s 8166(unbrok)s 2(en)k 0 9420(and)m 404(breaks)s -1079(the)s 1427(remaining)s 2449(columns)s 3311(to)s 3550(equal)s -4123(width,)s 4775(using)s 5347(up)s 5640(all)s 5933(of)s -6204(the)s 6552(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 7460(space.)s -480 9046(The)m 897(size)s 1313(of)s 1572(an)s 1844(object)s -2476(is)s 2675(not)s 3029(clearly)s 3721(determined)s 4843(when)s -5407(the)s 5744(upw)s 2(ard-mo)k 3(ving)k 7309(size)s -7725(is)s 7923(less)s 8321(than)s 8778(the)s 0 8758(do)m 6(wnw)k 2(ard-mo)k 3(ving)k -1871(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 2786(space,)s 3431(and)s -3842(the)s 4197(object)s 4849(contains)s 5704(constructs)s 6731(that)s -7156(depend)s 7913(on)s 8218(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -0 8470(space)m 587(\(e.g.)s 1056(right)s 1567(justi\207cation\).)s 2938(F)s 3(or)k -3327(e)s 3(xample,)k 4241(in)s 220 fnt35 480 7969(2i @Wide { Heading // a |1r)m -8(t b })k -240 fnt82 0 7470(it)m 211(seems)s 865(natural)s 1603(to)s -1861(assign)s 2536(a)s 2721(width)s 3342(of)s 3633(tw)s 2(o)k -4062(inches)s 4744(to)s 5002(the)s 5369(subobject)s 220 fnt35 -6366 7467(a |1r)m -8(t b)k 240 fnt82 7124 7470(because)m 7957(of)s -8247(the)s 8615(right)s 0 7182(justi\207cation,)m 1270(b)s 4(ut)k -1667(it)s 1895(w)s 2(ould)k 2585(be)s 2903(equally)s -3696(plausible)s 4650(if)s 4903(the)s 5286(width)s 5924(of)s -220 fnt35 6230 7179(Heading)m 240 fnt82 7129 7182(w)m 2(as)k -7586(assigned)s 8503(to)s 8778(the)s 0 6894(subobject)m 989(instead.)s -1843(The)s 2284(author)s 2968(is)s 3191(conscious)s 4199(of)s -4483(ha)s 4(ving)k 5197(f)s 2(ailed)k 5809(to)s -6061(resolv)s 3(e)k 6817(this)s 7226(matter)s 7908(properly;)s -8843(an)s 0 6606(e)m 3(xtra)k 534(operator)s 1390(for)s -1728(controlling)s 2830(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 3738(space)s -4325(is)s 4535(probably)s 5440(necessary)s 15(.)k 480 6232(The)m -930(actual)s 1578(paragraph)s 2614(breaking)s 3527(is)s 3759(just)s -4187(a)s 4376(simple)s 5092(transformation)s 6578(on)s 6897(the)s -7268(parse)s 7851(tree;)s 8343(the)s 8714(real)s 0 5944(issue)m -544(is)s 764(ho)s 6(w)k 1235(to)s 1484(describe)s -2346(the)s 2704(v)s 6(arious)k 3463(styles:)s 4183(ragged)s -4902(right,)s 5470(adjusted,)s 6384(outdented,)s 7445(and)s 7859(so)s -8135(on.)s 8549(Their)s 0 5656(di)m 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -874(suggests)s 1729(that)s 2140(the)s 3(y)k 2596(should)s -3286(someho)s 6(w)k 4245(be)s 4519(de\207ned)s 5275(using)s -5840(more)s 6380(basic)s 6917(features;)s 7777(b)s 4(ut)k -8132(then)s 8593(there)s 0 5368(are)m 367(algorithms)s 1461(for)s -1820(high-quality)s 3064(paragraph)s 4098(breaking,)s 5063(which)s 5726(presumably)s -6917(must)s 7463(be)s 7766(b)s 4(uilt-in.)k 8650(This)s -0 5080(dilemma)m 915(w)s 2(as)k 1355(not)s 1741(clearly)s -2463(grasped)s 3285(by)s 3598(the)s 3966(author)s 4656(in)s -4919(1985,)s 5525(and)s 5949(he)s 6250(included)s 7152(a)s -7337(b)s 4(uilt-in)k 8113(paragraph)s 0 4792(break)m 2(er)k 9(,)k -818(with)s 1306(the)s 220 fnt35 1660 4789(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -2522 4792(operator)m 3384(selecting)s 4292(from)s 4822(a)s 4995(\207x)s 3(ed)k -5535(set)s 5866(of)s 6143(styles.)s 6857(A)s 7093(much)s -7688(better)s 8298(solution)s 0 4504(based)m 603(on)s 900(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -1624(will)s 2050(be)s 2332(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2912(in)s 3155(Section)s 3929(5.5,)s 4336(b)s 4(ut,)k -4745(re)s 3(grettably)k 15(,)k 5868(it)s 6060(is)s -6270(not)s 6636(implemented.)s 240 fnt84 0 3711(3.)m 291(De\207nitions)s -240 fnt82 480 3280(The)m 936(need)s 1474(to)s 1741(pro)s 3(vide)k -2554(a)s 2748(means)s 3438(of)s 3737(packaging)s 4803(useful)s -5470(pieces)s 6146(of)s 6445(code)s 6982(for)s 7348(easy)s -7855(repeated)s 8751(use)s 0 2992(w)m 2(as)k 440(recognised)s -1554(in)s 1816(the)s 2184(v)s 3(ery)k 2679(earliest)s -3447(programming)s 4822(languages.)s 5962(This)s 6458(need)s 6987(is)s -7217(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 7736(more)s 8303(acute)s -8883(in)s 0 2704(document)m 1004(formatting,)s 2118(if)s 2335(that)s -2752(is)s 2962(possible,)s 3852(because)s 4664(the)s 5012(majority)s -5874(of)s 6145(users)s 6686(are)s 7033(not)s 7398(programmers)s -8722(and)s 0 2416(do)m 293(not)s 659(understand)s 1767(the)s -2115(code)s 2623(the)s 3(y)k 3086(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(e.)k -240 fnt84 0 1767(3.1.)m 471(Operators)s 240 fnt82 480 1290(It)m -680(is)s 885(e)s 6(vident)k 1637(from)s 2156(the)s -2498(e)s 3(xample)k 3356(of)s 3621(Eqn)s 4059(that)s -4471(user)s 4(-de\207ned)k 5702(operators)s 6636(are)s 6978(needed)s -7708(that)s 8121(mimic)s 8778(the)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 15 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4292 13841(-)m 4420(15)s 4706(-)s 0 13250(primiti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -929(ones)s 1426(in)s 1677(taking)s 2335(objects)s 3071(as)s -3328(parameters)s 4434(and)s 4845(returning)s 5781(objects)s 6517(as)s -6774(results.)s 7569(F)s 3(or)k 7965(e)s 3(xample,)k -8887(to)s 0 12962(de\207ne)m 641(a)s 807(superscript)s 1915(operator)s -2771(so)s 3037(that)s 220 fnt35 480 12468(2 sup n)m 240 fnt82 -0 11943(appears)m 781(as)s 168 fnt82 1145 12059(n)m 240 fnt78 -1031 11937(2)m 240 fnt82 1227 11943(,)m 1334(the)s 1682(follo)s 6(wing)k -2659(operator)s 3515(de\207nition)s 4489(may)s 4955(be)s 5237(used:)s -220 fnt35 480 11444(def sup)m 480 11156( precedence 50)m 480 10868( associativity r)m -3(ight)k -480 10580( left x)m 480 10292( r)m -3(ight y)k 480 10004({)m 480 9716( @OneRo)m 3(w { | {-2p @F)k 6(ont y} ^/0.5fk x })k -480 9428(})m 240 fnt82 0 8932(The)m 220 fnt35 481 8929(sup)m -240 fnt82 940 8932(operator)m 1850(has)s 2273(precedence)s 3458(50,)s -3858(is)s 4122(right)s 4686(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k -5886(tak)s 2(es)k 6479(tw)s 2(o)k 6943(objects)s -7724(as)s 8028(parameters)s 0 8644(passed)m 720(on)s 1041(the)s -1413(left)s 1814(and)s 2242(right,)s 2825(and)s 3253(returns)s -3991(the)s 4363(object)s 5031(between)s 5910(braces)s 6595(as)s -6869(result.)s 7587(This)s 8087(object)s 8756(has)s 0 8356(the)m -348(structure)s gsave -608 7875 translate -280 fnt83 128 191 0 123 280 288 70 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -128 191 0 123 280 288 70 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -128 191 0 123 280 288 70 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -260 fnt35 0 56(y)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -gsave -480 7740 translate -280 fnt83 128 135 0 67 280 288 70 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -128 135 0 67 280 288 70 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -128 135 0 67 280 288 70 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -260 fnt35 0 0(x)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 7289(b)m 4(ut)k 381(with)s 882(the)s 1249(\207rst)s -1699(ro)s 6(w)k 2138(mark)s 2709(hidden)s 3437(by)s -3751(the)s 220 fnt35 4118 7286(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 -5268 7289(operator)m 9(,)k 6181(and)s 220 fnt35 6604 7286(y)m -240 fnt82 6791 7289(tw)m 2(o)k 7220(points)s 7875(smaller)s -8657(than)s 0 7001(it)m 220(w)s 2(ould)k 904(otherwise)s -1917(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 2447(been.)s 3091(The)s -3548(length)s 220 fnt35 4231 6998(0.5f)m 240 fnt82 4683 7001(speci\207es)m -5585(half)s 6057(the)s 6433(current)s 7198(font)s 7671(size;)s -8243(Figure)s 8952(2)s 0 6713(describes)m 936(the)s 220 fnt35 -1280 6710(k)m 240 fnt82 1446 6713(g)m 1(ap)k 1840(mode.)s -2532(In)s 2784(the)s 3128(Eq)s 3448(equation)s 4325(formatting)s -5382(package)s 6218([10])s 6651(the)s 6995(equation)s 7872(as)s -8118(a)s 8280(whole)s 8916(is)s 0 6425(set)m 331(in)s -580(italic)s 1116(font,)s 1614(and)s 220 fnt35 2024 6422(2)m -240 fnt82 2203 6425(is)m 2419(an)s 2709(identi\207er)s 3637(whose)s -4311(body)s 4852(contains)s 5706(a)s 5879(font)s 6330(change)s -7070(back)s 7590(to)s 7835(Roman.)s 8698(The)s 0 6137(digits)m -220 fnt35 586 6134(0)m 240 fnt82 765 6137(to)m 220 fnt35 -1009 6134(9)m 240 fnt82 1186 6137(are)m 1538(classed)s 2291(as)s -2546(punctuation)s 3737(characters,)s 4816(permitting)s 220 fnt35 5869 6134(234)m -240 fnt82 6293 6137(for)m 6635(e)s 3(xample)k 7503(to)s -7747(be)s 8034(interpreted)s 0 5849(as)m 250(a)s 416(sequence)s -1349(of)s 1620(three)s 2153(identi\207ers.)s 480 5475(These)m 1152(de\207nitions)s -2258(are)s 2650(easily)s 3307(implemented)s 4658(by)s 4997(a)s -5208(standard)s 6122(symbol)s 6927(table)s 7492(and)s 7941(an)s -8270(operator)s 0 5187(precedence)m 1155(parser)s 13(.)k 1914(Algol)s -2539(block)s 3157(structure)s 4073(with)s 4580(the)s 4953(usual)s -5538(scope)s 6164(rules)s 6704(w)s 2(as)k 7150(adopted)s -7991(as)s 8266(a)s 8457(matter)s 0 4899(of)m 271(course.)s -480 4525(Operators)m 1481(are)s 1837(limited)s 2580(to)s 2828(at)s -3069(most)s 3603(tw)s 2(o)k 4022(parameters,)s 5185(left)s -5571(and)s 5984(right,)s 6551(and)s 6964(the)s 7321(parameters)s -8428(cannot)s 0 4237(be)m 282(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -862(def)s 2(ault)k 1583(v)s 6(alues.)k 240 fnt83 -2352 4239(Named)m 240 fnt82 3097 4237(parameters)m 4195(solv)s 3(e)k -4753(both)s 5236(problems:)s 220 fnt35 480 3736(def @Pref)m 6(ace)k -480 3448( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 3160( named @Title { Pref)m 6(ace })k 480 2872( r)m -3(ight @Body)k -480 2584({)m 480 2296( Bold @F)m 6(ont @Title)k 480 2008( //0.3v @Body)m 480 1720(})m -240 fnt82 0 1226(The)m 452(def)s 2(ault)k 1197(v)s 6(alue)k -1789(appears)s 2594(just)s 3023(after)s 3543(the)s 3915(parameter')s 13(s)k -5103(declaration,)s 6295(between)s 7173(braces.)s 7972(In)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 16 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13842(-)m 4416(16)s 4709(-)s 0 13251(ha)m 4(v)k 3(e)k -501(a)s 667(natural)s 1385(syntax:)s 220 fnt35 480 12750(@Pref)m 6(ace)k -480 12462( @Title { About this book })m 480 12174({)m 480 11886( F)m 6(e)k 4(w obser)k -6(v)k 5(ers w)k 2(ould ha)k 4(v)k 5(e supposed in 1984, that ...)k -480 11598(})m 240 fnt82 0 11104(with)m 481(the)s 827(actual)s -1450(named)s 2145(parameters)s 3241(follo)s 6(wing)k 4216(directly)s -4998(after)s 5492(the)s 5838(operator)s 9(,)k 6731(before)s -7395(an)s 3(y)k 7790(right)s 8299(parame)s 8998(-)s -0 10816(ter)m 13(.)k 400(In)s 653(this)s 1046(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 1958 10813(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 2578 10816(will)m -3001(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 3735(its)s 4008(def)s 2(ault)k -4726(v)s 6(alue,)k 5342(and)s 5744(a)s 5907(less)s -6313(e)s 3(xpert)k 6965(user)s 7420(could)s 8007(safely)s -8628(omit)s 0 10528(the)m 220 fnt35 348 10525(@Title)m 240 fnt82 -1036 10528(parameter)m 2050(as)s 2300(well.)s 480 10154(Lout)m 1007(permits)s -1790(named)s 2502(parameters)s 3616(to)s 3870(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4387(parameters,)s 5557(a)s 5739(feature)s 6472(with)s 6970(applications)s -8192(to)s 8447(biblio)s 8998(-)s 0 9866(graphic)m 781(databases,)s -1816(running)s 2626(headers,)s 3475(and)s 3891(other)s 4454(places)s -5114(where)s 5766(a)s 5944(format)s 6652(has)s 7034(to)s -7285(be)s 7579(supplied)s 8460(before)s 0 9578(content)m 760(is)s -965(kno)s 6(wn.)k 1771(One)s 2221(could)s 2806(go)s -3094(further)s 3798(and)s 4197(pro)s 3(vide)k 4976(a)s -5137(complete)s 6064(lambda)s 6823(calculus,)s 7708(with)s 8185(functions)s -0 9290(as)m 250(\207rst-)s 689(class)s 1204(objects,)s 1988(pro)s 3(vided)k -2894(care)s 3347(w)s 2(as)k 3768(tak)s 2(en)k -4341(not)s 4707(to)s 4946(intimidate)s 5970(the)s 6318(non-)s -6746(e)s 3(xpert)k 7400(user)s 13(.)k 240 fnt84 -0 8641(3.2.)m 471(Recursion)s 1563(and)s 2004(page)s 2539(lay)s 6(out)k -240 fnt82 480 8164(Design)m 1302(and)s 1794(implementation)s 3439(should)s -4223(proceed)s 5126(together)s 6057(in)s 6387(e)s 3(xploratory)k -7628(projects,)s 8579(since)s 0 7876(otherwise)m 988(the)s 1340(design)s -2025(too)s 2388(easily)s 3003(becomes)s 3894(unrealistic.)s 5056(Sometimes)s -6173(the)s 6524(implementation)s 8085(does)s 8579(more)s 0 7588(than)m -469(its)s 745(designer)s 1615(intended.)s 2603(The)s 3031(author)s -3702(wrote)s 4302(the)s 4650(follo)s 6(wing)k 5627(purely)s -6292(as)s 6542(a)s 6708(testing)s 7398(scaf)s 6(fold:)k -220 fnt35 480 7087(def @P)m 8(age r)k -3(ight x)k 480 6799({)m -480 6511( 8i @Wide 11i @High)m 480 6223( {)m 480 5935( //1i ||1i x ||1i)m 480 5647( //1i)m 480 5359( })m -480 5071(})m 240 fnt82 0 4577(Only)m 518(afterw)s 2(ards)k -1558(did)s 1906(he)s 2172(realize)s 2848(its)s 3108(signi\207cance:)s -4400(the)s 4732(concept)s 5521(of)s 5776(a)s 5926(page)s -6418(had)s 6807(been)s 7300(de\207ned)s 8047(outside)s 8778(the)s -0 4289(implementation,)m 1619(remo)s 3(ving)k 2598(the)s 2959(need)s -3481(for)s 3831(commands)s 4932(for)s 5282(setting)s 5984(page)s -6505(width)s 7119(and)s 7535(height,)s 8253(mar)s 4(gins,)k -0 4001(and)m 404(so)s 670(on.)s 480 3627(De\207ning)m 1393(a)s -1582(sequence)s 2538(of)s 2831(pages)s 3450(is)s 3683(harder)s 9(,)k -4414(since)s 4983(their)s 5503(number)s 6317(is)s 6550(not)s -6938(kno)s 6(wn)k 7665(in)s 7931(adv)s 6(ance.)k -8896(A)s 0 3339(simple)m 693(v)s 3(ersion)k 1451(of)s -1722(this)s 2118(same)s 2665(problem)s 3522(is)s 3732(af)s 6(forded)k -4593(by)s 4887(the)s 5235(leaders)s 5962(found)s 6579(in)s -6822(tables)s 7430(of)s 7701(contents:)s 480 2834(Chapter)m 1297(7)s -1525(..)s 1809(..)s 2093(..)s 2377(..)s 2661(..)s -2945(..)s 3229(..)s 3513(..)s 3797(..)s 4081(..)s -4365(..)s 4649(..)s 4933(..)s 5217(..)s 5501(..)s -5785(..)s 6009(53)s 0 2331(This)m 476(seemed)s 1251(to)s -1490(require)s 2222(recursion,)s 3218(speci\207cally)s 4360(the)s 4708(de\207nition)s -220 fnt35 480 1830(def @Leaders { ..)m 13( @Leaders })k 240 fnt82 0 1336(Note)m -535(that)s 968(both)s 220 fnt35 1465 1333(..)m 240 fnt82 -1643 1336(and)m 220 fnt35 2061 1333(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 3145 1336(are)m -3506(objects,)s 4305(so)s 4585(the)s 4948(tw)s 2(o)k -5372(spaces)s 6062(separating)s 7111(them)s 7664(are)s 8026(signi\207cant.)s -0 1048(No)m 361(base)s 858(case)s 1341(is)s 1567(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en,)k -2213(and)s 2633(indeed)s 3345(we)s 3696(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4213(no)s 4522(boolean)s 5353(or)s 5628(conditional)s 6775(operators)s -7731(with)s 8229(which)s 8887(to)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 17 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(17)s 4707(-)s 0 13255(e)m 3(xpress)k -757(it;)s 993(b)s 4(ut)k 1346(we)s 1673(can)s -2053(adopt)s 2637(the)s 2977(implicit)s 3770(base)s 4243(`if)s -4530(space)s 5109(is)s 5311(not)s 5668(suf\207cient,)s 6656(delete)s -220 fnt35 7273 13252(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 8334 13255(and)m 8729(an)s 3(y)k -0 12967(preceding)m 996(space'.)s 1770(Then)s 2319(the)s 2667(e)s 3(xpression)k -220 fnt35 480 12466(4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 53 })m 240 fnt82 0 11970(will)m 417(produce)s -1234(the)s 1572(object)s 2206(sho)s 6(wn)k 2873(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e.)k -3593(It)s 3788(is)s 3988(hard)s 4461(to)s 4691(see)s -5042(ho)s 6(w)k 5493(this)s 5879(base)s 6350(could)s -6930(be)s 7202(made)s 7766(e)s 3(xplicit,)k 8576(with)s -8998(-)s 0 11682(out)m 348(violating)s 1232(the)s 1561(general)s -2301(principle)s 3187(of)s 3439(k)s 2(eeping)k 4230(all)s -4504(size)s 4912(information)s 6079(internal.)s 6953(In)s 7190(the)s -7519(implementation,)s 220 fnt35 0 11391(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 1071 11394(remains)m -1881(une)s 3(xpanded)k 3097(while)s 3686(sizes)s 4204(are)s -4554(being)s 5142(calculated;)s 6224(then)s 6696(it)s 6891(is)s -7103(treated)s 7813(similarly)s 8718(to)s 8960(a)s 0 11106(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -922(symbol,)s 1734(with)s 2216(its)s 2492(body)s 3026(as)s -3276(an)s 3559(incoming)s 4516(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5150(\(Section)s 6003(5.2\).)s 480 10732(W)m 9(ith)k 1014(this)s -1418(settled,)s 2156(it)s 2356(is)s 2574(no)s 6(w)k -3044(clear)s 3575(ho)s 6(w)k 4044(to)s 4291(de\207ne)s -4940(a)s 5115(document)s 6127(which)s 6777(is)s 6995(a)s -7169(numbered)s 8193(sequence)s 0 10444(of)m 271(pages.)s 980(Let)s -220 fnt35 1358 10441(@Ne)m 6(xt)k 240 fnt82 2082 10444(be)m -2364(a)s 2530(pre\207x)s 3143(operator)s 3999(which)s 4641(returns)s -5355(its)s 5631(parameter)s 6645(plus)s 7095(one.)s 7605(Then)s -220 fnt35 480 9943(def @P)m 8(ageList)k 480 9655( r)m -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 9367({)m 480 9079( @P)m 8(age {)k 480 8791( |0.5r)m -8(t - @P)k 8(ageNum -)k -480 8503( //1v @T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 480 8215( //1r)m -8(t @F)k 6(ootSect)k -480 7927( })m 480 7639( //)m 480 7351( @P)m 8(ageList @Ne)k 6(xt @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 7063(})m 240 fnt82 0 6569(when)m 576(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -1391(in)s 1634(the)s 1982(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 -3059 6566(@P)m 8(ageList 1)k 240 fnt82 4267 6569(,)m 4374(has)s -4744(for)s 5082(its)s 5358(result)s 5948(the)s 6296(potentially)s -7372(in\207nite)s 8105(object)s 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 480 3735 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 845 2216(-)m 931(1)s -1035(-)s 140 fnt35 170 2000(@T)m 16(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 480 1241 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 839 2216(-)m 925(2)s -1041(-)s 140 fnt35 170 2000(@T)m 16(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -140 fnt35 480 1026(@P)m 5(ageList 3)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 18 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(18)s 4706(-)s 0 13253(Similarly)m 15(,)k -980(we)s 1315(may)s 1781(de\207ne)s 220 fnt35 2422 13250(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 3573 13253(lik)m 2(e)k 3985(this:)s 220 fnt35 -480 12752(def @F)m 6(ootSect)k 480 12464({)m 480 12176( def @F)m 6(ootList)k -480 11888( r)m -3(ight @Num)k 480 11600( {)m 480 11312( @F)m 6(ootPlace)k -480 11024( //1v)m 480 10736( @F)m 6(ootList @Ne)k 6(xt @Num)k 480 10448( })m -480 9872( 1i @Wide @HLine)m 480 9584( //1v)m 480 9296( @F)m 6(ootList 1)k 480 9008(})m -240 fnt82 0 8514(so)m 266(that)s 684(an)s 967(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -2021(of)s 220 fnt35 2292 8511(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 -3443 8514(produces)m gsave -480 8174 translate -220 fnt35 1440 0 0 0 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 480 7829(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 480 7541(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k -480 7253(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 480 6965(...)m 240 fnt82 0 6514(The)m -476(e)s 3(xpansion)k 1550(process)s 2367(is)s 2626(v)s 3(ery)k -3150(similar)s 3921(to)s 4209(a)s 4424(BNF)s 4997(deri)s 6(v)k 6(ation,)k -6109(and)s 6562(w)s 2(ould)k 7266(be)s 7597(attempted)s -8646(only)s 0 6226(on)m 297(demand.)s 480 5852(Clearly)m 15(,)k -1276(deciding)s 2154(which)s 2797(e)s 3(xpansions)k 3910(to)s -4150(tak)s 2(e)k 4603(and)s 5008(replacing)s 220 fnt35 -5951 5849(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 7170 5852(and)m -220 fnt35 7575 5849(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 8832 5852(by)m -0 5564(the)m 338(appropriate)s 1471(actual)s 2085(te)s 3(xt)k -2489(will)s 2904(not)s 3259(be)s 3530(easy;)s 4056(this)s -4441(is)s 4640(the)s 4977(subject)s 5703(of)s 5963(Section)s -6726(5.1.)s 7179(The)s 7596(important)s 8574(point)s 0 5276(for)m -331(no)s 6(w)k 784(is)s 986(that)s 1397(we)s -1724(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 2217(here)s 2677(a)s -2835(v)s 3(ery)k 3303(simple)s 3989(and)s 4385(\210e)s 3(xible)k -5147(method)s 5916(of)s 6179(specifying)s 7220(the)s 7561(layout)s -8211(of)s 8474(pages,)s 0 4988(which)m 642(requires)s 1462(no)s -1755(specialized)s 2874(language)s 3794(features.)s 240 fnt84 0 4340(3.3.)m -471(Modules)s 240 fnt82 480 3909(It)m 679(is)s 882(well)s -1342(accepted)s 2229(that)s 2641(the)s 2982(visibility)s 3879(of)s -4143(symbols)s 4986(is)s 5189(not)s 5549(adequately)s 6632(controlled)s -7653(by)s 7940(Algol)s 8533(block)s 0 3621(structure.)m 999(The)s -1427(author)s 2098(is)s 2308(a)s 3(w)k 2(are)k -2929(of)s 3200(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 3922(major)s -4539(problems)s 5480(of)s 5751(this)s 6147(kind)s 6631(in)s -6874(document)s 7878(formatting.)s 480 3247(One)m 976(problem)s 1874(is)s -2126(that)s 2585(some)s 3187(symbols)s 4078(should)s 4816(be)s -5139(visible)s 5874(only)s 6395(within)s 7104(restricted)s 8091(parts)s -8647(of)s 8960(a)s 0 2959(document.)m 1108(F)s 3(or)k -1497(e)s 3(xample,)k 2411(we)s 2746(naturally)s 3649(e)s 3(xpect)k -4330(equation)s 5211(formatting)s 6272(to)s 6511(be)s 6793(accomplished)s -8166(lik)s 2(e)k 8578(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 2462(surrounding te)m 6(xt)k -480 2174(@Eq { {x sup 2 + 1} o)m 3(v)k 5(er 4 })k 480 1886(surrounding te)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 0 1387(with)m 482(the)s 830(symbols)s 220 fnt35 -1679 1384(sup)m 240 fnt82 2025 1387(,)m 220 fnt35 2132 1384(o)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 2551 1387(,)m 2658(etc.,)s 3103(visible)s 3796(only)s -4276(within)s 4944(the)s 5292(equation,)s 6223(not)s 6589(in)s -6832(the)s 7180(surrounding)s 8390(te)s 3(xt.)k 480 1013(It)m -695(seems)s 1341(natural)s 2069(to)s 2319(de\207ne)s 2970(these)s -3528(symbols)s 4387(within)s 220 fnt35 5066 1010(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -5544 1013(,)m 5661(since)s 6219(the)s 3(y)k 6692(are)s -7050(local)s 7579(to)s 7829(equations.)s 8921(It)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 19 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4289 13844(-)m 4417(19)s 4708(-)s 0 13251(only)m 494(remains)s -1316(then)s 1799(to)s 2053(decree)s 2746(that)s 3179(symbols)s -4043(local)s 4576(to)s 220 fnt35 4830 13248(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -5382 13251(are)m 5744(to)s 5998(be)s 6294(visible)s 7002(within)s -7684(its)s 7975(actual)s 8615(right)s 0 12963(parameter)m 9(,)k -1052(and)s 1456(this)s 1852(is)s 2062(done)s 2584(by)s -2878(replacing)s 3820(the)s 4168(right)s 4679(formal)s 5370(parameter)s -6384(with)s 6866(a)s 240 fnt83 7032 12965(body)m 240 fnt82 -7554 12963(parameter:)m 220 fnt35 480 12477(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t sup o)k 3(v)k 5(er)k -480 12189(def @Eq)m 480 11901( body @Body)m 480 11613({)m 480 11325( def sup ...)m 480 11037( def o)m 3(v)k 5(er ...)k -480 10461( Slope @F)m 6(ont @Body)k 480 10173(})m 240 fnt82 0 9679(The)m -220 fnt35 426 9676(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -1092 9679(clause)m 1743(lists)s 2176(the)s 2522(identi\207ers)s 3526(which)s -4166(are)s 4511(permitted)s 5482(to)s 5719(be)s 5999(visible)s -6690(outside)s 7435(their)s 7930(usual)s 8488(range,)s 0 9391(the)m -359(body)s 905(of)s 220 fnt35 1188 9388(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -1666 9391(;)m 1790(and)s 2206(the)s 220 fnt35 2566 9388(body)m -240 fnt82 3112 9391(declaration)m 4241(imports)s 5034(them)s 5584(into)s -6021(\(mak)s 2(es)k 6772(them)s 7322(visible)s 8027(within\))s -8778(the)s 0 9103(actual)m 614(right)s 1114(parameter)s 2117(of)s -2376(each)s 2860(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 3903(of)s -220 fnt35 4162 9100(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 4640 9103(.)m 4793(This)s -5258(arrangement)s 6500(has)s 6859(pro)s 3(v)k 3(en)k -7564(v)s 3(ery)k 8028(con)s 9(v)k 3(enient)k -0 8815(for)m 338(de\207ning)s 1176(a)s 1342(v)s 6(ariety)k -2053(of)s 2324(special-purpose)s 3880(packages.)s 480 8441(Another)m 1361(problem)s -2256(arises)s 2888(when)s 3502(global)s 4193(symbols,)s 5136(such)s -5669(as)s 5957(the)s 6343(ones)s 6871(used)s 7406(for)s -7782(headings)s 8722(and)s 0 8153(paragraph)m 1034(separators,)s 2130(call)s -2550(on)s 2868(v)s 6(alues)k 3545(that)s 3984(the)s -4353(non-e)s 3(xpert)k 5468(user)s 5947(will)s 6394(need)s -6925(to)s 7185(modify)s 15(,)k 7989(such)s 8506(as)s -8778(the)s 0 7865(initial)m 605(font)s 1044(or)s 1297(paragraph)s -2303(indent.)s 3059(These)s 3680(v)s 6(alues)k 4329(are)s -4670(lik)s 2(e)k 5076(parameters)s 6167(of)s 6432(the)s -6774(document)s 7771(as)s 8015(a)s 8175(whole,)s 8860(so)s -0 7577(it)m 192(is)s 402(natural)s 1120(to)s 1359(try)s -1678(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 7076(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @Heading @PP ...)k -480 6788(def @BookLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k 480 6500( named @InitialF)m 6(ont { )k 11(Times Base 12p })k -480 6212( named @InitialBreak { adjust 14p })m 480 5924( named @ColumnWidth { 6i })m 480 5636( ...)m 480 5348({)m 480 5060( def @Heading ...)m -480 4772( def @PP ...)m 480 4484(})m 240 fnt82 0 3990(No)m 6(w)k -220 fnt35 579 3987(@Heading)m 240 fnt82 1732 3990(and)m 220 fnt35 -2202 3987(@PP)m 240 fnt82 2833 3990(may)m 3365(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(e)k -220 fnt35 4124 3987(@InitialF)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 5411 3990(and)m -5881(the)s 6295(other)s 6911(parameters.)s 8188(T)s 19(o)k -8554(mak)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 0 3699(@Heading)m 240 fnt82 -1100 3702(and)m 220 fnt35 1517 3699(@PP)m 240 fnt82 2096 3702(visible)m -2802(throughout)s 3926(the)s 4287(document,)s 5352(we)s 5700(need)s -6223(only)s 6716(add)s 7133(a)s 7312(body)s 7859(parameter)s -8887(to)s 220 fnt35 0 3411(@BookLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k -240 fnt82 1428 3414(and)m 1832(present)s 2582(the)s 2930(entire)s -3529(document)s 4533(as)s 220 fnt35 480 2913(@BookLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k -480 2625( @InitialF)m 6(ont { Helv)k 5(etica Base 10p })k 480 2337( @InitialBreak { adjust 12p })m 480 2049({)m -480 1761( )m 11(The document.)k 480 1473(})m 240 fnt82 0 979(b)m 4(ut)k -383(for)s 742(practical)s 1639(reasons)s 2429(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3030(belo)s 6(w)k 3684(we)s 4040(prefer)s 4691(not)s -5078(to)s 5338(enclose)s 6132(the)s 6502(entire)s 7122(document)s -8147(in)s 8412(braces.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 20 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4287 13844(-)m 4415(20)s 4710(-)s 0 13253(Instead,)m 797(we)s -1132(write)s 220 fnt35 480 12771(@Use { @BookLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k -480 12483( @InitialF)m 6(ont { Helv)k 5(etica Base 10p })k 480 12195( @InitialBreak { adjust 12p })m 480 11907(})m -480 11619(The document.)m 240 fnt82 0 11165(which)m 643(has)s 1015(the)s -1365(same)s 1914(ef)s 6(fect:)k 220 fnt35 2617 11162(@Use)m -240 fnt82 3284 11165(mak)m 2(es)k 3946(the)s 4296(e)s 3(xported)k -5190(symbols)s 6040(of)s 220 fnt35 6313 11162(@BookLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k -240 fnt82 7743 11165(visible)m 8438(for)s 8778(the)s 0 10877(remainder)m -1028(of)s 1299(the)s 1647(document,)s 2698(and)s 3102(is)s -3312(permitted)s 4285(only)s 4765(at)s 4997(the)s 5345(be)s 3(ginning.)k -480 10503(The)m 925(third)s 1451(feature)s 2187(that)s 2622(af)s 6(fects)k -3319(visibility)s 15(,)k 4278(and)s 4699(which)s 5359(will)s -5802(pro)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 6414(useful)s 7071(for)s -7426(cross)s 7986(referencing)s 0 10215(\(Section)m 851(6.1\),)s 1335(is)s -1543(the)s 220 fnt35 1889 10212(@Open)m 240 fnt82 2693 10215(symbol.)m -3560(It)s 3763(mak)s 2(es)k 4421(the)s 4767(e)s 3(xported)k -5657(symbols)s 6504(of)s 6773(its)s 7047(left)s 7422(parameter)s -8433(visible)s 0 9927(within)m 668(its)s 944(right)s 1455(parameter)s 9(,)k -2507(and)s 2911(is)s 3121(therefore)s 4038(similar)s 4760(to)s -4999(the)s 5347(P)s 3(ascal)k 220 fnt35 6009 9924(with)m -240 fnt82 6444 9927(statement.)m 480 9553(It)m 698(could)s 1301(be)s -1596(ar)s 4(gued)k 2314(that)s 2745(Lout)s 3270(is)s -3493(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 4(-supplied)k 4869(with)s -5364(these)s 5924(visibility)s 6840(modifying)s 7903(features:)s 8778(the)s -0 9265(body)m 544(parameter)s 9(,)k 220 fnt35 1606 9262(@Use)m -240 fnt82 2282 9265(and)m 220 fnt35 2696 9262(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -3513 9265(do)m 3816(not)s 4193(seem)s 4754(suf\207ciently)s 5894(dif)s 6(ferent)k -6779(from)s 7314(each)s 7819(another)s 13(.)k 8698(The)s -220 fnt35 0 8974(@Open)m 240 fnt82 806 8977(symbol)m 1566(is)s -1776(the)s 2124(most)s 2649(general,)s 3459(being)s 4044(capable)s -4830(of)s 5101(replacing)s 6043(the)s 6391(other)s 6942(tw)s 2(o.)k -7463(F)s 3(or)k 7852(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 8476(@Use { x })m 480 8188(@Use { y })m 480 7900(Body of document)m 240 fnt82 0 7402(can)m -389(be)s 671(replaced)s 1538(by)s 220 fnt35 480 6901(x @Open {)m -480 6613(y @Open {)m 480 6325(Body of document)m 480 6037(}})m 240 fnt82 0 5543(and,)m -453(taking)s 1104(the)s 220 fnt35 1452 5540(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -1990 5543(symbol)m 2750(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 3372(as)s -3622(e)s 3(xample,)k 4536(we)s 4871(could)s 5461(eliminate)s -6405(its)s 6681(body)s 7215(parameter)s 9(,)k 8267(add)s -220 fnt35 480 5042(def @Body r)m -3(ight x { Slope @F)k 6(ont x })k 240 fnt82 -0 4543(to)m 239(the)s 587(e)s 3(xported)k 1479(de\207nitions)s -2540(of)s 220 fnt35 2811 4540(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 3289 4543(,)m -3396(and)s 3800(replace)s 220 fnt35 480 4042(@Eq { object })m 240 fnt82 -0 3545(by)m 220 fnt35 480 3044(@Eq @Open { @Body { object } })m 240 fnt82 0 2544(If)m -220 fnt35 232 2541(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 772 2544(is)m 985(a)s -1153(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1790(\(Section)s 2645(5.1\),)s -220 fnt35 3133 2541(@Body)m 240 fnt82 3917 2544(must)m 4444(tak)s 2(e)k -4899(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 5380(that)s 5800(function.)s -6764(But)s 7172(one)s 7577(w)s 2(ould)k 8234(not)s -8603(w)s 2(ant)k 0 2256(to)m 253(write)s 813(these)s -1374(clumsy)s 2133(e)s 3(xpressions)k 3311(in)s 3568(practice,)s -4444(and)s 4862(the)s 5224(enclosure)s 6210(of)s 6495(lar)s 4(ge)k -7038(quantities)s 8032(of)s 8317(input)s 8883(in)s 0 1968(e)m 3(xtra)k -534(braces)s 1195(could)s 1785(cause)s 2372(Basser)s 3069(Lout)s -3581(to)s 3820(run)s 4196(out)s 4562(of)s 4833(memory)s -5684(\(Section)s 6537(5.4\).)s 480 1594(A)m 700(quite)s 1224(separate)s -2052(kind)s 2526(of)s 2786(visibility)s 3679(problem)s 4526(arises)s -5110(when)s 5676(e)s 3(xpert)k 6319(users)s 6851(wish)s -7350(to)s 7579(de\207ne)s 8210(an)s 8482(object)s 0 1306(or)m -259(operator)s 1115(for)s 1453(repeated)s 2320(use)s 2695(within,)s -3413(say)s 15(,)k 3824(equations:)s 220 fnt35 480 807(def isum { sum from i=1 to n })m -240 fnt82 0 313(As)m 338(it)s 551(stands)s 1221(this)s -1638(can)s 2048(only)s 2549(be)s 2852(placed)s 3555(within)s -4244(the)s 220 fnt35 4613 310(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 5172 313(package)m -6033(itself,)s 6637(where)s 220 fnt35 7298 310(sum)m 240 fnt82 -7780 313(and)m 8205(the)s 8575(other)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 21 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4297 13844(-)m 4425(21)s 4700(-)s 0 13256(symbols)m 841(are)s -1179(visible,)s 1915(b)s 4(ut)k 2268(it)s 2451(is)s -2653(not)s 3010(desirable)s 3919(to)s 4150(modify)s 4886(the)s -5225(source)s 5897(code)s 6396(of)s 6658(a)s 6816(standard)s -7675(package.)s 8614(Lout)s 0 12968(pro)m 3(vides)k 872(an)s -220 fnt35 1155 12965(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 1828 12968(clause)m -2481(to)s 2720(solv)s 3(e)k 3278(this)s 3674(problem:)s -220 fnt35 480 12467(impor)m -8(t @Eq)k 480 12179(def isum { sum from i=1 to n })m 240 fnt82 -0 11685(may)m 469(appear)s 1169(after)s 220 fnt35 1669 11682(@Eq)m -240 fnt82 2210 11685(is)m 2423(de\207ned,)s 3239(and)s 3646(it)s -3842(will)s 4271(mak)s 2(e)k 4846(the)s 5198(e)s 3(xported)k -6093(symbols)s 6945(of)s 220 fnt35 7220 11682(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -7761 11685(visible)m 8458(within)s 0 11397(the)m 335(body)s 855(of)s -220 fnt35 1112 11394(isum)m 240 fnt82 1561 11397(.)m 1711(This)s -2174(feature)s 2878(complicates)s 4056(the)s 4390(treatment)s 5337(of)s -5595(en)s 9(vironments)k 6925(\(Section)s 7764(3.4\),)s 8236(and)s -8626(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 0 11109(introduces)m 1050(an)s -1336(insecurity)s 15(,)k 2373(when)s 220 fnt35 2952 11106(isum)m -240 fnt82 3464 11109(is)m 3677(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -4495(outside)s 5245(an)s 5531(equation.)s 6522(A)s 6755(simpler)s -7534(approach)s 8471(w)s 2(ould)k 0 10821(be)m 290(to)s -538(allo)s 6(w)k 1126(only)s 1615(one)s 2026(symbol)s -2795(in)s 3047(an)s 220 fnt35 3339 10818(impor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 4020 10821(clause,)m 4733(and)s 5146(treat)s 5638(the)s -5995(follo)s 6(wing)k 6981(de\207nition)s 7964(e)s 3(xactly)k -8714(lik)s 2(e)k 0 10533(a)m 174(local)s 702(de\207nition)s -1684(of)s 1964(that)s 2390(symbol;)s 3216(b)s 4(ut)k -3587(then)s 4064(it)s 4265(w)s 2(ould)k 4928(not)s -5303(be)s 5594(possible)s 6442(to)s 6690(de\207ne)s 7339(symbols)s -8197(using)s 8778(the)s 0 10245(resources)m 953(of)s 1224(more)s -1771(than)s 2240(one)s 2642(of)s 2913(the)s 3261(standard)s -4129(packages.)s 240 fnt84 0 9596(3.4.)m 471(Implementation)s 2159(of)s -2431(de\207nitions)s 240 fnt82 480 9119(Input)m 1089(is)s 1343(processed)s -2388(by)s 2726(a)s 2936(h)s 1(ybrid)k 3663(parser)s -4350(which)s 5036(emplo)s 2(ys)k 5940(operator)s 6840(precedence)s -8015(for)s 8398(objects)s 0 8831(and)m 433(simple)s 1156(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -2108(descent)s 2915(for)s 3283(the)s 3661(headers)s 4472(of)s -4772(de\207nitions.)s 5976(A)s 6236(symbol)s 7026(table)s 7576(stores)s -8214(the)s 8592(body)s 0 8543(of)m 278(each)s 780(de\207nition)s -1761(as)s 2018(a)s 2191(parse)s 2758(tree,)s 3229(e)s 3(xcept)k -3917(for)s 4263(macros)s 5011(which)s 5660(are)s 6014(lists)s -6456(of)s 6734(tok)s 2(ens,)k 7471(and)s 7882(manages)s -8778(the)s 0 8255(usual)m 564(stack)s 1121(of)s 1397(static)s -1958(scopes,)s 2708(accepting)s 240 fnt83 3682 8257(PushScope)m 240 fnt82 -4791 8255(and)m 240 fnt83 5200 8257(P)m 19(opScope)k 240 fnt82 -6197 8255(operations)m 7249(as)s 7504(the)s 7857(parser)s 8505(enters)s -0 7967(and)m 447(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es)k 1131(scope)s -1775(re)s 3(gions,)k 2626(including)s 3627(actual)s 4295(body)s -4872(parameters)s 6013(and)s 6461(the)s 6852(right)s 7406(parameter)s -8463(of)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 7676(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -806 7679(operator)m 13(.)k 480 7305(As)m 818(the)s 1187(parse)s -1769(proceeds,)s 2747(a)s 2934(complete)s 3888(call)s 4308(graph)s -4932(is)s 5163(constructed,)s 6393(recording,)s 7438(for)s 7797(each)s -8314(symbol,)s 0 7017(which)m 633(symbols)s 1473(are)s 1810(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -2616(within)s 3274(its)s 3541(body)s 15(.)k 4160(Immediately)s -5412(after)s 5898(the)s 6237(last)s 6618(de\207nition)s 7583(is)s -7783(read,)s 8292(the)s 8630(tran)s 8998(-)s 0 6729(siti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -565(closure)s 1312(of)s 1584(the)s 1933(call)s 2334(graph)s -2937(is)s 3148(computed,)s 4200(and)s 4605(used)s 5104(to)s -5344(determine)s 6356(whether)s 7187(each)s 7684(non-)s 8112(parameter)s -0 6441(symbol)m 775(is)s 1001(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1939(or)s 2214(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 3151(\(Section)s -4020(5.1\),)s 4522(and)s 4942(whether)s 5787(each)s 6298(parameter)s -7328(is)s 7554(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -8385(e)s 3(xactly)k 0 6153(once)m 508(or)s 767(not.)s -480 5779(Purely)m 1188(functional)s 2243(systems)s 3082(may)s 3579(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluate)k -4450(symbol)s 5240(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 6412(in)s -6686(applicati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 7812(order)s 8407(\(where)s -0 5491(parameters)m 1092(are)s 1433(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated)k -2389(before)s 3049(substitution)s 4216(into)s 4635(bodies\),)s 5440(or)s -5693(in)s 5930(normal)s 6656(order)s 7214(\(substitution)s 8460(before)s -0 5203(e)m 6(v)k 6(aluation\),)k 1164(and)s 1562(the)s 3(y)k -2018(may)s 2478(also)s 2909(share)s 3463(the)s 3804(v)s 6(alue)k -4366(of)s 4630(a)s 4790(parameter)s 5798(among)s 6496(all)s -6783(uses)s 7239(of)s 7504(it.)s 7793(But)s 8193(in)s -8429(Basser)s 0 4915(Lout,)m 603(the)s 996(presence)s 1932(of)s -2248(conte)s 3(xt-sensiti)k 6(v)k 3(e)k 3955(style)s -4507(information)s 5736(\(Section)s 6634(2.5\))s 7106(forces)s 7785(normal)s -8562(order)s 0 4627(e)m 6(v)k 6(aluation)k 1041(and)s -1445(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ents)k 2297(sharing)s 3054(of)s -3325(parameter)s 4339(v)s 6(alues.)k 480 4253(T)m 19(o)k -780(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluate)k 1620(an)s 1903(unsized)s -2692(object)s 3336(\(pure)s 3896(parse)s 4456(tree\),)s 4999(its)s -240 fnt83 5275 4255(en)m 9(vir)k 10(onment)k 240 fnt82 -6456 4253(,)m 6563(the)s 6911(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -7955(of)s 8226(the)s 8574(stack)s 0 3965(frames)m 728(in)s -999(Algol-lik)s 2(e)k 2064(languages,)s 3156(must)s 3710(be)s -4020(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k 5008(containing)s 6099(the)s -6476(actual)s 7129(v)s 6(alues)k 7814(of)s 8113(all)s -8435(formal)s 0 3677(parameters)m 1119(that)s 1558(are)s 1927(visible)s -2641(within)s 3330(the)s 3700(unsized)s 4510(object.)s 5279(En)s 9(vironment)k -6601(handling)s 7513(is)s 7744(a)s 7932(well-kno)s 6(wn)k -0 3389(implementation)m 1557(technique,)s 2594(so)s 2860(it)s 3052(will)s -3478(be)s 3760(discussed)s 4735(only)s 5215(brie\210y)s 5893(here.)s -480 3015(En)m 9(vironments)k 1894(are)s 2272(e)s 3(xtra)k -2837(subtrees)s 3702(hung)s 4265(from)s 4820(the)s 5199(objects)s -5958(the)s 3(y)k 6451(refer)s 6991(to.)s 7372(This)s -7879(or)s 4(g)k 1(anization)k 0 2727(mak)m 2(es)k -668(e)s 3(xcellent)k 1595(use)s 1978(of)s 2257(the)s -2613(ordered)s 3409(dag)s 3816(to)s 4063(permit)s 4754(en)s 9(vironments)k -6106(to)s 6353(be)s 6643(shared,)s 7382(and)s 7794(deleted)s -8550(when)s 0 2439(the)m 339(last)s 721(reference)s 1655(to)s -1885(them)s 2413(is)s 2614(remo)s 3(v)k 3(ed.)k -3600(Se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 4353(optimizations)s 5695(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6187(been)s 6687(implemented.)s 8090(Actual)s 8772(pa)s 8998(-)s -0 2151(rameters)m 860(kno)s 6(wn)k 1552(to)s 1778(be)s -2048(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k 2850(only)s -3318(once)s 3814(are)s 4148(mo)s 3(v)k 3(ed)k -4840(in)s 5070(from)s 5582(the)s 5918(en)s 9(vironment,)k -7212(not)s 7566(copied;)s 8303(cop)s 2(ying)k 0 1863(could)m -581(lead)s 1028(to)s 1258(quadratic)s 2191(time)s 2662(comple)s 3(xity)k 15(.)k -3875(Actual)s 4558(parameters)s 5647(of)s 5909(the)s 6248(form)s -220 fnt35 6763 1860(@Ne)m 6(xt)k 240 fnt83 7478 1865(object)m -240 fnt82 8117 1863(recei)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 8843(an)s -0 1575(applicati)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 1105(pre-)s 1478(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluation)k -2529(which)s 3181(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ents)k 4044(long)s -4533(chains)s 5205(of)s 220 fnt35 5486 1572(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 6221 1575(symbols)m 7080(from)s 7614(forming)s 8448(during)s -0 1287(the)m 359(generation)s 1437(of)s 1719(lar)s 4(ge)k -2260(page)s 2779(numbers.)s 3779(Some)s 4391(en)s 9(vironments)k -5747(which)s 6400(pro)s 3(v)k 6(ably)k 7308(contrib)s 4(ute)k -8341(nothing)s 0 999(are)m 344(deleted,)s 1137(most)s 1659(notably)s -2427(when)s 3000(a)s 3162(symbol)s 3918(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4969(has)s 5335(no)s 5625(symbols)s 6470(within)s 7135(its)s -7407(actual)s 8028(parameters)s 0 711(and)m 406(no)s 702(import)s -1402(list,)s 1803(so)s 2071(that)s 2492(only)s 2975(the)s -3326(en)s 9(vironment)k 4589(of)s 4862(its)s 5141(body)s -5678(need)s 6191(be)s 6476(k)s 2(ept;)k 7000(this)s -7399(sa)s 4(v)k 3(es)k 7964(a)s 8133(great)s -8673(deal)s 0 423(of)m 271(space)s 858(when)s 1434(objects)s -2162(with)s 2644(en)s 9(vironments)k 3988(are)s 4335(written)s -5068(to)s 5307(auxiliary)s 6210(\207les)s 6659(\(Section)s 7512(6.1\).)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 22 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(22)s 4710(-)s 240 fnt84 0 12678(4.)m -291(Implementation)s 1979(of)s 2251(the)s 2625(functional)s 3715(subset)s -240 fnt82 480 12201(The)m 941(objects)s 1702(and)s 2139(de\207nitions)s -3233(of)s 3537(Lout)s 4082(are)s 4462(v)s 3(ery)k -4971(similar)s 5726(to)s 5998(those)s 6592(found)s 7242(in)s -7518(other)s 8102(functional)s 0 11913(languages,)m 1085(and)s 1510(the)s 3(y)k -1994(form)s 2539(a)s 2726(natural)s 3465(subset)s 4144(of)s -4436(the)s 4805(language.)s 5854(So)s 6181(we)s 6537(pause)s -7159(here)s 7647(and)s 8072(present)s 8843(an)s 0 11625(o)m 3(v)k 3(ervie)k 6(w)k -932(of)s 1203(the)s 1551(Basser)s 2248(Lout)s 2760(object)s -3404(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluation)k 4445(algorithm.)s 480 11251(The)m -922(problem)s 1794(is)s 2019(to)s 2272(tak)s 2(e)k -2739(an)s 3037(unsized)s 3841(object)s 4499(\(pure)s 5074(parse)s -5649(tree\),)s 6206(its)s 6497(en)s 9(vironment)k 7772(\(Section)s -8640(3.4\),)s 0 10963(and)m 404(its)s 681(style)s 1188(\(Section)s -2042(2.5\),)s 2528(and)s 2933(to)s 3173(produce)s 4000(a)s -4167(PostScript)s 5209(\207le)s 5571(for)s 5910(rendering)s 6879(the)s -7228(object)s 7872(on)s 8170(an)s 8454(output)s 0 10675(de)m 6(vice.)k -786(This)s 1267(\207le)s 1632(is)s 1847(essentially)s 2914(a)s -3084(sequence)s 4022(of)s 4298(instructions)s 5468(to)s 5712(print)s -6227(a)s 6398(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6983(string)s -7584(of)s 7860(characters)s 8883(in)s 0 10387(a)m 166(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -746(font)s 1191(at)s 1423(a)s 1589(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2169(point.)s 480 10013(Before)m 1189(the)s 1541(algorithm)s 2534(be)s 3(gins,)k -3266(the)s 3618(parse)s 4182(tree)s 4599(must)s 5127(be)s -5413(obtained,)s 6348(either)s 6955(by)s 7252(parsing)s 8013(input)s -8569(or)s 8832(by)s 0 9725(cop)m 2(ying)k 823(from)s -1347(the)s 1695(symbol)s 2455(table.)s 3082(Afterw)s 2(ards)k -4205(the)s 4553(data)s 5011(structure)s 5901(must)s 6426(be)s -6708(disposed.)s 7710(The)s 8137(algorithm)s 0 9437(proper)m 692(consists)s -1508(of)s 1787(\207v)s 3(e)k 2207(passes,)s 2933(each)s -3437(a)s 3611(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4541(tra)s 4(v)k 3(ersal)k -5418(of)s 5697(the)s 6054(structure)s 6953(from)s 7485(the)s -7841(root)s 8294(do)s 6(wn)k 8887(to)s 0 9149(the)m -348(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es)k 989(and)s 1393(back.)s -240 fnt83 0 8695(1.)m 330(Evaluation)s 1490(of)s 1827(unsized)s -2667(objects.)s 240 fnt82 3554 8693(On)m 3960(the)s 4364(w)s 2(ay)k -4871(do)s 6(wn,)k 5561(calculate)s 6521(en)s 9(vironments)k -7921(and)s 8381(replace)s 0 8405(non-recursi)m 6(v)k 3(e,)k -1404(non-recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 2757(symbols)s 3598(by)s -3884(their)s 4373(bodies)s 5041(\(Section)s 5886(3.4\);)s 6369(broadcast)s -7337(fonts)s 7858(to)s 8089(the)s 8429(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es,)k -0 8117(and)m 409(paragraph)s 1427(breaking)s 2322(and)s 2731(spacing)s -3521(styles)s 4121(to)s 4365(the)s 4718(paragraph)s 5736(nodes.)s -6465(On)s 6820(the)s 7173(w)s 2(ay)k 7629(back)s -8147(up,)s 8500(delete)s 240 fnt83 0 7831(FONT)m 240 fnt82 -630 7829(,)m 240 fnt83 737 7831(BREAK)m 240 fnt82 1494 7829(,)m -1601(and)s 240 fnt83 2005 7831(SP)m 21(A)k 7(CE)k -240 fnt82 2760 7829(nodes,)m 3426(and)s 3830(insert)s 240 fnt83 -4420 7831(SPLIT)m 240 fnt82 5049 7829(,)m 240 fnt83 5156 7831(COL)m -240 fnt82 5622 7829(,)m 5729(and)s 240 fnt83 6133 7831(R)m 9(O)k 12(W)k -240 fnt82 6707 7829(nodes)m 7317(\(Section)s 8170(2.3\).)s 240 fnt83 -0 7336(2.)m 293(W)s 13(idth)k 925(calculations)s 2169(and)s -2614(br)s 8(eaking)k 3(.)k 240 fnt82 3628 7334(Calculate)m -4605(the)s 4973(width)s 5594(of)s 5885(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -6480(subobject)s 7477(from)s 8020(the)s 8388(bottom)s 0 7046(up.)m -404(As)s 720(described)s 1693(in)s 1936(Section)s 2709(2.3,)s -240 fnt83 3115 7048(WIDE)m 240 fnt82 3777 7046(nodes)m 4386(may)s -4851(trigger)s 5547(object)s 6190(breaking)s 7079(sub-tra)s 4(v)k 3(ersals)k -8448(during)s 0 6758(this)m 396(pass.)s 240 fnt83 0 6255(3.)m -274(Height)s 989(calculations.)s 240 fnt82 2312 6253(Calculate)m 3270(the)s -3618(height)s 4276(of)s 4547(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -5123(subobject,)s 6147(from)s 6671(the)s 7019(bottom)s 7757(up.)s -240 fnt83 0 5750(4.)m 283(Horizontal)s 1389(coor)s 8(dinates.)k -240 fnt82 2674 5748(Calculate)m 3641(the)s 3998(horizontal)s 5032(coordinate)s -6106(of)s 6386(each)s 6890(subobject)s 7876(from)s 8409(the)s -8767(top)s 0 5460(do)m 6(wn,)k 634(and)s 1038(store)s -1558(each)s 2053(leaf)s -13(')k 13(s)k 2633(coordinate)s -3698(in)s 3941(the)s 4289(leaf.)s 240 fnt83 0 4976(5.)m -295(V)s 26(ertical)k 1119(coor)s 8(dinates)k 2317(and)s -2765(P)s 19(ostScript)k 3827(g)s 2(ener)k 3(ation.)k -240 fnt82 5034 4974(Calculate)m 6013(the)s 6383(v)s 3(ertical)k -7171(coordinate)s 8257(of)s 8550(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -0 4686(subobject)m 981(from)s 1509(the)s 1861(top)s 2224(do)s 6(wn,)k -2862(and)s 3270(at)s 3506(each)s 4005(leaf,)s 4473(retrie)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5252(the)s 5604(character)s 6542(string,)s 7197(font,)s 7693(and)s -8102(horizontal)s 0 4398(coordinate,)m 1116(and)s 1520(print)s 2031(the)s -2379(PostScript)s 3421(instruction)s 4500(for)s 4838(rendering)s 5807(that)s -6225(leaf.)s 0 3895(Figure)m 692(3)s 869(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -1428(the)s 1789(amount)s 2579(of)s 2863(code)s 3383(required)s -4250(for)s 4600(each)s 5168(pass.)s 5756(Symmetry)s 6819(between)s -7685(horizontal)s 8722(and)s 0 3607(v)m 3(ertical)k 764(is)s -971(e)s 3(xploited)k 1913(throughout)s 3021(Basser)s 3715(Lout,)s -4271(and)s 4672(passes)s 5331(2)s 5502(and)s 5903(3,)s -6127(as)s 6374(well)s 6837(as)s 7084(4)s 7255(and)s -7656(5,)s 7880(are)s 8224(e)s 3(x)k 3(ecuted)k -0 3319(on)m 297(shared)s 979(code.)s 480 2945(The)m 929(author)s -1621(can)s 2031(see)s 2413(no)s 2728(simple)s 3442(w)s 2(ay)k -3914(to)s 4174(reduce)s 4888(the)s 5258(number)s 6070(of)s -6362(passes.)s 7158(The)s 7607(introduction)s 8855(of)s 0 2657(horizontal)m -1027(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1755(\(Section)s 2612(5.5\))s -3044(w)s 2(ould)k 3703(remo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -4474(the)s 4826(need)s 5340(for)s 5682(the)s 6034(object)s -6682(breaking)s 7576(transformations)s 0 2369(within)m 700(this)s 1128(algorithm)s -2149(that)s 2599(are)s 2978(the)s 3359(principal)s 4295(obstacles)s -5254(in)s 5529(the)s 5909(w)s 2(ay)k 6393(of)s -6696(the)s 7076(mer)s 4(ging)k 7954(of)s 8257(passes)s -8952(2)s 0 2081(and)m 404(3.)s 240 fnt84 0 1337(5.)m -291(Galleys)s 240 fnt82 480 860(W)m 9(ith)k 1022(objects)s -1767(and)s 2188(de\207nitions)s 3266(under)s 3888(control,)s 4689(the)s -5053(author)s 5741(f)s 2(aced)k 6331(the)s 6696(problem)s -7570(of)s 7858(getting)s 8592(body)s 0 572(te)m 3(xt,)k -478(footnotes,)s 1491(\210oating)s 2291(\207gures)s 3009(and)s 3429(tables,)s -4109(references,)s 5213(inde)s 3(x)k 5813(entries,)s 6572(and)s -6992(entries)s 7695(in)s 7954(the)s 8318(table)s 8855(of)s -0 284(contents)m 844(into)s 1264(their)s 1757(places.)s 2513(The)s -2937(resulting)s 3821(in)s 9(v)k 3(estig)k 1(ation)k -5095(occupied)s 6013(three)s 6541(months)s 7293(of)s 7559(full-time)s -8444(design)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 23 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4293 13844(-)m 4421(23)s 4705(-)s 1659 13218(1.)m 2163(Initialization)s -7172(200)s 1659 12930(2.)m 2163(Memory)s 3041(allocation,)s 4090(ordered)s -4878(dag)s 5277(operations)s 7172(400)s 1659 12642(3.)m 2163(Le)s 3(xical)k -2931(analysis,)s 3808(macros,)s 4605(\207le)s 4966(handling)s 6992(1,350)s -1659 12354(4.)m 2163(P)s 3(arsing)k 2930(of)s 3201(objects)s -3929(and)s 4333(de\207nitions)s 6992(1,150)s 1659 12066(5.)m 2163(Symbol)s -2963(table)s 3483(and)s 3887(call)s 4286(graph)s 7172(600)s -1659 11778(6.)m 2163(Ev)s 6(aluation)k 3250(of)s 3521(pure)s -4002(parse)s 4562(trees)s 6992(1,650)s 1659 11490(7.)m 2163(Reading,)s -3068(storing,)s 3839(and)s 4243(scaling)s 4973(of)s 5244(fonts)s -7172(600)s 1659 11202(8.)m 2163(Cross)s 2759(references)s 3790(and)s -4194(databases)s 6992(1,000)s 1659 10914(9.)m 2163(W)s 9(idth)k -2809(and)s 3213(height)s 3871(calculations,)s 5119(and)s 5523(breaking)s -7172(700)s 1539 10626(10.)m 240 fnt83 2163 10628(Constr)m 3(ained)k -240 fnt82 3410 10626(and)m 240 fnt83 3814 10628(AdjustSize)m 240 fnt82 -7172 10626(700)m 1539 10338(11.)m 2163(T)s 8(ransfer)k 3023(of)s -3294(sized)s 3843(objects)s 4571(into)s 4996(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5630(tree)s 7172(450)s 1539 10050(12.)m 2163(Galle)s 3(y)k -2851(\210ushing)s 3676(algorithm)s 6992(1,500)s 1539 9762(13.)m 2163(Coordinate)s -3282(calculations)s 4474(and)s 4878(PostScript)s 5920(output)s 7172(700)s -1539 9474(14.)m 2163(Deb)s 4(ugging)k 3277(and)s 3681(error)s -4204(handling)s 6992(1,200)s 655 0 0 0 240 288 60 6872 9328 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -6872 9074(12,200)m 240 fnt84 0 8394(Figur)m 4(e)k -761(3.)s 1084(Major)s 1825(components)s 3134(of)s 3438(the)s -3844(Basser)s 4612(Lout)s 5197(inter)s 2(pr)k 4(eter)k 22(,)k -6441(sho)s 2(wing)k 7365(the)s 7772(appr)s 4(oximate)k -0 8106(number)m 868(of)s 1140(lines)s 1658(of)s 1930(C)s -2155(code.)s 240 fnt82 0 7512(w)m 2(ork,)k 612(and)s -1031(proceeded)s 2088(approximately)s 3538(as)s 3803(described)s 4793(in)s -5051(Section)s 5840(5.1;)s 6268(the)s 6631(implementation)s 8204(occupied)s -0 7224(the)m 348(years)s 903(1987-89.)s 240 fnt84 0 6575(5.1.)m -471(The)s 926(galley)s 1580(abstraction)s 240 fnt82 480 6098(Let)m -870(us)s 1147(tak)s 2(e)k 1611(the)s 1972(footnote)s -2838(as)s 3100(a)s 3279(representati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4677(e)s 3(xample.)k 5661(At)s 5973(some)s 6546(point)s -7111(in)s 7366(the)s 7727(document,)s 8791(we)s 0 5810(wish)m -509(to)s 748(write)s 220 fnt35 480 5362(preceding te)m 6(xt)k -480 5074(@F)m 6(ootNote { f)k 6(ootnote te)k 6(xt })k 480 4786(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing te)k 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 0 4287(and)m 406(we)s 744(e)s 3(xpect)k -1428(the)s 1779(formatter)s 2729(to)s 2971(remo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -3741(the)s 4092(footnote)s 4947(from)s 5474(this)s 5873(conte)s 3(xt)k -6637(and)s 7044(place)s 7607(it)s 7802(at)s 8037(the)s -8388(bottom)s 0 3999(of)m 281(the)s 639(current)s 1386(page,)s -1955(possibly)s 2817(splitting)s 3664(some)s 4235(or)s 4504(all)s -4808(of)s 5089(it)s 5291(onto)s 5781(a)s 5957(follo)s 6(wing)k -6944(page)s 7463(if)s 7690(space)s 8287(is)s 8508(insuf)s -8998(-)s 0 3711(\207cient.)m 480 3337(An)m 844(object)s 1503(appears)s -2298(in)s 2556(the)s 2918(\207nal)s 3413(document)s 4431(at)s -4678(the)s 5040(point)s 5607(it)s 5813(is)s 6038(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed,)k -6916(b)s 4(ut)k 7293(this)s 7703(basic)s 8262(property)s -0 3049(does)m 503(not)s 882(hold)s 1379(for)s 1730(footnotes:)s -2799(the)s 3160(point)s 3725(of)s 4009(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5076(and)s 5493(the)s 5854(point)s 6419(of)s 6703(appearance)s -7847(are)s 8207(dif)s 6(ferent.)k 0 2761(In)m 254(some)s -813(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 1299(the)s 1645(footnote)s -2496(is)s 2703(attached)s 3555(to)s 3791(the)s 4137(document)s -5139(at)s 5368(both)s 5849(points,)s 6539(introducing)s 7692(a)s -7856(cross)s 8395(linking)s 0 2473(\(Section)m 853(2.1\))s 1281(that)s -1699(cannot)s 2397(be)s 2679(described)s 3653(in)s 3896(purely)s -4561(functional)s 5585(terms.)s 480 2099(Since)m 1069(the)s 1420(interpretation)s -2766(of)s 3040(an)s 3(y)k 3440(object)s 4087(depends)s -4926(on)s 5226(an)s 5512(en)s 9(vironment)k 6775(and)s -7182(style)s 7692(inherited)s 8602(from)s 0 1811(the)m 347(conte)s 3(xt,)k -1153(the)s 1499(\207rst)s 1929(question)s 2795(must)s 3318(be)s -3598(whether)s 4427(the)s 4773(footnote)s 5624(inherits)s 6390(them)s -6926(through)s 7726(the)s 8072(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -0 1523(point)m 552(or)s 811(through)s 1613(the)s 1961(point\(s\))s -2753(of)s 3024(appearance.)s 480 1149(If)m 697(symbols)s 1533(are)s -1867(to)s 2092(be)s 2361(interpreted)s 3440(statically)s 4341(as)s -4578(heretofore,)s 5653(then)s 6108(en)s 9(vironments)k 7439(must)s -7951(be)s 8219(inherited)s 0 861(through)m 829(the)s 1204(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -2285(point)s 2865(alone.)s 3574(Dynamic)s 4531(inheritance)s 5675(through)s -6505(the)s 6880(point)s 7459(of)s 7757(appearance)s 8916(is)s -0 573(enticing)m 836(in)s 1092(some)s 1666(w)s 2(ays:)k -2335(it)s 2541(might)s 3172(replace)s 3930(the)s 4291(body)s -4838(parameter)s 9(,)k 5904(and)s 6321(it)s 6526(might)s -7157(help)s 7635(with)s 8131(automatic)s 0 285(numbering,)m 1163(since)s -1730(the)s 2097(number)s 2908(of)s 3198(a)s 3384(footnote)s -4256(is)s 4486(kno)s 6(wn)k 5209(only)s 5709(at)s -5960(the)s 6328(point)s 6899(of)s 7190(appearance;)s 8396(b)s 4(ut)k -8778(the)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 24 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(24)s 4710(-)s 0 13256(implementation)m 1606(problems)s -2597(are)s 2993(se)s 6(v)k 3(ere,)k 3751(and)s -4204(static)s 4810(inheritance)s 5976(seems)s 6661(much)s 7299(simpler)s -8125(and)s 8579(more)s 0 12968(comprehensible)m 1572(to)s 1814(the)s -2165(user)s 13(.)k 2716(Style,)s 3317(at)s 3552(least)s -4052(its)s 4330(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5241(width)s -5846(and)s 6253(height)s 6913(part,)s 7394(must)s 7922(of)s -8196(necessity)s 0 12680(be)m 268(inherited)s 1160(through)s 1947(the)s -2280(point)s 2817(of)s 3073(appearance.)s 4297(F)s 3(or)k -4671(consistenc)s 3(y)k 15(,)k 5861(the)s 6194(entire)s -6778(style)s 7270(should)s 7952(be)s 8219(inherited)s 0 12392(in)m -256(this)s 666(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k 1226(There)s -1853(is)s 2077(a)s 2257(suggesti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -3328(analogy)s 4154(here)s 4635(with)s 5131(actual)s 5770(parameters,)s -6938(which)s 7594(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 8109(a)s -8289(point)s 8855(of)s 0 12104(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1060(from)s 1591(which)s 2240(the)s 3(y)k 2710(inherit)s -3400(an)s 3690(en)s 9(vironment,)k 5004(and)s 5414(a)s -5587(point)s 6146(of)s 6424(appearance)s 7562(within)s 8237(the)s -8592(body)s 0 11816(of)m 265(the)s 606(enclosing)s 1569(de\207nition,)s -2587(from)s 3104(which)s 3739(the)s 3(y)k 4196(inherit)s -4872(a)s 5031(style.)s 5639(It)s 5838(may)s 6297(be)s -6572(possible)s 7406(to)s 7638(treat)s 8114(a)s 8273(footnote)s -0 11528(as)m 250(the)s 598(actual)s 1223(parameter)s 2237(of)s -2508(some)s 3069(symbol,)s 3881(therefore,)s 4849(although)s 5744(the)s -6092(details)s 6766(seem)s 7317(v)s 3(ery)k 7793(obscure.)s -480 11154(But)m 881(the)s 1224(most)s 1744(profound)s 2674(consequence)s -3948(of)s 4214(ha)s 4(ving)k 4910(tw)s 2(o)k -5314(types)s 5865(of)s 6131(attachment)s 7234(point)s 7780(is)s -7985(that)s 8398(it)s 8584(leads)s 0 10866(to)m 261(tw)s 2(o)k -693(distincti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 1757(tree)s 2192(structures.)s -3306(Considering)s 4551(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 5627(points)s -6285(only)s 6787(leads)s 7351(to)s 7612(static)s 8190(trees)s -8714(lik)s 2(e)k 0 10578(this)m 396(one:)s gsave -480 8292 translate -240 fnt83 3666 1996 170 1715 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1117 1273 170 993 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 1273 170 993 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 721 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(footnote)m - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(L) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1206 553 170 272 240 288 60 1230 1443 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1206 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(body)m 692(te)s 4(xt)k -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 2436 1715 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ L@T@CTR L@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle L@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR L@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1117 1273 0 993 240 288 60 2549 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1001 552 170 272 240 288 60 116 721 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -884 552 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(\207gur)m 8(e)k - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(footnote)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 1117 272 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(R) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 3666 1715 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ R@T@CTR R@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle R@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR R@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 7841(which)m 663(sho)s 6(ws)k 1329(that)s -1769(the)s 2139(body)s 2695(te)s 3(xt)k 3131(contains)s -4001(a)s 4189(footnote)s 5064(and)s 5490(a)s 5677(\207gure,)s -6364(the)s 6734(latter)s 7305(itself)s 7875(containing)s 8960(a)s -0 7553(footnote.)m 961(Considering)s 2184(points)s 2820(of)s 3091(appearance)s -4222(only)s 4702(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 5249(a)s -5415(completely)s 6531(dif)s 6(ferent,)k 7453(dynamic)s 8330(tree:)s -gsave -480 5939 translate -240 fnt83 4663 1274 0 995 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -3382 551 170 272 240 288 60 1281 723 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2101 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(sequence)m 1100(of)s 1381(pa)s 2(g)k 2(es)k - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1206 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1206 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1206 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(body)m 692(te)s 4(xt)k -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 1206 272 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1117 553 170 272 240 288 60 1319 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(footnote)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 2436 272 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -884 553 170 272 240 288 60 2549 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -884 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -884 552 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(\207gur)m 8(e)k - -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 3433 272 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -1117 553 170 272 240 288 60 3546 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 553 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1117 551 170 272 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -170 220(footnote)m -grestore -(T) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(S) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 4663 272 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ S@T@CTR S@T@CTR T@CTR lfigangle S@T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -T@CTR T@CTR S@T@CTR lfigangle T@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 5488(The)m 468(tree)s 921(can)s 1351(be)s -1673(deeper)s 9(,)k 2448(for)s 2827(e)s 3(xample)k -3730(with)s 4253(sections)s 5114(appearing)s 6150(within)s 6859(chapters)s -7746(which)s 8429(appear)s 0 5200(within)m 680(the)s 1041(body)s -1587(te)s 3(xt,)k 2062(which)s 2717(appears)s 3510(within)s -4191(the)s 4551(\207nal)s 5044(sequence)s 5990(of)s 6273(pages.)s -6995(Document)s 8065(formatting)s 0 4912(languages)m 1024(generally)s 1984(shirk)s -2540(the)s 2905(issues)s 3544(raised)s 4189(by)s 4500(this)s -4912(dual)s 5396(tree)s 5826(structure,)s 6785(by)s 7096(making)s -7884(the)s 8249(dynamic)s 0 4624(tree)m 421(b)s 4(uilt-in,)k -1235(by)s 1537(limiting)s 2354(one)s 2764(or)s 3032(both)s -3523(trees)s 4032(to)s 4279(tw)s 2(o)k 4697(le)s 6(v)k 3(els,)k -5360(and)s 5773(so)s 6047(on,)s 6402(pro)s 3(viding)k -7391(a)s 7565(classic)s 8263(e)s 3(xample)k 0 4336(of)m -295(the)s 667(impo)s 3(v)k 3(erishing)k 2120(ef)s 6(fect)k -2740(of)s 3035(f)s 2(ailing)k 3733(to)s 3997(permit)s -4704(language)s 5648(features)s 6478(to)s 6741(attain)s 7352(their)s -7873(natural)s 8616(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k 0 4048(of)m -271(generality)s 15(.)k 480 3674(W)m 19(e)k 854(are)s -1206(thus)s 1662(led)s 2017(to)s 2261(propose)s 3081(a)s -3252(second)s 3980(abstraction)s 5091(for)s 5434(document)s 6443(formatting,)s -7564(which)s 8211(we)s 8552(name)s 0 3386(the)m 240 fnt83 -371 3388(galle)m 7(y)k 240 fnt82 1028 3386(in)m 1294(recognition)s -2464(of)s 2759(its)s 3058(similarity)s 4050(to)s 4312(the)s -4684(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 5432(used)s 5952(in)s -6219(manual)s 7001(typesetting.)s 8238(A)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -0 3098(consists)m 817(of)s 1098(an)s 1391(object)s 2045(\(such)s -2630(as)s 2890(a)s 3066(footnote\))s 4001(together)s 4854(with)s -5346(a)s 5522(sequence)s 6465(of)s 6746(places)s 7404(where)s -8054(that)s 8482(object)s 0 2810(may)m 491(appear)s 1214(\(such)s -1814(as)s 2090(the)s 2464(bottoms)s 3311(of)s 3608(the)s -3982(current)s 4743(and)s 5173(follo)s 6(wing)k 6176(pages\).)s -6989(Splitting)s 7891(occurs)s 8592(quite)s 0 2522(naturally)m 903(when)s -1479(space)s 2066(at)s 2298(an)s 3(y)k 2695(place)s -3255(is)s 3465(insuf\207cient)s 4600(to)s 4839(hold)s 5323(the)s -5671(entire)s 6270(object.)s 480 2148(In)m 736(Lout,)s 1295(a)s -1461(footnote)s 2314(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2948(and)s -3352(its)s 3628(place)s 4188(of)s 4459(appearance)s 5590(are)s -5937(de\207ned)s 6700(as)s 6950(follo)s 6(ws:)k 220 fnt35 -480 1647(def @F)m 6(ootPlace { @Galle)k 4(y })k 480 1071(def @F)m 6(ootNote into { @F)k 6(ootPlace&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing })k -480 783( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 495({ x })m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 25 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4292 13841(-)m 4420(25)s 4706(-)s 0 13250(The)m 220 fnt35 -445 13247(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 1719 13250(symbol)m 2496(contains)s -3362(the)s 3727(special)s 4463(symbol)s 220 fnt35 5240 13247(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 6078 13250(,)m 6203(indicating)s 7229(that)s 7665(it)s -7874(is)s 8102(a)s 8285(point)s 8855(of)s 0 12962(appearance)m -1143(for)s 1493(a)s 1672(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -2413(By)s 2759(placing)s 3529(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -4682(of)s 220 fnt35 4965 12959(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 -6234 12962(at)m 6478(the)s 6838(bottoms)s 7673(of)s 7956(pages,)s -8620(as)s 8883(in)s 0 12674(Section)m 801(3.2,)s 1235(we)s -1597(de\207ne)s 2265(the)s 2640(desired)s 3415(points)s 4078(of)s -4376(appearance)s 5534(for)s 5899(footnotes.)s 6980(Symbols)s 7896(whose)s -8592(body)s 0 12386(contains)m 220 fnt35 863 12383(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 1776 12386(either)m 2394(directly)s 3192(or)s 3466(indirectly)s -4450(are)s 4812(called)s 5455(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -6392(symbols,)s 7312(meaning)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 12098(to)m 239(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k 1019(and)s -1423(the)s 3(y)k 1886(are)s 2233(e)s 3(xpanded)k -3207(only)s 3687(on)s 3984(demand.)s 4906(The)s 5334(ef)s 6(fect)k -5930(of)s 6202(the)s 220 fnt35 6550 12095(into)m 240 fnt82 -6956 12098(clause)m 7609(is)s 7819(to)s 8058(mak)s 2(e)k -8631(each)s 0 11810(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 1057(of)s -220 fnt35 1332 11807(@F)m 6(ootNote)k 240 fnt82 2506 11810(a)m -2676(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 3313(whose)s 3985(object)s -4632(is)s 4846(the)s 5198(result)s 5791(of)s 6066(the)s -6417(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 7475(in)s 7721(the)s -8073(usual)s 8637(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 0 11522(and)m -406(whose)s 1076(sequence)s 2011(of)s 2285(points)s 2923(of)s -3196(appearance)s 4329(is)s 4542(speci\207ed)s 5452(by)s 5748(the)s -220 fnt35 6098 11519(into)m 240 fnt82 6507 11522(clause;)m 7218(in)s -7463(this)s 7861(e)s 3(xample,)k 8778(the)s 0 11234(sequence)m -933(of)s 1204(all)s 220 fnt35 1497 11231(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k -240 fnt82 2753 11234(symbols)m 3602(follo)s 6(wing)k 4579(the)s -4927(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 5981(point.)s 480 10860(Lout)m -995(permits)s 1766(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2494(to)s -2737(be)s 3023(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -3842(within)s 4514(other)s 5069(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -5797(to)s 6040(arbitrary)s 6919(depth,)s 7562(so)s 7832(that)s -8254(one)s 8660(may)s 0 10572(ha)m 4(v)k 3(e)k -514(footnotes)s 1468(within)s 2149(\207gures)s 2864(within)s 3546(the)s -3907(body)s 4454(te)s 3(xt)k 4882(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -5568(for)s 5919(e)s 3(xample,)k 6846(creating)s 7681(arbitrary)s -8570(static)s 0 10284(trees.)m 649(Recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1688(symbols)s 2573(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 3021 10281(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k -240 fnt82 4313 10284(may)m 4815(appear)s 5548(within)s 6252(an)s 3(y)k -6685(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 7393(creating)s -8251(arbitrary)s 0 9996(dynamic)m 912(trees)s 1449(as)s 1734(well.)s -2345(The)s 2808(root)s 3289(of)s 3595(the)s 3979(dynamic)s -4891(tree,)s 5391(which)s 6068(w)s 2(ould)k 6759(normally)s -7711(consist)s 8471(of)s 8778(the)s 0 9708(sequence)m 959(of)s -1257(pages)s 1880(of)s 2178(the)s 2553(complete)s 3512(assembled)s -4593(document,)s 5671(is)s 5908(considered)s 7029(to)s 7295(be)s -7604(a)s 7797(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 8458(whose)s -0 9420(point)m 563(of)s 845(appearance)s 1987(is)s 2208(the)s -2567(output)s 3250(\207le.)s 3730(Points)s 4390(of)s 4672(appearance)s -5814(may)s 6291(be)s 220 fnt35 6584 9417(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -7606 9420(or)m 220 fnt35 7876 9417(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 8778 9420(the)m 0 9132(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1054(point;)s 1658(entries)s 2345(in)s 2588(tables)s 3196(of)s -3467(contents)s 4315(are)s 4662(the)s 5010(main)s 5545(users)s -6087(of)s 220 fnt35 6358 9129(preceding)m 240 fnt82 7309 9132(.)m -480 8758(The)m 913(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1552(abstraction)s -2662(is)s 2877(adequate)s 3788(for)s 4131(all)s 4429(of)s -4706(the)s 5059(applications)s 6270(listed)s 6850(at)s 7087(the)s -7440(be)s 3(ginning)k 8453(of)s 8730(this)s 0 8470(section,)m -808(e)s 3(xcept)k 1514(that)s 1957(there)s 2515(is)s -2749(no)s 3067(pro)s 3(vision)k 4050(for)s 4413(sorting)s -5155(inde)s 3(x)k 5763(entries)s 6475(and)s 6904(references.)s -8073(Sorting)s 8855(of)s 0 8182(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -715(has)s 1075(been)s 1574(added)s 2194(to)s 2423(Lout)s -2925(as)s 3165(a)s 3321(b)s 4(uilt-in)k 4068(feature,)s -4827(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k 5632(by)s -5916(adding)s 6611(a)s 6767(special)s 220 fnt35 7475 8179(@K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 8112 8182(parameter)m 0 7894(to)m 227(the)s 563(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -1330(and)s 1722(using)s 2281(its)s 2545(v)s 6(alue)k -3100(as)s 3338(the)s 3673(sort)s 4079(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -4556(The)s 4972(author)s 5631(w)s 2(as)k 6039(at)s -6259(a)s 6412(loss)s 6823(to)s 7049(\207nd)s 7468(an)s 3(y)k -7852(other)s 8391(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 8867(or)s -0 7606(an)m 3(y)k 397(useful)s 1036(generalization)s 2446(of)s -2717(this)s 3113(feature.)s 3939(Its)s 4228(implementation)s 5785(will)s -6211(be)s 6493(discussed)s 7468(in)s 7711(Section)s 8485(6.2.)s -240 fnt84 0 6957(5.2.)m 471(The)s 926(galley)s 1580(\210ushing)s -2447(algorithm)s 240 fnt82 480 6480(Galle)m 3(y)k 1177(components)s -2395(are)s 2751(promoted)s 3736(one)s 4148(by)s 4451(one)s -4863(into)s 5298(the)s 5655(point)s 6217(of)s 6498(appearance)s -7638(in)s 7891(the)s 8249(dynamic)s 0 6192(parent)m 672(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -1359(then)s 1843(carried)s 2579(along)s 3179(with)s 3676(it,)s -3931(ultimately)s 4968(to)s 5222(the)s 5586(root)s 6046(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -6695(and)s 7115(the)s 7478(output)s 8165(\207le.)s 8650(This)s -0 5904(process)m 800(is)s 1042(called)s 240 fnt83 1703 5906(galle)m 7(y)k -2368(\210ushing)s 240 fnt82 3121 5904(:)m 3259(the)s 3640(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -4396(are)s 4775(ri)s 6(v)k 3(ers)k 5393(running)s -6223(together)s 7098(to)s 7370(the)s 7750(sea,)s 8194(and)s -8631(each)s 0 5616(component)m 1124(is)s 1334(a)s 1500(drop)s -1992(of)s 2263(w)s 2(ater)k 13(.)k 480 5242(Here)m -1057(is)s 1324(a)s 1547(snapshot)s 2502(of)s 2830(a)s -3053(small)s 3682(dynamic)s 4616(tree,)s 5137(based)s 5797(on)s -6151(the)s 220 fnt35 6556 5239(@P)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -7737 5242(de\207nitions)m 8855(of)s 0 4954(Section)m 774(3.2:)s 6982 3257 0 3257 240 288 60 480 1406 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -200 fnt83 -0 3121(output)m 563(\207le)s gsave -860 0 translate -240 fnt82 0 3257 0 3165 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 3165 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1994(r)s 9(oot)k 2370(galle)s 6(y)k -gsave -1994 2967 translate -240 fnt82 1927 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -0 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -1994 473 translate -240 fnt82 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 845 2216(-)m 931(1)s 1035(-)s 410 2000(A)m -563(small)s 140 fnt35 170 1784(@Galle)m 2(y)k 160 fnt82 -743(*)s 904 1617 5 1545 160 180 40 853 275 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -10 10 5 5 160 180 40 0 1540 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -140 fnt35 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -gsave -1994 0 translate -240 fnt82 1927 473 170 237 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -140 fnt35 -170 201(@P)m 5(ageList 2)k -grestore -5055 2611(body)m 5490(te)s 4(xt)k -gsave -5055 1974 translate -240 fnt82 1927 483 170 240 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1927 483 170 240 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -160 fnt82 170 204(paragraph)m -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -5055 1524 translate -240 fnt82 1927 450 170 207 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -160 fnt82 170 171(of)m 351(te)s 2(xt.)k - -grestore -gsave -5055 1034 translate -240 fnt82 1927 490 170 244 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -160 fnt35 170 203(@Input)m -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ B@W lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -A@E lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ D@W lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@E lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 955(The)m 472(components)s 1724(of)s -2039(the)s 2431(body)s 3009(te)s 3(xt)k 3468(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4146(are)s 4537(lines,)s 5139(e)s 3(xcept)k 5864(for)s -6246(the)s 6638(special)s 7400(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -8366(symbol)s 220 fnt35 0 664(@Input)m 240 fnt82 759 667(which)m -1393(is)s 1595(a)s 1753(placeholder)s 2920(for)s 3249(as)s -3491(yet)s 3835(unread)s 4536(input)s 5080(\(Section)s 5924(5.4\).)s -6459(The)s 6879(components)s 8079(of)s 8342(the)s 8681(root)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 26 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13842(-)m 4416(26)s 4709(-)s 0 13251(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -646(are)s 1006(pages,)s 1671(e)s 3(xcept)k 2364(for)s -2715(the)s 3076(concluding)s 4205(une)s 3(xpanded)k 5431(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -6498(of)s 220 fnt35 6781 13248(@P)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -7845 13251(,)m 7965(which)s 8620(is)s 8843(an)s 0 12963(ine)m 3(xhaustible)k -1328(source)s 2008(of)s 2279(more)s 2826(pages,)s 3478(e)s 3(xpanded)k -4451(on)s 4748(demand.)s 480 12589(The)m 923(concrete)s 1804(data)s -2277(structure)s 3184(used)s 3696(by)s 4006(Basser)s 4718(Lout)s -5246(permits)s 6028(the)s 6392(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7041(\210ushing)s 7882(algorithm)s 8887(to)s 0 12301(na)m 4(vig)k 1(ate)k -861(the)s 1209(dynamic)s 2086(tree)s 2499(and)s 2903(\207nd)s -3334(signi\207cant)s 4390(features)s 5196(quickly:)s gsave -480 4942 translate -200 fnt82 8081 7019 226 7019 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 100 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -980 7019 226 6704 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -980 585 226 270 200 288 50 0 6434 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 226(HEAD)m - -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 1830 6431 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1631 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 229(RECEIVING)m 1306(*)s -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 6431 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 1830 5503 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1498 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 229(RECEPTIVE)m - -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 5503 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR C@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 5163 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 5163 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR D@NW lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@NW lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 2494 0 2494 200 288 50 1830 2669 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 845 2216(-)m 931(1)s 1035(-)s 410 2000(A)m -563(small)s 1587 1611 0 1545 160 180 40 170 275 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -572 132 0 66 160 180 40 0 1479 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -140 fnt35 0 30(@Galle)m 2(y )k -grestore -(E) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1587 105 0 39 160 180 40 170 170 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -731 105 0 39 160 180 40 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -140 fnt35 -0 3(@F)m 4(ootSect )k -grestore -(F) lfigpromotelabels -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 2669 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ B@E B@E 0 B@E E@E lfigydistance lfigpadd E@E ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 2669 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ C@E C@E 0 C@E F@E lfigydistance lfigpadd F@E ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 1830 1741 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -839 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 229(GAP)m -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 1741 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR C@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 1830 813 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1498 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 -226 229(RECEPTIVE)m -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 813 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR C@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 473 170 237 200 288 50 1830 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1927 473 170 237 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -140 fnt35 170 201(@P)m 5(ageList 2)k -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR D@NW lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -D@NW lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 1830 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ C@E C@E 0 C@E D@W 1.8 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigydistance lfigpadd D@W 1.8 cm 0 lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -980 7019 226 6704 200 288 50 4324 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -980 585 226 270 200 288 50 0 6434 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 -226 226(HEAD)m -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 5304 6704 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ B@E lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -A@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 483 170 240 200 288 50 6154 6536 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1927 483 170 240 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -160 fnt82 170 204(paragraph)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 6536 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 6154 5608 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -839 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 229(GAP)m - -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 5608 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 450 170 207 200 288 50 6154 4818 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1927 450 170 207 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -160 fnt82 170 171(of)m 351(te)s 2(xt.)k -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 4818 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@NW lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@NW lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 6154 3890 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -839 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 -226 229(GAP)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 3890 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 588 226 273 200 288 50 6154 2962 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1498 588 226 273 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 226 229(RECEPTIVE)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 2962 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR B@W lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -B@W lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -1927 471 170 235 200 288 50 6154 2151 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 100 dict begin begin -grestore -1927 471 170 235 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -140 fnt35 170 199(@Input)m - -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 2151 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@CTR A@CTR C@NW lfigangle A@CIRCUM lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -C@NW lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -0 0 0 0 200 288 50 6154 2151 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ B@E B@E 0 B@E C@W 1.2 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigydistance lfigpadd C@W 1.2 cm 0 lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 4491(Each)m 521(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1140(has)s -1495(a)s 240 fnt83 1647 4493(HEAD)m 240 fnt82 2325 4491(node)m -2832(whose)s 3485(children)s 4311(are)s 4643(its)s 4904(component)s -6013(objects,)s 6783(separated)s 7728(by)s 240 fnt83 8007 4493(GAP)m -240 fnt82 8516 4491(nodes)m 0 4203(recording)m 969(the)s 1317(inter)s 4(-component)k -2953(g)s 1(aps.)k 480 3829(Each)m 1026(component)s 2161(is)s -2383(preceded)s 3315(by)s 3621(zero)s 4096(or)s 4367(more)s -240 fnt83 4925 3831(galle)m 7(y)k 5569(inde)s 4(x)k -6155(nodes)s 240 fnt82 6780 3829(of)m 7063(v)s 6(arious)k -7823(types.)s 8504(Ev)s 3(ery)k 0 3541(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -922(symbol)s 1681(has)s 2051(a)s 240 fnt83 2216 3543(RECEPTIVE)m -240 fnt82 3529 3541(inde)m 3(x)k 4112(pointing)s 4963(to)s -5201(it,)s 5440(so)s 5705(that)s 6123(it)s 6314(can)s -6703(be)s 6984(found)s 7601(without)s 8391(search)s 8998(-)s -0 3253(ing)m 355(through)s 1152(its)s 1423(component.)s 2646(If)s -2871(the)s 3215(symbol)s 3970(is)s 4175(currently)s 5086(the)s -5429(tar)s 4(get)k 6023(of)s 6290(a)s 6451(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -7118(it)s 7305(has)s 7670(a)s 240 fnt83 7831 3255(RECEIVING)m -240 fnt82 0 2965(inde)m 3(x)k 595(instead)s 1342(which)s -1995(is)s 2217(also)s 2667(link)s 2(ed)k 3332(to)s -3583(the)s 3942(incoming)s 4911(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -5652(Galle)s 3(ys)k 6441(that)s 6871(are)s 7229(currently)s -8157(without)s 8960(a)s 0 2677(tar)m 4(get)k 586(are)s -920(link)s 2(ed)k 1560(to)s 1786(the)s 2120(dynamic)s -2984(tree)s 3383(by)s 240 fnt83 3664 2679(UN)m 6(A)k 8(TT)k 12(A)k 7(CHED)k -240 fnt82 5215 2677(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5836(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es,)k -6654(either)s 7244(just)s 7635(after)s 8118(their)s 8601(most)s -0 2389(recent)m 643(tar)s 4(get)k 1242(if)s 1459(there)s -1992(has)s 2362(been)s 2871(one,)s 3324(or)s 3583(else)s -4010(at)s 4242(their)s 4739(point)s 5291(of)s 5562(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation.)k -480 2015(Each)m 1041(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1701(should)s -2424(be)s 2732(thought)s 3550(of)s 3847(as)s 4123(a)s -4315(concurrent)s 5423(process,)s 6273(although)s 7194(the)s 7569(implementation)s -0 1727(in)m 268(C)s 506(uses)s 995(coroutines)s 2067(implemented)s -3399(by)s 3719(procedures.)s 4957(A)s 5213(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5873(may)s 6364(promote)s 7243(its)s 7545(\207rst)s 8002(component)s -0 1439(only)m 499(if)s 735(it)s 946(has)s 1335(a)s -1520(tar)s 4(get,)k 2185(suf\207cient)s 3153(space)s 3759(is)s -3988(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 4915(at)s 5166(the)s -5533(tar)s 4(get)k 6151(to)s 6409(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -7164(the)s 7531(component,)s 8722(and)s 0 1151(the)m 349(component)s -1475(contains)s 2325(no)s 2620(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -3544(symbols.)s 4508(This)s 4986(last)s 5379(condition)s 6342(seems)s -6979(to)s 7220(be)s 7504(the)s 7854(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k -8251(to)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 863(synchronization:)m -1722(it)s 1943(forces)s 2606(a)s 2801(bottom-up)s 3880(promotion)s -4963(re)s 3(gime,)k 5759(pre)s 6(v)k 3(enting)k -6855(pages)s 7480(from)s 8033(\210ushing)s 8887(to)s 0 575(output)m -672(before)s 1338(te)s 3(xt)k 1753(\210ushes)s 2469(into)s -2894(them,)s 3479(for)s 3817(e)s 3(xample.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 27 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(27)s 4707(-)s 480 13255(Each)m 1022(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1663(contains)s 2519(a)s 2692(number)s 3490(of)s 3769(binary)s -4441(semaphores,)s 5685(sho)s 6(wn)k 6369(as)s 6626(asterisks)s -7507(in)s 7757(our)s 8144(snapshots)s 0 12967(when)m 583(set.)s -1019(At)s 1325(an)s 3(y)k 1730(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2317(moment,)s 3215(a)s 3389(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4030(process)s 4805(is)s 5022(either)s 5633(running)s 6438(or)s -6704(else)s 7139(is)s 7356(suspended)s 8419(on)s 8724(one)s -0 12679(of)m 269(its)s 543(o)s 6(wn)k 1005(semaphores.)s -2296(The)s 240 fnt83 2722 12681(HEAD)m 240 fnt82 3413 12679(node)m -3933(contains)s 4779(a)s 4943(semaphore)s 6033(which)s 6673(is)s -6881(set)s 7204(when)s 7778(the)s 8124(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -8756(has)s 0 12391(tried)m 499(to)s 742(\207nd)s 1177(a)s -1347(tar)s 4(get)k 1950(and)s 2359(f)s 2(ailed.)k -3068(Each)s 3607(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4533(symbol)s -5297(has)s 5671(a)s 5842(semaphore)s 6938(which)s 7584(is)s -7798(set)s 8127(when)s 8708(that)s 0 12103(symbol)m 760(is)s -970(pre)s 6(v)k 3(enting)k 2037(the)s 2385(\207rst)s -2816(component)s 3940(from)s 4464(being)s 5049(promoted.)s 480 11729(F)m 3(or)k -859(e)s 3(xample,)k 1762(in)s 1994(the)s 2331(snapshot)s -3218(at)s 3439(the)s 3776(be)s 3(ginning)k 4773(of)s -5033(this)s 5418(section,)s 6191(the)s 6528(root)s 6962(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7585(is)s 7784(suspended)s 8829(on)s 0 11441(the)m 220 fnt35 -351 11438(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 1253 11441(symbol,)m 2069(b)s 4(ut)k -2435(the)s 2787(te)s 3(xt)k 3205(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -3843(is)s 4057(running.)s 4970(It)s 5179(will)s 5608(suspend)s -6442(on)s 6743(the)s 220 fnt35 7095 11438(@Input)m 240 fnt82 -7866 11441(symbol)m 8630(after)s 0 11153(the)m 348(\207rst)s 779(tw)s 2(o)k -1189(components)s 2397(are)s 2744(promoted.)s 480 10779(Ev)m 3(ery)k -1145(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 240 fnt83 1822 10781(G)m -240 fnt82 1995 10779(,)m 2145(be)s 2470(it)s 2705(a)s -2914(list)s 3308(of)s 3623(pages,)s 4318(body)s 4895(te)s 3(xt,)k -5400(a)s 5609(footnote,)s 6556(or)s 6858(whate)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -7866(e)s 3(x)k 3(ecutes)k 8778(the)s 0 10491(follo)m 6(wing)k -977(algorithm)s 1966(in)s 2209(parallel)s 2979(with)s 3461(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -4037(other)s 4588(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y:)k 0 9988(1.)m -303(Initially)s 240 fnt83 1132 9990(G)m 240 fnt82 1384 9988(is)m -1614(unattached.)s 2834(Search)s 3560(forw)s 2(ards)k 4478(or)s -4756(backw)s 2(ards)k 5848(from)s 6392(its)s 240 fnt83 -6687 9990(UN)m 6(A)k 8(TT)k 12(A)k 7(CHED)k -240 fnt82 8272 9988(inde)m 3(x)k 8876(as)s 0 9700(required,)m -903(to)s 1142(\207nd)s 1573(a)s 1739(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -2661(symbol)s 240 fnt83 3421 9702(S)m 240 fnt82 3602 9700(which)m -4244(can)s 4633(e)s 3(xpand)k 5380(to)s 5619(re)s 6(v)k 3(eal)k -6248(a)s 6414(tar)s 4(get)k 7013(for)s 240 fnt83 -7351 9702(G)m 240 fnt82 7524 9700(.)m 0 9197(2.)m 284(If)s -514(no)s 240 fnt83 807 9199(S)m 240 fnt82 988 9197(can)m -1377(be)s 1659(found,)s 2325(suspend)s 3155(on)s 3452(the)s -3800(attachment)s 4908(semaphore.)s 6108(Resume)s 6935(later)s 7418(from)s -7942(step)s 8380(1.)s 0 8694(3.)m 281(Expand)s 240 fnt83 -1068 8696(S)m 240 fnt82 1246 8694(to)m 1482(re)s 6(v)k 3(eal)k -2107(the)s 2452(tar)s 4(get)k 3048(of)s 240 fnt83 -3316 8696(G)m 240 fnt82 3489 8694(.)m 3649(Preserv)s 3(e)k -240 fnt83 4521 8696(S)m 240 fnt82 4642 8694(')m 13(s)k -4849(semaphore)s 5938(by)s 6229(mo)s 3(ving)k 7007(it)s -7196(to)s 7432(the)s 7777(\207rst)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 8406(symbol)m 760(within)s 1428(the)s 1776(e)s 3(xpansion)k -2801(of)s 240 fnt83 3072 8408(S)m 240 fnt82 3193 8406(.)m -0 7903(4.)m 295(Calculate)s 1264(the)s 1624(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -2543(width)s 3156(and)s 3572(height)s 4241(at)s 4484(the)s -4844(tar)s 4(get,)k 5501(and)s 5917(if)s 240 fnt83 -6145 7905(G)m 240 fnt82 6389 7903(is)m 6611(still)s 7034(a)s -7211(pure)s 7704(parse)s 8275(tree,)s 8751(use)s 0 7615(the)m -377(en)s 9(vironment)k 1667(attached)s 2550(to)s 240 fnt83 -2819 7617(G)m 240 fnt82 3081 7615(and)m 3515(the)s 3892(style)s -4429(information)s 5643(from)s 6197(the)s 6574(tar)s 4(get)k -7203(to)s 7471(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluate)k 240 fnt83 -8341 7617(G)m 240 fnt82 8603 7615(as)m 8883(in)s 0 7327(Section)m -774(4.)s 0 6871(5.)m 284(Examine)s 1190(the)s 1538(components)s -2746(of)s 240 fnt83 3017 6873(G)m 240 fnt82 3250 6871(one)m -3652(by)s 3946(one.)s 4456(F)s 3(or)k 4845(each)s -5340(component)s 6464(there)s 6997(are)s 7344(three)s 7877(possibilities:)s -240 fnt83 480 6499(A)m 7(CCEPT)k 17(.)k 240 fnt82 -1513 6497(If)m 1756(the)s 2116(component)s 3253(\207ts)s 3609(into)s -4046(the)s 4407(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5328(space,)s -5978(and)s 6395(has)s 6778(no)s 7083(other)s 7647(problems,)s -8657(then)s 0 6209(promote)m 875(it)s 1090(into)s 1538(the)s -1909(tar)s 4(get.)k 2635(If)s 2888(this)s 3306(is)s -3539(the)s 3910(\207rst)s 4364(component)s 5511(promoted)s 6509(into)s -6956(this)s 7375(tar)s 4(get,)k 8044(and)s 240 fnt83 -8471 6211(G)m 240 fnt82 8727 6209(is)m 8960(a)s 0 5921(forcing)m -768(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1428(\(Section)s 2307(5.4\),)s -2819(delete)s 3470(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 4072(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5020(symbol)s 5806(preceding)s 6827(the)s 7201(tar)s 4(get)k -7826(in)s 8095(the)s 8469(parent)s 0 5633(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -729(If)s 240 fnt83 959 5635(G)m 240 fnt82 1192 5633(is)m -1402(the)s 1750(root)s 2195(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -2867(render)s 3537(the)s 3885(component)s 5009(on)s 5306(the)s -5654(output)s 6326(\207le)s 6687(and)s 7091(dispose)s 7865(it;)s -240 fnt83 480 5261(REJECT)m 17(.)k 240 fnt82 1490 5259(If)m -1756(the)s 2140(component)s 3300(is)s 3546(too)s 3941(lar)s 4(ge)k -4506(for)s 4880(the)s 5264(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -6208(space,)s 6882(or)s 7177(a)s 240 fnt83 7379 5261(FOLLO)m 12(WS)k -240 fnt82 8542 5259(inde)m 3(x)k 0 4971(\(described)m 1043(belo)s 6(w\))k -1740(forbids)s 2458(its)s 2723(promotion)s 3767(into)s 4182(this)s -4568(tar)s 4(get,)k 5203(then)s 5662(detach)s 240 fnt83 -6333 4973(G)m 240 fnt82 6556 4971(from)m 7069(the)s 7407(tar)s 4(get.)k -8100(If)s 8320(this)s 8705(w)s 2(as)k 0 4683(the)m -338(\207rst)s 758(component)s 1872(at)s 2093(this)s 2479(tar)s 4(get,)k -240 fnt83 3114 4685(S)m 240 fnt82 3284 4683(has)m 3644(been)s -4142(a)s 4298(complete)s 5219(f)s 2(ailure,)k 5936(so)s -6191(undo)s 6713(step)s 7141(3)s 7294(\(Basser)s 8060(Lout)s -8561(is)s 8760(not)s 0 4395(able)m 454(to)s 693(undo)s -1226(step)s 1664(4\);)s 1975(otherwise)s 2960(delete)s 3586(the)s -3934(tar)s 4(get.)k 4637(Return)s 5345(to)s 5584(step)s -6022(1)s 6177(and)s 6581(continue)s 7461(immediately;)s 240 fnt83 -480 4023(SUSPEND.)m 240 fnt82 1685 4021(If)m 1928(the)s 2289(component)s -3426(contains)s 4287(a)s 4466(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5402(symbol,)s 6227(it)s 6432(cannot)s 7143(be)s 7438(promoted)s -8426(yet.)s 8896(If)s 0 3733(this)m 392(symbol)s 1148(is)s -1354(the)s 1697(tar)s 4(get)k 2292(of)s 2559(a)s -2720(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 3350(that)s 3764(w)s 2(as)k -4180(written)s 4909(to)s 5144(an)s 5423(auxiliary)s 6321(\207le)s -6678(on)s 6971(a)s 7132(pre)s 6(vious)k 7997(run,)s -8419(read)s 8883(in)s 0 3445(that)m 427(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1071(and)s 1484(\210ush)s 2017(it.)s 2322(Otherwise)s 3370(suspend)s -4209(on)s 4516(the)s 4873(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5805(symbol')s 13(s)k 6729(semaphore;)s 7887(resume)s 8643(later)s -0 3157(from)m 524(step)s 962(4.)s 0 2653(6.)m 284(T)s 16(erminate)k -1305(when)s 1881(the)s 2229(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2863(is)s 3073(empty)s 15(.)k 0 2150(At)m 354(v)s 6(arious)k -1158(points)s 1850(in)s 2148(this)s 2599(algorithm,)s 3691(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4668(symbols)s 5572(\(and)s 6111(their)s 6663(semaphores\))s 7975(are)s -8378(deleted)s 0 1862(in)m 273(the)s 652(dynamic)s 1560(parent)s -2247(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 2950(possibly)s -3833(permitting)s 4911(it)s 5134(to)s 5404(resume)s 6180(\210ushing.)s -7147(When)s 7807(this)s 8234(happens,)s 0 1574(Basser)m 701(Lout)s -1218(resumes)s 2057(the)s 2410(parent)s 3071(immediately)s 4324(after)s -240 fnt83 4825 1576(G)m 240 fnt82 5063 1574(suspends)m 5983(or)s -6247(terminates.)s 7410(Also,)s 7974(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -8960(a)s 0 1286(component)m 1140(is)s 1366(promoted,)s 2406(an)s 3(y)k -2819(child)s 3371(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 4111(connected)s -5156(to)s 5411(it)s 5619(by)s 240 fnt83 5929 1288(UN)m 6(A)k 8(TT)k 12(A)k 7(CHED)k -240 fnt82 7510 1286(inde)m 3(x)k 3(es)k 8302(must)s -8844(be)s 0 998(resumed,)m 918(since)s 1466(these)s 2014(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -2739(may)s 3206(be)s 3490(able)s 3945(to)s 4185(\207nd)s -4617(a)s 4784(tar)s 4(get)k 5384(no)s 6(w)k 15(.)k -5942(A)s 6173(good)s 6712(e)s 3(xample)k 7576(of)s -7848(this)s 8246(situation)s 0 710(occurs)m 664(when)s 1228(a)s -1382(line)s 1785(of)s 2044(body)s 2566(te)s 3(xt)k -2969(with)s 3440(one)s 3830(or)s 4077(more)s 4613(footnotes)s -5542(is)s 5740(promoted)s 6703(onto)s 7171(a)s 7325(page.)s -7929(Basser)s 8614(Lout)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 28 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(28)s 4706(-)s 0 13253(gi)m 6(v)k 3(es)k -547(priority)s 1317(to)s 1556(such)s 2052(children,)s 2942(suspending)s -240 fnt83 4073 13255(G)m 240 fnt82 4306 13253(while)m 4893(each)s -5388(is)s 5598(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6178(a)s -6344(chance)s 7064(to)s 7303(\210ush.)s 480 12879(Basser)m 1211(Lout)s -1758(searches)s 2653(for)s 3025(the)s 3408(\207rst)s 3874(tar)s 4(get)k -4507(of)s 240 fnt83 4813 12881(G)m 240 fnt82 5081 12879(only)m -5595(in)s 5873(re)s 3(gions)k 6660(of)s 6965(the)s -7348(dynamic)s 8260(tree)s 8708(that)s 0 12591(will)m 437(clearly)s -1152(precede)s 1963(or)s 2233(follo)s 6(w)k 240 fnt83 -2917 12593(G)m 240 fnt82 3090 12591(')m 13(s)k 3312(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4378(point)s 4941(in)s 5196(the)s 5556(\207nal)s 6047(printed)s -6794(document,)s 7857(whiche)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 8916(is)s -0 12303(speci\207ed)m 904(in)s 1142(the)s 220 fnt35 1486 12300(into)m -240 fnt82 1887 12303(clause;)m 2591(subsequent)s 3711(tar)s 4(gets)k -4389(are)s 4731(sought)s 5426(later)s 5904(in)s 6142(the)s -6486(same)s 7028(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 7657(as)s -7903(the)s 8246(\207rst.)s 8776(An)s 0 12015(e)m 3(xception)k -982(to)s 1219(this)s 1613(rule,)s 2089(whose)s 2755(necessity)s -3683(will)s 4107(be)s 4387(made)s 4959(clear)s 5480(later)s 9(,)k -5999(is)s 6207(that)s 6623(a)s 6787(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 -7216 12012(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 8104 12015(tar)m 4(get)k -8700(will)s 0 11727(be)m 282(sought)s 981(within)s 1649(a)s -1815(dynamic)s 2692(sibling)s 3396(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4030(preceding)s 240 fnt83 5026 11729(G)m 240 fnt82 5199 11727(')m 13(s)k -5409(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6463(point:)s gsave -480 6741 translate -200 fnt82 5379 4646 0 4646 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -200 fnt83 -0 4510(dynamic)m 722(par)s 7(ent)k gsave -0 1353 translate -200 fnt82 2039 3003 226 2777 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1587 171 0 86 200 288 50 226 2323 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -796 171 0 86 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -180 fnt35 0 40(@XT)m 21(arget)k - -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -1587 136 0 47 200 288 50 226 1620 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1254 136 0 47 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -200 fnt83 0 3(UN)m 5(A)k 7(TT)k 10(A)k 6(CHED)k - -grestore -(C) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -180 fnt35 226 752(@XT)m 21(arget)k -grestore -gsave -2889 4135 translate -200 fnt82 2490 171 0 86 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2450 171 0 86 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -180 fnt35 0 40(X into { @XT)m 21(arget&&f)k 5(ollo)k 2(wing })k - -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -2889 2720 translate -200 fnt82 2039 1302 226 1076 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -180 fnt35 226 492(@GT)m 21(arget)k -grestore -gsave -2889 1982 translate -200 fnt82 2490 171 0 86 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2490 171 0 86 200 288 50 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -180 fnt35 0 40(G into { @GT)m 21(arget&&f)k 5(ollo)k 2(wing })k - -grestore -(D) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -2889 0 translate -200 fnt82 2039 1869 226 1643 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -200 fnt82 0 0 0 0 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@E 0.2 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -0.2 cm 0 B@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -200 fnt82 0 0 0 0 200 288 50 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ C@E 0.2 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -0.2 cm 0 D@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 6290(Here)m 240 fnt83 524 6292(G)m 240 fnt82 762 6290(will)m -1193(\207nd)s 1629(the)s 220 fnt35 1982 6287(@GT)m 26(arget)k -240 fnt82 3045 6290(tar)m 4(get)k 3649(within)s 240 fnt83 -4322 6292(X)m 240 fnt82 4478 6290(.)m 4647(This)s 5128(is)s -5343(dangerous,)s 6439(since)s 6991(if)s 7213(the)s 7566(\207rst)s -8002(component)s 0 6002(of)m 240 fnt83 303 6004(G)m 240 fnt82 -568 6002(is)m 811(then)s 1312(promoted)s 2320(via)s 240 fnt83 -2704 6004(X)m 240 fnt82 2952 6002(into)m 3410(the)s 3790(\207rst)s -220 fnt35 4254 5999(@XT)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 5319 6002(rather)m -5967(than)s 6469(into)s 6926(the)s 7307(second,)s 240 fnt83 -8111 6004(G)m 240 fnt82 8284 6002(')m 13(s)k 8527(tar)s 4(get)k -0 5714(will)m 438(not)s 817(appear)s 1526(later)s 2022(in)s -2277(the)s 2638(\207nal)s 3130(printed)s 3878(document)s 4894(than)s -5376(its)s 5664(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6731(point,)s -7342(as)s 7605(required)s 8471(by)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 -0 5423(into)m 240 fnt82 406 5426(clause.)m 480 5052(Accordingly)m 15(,)k -1753(when)s 2313(such)s 2794(a)s 2944(tar)s 4(get)k -3528(is)s 3722(chosen,)s 4478(tw)s 2(o)k 4873(special)s -5575(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6194(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es)k -6954(are)s 7286(inserted)s 8084(and)s 8472(link)s 2(ed)k -0 4764(together:)m 898(a)s 240 fnt83 1074 4766(PRECEDES)m 240 fnt82 -2327 4764(inde)m 3(x)k 2921(at)s 240 fnt83 3163 4766(G)m -240 fnt82 3336 4764(')m 13(s)k 3555(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4619(point,)s 5227(and)s 5641(a)s 240 fnt83 5817 4766(FOLLO)m 12(WS)k -240 fnt82 6952 4764(inde)m 3(x)k 7546(at)s 7787(the)s -8145(\207rst)s 8586(com)s 8998(-)s 0 4476(ponent)m 720(of)s -240 fnt83 1000 4478(G)m 240 fnt82 1173 4476(.)m 1346(The)s -1783(algorithm)s 2781(checks)s 3492(before)s 4167(promoting)s 5226(an)s 3(y)k -240 fnt83 5632 4478(FOLLO)m 12(WS)k 240 fnt82 6767 4476(inde)m 3(x)k -7360(that)s 7787(its)s 8072(promotion)s 0 4188(w)m 2(ould)k -661(not)s 1033(place)s 1600(it)s 1798(earlier)s 2472(than)s -2948(the)s 3302(corresponding)s 240 fnt83 4730 4190(PRECEDES)m 240 fnt82 -5981 4188(inde)m 3(x)k 6571(in)s 6820(the)s 7175(same)s -7728(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 8406(and)s -8817(re)s 8998(-)s 0 3900(jects)m 486(the)s 831(component)s -1952(if)s 2166(it)s 2355(w)s 2(ould.)k 3113(Since)s -240 fnt83 3697 3902(PRECEDES)m 240 fnt82 4939 3900(and)m 240 fnt83 -5340 3902(FOLLO)m 12(WS)k 240 fnt82 6463 3900(inde)m 3(x)k 3(es)k -7236(are)s 7580(rarely)s 8187(used,)s 8730(this)s 0 3612(check)m -619(can)s 1008(be)s 1290(implemented)s 2596(by)s 2890(linear)s -3493(search.)s 480 3238(When)m 1114(tw)s 2(o)k 1529(components)s -2742(are)s 3094(separated)s 4060(by)s 220 fnt35 4359 3235(/)m -240 fnt82 4423 3238(,)m 4535(as)s 4790(opposed)s 5652(to)s -5897(the)s 6250(more)s 6802(usual)s 220 fnt35 7367 3235(//)m -240 fnt82 7492 3238(,)m 7604(each)s 8105(in\210uences)s 0 2950(the)m -358(horizontal)s 1393(position)s 2232(of)s 2514(the)s 2872(other)s 13(.)k -3525(Because)s 4389(of)s 4671(this,)s 5133(the)s 240 fnt83 -5492 2952(SUSPEND)m 240 fnt82 6596 2950(action)m 7248(is)s 7468(in)s -7722(f)s 2(act)k 8148(tak)s 2(en)k 8732(if)s -8960(a)s 0 2662(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 930(symbol)s -1698(occurs)s 2382(in)s 2633(an)s 3(y)k 3039(component)s -4171(separated)s 5140(from)s 5672(the)s 6028(\207rst)s 6468(by)s -220 fnt35 6770 2659(/)m 240 fnt82 6903 2662(operators)m 7851(only)s 15(.)k -8435(Ag)s 1(ain,)k 0 2374(linear)m 603(search)s 1270(forw)s 2(ards)k -2168(to)s 2407(the)s 2755(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 3186 2371(//)m -240 fnt82 3371 2374(suf\207ces)m 4152(for)s 4490(this)s 4886(check.)s -480 2000(A)m 740(good)s 1308(illustration)s 2430(of)s 2731(these)s -3308(unusual)s 4139(cases)s 4724(is)s 4964(af)s 6(forded)k -5856(by)s 6180(the)s 220 fnt35 6558 1997(@Align)m 240 fnt82 -7344 2000(symbols)m 8223(from)s 8778(the)s 0 1712(standard)m 867(DocumentLayout)s -2600(package.)s 3546(These)s 4171(are)s 4516(used)s 5012(to)s -5249(produce)s 6074(displayed)s 7047(equations,)s 8069(aligned)s 8829(on)s -0 1424(their)m 497(equals)s 1159(signs)s 1702(despite)s 2435(being)s -3020(separated)s 3980(by)s 4274(arbitrary)s 5149(body)s 5683(te)s 3(xt.)k -480 1050(The)m 220 fnt35 921 1047(@Align)m 240 fnt82 1689 1050(symbols)m -2551(are)s 2911(packaged)s 3886(neatly)s 4537(for)s 4889(the)s -5250(con)s 9(v)k 3(enience)k 6503(of)s 6787(the)s -7148(non-e)s 3(xpert)k 8254(user)s 9(,)k 8764(b)s 4(ut)k -0 762(we)m 335(will)s 761(sho)s 6(w)k 1315(just)s -1720(the)s 2067(essence)s 2853(of)s 3124(the)s 3472(implementation)s -5029(here.)s 5603(First,)s 6147(an)s 220 fnt35 6430 759(@AlignList)m -240 fnt82 7536 762(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 8170(is)s -8379(created)s 0 474(which)m 642(contains)s 1490(an)s 1773(in\207nite)s -2506(supply)s 3199(of)s 220 fnt35 3470 471(@AlignPlace)m 240 fnt82 -4779 474(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 5701(symbols)s 6550(separated)s -7510(by)s 220 fnt35 7804 471(/)m 240 fnt82 7928 474(operators:)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 29 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4289 13844(-)m 4417(29)s 4708(-)s 4777 3207 0 3207 240 288 60 480 10207 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -240 fnt83 0 3044(body)m -522(te)s 4(xt)k 926(galle)s 7(y)k gsave -0 161 translate -240 fnt82 2039 2720 226 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1587 1418 0 1314 240 288 60 226 226 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -838 208 0 104 240 288 60 0 1210 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -220 fnt35 -0 47(@Galle)m 4(y)k -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2889 1638 translate -240 fnt82 1888 209 0 105 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1046 209 0 105 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -220 fnt35 0 48(@AlignList)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -2889 0 translate -240 fnt82 1888 1525 226 1195 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -220 fnt35 -226 1138(@AlignPlace)m 226 850(@AlignPlace)m 226 562(...)m 226 274(@EndAlignList)m -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@E 0.2 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -0.2 cm 0 B@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 9756(Then)m -549(equations)s 1517(lik)s 2(e)k 1471 214 393 105 240 288 60 480 9202 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1471 214 393 105 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1471 214 393 105 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd -[] -xmark -0.3 cm xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -240 fnt83 0 53(f)m -240 fnt78 113 45(\()m 240 fnt83 197 53(x)m 240 fnt78 -315 45(\))m 477(=)s 240 fnt83 690 53(g)m 240 fnt78 -816 45(\()m 240 fnt83 900 53(x)m 240 fnt78 1018 45(\))m -1156(+)s 1357(2)s -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 8751(are)m 358(created)s 1117(and)s -1532(sent)s 1989(to)s 220 fnt35 2239 8748(@AlignPlace&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 4690 8751(tar)m 4(gets.)k 5498(The)s 3(y)k -6052(collect)s 6760(in)s 7014(the)s 220 fnt35 7374 8748(@AlignList)m -240 fnt82 8492 8751(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 8463(and)m -404(are)s 751(aligned)s 1513(there:)s 5836 3212 0 3212 240 288 60 480 4911 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -240 fnt83 0 3049(body)m -522(te)s 4(xt)k 926(galle)s 7(y)k gsave -0 166 translate -240 fnt82 2039 2720 226 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1587 1418 0 1314 240 288 60 226 226 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -838 208 0 104 240 288 60 0 1210 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -220 fnt35 -0 47(@Galle)m 4(y)k -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2889 1643 translate -240 fnt82 2947 209 0 105 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -1046 209 0 105 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -220 fnt35 0 48(@AlignList)m -grestore -(B) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -gsave -2889 0 translate -240 fnt82 2947 1530 1285 1195 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -2495 1078 1059 969 240 288 60 226 226 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -240 fnt83 -666 917(f)m 240 fnt78 779 909(\()m 240 fnt83 863 917(x)m -240 fnt78 981 909(\))m 1143(=)s 240 fnt83 1356 917(g)m -240 fnt78 1482 909(\()m 240 fnt83 1566 917(x)m 240 fnt78 -1684 909(\))m 1822(+)s 2023(2)s 240 fnt83 0 629(f)m -240 fnt78 113 621(\()m 240 fnt83 197 629(x)m 240 fnt78 -315 621(\))m 453(-)s 240 fnt83 653 629(g)m 240 fnt78 -779 621(\()m 240 fnt83 863 629(x)m 240 fnt78 981 621(\))m -1143(=)s 1356(2)s 220 fnt35 1059 336(...)m 1059 48(@EndAlignList)m - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ A@E 0.2 cm 0 lfigpadd lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef -0.2 cm 0 B@W lfigpsub lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef ] lfigdopath -0.15 cm /lfigsolid /lfigblack -lfigopen -0.15 cm 0.05 cm lfigforward -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 4460(The)m 220 fnt35 450 4457(@AlignList)m 240 fnt82 1579 4460(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2236(does)s 2749(not)s 3138(\210ush,)s 3734(because)s 4570(its)s -4868(\207rst)s 5322(component)s 6469(is)s 6702(connected)s 7753(to)s -8015(a)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 0 4172(symbol)m -760(by)s 220 fnt35 1054 4169(/)m 240 fnt82 1178 4172(operators.)m -480 3798(After)m 1048(the)s 1402(last)s 1799(equation,)s 2736(an)s -3025(empty)s 3683(forcing)s 4432(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5072(is)s 5288(sent)s 5739(to)s 220 fnt35 5984 3795(@EndAlignList)m -240 fnt82 7420 3798(,)m 7533(deleting)s 8362(the)s 8716(tw)s 2(o)k -0 3510(remaining)m 1028(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 1957(symbols)s -2813(from)s 3344(the)s 220 fnt35 3699 3507(@AlignList)m 240 fnt82 -4812 3510(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5452(and)s 5863(permitting)s -6918(it)s 7117(to)s 7363(\210ush.)s 240 fnt83 8000 3512(FOLLO)m 12(WS)k -240 fnt82 0 3222(inde)m 3(x)k 3(es)k 797(ensure)s -1499(that)s 1939(each)s 2456(equation)s 3359(\207nds)s 3898(a)s -4086(tar)s 4(get)k 4707(placed)s 5410(in)s 5675(the)s -6045(body)s 6601(te)s 3(xt)k 7038(just)s 7465(after)s -7983(its)s 8281(point)s 8855(of)s 0 2934(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation,)k -1090(so)s 1341(the)s 1675(equations)s 2628(return,)s 3290(aligned,)s -4087(to)s 4311(approximately)s 5732(the)s 6065(points)s 6686(where)s -7312(the)s 3(y)k 7760(were)s 8265(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed.)k -0 2646(Notice)m 703(that)s 1131(the)s 1489(\210ushing)s 2324(of)s -2605(body)s 3149(te)s 3(xt)k 3574(is)s 3794(suspended)s -4860(until)s 5363(the)s 5721(list)s 6082(of)s 6363(equations)s -7341(is)s 7561(completed,)s 8674(as)s 8934(it)s 0 2358(must)m -513(be,)s 833(since)s 1367(the)s 1702(horizontal)s 2713(position)s -3528(of)s 3786(the)s 4121(\207rst)s 4539(equation)s 5407(cannot)s -6092(be)s 6361(kno)s 6(wn)k 7052(until)s 7532(the)s -7867(last)s 8245(equation)s 0 2070(is)m 210(added)s 840(to)s -1079(the)s 1427(list.)s 480 1696(Layout)m 1262(quality)s 2025(can)s -2459(occasionally)s 3753(be)s 4080(impro)s 3(v)k 3(ed)k -5094(by)s 5433(rejecting)s 6366(a)s 6577(component)s 7746(that)s -8209(could)s 8844(be)s 0 1408(promoted)m 978(\211)s 1161(for)s -1502(e)s 3(xample,)k 2419(a)s 2588(component)s 3715(of)s -3989(body)s 4526(te)s 3(xt)k 4944(that)s 5365(carries)s -6054(a)s 6223(footnote)s 7079(too)s 7441(lar)s 4(ge)k -7973(to)s 8215(\207t)s 8477(on)s 8778(the)s 0 1120(current)m -747(page.)s 1374(Since)s 1972(Lout)s 2496(does)s 2997(not)s -3374(specify)s 4130(ho)s 6(w)k 4602(breaking)s 5503(decisions)s -6455(are)s 6814(made,)s 7450(be)s 3(yond)k 8222(the)s -8582(basic)s 0 832(constraints)m 1089(imposed)s 1961(by)s 2258(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -3169(space)s 3759(and)s 220 fnt35 4166 829(into)m 240 fnt82 -4575 832(clauses,)m 5375(in)s 5621(principle)s 6529(such)s 7028(high)s -7514(quality)s 8236(breaking)s 0 544(could)m 592(be)s 877(added)s -1510(to)s 1752(the)s 2102(implementation)s 3662(with)s 4147(no)s -4443(change)s 5180(to)s 5421(the)s 5772(language.)s 6803(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -7766(the)s 8117(generality)s 0 256(of)m 280(the)s 637(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1280(\210ushing)s 2115(algorithm,)s 3160(and)s 3573(its)s 3859(already)s -4625(considerable)s 5898(comple)s 3(xity)k 15(,)k 7073(mak)s 2(e)k -7654(this)s 8059(a)s 8235(daunting)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 30 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4287 13844(-)m 4415(30)s 4710(-)s 0 13253(problem)m 890(in)s -1167(practice,)s 2062(although)s 2991(a)s 3190(f)s 2(ascinating)k -4323(one.)s 4866(T)s 5008 13205(E)m 5151 13253(X)m 5414([9],)s -5832(with)s 6348(its)s 6657(unnested)s 7600(set)s 7958(of)s -8263(`\210oating)s 0 12965(insertions')m 1041(clearly)s 1744(identi\207able)s 2875(as)s -3125(each)s 3620(page)s 4128(is)s 4338(be)s 3(gun,)k -5028(has)s 5398(the)s 5746(adv)s 6(antage)k 6766(in)s -7009(this)s 7405(respect.)s 240 fnt84 0 12316(5.3.)m 471(Size)s -938(constraints)s 2120(and)s 2561(size)s 2988(adjustments)s 240 fnt82 -480 11840(The)m 893(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1512(\210ushing)s -2321(algorithm)s 3295(needs)s 3876(to)s 4099(kno)s 6(w)k -4665(the)s 4998(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5890(width)s -6477(and)s 6866(height)s 7508(at)s 7725(each)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 11552(symbol.)m 869(These)s 1496(symbols)s 2346(may)s 2812(lie)s -3106(within)s 3775(arbitrarily)s 4782(comple)s 3(x)k 5659(objects,)s -6443(and)s 6847(the)s 3(y)k 7311(may)s 7777(compete)s -8644(with)s 0 11264(each)m 492(other)s 1040(for)s 1375(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -2280(space)s 2864(\(as)s 3189(body)s 3720(te)s 3(xt)k -4132(and)s 4533(footnote)s 5383(tar)s 4(gets)k 6062(do\),)s -6485(so)s 6748(this)s 7141(information)s 8323(must)s 8844(be)s -0 10976(e)m 3(xtracted)k 930(from)s 1454(the)s 1802(tree)s -2215(structure)s 3106(when)s 3682(required.)s 480 10602(F)m 3(or)k -869(e)s 3(xample,)k 1783(consider)s 2653(the)s 3001(object)s -220 fnt35 480 10101(5i @Wide { a / b })m 240 fnt82 0 9607(and)m 406(suppose)s -1236(that)s 1656(the)s 2006(width)s 2610(of)s 220 fnt35 -2883 9604(a)m 240 fnt82 3062 9607(is)m 240 fnt78 3274 9601(1)m -240 fnt83 3382 9609(i)m 240 fnt78 3459 9601(,)m 3572(2)s -240 fnt83 3700 9609(i)m 240 fnt82 3825 9607(\()m 240 fnt78 -3898 9601(1)m 240 fnt83 4006 9609(i)m 240 fnt82 4131 9607(to)m -4372(the)s 4722(left)s 5101(of)s 5374(the)s 5724(mark,)s -240 fnt78 6324 9601(2)m 240 fnt83 6452 9609(i)m 240 fnt82 -6577 9607(to)m 6818(the)s 7168(right\).)s 7864(What)s 8444(then)s -8916(is)s 0 9319(the)m 348(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -1256(width)s 1858(at)s 220 fnt35 2090 9316(b)m 240 fnt82 -2204 9319(?)m 2423(If)s 2653(we)s 2988(let)s 3286(the)s -3634(width)s 4236(of)s 220 fnt35 4507 9316(b)m 240 fnt82 -4681 9319(be)m 240 fnt83 4963 9321(l)m 240 fnt78 5041 9313(,)m -240 fnt83 5148 9321(r)m 240 fnt82 5246 9319(,)m 5353(we)s -5688(must)s 6213(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 240 fnt78 -480 8771(\()m 564(1)s 240 fnt83 670 8779(i)m 240 fnt78 -817 8771(\255)m 240 fnt83 1038 8779(l)m 240 fnt78 1116 8771(\))m -1254(+)s 1455(\()s 1539(2)s 240 fnt83 1665 8779(i)m -240 fnt78 1812 8771(\255)m 240 fnt83 2033 8779(r)m 240 fnt78 -2143 8771(\))m 2293(\243)s 2503(5)s 240 fnt83 2622 8779(i)m -240 fnt82 0 8226(with)m 482(the)s 240 fnt78 842 8220(\255)m -240 fnt82 1051 8226(\(i.e.)m 1466(max\))s 2006(operations)s 3053(arising)s -3756(from)s 4280(mark)s 4832(alignment.)s 5952(Eliminating)s 7133(them)s -7671(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 240 fnt78 480 7674(1)m -240 fnt83 586 7682(i)m 240 fnt78 721 7674(+)m 922(2)s -240 fnt83 1048 7682(i)m 240 fnt78 1207 7674(\243)m 1417(5)s -240 fnt83 1536 7682(i)m 583 7387(l)m 240 fnt78 721 7379(+)m -922(2)s 240 fnt83 1048 7387(i)m 240 fnt78 1207 7379(\243)m -1417(5)s 240 fnt83 1536 7387(i)m 240 fnt78 571 7091(1)m -240 fnt83 677 7099(i)m 240 fnt78 812 7091(+)m 240 fnt83 -1013 7099(r)m 240 fnt78 1207 7091(\243)m 1417(5)s 240 fnt83 -1536 7099(i)m 674 6804(l)m 240 fnt78 812 6796(+)m 240 fnt83 -1013 6804(r)m 240 fnt78 1207 6796(\243)m 1417(5)s 240 fnt83 -1536 6804(i)m 240 fnt82 0 6293(and)m 428(since)s 1000(we)s -1359(assume)s 2144(that)s 220 fnt35 2587 6290(a)m 240 fnt82 -2788 6293(\207ts)m 3156(into)s 3606(the)s 3978(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -4911(space,)s 5573(the)s 5946(\207rst)s 6402(inequality)s 7436(may)s -7927(be)s 8234(dropped,)s 0 6005(lea)m 4(ving)k 240 fnt83 -851 5454(l)m 240 fnt78 1013 5446(\243)m 1223(3)s 240 fnt83 -1340 5454(i)m 480 5159(l)m 240 fnt78 618 5151(+)m 240 fnt83 -819 5159(r)m 240 fnt78 1013 5151(\243)m 1223(5)s 240 fnt83 -1342 5159(i)m 819 4871(r)m 240 fnt78 1013 4863(\243)m 1223(4)s -240 fnt83 1348 4871(i)m 240 fnt82 0 4362(Object)m 220 fnt35 -697 4359(b)m 240 fnt82 871 4362(may)m 1337(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1838(width)s 240 fnt83 2440 4364(l)m 240 fnt78 2518 4356(,)m -240 fnt83 2625 4364(r)m 240 fnt82 2783 4362(for)m 3121(an)s 3(y)k -240 fnt83 3518 4364(l)m 240 fnt82 3644 4362(and)m 240 fnt83 -4048 4364(r)m 240 fnt82 4206 4362(satisfying)m 5188(these)s 5735(inequalities,)s -6943(and)s 7347(no)s 7640(others.)s 480 3988(Here)m 1000(is)s -1210(another)s 1987(e)s 3(xample:)k 220 fnt35 480 3487(5i @High { a /2ix b })m -240 fnt82 0 2986(Assuming)m 1024(that)s 220 fnt35 1442 2983(a)m -240 fnt82 1619 2986(has)m 1989(height)s 240 fnt78 2647 2980(1)m -240 fnt83 2753 2988(i)m 240 fnt78 2828 2980(,)m 2935(1)s -240 fnt83 3041 2988(i)m 240 fnt82 3104 2986(,)m 3211(the)s -3559(height)s 240 fnt83 4217 2988(l)m 240 fnt78 4295 2980(,)m -240 fnt83 4402 2988(r)m 240 fnt82 4560 2986(of)m 220 fnt35 -4831 2983(b)m 240 fnt82 5005 2986(must)m 5530(satisfy)s 240 fnt78 -480 2428(1)m 240 fnt83 586 2436(i)m 240 fnt78 721 2428(+)m -922(\()s 1006(\()s 1090(1)s 240 fnt83 1196 2436(i)m -240 fnt78 1331 2428(+)m 240 fnt83 1532 2436(l)m 240 fnt78 -1610 2428(\))m 1760(\255)s 1981(2)s 240 fnt83 2107 2436(i)m -240 fnt78 2182 2428(\))m 2320(+)s 240 fnt83 2521 2436(r)m -240 fnt78 2703 2428(\243)m 2913(5)s 240 fnt83 3032 2436(i)m -240 fnt82 0 1883(This)m 478(time)s 960(the)s 240 fnt78 -1325 1877(\255)m 240 fnt82 1539 1883(operation)m 2501(arises)s 3098(from)s -3624(the)s 3975(mark-to-mark)s 5364(g)s 1(ap)k 5765(mode,)s -6406(which)s 7050(will)s 7479(widen)s 8123(the)s 240 fnt78 -8474 1877(2)m 240 fnt83 8602 1885(i)m 240 fnt82 8728 1883(g)m 1(ap)k -0 1595(if)m 217(necessary)s 1200(to)s 1439(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k -220 fnt35 2207 1592(a)m 240 fnt82 2384 1595(and)m 220 fnt35 -2788 1592(b)m 240 fnt82 2962 1595(from)m 3486(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlapping.)k -4787(This)s 5263(inequality)s 6273(can)s 6662(be)s 6944(re)s 6(written)k -7856(as)s 240 fnt83 851 1044(l)m 240 fnt78 1013 1036(\243)m -288 fnt78 1223 1024(\245)m 240 fnt83 480 753(l)m 240 fnt78 -618 745(+)m 240 fnt83 819 753(r)m 240 fnt78 1013 745(\243)m -1223(3)s 240 fnt83 1340 753(i)m 819 465(r)m 240 fnt78 -1013 457(\243)m 1223(2)s 240 fnt83 1349 465(i)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 31 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4297 13844(-)m 4425(31)s 4700(-)s 0 13253(In)m 263(general,)s -1080(Lout)s 1599(is)s 1816(designed)s 2732(so)s 3005(that)s -3430(the)s 3785(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 4700(width)s -5309(or)s 5575(height)s 6240(at)s 6479(an)s 3(y)k -6883(point)s 7442(can)s 7838(be)s 8128(e)s 3(xpressed)k -0 12965(by)m 294(three)s 827(inequalities)s 1979(of)s 2250(the)s -2598(form)s 240 fnt83 851 12414(l)m 240 fnt78 1013 12406(\243)m -240 fnt83 1223 12414(x)m 480 12123(l)m 240 fnt78 618 12115(+)m -240 fnt83 819 12123(r)m 240 fnt78 1013 12115(\243)m 240 fnt83 -1223 12123(y)m 819 11808(r)m 240 fnt78 1013 11800(\243)m 240 fnt83 -1223 11808(z)m 240 fnt82 0 11287(where)m 240 fnt83 641 11289(x)m -240 fnt82 747 11287(,)m 240 fnt83 855 11289(y)m 240 fnt82 -1018 11287(and)m 240 fnt83 1423 11289(z)m 240 fnt82 1575 11287(may)m -2042(be)s 288 fnt78 2325 11269(\245)m 240 fnt82 2523 11287(.)m -2688(W)s 19(e)k 3058(abbre)s 6(viate)k 4104(these)s -4652(three)s 5186(inequalities)s 6339(to)s 240 fnt83 6579 11289(l)m -240 fnt78 6658 11281(,)m 240 fnt83 6768 11289(r)m 240 fnt78 -6953 11281(\243)m 240 fnt83 7166 11289(x)m 240 fnt78 7285 11281(,)m -240 fnt83 7395 11289(y)m 240 fnt78 7510 11281(,)m 240 fnt83 -7620 11289(z)m 240 fnt82 7711 11287(,)m 7819(and)s 8224(we)s -8560(call)s 240 fnt83 8960 11289(x)m 240 fnt78 0 10993(,)m -240 fnt83 107 11001(y)m 240 fnt78 221 10993(,)m 240 fnt83 -328 11001(z)m 240 fnt82 479 10999(a)m 240 fnt83 645 11001(size)m -1056(constr)s 3(aint)k 240 fnt82 2027 10999(.)m 480 10625(The)m -920(tw)s 2(o)k 1343(e)s 3(xamples)k 2307(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -2942(sho)s 6(wed)k 3739(ho)s 6(w)k 4213(to)s -4465(propag)s 1(ate)k 5475(the)s 5836(size)s 6276(constraint)s -288 fnt78 7291 10607(\245)m 240 fnt78 7514 10619(,)m 7659(5)s -240 fnt83 7791 10627(i)m 240 fnt78 7879 10619(,)m 288 fnt78 -8025 10607(\245)m 240 fnt82 8296 10625(for)m 220 fnt35 8647 10622(a / b)m -240 fnt82 0 10337(do)m 6(wn)k 586(one)s 991(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -1504(to)s 1746(the)s 2097(child)s 220 fnt35 2636 10334(b)m -240 fnt82 2750 10337(.)m 2917(Basser)s 3617(Lout)s 4132(contains)s -4982(a)s 5151(complete)s 6086(set)s 6414(of)s 6688(general)s -7449(rules)s 7967(for)s 8308(all)s 8604(node)s 0 10049(types,)m -627(too)s 1002(complicated)s 2244(to)s 2499(gi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -2974(here.)s 3565(Instead,)s 4378(we)s 4729(gi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5203(just)s 5624(one)s 6042(e)s 3(xample)k 6921(of)s -7208(ho)s 6(w)k 7685(these)s 8248(rules)s 8779(are)s -0 9761(deri)m 6(v)k 3(ed,)k 815(using)s 1387(the)s -1735(object)s 240 fnt83 480 9265(x)m 168 fnt78 586 9172(1)m -220 fnt35 772 9260(/)m 240 fnt83 956 9265(x)m 168 fnt78 -1062 9172(2)m 220 fnt35 1262 9260(/)m 240 fnt83 1446 9265(.)m -1552(.)s 1658(.)s 220 fnt35 1812 9260(/)m 240 fnt83 -1996 9265(x)m 168 fnt83 2102 9178(n)m 240 fnt82 0 8719(where)m -240 fnt83 640 8721(x)m 168 fnt83 746 8634(j)m 240 fnt82 -852 8719(has)m 1222(width)s 240 fnt83 1824 8721(l)m 168 fnt83 -1890 8634(j)m 240 fnt78 1948 8713(,)m 240 fnt83 2055 8721(r)m -168 fnt83 2127 8634(j)m 240 fnt82 2233 8719(for)m 2571(all)s -240 fnt83 2864 8721(j)m 240 fnt82 2930 8719(.)m 480 8345(Suppose)m -1345(the)s 1689(whole)s 2326(object)s 2966(has)s 3333(width)s -3931(constraint)s 240 fnt83 4929 8347(X)m 240 fnt78 5097 8339(,)m -240 fnt83 5204 8347(Y)m 240 fnt78 5367 8339(,)m 240 fnt83 -5474 8347(Z)m 240 fnt82 5619 8345(,)m 5722(and)s 6123(we)s -6454(require)s 7182(the)s 7526(width)s 8124(constraint)s 0 8057(of)m -240 fnt83 271 8059(x)m 168 fnt83 377 7972(i)m 240 fnt82 -421 8057(.)m 586(Let)s 240 fnt83 965 8059(L)m 240 fnt78 -1185 8051(=)m 240 fnt82 1401 8057(max)m 168 fnt83 1808 7972(j)m -240 fnt83 1917 8059(l)m 168 fnt83 1983 7972(j)m 240 fnt82 -2090 8057(and)m 240 fnt83 2495 8059(R)m 240 fnt78 2723 8051(=)m -240 fnt82 2939 8057(max)m 168 fnt83 3346 7972(j)m 240 fnt83 -3455 8059(r)m 168 fnt83 3527 7972(j)m 240 fnt82 3573 8057(,)m -3681(so)s 3948(that)s 240 fnt83 4367 8059(L)m 240 fnt78 -4512 8051(,)m 240 fnt83 4619 8059(R)m 240 fnt82 4821 8057(is)m -5032(the)s 5381(width)s 5984(of)s 6256(the)s 6605(whole)s -7247(object.)s 7996(W)s 19(e)k 8366(assume)s 240 fnt83 -0 7746(L)m 240 fnt78 145 7738(,)m 240 fnt83 252 7746(R)m -240 fnt78 477 7738(\243)m 240 fnt83 687 7746(X)m 240 fnt78 -855 7738(,)m 240 fnt83 962 7746(Y)m 240 fnt78 1125 7738(,)m -240 fnt83 1232 7746(Z)m 240 fnt82 1377 7744(.)m 1541(Then)s -240 fnt83 2090 7746(x)m 168 fnt83 2196 7659(i)m 240 fnt82 -2300 7744(can)m 2689(be)s 2971(enlar)s 4(ged)k 3848(to)s -4087(an)s 3(y)k 4484(size)s 240 fnt83 4911 7746(l)m -168 fnt83 4977 7659(i)m 240 fnt78 5081 7738(,)m 240 fnt83 -5188 7746(r)m 168 fnt83 5260 7659(i)m 240 fnt82 5364 7744(satisfying)m -240 fnt78 480 7151(\()m 240 fnt83 564 7159(l)m 168 fnt83 -630 7072(i)m 240 fnt78 758 7151(\255)m 240 fnt83 979 7159(L)m -240 fnt78 1124 7151(\))m 1202(,)s 1309(\()s 240 fnt83 -1393 7159(r)m 168 fnt83 1465 7072(i)m 240 fnt78 1593 7151(\255)m -240 fnt83 1814 7159(R)m 240 fnt78 1967 7151(\))m 2117(\243)s -240 fnt83 2327 7159(X)m 240 fnt78 2495 7151(,)m 240 fnt83 -2602 7159(Y)m 240 fnt78 2765 7151(,)m 240 fnt83 2872 7159(Z)m -240 fnt82 0 6619(which)m 642(e)s 3(xpands)k 1475(to)s -1714(eight)s 2252(inequalities:)s 240 fnt83 917 6068(l)m 168 fnt83 -983 5981(i)m 240 fnt78 1123 6060(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 6068(X)m -894 5704(L)m 240 fnt78 1123 5696(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 5704(X)m -528 5413(l)m 168 fnt83 594 5326(i)m 240 fnt78 710 5405(+)m -240 fnt83 911 5413(r)m 168 fnt83 983 5326(i)m 240 fnt78 -1123 5405(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 5413(Y)m 503 5041(l)m 168 fnt83 -569 4954(i)m 240 fnt78 685 5033(+)m 240 fnt83 886 5041(R)m -240 fnt78 1123 5033(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 5041(Y)m 505 4677(L)m -240 fnt78 710 4669(+)m 240 fnt83 911 4677(r)m 168 fnt83 -983 4590(i)m 240 fnt78 1123 4669(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 4677(Y)m -480 4313(L)m 240 fnt78 685 4305(+)m 240 fnt83 886 4313(R)m -240 fnt78 1123 4305(\243)m 240 fnt83 1333 4313(Y)m 911 4030(r)m -168 fnt83 983 3943(i)m 240 fnt78 1123 4022(\243)m 240 fnt83 -1333 4030(Z)m 886 3666(R)m 240 fnt78 1123 3658(\243)m 240 fnt83 -1333 3666(Z)m 240 fnt82 0 3159(Three)m 613(are)s 960(already)s -1717(kno)s 6(wn,)k 2471(and)s 2875(slightly)s 3646(rearranging)s -4800(the)s 5148(others)s 5783(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -240 fnt83 869 2608(l)m 168 fnt83 935 2521(i)m 240 fnt78 -1075 2600(\243)m 240 fnt83 1285 2608(X)m 869 2236(l)m 168 fnt83 -935 2149(i)m 240 fnt78 1075 2228(\243)m 240 fnt83 1285 2236(Y)m -240 fnt78 1508 2228(-)m 240 fnt83 1708 2236(R)m 480 1864(l)m -168 fnt83 546 1777(i)m 240 fnt78 662 1856(+)m 240 fnt83 -863 1864(r)m 168 fnt83 935 1777(i)m 240 fnt78 1075 1856(\243)m -240 fnt83 1285 1864(Y)m 863 1500(r)m 168 fnt83 935 1413(i)m -240 fnt78 1075 1492(\243)m 240 fnt83 1285 1500(Z)m 863 1136(r)m -168 fnt83 935 1049(i)m 240 fnt78 1075 1128(\243)m 240 fnt83 -1285 1136(Y)m 240 fnt78 1508 1128(-)m 240 fnt83 1708 1136(L)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 32 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(32)s 4710(-)s 0 13253(Therefore)m 997(the)s -1345(width)s 1947(constraint)s 2949(of)s 240 fnt83 3220 13255(x)m -168 fnt83 3326 13168(i)m 240 fnt82 3430 13253(is)m 480 12715(min)m -240 fnt78 861 12709(\()m 240 fnt83 945 12717(X)m 240 fnt78 -1113 12709(,)m 240 fnt83 1220 12717(Y)m 240 fnt78 1443 12709(-)m -240 fnt83 1643 12717(R)m 240 fnt78 1796 12709(\))m 1874(,)s -240 fnt83 1981 12717(Y)m 240 fnt78 2144 12709(,)m 240 fnt82 -2251 12715(min)m 240 fnt78 2632 12709(\()m 240 fnt83 2716 12717(Z)m -240 fnt78 2873 12709(,)m 240 fnt83 2980 12717(Y)m 240 fnt78 -3203 12709(-)m 240 fnt83 3403 12717(L)m 240 fnt78 3548 12709(\))m -240 fnt82 0 12213(The)m 445(size)s 890(constraint)s 1909(of)s -2198(an)s 3(y)k 2613(node)s 3152(can)s 3559(be)s -3858(found)s 4493(by)s 4805(climbing)s 5725(the)s 6091(tree)s -6521(to)s 6778(a)s 240 fnt83 6962 12215(WIDE)m 240 fnt82 -7641 12213(or)m 240 fnt83 7918 12215(HIGH)m 240 fnt82 8604 12213(node)m -0 11925(where)m 636(the)s 980(constraint)s 1978(is)s 2184(tri)s 6(vial,)k -2850(then)s 3315(propag)s 1(ating)k 4506(it)s 4694(back)s -5203(do)s 6(wn)k 5783(to)s 6018(the)s 6362(node,)s -6931(and)s 7331(this)s 7723(is)s 7929(the)s 8272(function)s -0 11637(of)m 271(procedure)s 240 fnt83 1283 11639(Constr)m 3(ained)k -240 fnt82 2530 11637(in)m 2773(Basser)s 3470(Lout.)s 480 11263(After)m -1043(some)s 1604(components)s 2813(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3314(been)s 3824(promoted)s 4799(into)s 5225(a)s 5391(tar)s 4(get,)k -6038(the)s 6386(sizes)s 6902(stored)s 7544(in)s 7788(its)s -8064(parent)s 8722(and)s 0 10975(higher)m 665(ancestors)s 1598(must)s -2117(be)s 2392(adjusted)s 3241(to)s 3473(re\210ect)s 4122(the)s -4464(increased)s 5417(size.)s 5946(This)s 6415(is)s 6618(done)s -7134(by)s 7421(yet)s 7767(another)s 8537(set)s 8855(of)s -0 10687(recursi)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 925(rules,)s 1500(upw)s 2(ard-mo)k 3(ving)k -3081(this)s 3481(time,)s 4016(which)s 4662(cease)s 5239(as)s -5492(soon)s 6006(as)s 6260(some)s 6825(ancestor')s 13(s)k -7835(size)s 8266(does)s 8760(not)s 0 10399(change.)m 830(These)s -1445(rules)s 1948(are)s 2283(embodied)s 3273(in)s 3504(procedure)s -240 fnt83 4504 10401(AdjustSize)m 240 fnt82 5541 10399(of)m 5800(Basser)s -6485(Lout.)s 7089(The)s 7505(adjustment)s 8601(must)s 0 10111(be)m -282(done)s 804(before)s 1470(relinquishing)s 2785(control)s 3517(to)s -3756(an)s 3(y)k 4153(other)s 4704(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -5376(b)s 4(ut)k 5738(not)s 6104(after)s 6600(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -7176(component.)s 240 fnt84 0 9462(5.4.)m 471(The)s 926(limited)s -1696(lookahead)s 2802(pr)s 4(oblem)k 240 fnt82 480 8985(Basser)m -1189(Lout)s 1714(assumes)s 2575(that)s 3006(there)s 3552(will)s -3991(be)s 4286(enough)s 5062(internal)s 5859(memory)s 6723(to)s -6975(hold)s 7472(the)s 7833(symbol)s 8606(table)s 0 8697(plus)m -461(a)s 638(fe)s 6(w)k 1055(pages,)s 1719(b)s 4(ut)k -2092(not)s 2469(an)s 2764(entire)s 3374(document.)s 4493(This)s -4980(section)s 5726(describes)s 6677(the)s 7036(consequent)s 8185(problems)s -0 8409(and)m 441(ho)s 6(w)k 940(the)s 3(y)k -1441(were)s 1999(solv)s 3(ed.)k 2763(Other)s 3405(interpreters,)s -4636(notably)s 5446(interacti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 6538(editors)s -7277(running)s 8113(on)s 8448(virtual)s 0 8121(memory)m 851(systems,)s -1715(w)s 2(ould)k 2370(not)s 2736(necessarily)s 3851(need)s -4361(this)s 4757(assumption.)s 480 7747(Although)m 1434(Basser)s 2122(Lout)s -2625(can)s 3005(read)s 3466(and)s 3861(format)s 4548(an)s 3(y)k -4936(le)s 3(g)k 1(al)k 5442(input,)s 6033(its)s -6300(memory)s 7142(consumption)s 8427(will)s 8844(be)s 0 7459(optimized)m -1004(when)s 1570(the)s 1908(b)s 4(ulk)k 2381(of)s -2642(the)s 2980(document)s 3974(resides)s 4677(in)s 4910(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -5624(whose)s 6282(tar)s 4(gets)k 6955(can)s 7334(be)s -7606(identi\207ed)s 8557(at)s 8778(the)s 0 7171(moment)m 843(the)s 3(y)k -1304(are)s 1650(encountered.)s 2981(Let)s 3358(us)s 3620(tak)s 2(e)k -4071(the)s 4417(typical)s 5121(e)s 3(xample)k 5982(of)s -6252(a)s 6416(root)s 6860(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7492(which)s 8133(is)s 8341(a)s 8506(list)s 8855(of)s -0 6883(pages,)m 652(a)s 220 fnt35 818 6880(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 1991 6883(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2625(tar)s 4(geted)k -3448(into)s 3872(the)s 4220(pages,)s 220 fnt35 4872 6880(@Chapter)m -240 fnt82 5934 6883(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 6658(tar)s 4(geted)k -7481(into)s 220 fnt35 7905 6880(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 9019 6883(,)m 0 6595(and)m 220 fnt35 404 6592(@Section)m -240 fnt82 1404 6595(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2128(tar)s 4(geted)k -2951(into)s 3376(the)s 220 fnt35 3724 6592(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 -4787 6595(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys:)k 220 fnt35 480 6094(@P)m 8(ageList)k -480 5806(//)m 480 5518(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k 480 5230(//)m -480 4942(@Chapter {)m 480 4654( @Section { ...)m 13( })k 480 4366( @Section { ...)m 13( })k -480 4078( ...)m 480 3790( @Section { ...)m 13( })k 480 3502(})m 480 3214(@Chapter {)m -480 2926( ...)m 480 2638(})m 240 fnt82 0 2144(Basser)m 702(Lout)s -1220(is)s 1436(able)s 1896(to)s 2141(read)s 2616(and)s -3026(process)s 3800(such)s 4302(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -5032(one)s 5440(paragraph)s 6459(at)s 6697(a)s 6869(time)s -7355(\(strictly)s 15(,)k 8194(from)s 8724(one)s 220 fnt35 -0 1853(//)m 240 fnt82 185 1856(at)m 417(the)s 765(outer)s -1316(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k 1826(of)s 2097(a)s -2263(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2897(to)s 3136(the)s -3484(ne)s 3(xt\),)k 4079(as)s 4329(we)s 4664(no)s 6(w)k -5125(describe.)s 480 1482(When)m 1147(the)s 1534(parser)s 2215(encounters)s -3341(the)s 3727(be)s 3(ginning)k 4774(of)s 5083(a)s -5288(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 5998(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 6449 1479(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 7550 1482(or)m 220 fnt35 -7848 1479(@Section)m 240 fnt82 8788 1482(,)m 8934(it)s 0 1194(initiates)m -831(a)s 1023(ne)s 6(w)k 1495(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2155(process.)s 3061(The)s 3515(special)s 4258(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5206(symbol)s 220 fnt35 5991 1191(@Input)m 240 fnt82 6784 1194(is)m -7019(substituted)s 8139(for)s 8502(the)s 8876(as)s 0 906(yet)m -357(unread)s 1071(right)s 1588(parameter)s 2607(of)s 2884(the)s -3237(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k 3972(As)s -4294(each)s 4795(paragraph)s 5813(of)s 6090(the)s 6443(right)s -6960(parameter)s 7979(is)s 8195(read,)s 8718(it)s 8916(is)s -0 618(deleted)m 763(from)s 1302(the)s 1665(parse)s 2240(tree)s -2668(and)s 3087(injected)s 3916(into)s 4356(the)s 4719(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y')k 13(s)k -220 fnt35 5524 615(@Input)m 240 fnt82 6231 618(.)m 6410(The)s -6853(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 7502(is)s 7727(then)s -8212(resumed.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 33 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4293 13844(-)m 4421(33)s 4705(-)s 0 13253(The)m 429(parser)s -1074(thus)s 1526(acts)s 1950(as)s 2202(an)s 2487(e)s 3(xtra)k -3022(concurrent)s 4106(process;)s 4937(it)s 5131(has)s 5503(lo)s 6(w)k -5912(priority)s 15(,)k 6721(so)s 6989(that)s 7409(input)s -7963(is)s 8175(read)s 8646(only)s 0 12965(when)m 597(there)s -1151(is)s 1382(nothing)s 2188(else)s 2636(to)s 2897(do.)s -3322(Since)s 3930(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 4675(may)s -5162(be)s 5465(nested,)s 6205(a)s 6392(stack)s 6965(of)s -220 fnt35 7257 12962(@Input)m 240 fnt82 8045 12965(symbols)m 8916(is)s -0 12677(needed,)m 781(each)s 1271(with)s 1749(its)s 2020(o)s 6(wn)k -2480(en)s 9(vironment)k 3735(and)s 4135(style.)s 4745(If)s -4971(a)s 5132(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5762(is)s -5967(encountered)s 7190(for)s 7523(which)s 8161(a)s 8322(tar)s 4(get)k -8916(is)s 0 12389(not)m 370(immediately)s 1622(identi\207able)s 2757(\(a)s -3006(footnote,)s 3914(for)s 4257(e)s 3(xample\),)k 5254(it)s -5450(is)s 5664(read)s 6137(in)s 6385(its)s 6665(entirety)s -7452(and)s 7860(hung)s 8397(in)s 8645(pure)s 0 12101(parse)m -551(tree)s 954(form)s 1468(from)s 1983(an)s 240 fnt83 -2256 12103(UN)m 6(A)k 8(TT)k 12(A)k 7(CHED)k -240 fnt82 3811 12101(inde)m 3(x)k 4386(in)s 4619(the)s -4957(usual)s 5508(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 5987(with)s -6459(an)s 6733(en)s 9(vironment)k 7983(b)s 4(ut)k -8335(without)s 0 11813(a)m 166(style.)s 781(It)s 986(will)s -1412(be)s 1694(\210ushed)s 2444(later)s 2927(when)s 3503(its)s -3779(component)s 4903(is)s 5113(promoted.)s 480 11439(In)m 735(addition)s -1575(to)s 1813(producing)s 2836(a)s 3001(steady)s 3665(\210o)s 6(w)k -4138(of)s 4407(components)s 5614(from)s 6137(input,)s 6735(we)s -7069(must)s 7593(also)s 8030(ensure)s 8708(that)s 0 11151(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -928(symbols)s 1783(do)s 2083(not)s 2455(unduly)s 3182(block)s -3781(their)s 4285(promotion.)s 5452(The)s 220 fnt35 5886 11148(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 7044 11151(symbol)m 7810(at)s 8049(the)s 8403(foot)s -8855(of)s 0 10863(each)m 495(page)s 1003(is)s 1213(a)s -1379(typical)s 2084(e)s 3(xample:)k 3057(until)s 3550(it)s -3742(is)s 3952(deleted)s 4700(the)s 5048(page)s 5556(cannot)s -6254(be)s 6536(printed.)s 480 10489(Recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -1501(symbols)s 2368(are)s 2733(e)s 3(xpanded)k 3724(only)s -4222(on)s 4537(demand,)s 5421(so)s 220 fnt35 5705 10486(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 6874 10489(can)m 7281(be)s 7581(deleted)s 8347(as)s -8616(soon)s 0 10201(as)m 250(we)s 585(can)s 974(pro)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -1570(that)s 1988(it)s 2180(is)s 2390(not)s 2757(w)s 2(anted.)k -3610(The)s 4038(symbol)s 4799(table)s 5319(can)s 5708(tell)s -6067(us)s 6332(that)s 6750(only)s 220 fnt35 7230 10198(@F)m 6(ootNote)k -240 fnt82 8402 10201(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 0 9913(\(with)m -220 fnt35 555 9910(@F)m 6(ootPlace&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 2935 9913(tar)m 4(gets\))k 3688(w)s 2(ant)k -4205(it,)s 4438(so)s 4697(it)s 4883(might)s 5494(be)s -5770(possible)s 6604(to)s 6836(deduce)s 7564(that)s 220 fnt35 -7975 9910(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 0 9625(may)m 466(be)s -748(deleted)s 1496(as)s 1746(soon)s 2256(as)s 2506(body)s -3040(te)s 3(xt)k 3455(enters)s 4076(the)s 4424(follo)s 6(wing)k -5401(page.)s 480 9251(The)m 904(author)s 1571(w)s 2(as)k -1987(unable)s 2677(to)s 2912(mak)s 2(e)k 3479(this)s -3871(w)s 2(ork,)k 4463(so)s 4725(Basser)s 5418(Lout)s -5925(requires)s 6741(the)s 7085(user)s 7538(to)s 7773(identify)s -8565(those)s 0 8963(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 715(which)s -1348(will)s 1764(carry)s 2299(the)s 2637(b)s 4(ulk)k -3111(of)s 3372(the)s 3711(document)s 4705(\()s 220 fnt35 -4778 8960(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 5781 8963(,)m 220 fnt35 5879 8960(@Section)m -240 fnt82 6819 8963(,)m 220 fnt35 6916 8960(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 8030 8963(\))m 8149(as)s 240 fnt83 8389 8965(for)m 8(cing)k -0 8677(galle)m 7(ys)k 240 fnt82 665 8675(,)m 792(by)s -1107(writing)s 220 fnt35 1871 8672(f)m 6(orce into)k 240 fnt82 -2841 8675(instead)m 3596(of)s 220 fnt35 3888 8672(into)m 240 fnt82 -4315 8675(in)m 4579(their)s 5097(de\207nitions.)s 6291(As)s 6629(described)s -7624(in)s 7888(the)s 8257(pre)s 6(vious)k 0 8387(section,)m -790(when)s 1373(a)s 1546(forcing)s 2296(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2937(attaches)s 3763(to)s 4009(a)s 4182(tar)s 4(get,)k -4835(all)s 5135(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 6063(symbols)s -6919(preceding)s 7922(the)s 8277(tar)s 4(get)k 8883(in)s -0 8099(its)m 278(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 914(are)s -1263(deleted,)s 2062(remo)s 3(ving)k 3031(all)s 3326(impediments)s -4614(to)s 4855(\210ushing.)s 5793(F)s 3(or)k 6184(e)s 3(xample,)k -7100(when)s 7678(a)s 7846(forcing)s 8592(body)s 0 7811(te)m 3(xt)k -421(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1062(enters)s 1690(a)s -1863(ne)s 6(w)k 2317(page,)s 2882(the)s 220 fnt35 -3237 7808(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 4395 7811(symbol)m 5162(on)s -5466(the)s 5820(preceding)s 6823(page)s 7338(will)s 7771(be)s -8060(deleted.)s 8921(It)s 0 7523(seems)m 629(lik)s 2(ely)k -1219(that)s 1631(a)s 1791(system)s 2509(which)s 3145(could)s -3729(af)s 6(ford)k 4358(to)s 4591(w)s 2(ait)k -5054(until)s 5541(all)s 5828(input)s 6374(w)s 2(as)k -6789(read)s 7252(before)s 7912(deleting)s 8729(an)s 3(y)k -0 7235(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 922(symbols)s 1771(w)s 2(ould)k -2426(not)s 2792(need)s 3302(forcing)s 4045(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -480 6861(Galle)m 3(ys)k 1258(whose)s 1925(tar)s 4(gets)k -2607(are)s 2953(a)s 3118(long)s 3597(w)s 2(ay)k -4047(from)s 4570(their)s 5066(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -6119(points)s 6755(can)s 7143(be)s 7424(a)s 7589(problem.)s -8549(If)s 8778(the)s 0 6573(direction)m 917(is)s 220 fnt35 -1139 6570(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 1969 6573(,)m -2087(such)s 2595(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 3330(are)s -3689(held)s 4170(in)s 4425(internal)s 5221(memory)s 6083(for)s -6433(a)s 6610(long)s 7101(time,)s 7643(unless)s 8304(the)s 3(y)k -8779(are)s 0 6285(to)m 248(be)s 539(sorted.)s 1296(If)s -1535(the)s 1892(direction)s 2807(is)s 220 fnt35 3026 6282(preceding)m -240 fnt82 3977 6285(,)m 4093(then)s 4571(either)s 5183(the)s -5540(entire)s 6148(interv)s 3(ening)k 7296(document)s 8309(must)s -8844(be)s 0 5997(held)m 466(in)s 704(memory)s 1551(\(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ented)k -2617(by)s 2907(the)s 3250(tar)s 4(get)k 3844(from)s -4364(\210ushing\),)s 5317(or)s 5572(else)s 5994(some)s 6551(forcing)s -7289(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 7918(prematurely)s 0 5709(deletes)m -714(the)s 1062(tar)s 4(get,)k 1708(lea)s 4(ving)k -2461(the)s 2809(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 3443(bereft.)s -480 5335(The)m 929(typical)s 1655(e)s 3(xample)k 2539(of)s -2832(the)s 3201(latter)s 3771(case)s 4260(occurs)s 4956(when)s -5553(the)s 5922(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6578(is)s -6809(an)s 7113(entry)s 7680(in)s 7944(the)s 8313(table)s -8855(of)s 0 5047(contents,)m 907(launched)s 1832(backw)s 2(ards)k -2907(from)s 3435(the)s 3786(be)s 3(ginning)k 4797(of)s -5071(a)s 5241(chapter)s 6007(or)s 6269(section.)s 7113(Its)s -7406(tar)s 4(get)k 8008(in)s 8254(the)s 8606(table)s -0 4759(of)m 286(contents)s 1150(will)s 1592(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2108(been)s 2633(deleted)s 3397(long)s 3891(before,)s 4624(to)s -4879(permit)s 5578(the)s 5941(rest)s 6361(of)s 6648(the)s -7011(document)s 8031(to)s 8286(print,)s 8860(so)s 0 4471(the)m -349(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 985(ultimately)s 2009(emer)s 4(ges)k -2854(as)s 3106(an)s 3391(unattached)s 4487(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5122(promoted)s 6099(out)s 6467(of)s 6740(the)s 7090(root)s -7537(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k 8268(All)s -8630(such)s 0 4183(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 717(are)s -1056(written)s 1781(to)s 2013(an)s 2288(auxiliary)s 3183(\207le,)s -3588(inde)s 3(x)k 3(ed)k 4390(by)s 4676(the)s -5016(missing)s 5806(tar)s 4(get.)k 6501(On)s 6843(the)s -7184(ne)s 3(xt)k 7645(run,)s 8063(just)s 8460(before)s -0 3895(that)m 418(tar)s 4(get)k 1017(is)s 1227(deleted,)s -2024(the)s 2372(auxiliary)s 3275(\207le)s 3636(is)s 3846(check)s 2(ed)k -4686(and)s 5090(an)s 3(y)k 5487(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -6211(for)s 6549(it)s 6741(are)s 7088(read)s 7557(in)s -7800(and)s 8204(\210ushed.)s 240 fnt84 0 3246(5.5.)m 471(Horizontal)s -1628(galleys)s 240 fnt82 480 2769(There)m 1108(is)s 1333(a)s -1514(strong)s 2180(analogy)s 3007(between)s 3876(breaking)s 4781(a)s -4962(column)s 5752(of)s 6038(te)s 3(xt)k 6468(into)s -6908(page-sized)s 8003(pieces,)s 8722(and)s 0 2481(breaking)m 912(a)s -1101(paragraph)s 2137(into)s 2585(line-sized)s 3594(pieces.)s 4378(In)s -4657(f)s 2(act,)k 5142(the)s 5513(tw)s 2(o)k -5946(dif)s 6(fer)k 6552(only)s 7055(in)s 7321(direction:)s -8359(v)s 3(ertical)k 0 2193(for)m 343(body)s 883(te)s 3(xt,)k -1351(horizontal)s 2381(for)s 2724(paragraphs.)s 3943(In)s 4205(this)s -4607(section)s 5347(we)s 5687(de\207ne)s 240 fnt83 6334 2195(horizontal)m -7384(galle)s 7(ys)k 240 fnt82 8049 2193(,)m 8162(and)s -8572(sho)s 6(w)k 0 1905(ho)m 6(w)k 493(the)s 3(y)k -989(pro)s 3(vide)k 1806(an)s 2122(unlimited)s 3129(number)s -3953(of)s 4257(paragraph)s 5302(breaking)s 6225(styles,)s 6909(as)s -7192(well)s 7691(as)s 7974(solv)s 3(e)k 8565(some)s -0 1617(other)m 587(problems.)s 1677(Re)s 3(grettably)k 15(,)k -2917(lack)s 3412(of)s 3719(time)s 4235(has)s 4641(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ented)k -5669(their)s 6202(incorporation)s 7583(into)s 8044(the)s 8429(Basser)s -0 1329(Lout)m 512(interpreter)s 13(.)k 480 955(Imagine)m 1337(a)s -1521(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2173(whose)s 2859(components)s -4085(are)s 4450(separated)s 5428(by)s 5740(horizontal)s 6782(concatenation)s -8186(operators)s 0 667(instead)m 725(of)s 986(v)s 3(ertical)k -1742(ones,)s 2278(perhaps)s 3062(indicated)s 3986(by)s 4269(a)s -220 fnt35 4425 664(hor)m -3(iz)k 3(ontally)k 5582(into)s -240 fnt82 5977 667(clause.)m 6728(Then)s 7266(all)s 7549(object)s -8182(breaking,)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 34 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13844(-)m 4416(34)s 4710(-)s 0 13253(including)m 957(paragraph)s -1970(breaking,)s 2914(could)s 3504(be)s 3786(replaced)s 4653(by)s -4947(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5581(component)s 6705(promotion)s -7759(lik)s 2(e)k 8171(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 12752(def @P)m 8(ar)k 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph r)k -3(ight x)k -480 12464({)m 480 12176( def @LinePlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 11600( def @LineList)m 480 11312( {)m -480 11024( @HExpand @LinePlace)m 480 10736( //1vx @LineList)m 480 10448( })m 480 9872( def @P)m 8(ar hor)k -3(iz)k 3(ontally into { @LinePlace&&preceding })k -480 9584( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 9296( { x })m 480 8720( @LineList // @P)m 8(ar { 0.2i @Wide {} &0i x &1r)k -8(t })k -480 8432(})m 240 fnt82 0 7938(The)m 220 fnt35 431 7935(@HExpand)m -240 fnt82 1607 7938(operator)m 9(,)k 2504(which)s 3149(is)s -3362(a)s 3531(primiti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4456(of)s -4730(Basser)s 5430(Lout,)s 5992(horizontally)s 7204(e)s 3(xpands)k -8040(the)s 8391(g)s 1(aps)k 8883(in)s 0 7650(its)m -290(right)s 816(parameter)s 1844(until)s 2352(the)s 2715(result)s -3319(\207lls)s 3743(the)s 4105(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5028(space,)s 5681(thus)s 6145(implementing)s 7541(line)s 7970(adjustment,)s -0 7362(e)m 3(xcept)k 689(when)s 1274(the)s 1631(parameter)s -2654(contains)s 3511(tab)s 4(ulation)k 4529(g)s 1(aps)k -5027(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 5447 7359(&1r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 5853 7362(,)m 5969(which)s 6620(cause)s 7216(the)s -7573(parameter)s 8596(to)s 8844(be)s 0 7074(already)m 757(e)s 3(xpanded.)k -1836(The)s 2264(result)s 2854(of)s 220 fnt35 480 6573(@P)m 8(ar)k 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph { A shor)k -8(t par)k 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph of te)k 6(xt.)k 13( })k -240 fnt82 0 6074(w)m 2(ould)k 655(then)s 1124(be)s -1406(something)s 2456(lik)s 2(e)k 768 5571(A)m 1073(short)s -1687(paragraph)s 480 5283(of)m 751(te)s 3(xt.)k 0 4830(depending)m -1061(on)s 1368(the)s 1726(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -2645(horizontal)s 3679(space.)s 4384(An)s 4744(unlimited)s 5729(range)s -6326(of)s 6607(paragraph)s 7630(breaking)s 8531(styles)s 0 4542(could)m -590(be)s 872(de\207ned,)s 1684(including)s 2641(ragged)s 3350(right,)s -3908(ragged)s 4617(left,)s 5041(break-and-center)s 9(,)k 6757(and)s -7161(so)s 7427(on.)s 480 4168(In)m 765(Basser)s 1492(Lout,)s -2081(indented)s 2992(paragraphs)s 4122(are)s 4499(produced)s 5477(by)s -5801(preceding)s 6827(them)s 7394(with)s 7906(a)s 8102(horizontal)s -0 3880(concatenation)m 1380(operator)s 9(,)k 2269(for)s 2602(e)s 3(xample)k -220 fnt35 3459 3877(|0.5i)m 240 fnt82 3855 3880(.)m 4014(This)s -4485(has)s 4849(the)s 5192(unfortunate)s 6345(ef)s 6(fect)k -6935(of)s 7201(making)s 7967(an)s 8244(indented)s 0 3592(paragraph)m -1007(into)s 1426(a)s 1586(single)s 2207(component)s 3325(of)s -3590(the)s 3932(enclosing)s 4895(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -5561(so)s 5821(that)s 6233(it)s 6419(will)s 6839(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -7544(be)s 7820(k)s 2(ept)k 8283(together)s 0 3304(on)m -297(one)s 699(page.)s 1315(Horizontal)s 2392(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3116(solv)s 3(e)k 3674(this)s 4070(problem)s 4927(with)s -5409(a)s 5575(simple)s 6268(change)s 7002(to)s 220 fnt35 -7241 3301(@LineList)m 240 fnt82 8215 3304(:)m 220 fnt35 480 2803(def @LineList)m -480 2515({)m 480 2227( |0.5i @HExpand @LinePlace)m 480 1939( //1vx @LineList)m 480 1651(})m 240 fnt82 -0 1157(sho)m 6(wing)k 860(the)s 1210(\210e)s 3(xibility)k -2192(that)s 2611(comes)s 3275(from)s 3801(bringing)s 4666(the)s -5016(full)s 5404(po)s 6(wer)k 6057(of)s 6330(the)s -6680(Lout)s 7193(language)s 8115(to)s 8356(bear)s 8829(on)s -0 869(paragraph)m 1013(layout.)s 1775(It)s 1980(is)s 2190(easy)s -2669(to)s 2908(mak)s 2(e)k 3480(pro)s 3(vision)k -4438(for)s 4776(a)s 4942(tag)s 5287(on)s 5584(the)s -5932(\207rst)s 6363(line.)s 480 495(Although)m 1451(Basser)s 2158(Lout)s -2679(permits)s 3456(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4387(symbols)s -5246(within)s 5923(paragraphs,)s 7089(the)s 3(y)k 7561(are)s -7918(of)s 8198(little)s 8700(use,)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 35 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4292 13841(-)m 4420(35)s 4706(-)s 0 13250(because)m 835(their)s -1355(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 2286(width)s 2911(is)s -3144(calculated)s 4193(after)s 4711(paragraph)s 5747(breaking,)s 6714(and)s -7141(the)s 7512(incoming)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -0 12962(cannot)m 736(spread)s 1456(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -1973(more)s 2558(than)s 3065(one)s 3505(line.)s 4066(W)s 9(ith)k -4630(horizontal)s 5692(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k 6510(such)s -7044(symbols)s 7931(w)s 2(ould)k 8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -0 12674(in\207nite)m 733(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 1641(width,)s -2293(and)s 2697(we)s 3032(could)s 3622(easily)s 4233(produce)s -5060(a)s 5226(\207lled)s 5775(paragraph)s 6788(of)s 7059(footnotes)s -8000(lik)s 2(e)k 8412(this:)s 200 fnt82 480 12199(1)m -240 fnt82 559 12104(See)m 987(Jones)s 1597(and)s 2028(Saunders)s -2983(\(1982\).)s 200 fnt82 3932 12199(2)m 240 fnt82 4027 12104(Or)m -4366(so)s 4659(Jacobsen)s 480 11804(\(1973\))m 1167(asserts.)s 200 fnt82 -2087 11899(3)m 240 fnt83 2174 11806(ibid)m 240 fnt82 2552 11804(,)m -2659(p.)s 2883(327.)s 0 11301(based)m 603(on)s 900(an)s -1183(in\207nite)s 1916(horizontal)s 2940(sequence)s 3873(of)s 220 fnt35 -4144 11298(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 5400 11301(symbols)m 6249(inside)s -6876(a)s 7042(horizontal)s 8066(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -480 10927(When)m 1133(body)s 1692(te)s 3(xt)k 2132(is)s -2367(placed)s 3074(on)s 3395(pages,)s 4072(the)s 4445(length)s -5125(of)s 5421(each)s 5940(column)s 6740(v)s 6(aries)k -7380(depending)s 8456(on)s 8778(the)s 0 10639(a)m 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -914(v)s 3(ertical)k 1687(space.)s 2389(Horizontal)s 3472(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -4203(could)s 4799(analogously)s 6017(produce)s 6850(lines)s 7359(of)s -7636(v)s 6(arying)k 8421(length,)s 0 10351(and)m 404(so)s -670(could)s 1260(\207ll)s 1580(non-rectangular)s 3153(shapes.)s 480 9977(An)m -835(important)s 1829(theoretical)s 2896(bene\207t)s 3612(of)s 3888(horizontal)s -4918(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 5647(is)s 5862(that)s -6285(the)s 3(y)k 6753(w)s 2(ould)k 7413(permit)s -8102(horizontal)s 0 9689(and)m 403(v)s 3(ertical)k 1168(to)s -1405(be)s 1685(treated)s 2390(in)s 2631(a)s 2795(perfectly)s -3695(symmetrical)s 4928(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 5415(whereas)s -6247(at)s 6477(present)s 7225(paragraph)s 8236(breaking)s 0 9401(is)m -243(horizontal)s 1300(only)s 15(,)k 1851(and)s 2288(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2955(breaking)s 3878(is)s 4121(v)s 3(ertical)k 4921(only)s 15(.)k -5529(This)s 6038(must)s 6596(simplify)s 7479(the)s 7860(treatment)s -8855(of)s 0 9113(non-European)m 1432(languages)s 2459(which)s 3121(\207ll)s -3460(in)s 3722(unusual)s 4542(directions,)s 5610(although)s 6525(it)s -6736(is)s 6965(not)s 7351(itself)s 7918(suf\207cient)s 8887(to)s -0 8825(implement)m 1082(them.)s 480 8451(There)m 1132(are)s 1519(a)s -1725(fe)s 6(w)k 2170(minor)s 2841(problems)s 3822(with)s -4343(horizontal)s 5407(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k 6284(First,)s -6867(the)s 7255(syntactic)s 8197(o)s 3(v)k 3(erhead)k -0 8163(of)m 319(enclosing)s 1337(each)s 1880(paragraph)s 2941(in)s -220 fnt35 3233 8160(@P)m 8(ar)k 2(ag)k 2(r)k 2(aph { ...)k 13( })k -240 fnt82 5064 8163(or)m 5371(whate)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -6346(is)s 6604(unacceptable.)s 8065(Permitting)s 0 7875(user)m 4(-de\207ned)k -1234(operators)s 2172(to)s 2409(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2908(lo)s 6(wer)k 3504(precedence)s 4633(than)s 5100(the)s -5446(white)s 6031(space)s 6616(between)s 7468(tw)s 2(o)k -7876(w)s 2(ords)k 8508(might)s 0 7587(help)m 450(here.)s -1009(Second,)s 1805(the)s 2137(b)s 4(uilt-in)k 2877(paragraph)s -3874(break)s 2(er)k 4632(includes)s 5464(h)s 1(yphenation,)k -6738(and)s 7126(it)s 7302(permits)s 8053(line)s 8451(breaks)s -0 7299(in)m 246(the)s 598(input)s 1153(to)s 1396(determine)s -2410(line)s 2828(breaks)s 3506(in)s 3753(the)s 4105(output,)s -4827(if)s 5048(desired.)s 5905(These)s 6536(features)s 7345(must)s -7874(someho)s 6(w)k 8844(be)s 0 7011(preserv)m 3(ed.)k -1081(Finally)s 15(,)k 1841(we)s 2167(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2659(e)s 3(xplained)k 3634(ho)s 6(w)k 4086(the)s -4425(Basser)s 5113(Lout)s 5616(interpreter)s 6659(assigns)s 7392(equal)s -7956(width)s 8549(to)s 8778(the)s 0 6723(wider)m 607(columns)s -1473(of)s 1748(tables)s 2359(\(Section)s 3216(2.5\).)s 3763(The)s -4194(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k 5242(situation)s 6126(in)s -6372(v)s 3(ertical)k 7143(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -7871(occurs)s 8550(when)s 0 6435(tw)m 2(o)k 416(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1345(symbols)s 2201(compete)s 3074(for)s 3419(v)s 3(ertical)k -4193(space)s 4786(\(e.g.)s 220 fnt35 5262 6432(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 6487 6435(and)m 220 fnt35 6898 6432(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 7989 6435(\),)m 8182(and)s 8593(there)s 0 6147(it)m -187(is)s 392(con)s 9(v)k 3(entional)k 1666(to)s -1900(grant)s 2446(as)s 2691(much)s 3274(as)s 3519(required)s -4368(to)s 4602(the)s 4945(\207rst)s 5371(arri)s 6(v)k 6(al.)k -6140(It)s 6339(is)s 6544(not)s 6905(clear)s 7423(to)s -7657(the)s 8000(author)s 8665(ho)s 6(w)k 0 5859(these)m -547(dif)s 6(ferent)k 1422(approaches)s 2549(can)s 2938(be)s -3220(reconciled.)s 240 fnt84 0 5066(6.)m 291(Cr)s 4(oss)k -926(r)s 4(efer)k 4(ences)k 240 fnt82 480 4634(Cross)m -1064(references,)s 2138(such)s 2622(as)s 2859(`see)s 3286(page)s -3782(57')s 4121(and)s 4512(`see)s 4940(Figure)s 5607(5,)s 16(')k -5871(are)s 6205(a)s 6358(useful)s 6985(b)s 4(ut)k -7334(highly)s 7987(error)s 4(-prone)k 0 4346(feature)m 716(of)s -985(documents.)s 2184(Scribe)s 2848([7])s 3163(introduced)s 4242(a)s -4406(method)s 5180(of)s 5449(k)s 2(eeping)k 6256(them)s -6792(up)s 7083(to)s 7320(date)s 7772(automatically)s 0 4058(as)m -245(the)s 587(document)s 1585(changes:)s 2517(the)s 2859(user)s -3311(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 3852(each)s 4342(referenced)s -5401(entity)s 5993(a)s 6153(tag,)s 6547(and)s 6945(operators)s -7879(are)s 8220(pro)s 3(vided)k 0 3770(that)m 418(return)s -1045(the)s 1393(page)s 1901(or)s 2160(sequence)s 3093(number)s -3884(of)s 4155(the)s 4503(entity)s 5101(with)s 5583(a)s -5749(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6329(tag.)s 480 3396(A)m -712(cross)s 1256(reference)s 2201(tak)s 2(es)k 2743(an)s -3028(object)s 3674(\(such)s 4251(as)s 4503(a)s 4671(page)s -5181(number\))s 6042(from)s 6568(one)s 6972(point)s 7526(in)s -7771(the)s 8122(document)s 0 3108(and)m 435(copies)s 1128(it)s -1351(to)s 1621(another)s 9(,)k 2467(and)s 2902(this)s -3329(generalization)s 4770(suggests)s 5663(other)s 6245(applications.)s 7595(F)s 3(or)k -8015(e)s 3(xample,)k 8960(a)s 0 2820(running)m 831(header)s -1562(is)s 1806(copied)s 2536(from)s 3094(the)s 3475(title)s -3935(of)s 4240(a)s 4440(nearby)s 5179(chapter)s 9(,)k -6013(and)s 6451(a)s 6651(reference)s 7628(is)s 7872(copied)s -8602(from)s 0 2532(a)m 207(bibliographic)s 1576(database.)s 2604(Making)s -3443(the)s 3832(unity)s 4419(of)s 4731(these)s 5319(applications)s -6566(manifest)s 7489(is)s 7740(an)s 8065(interesting)s 0 2244(language)m -920(design)s 1602(problem.)s 240 fnt84 0 1595(6.1.)m 471(The)s -926(cr)s 4(oss)k 1494(r)s 4(efer)k 4(ence)k -2496(abstraction)s 240 fnt82 480 1164(In)m 736(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloping)k -1844(the)s 2192(cross)s 2734(reference)s 3677(abstraction,)s 4832(it)s -5024(seemed)s 5799(best)s 6244(to)s 6483(be)s 3(gin)k -7069(with)s 7551(the)s 7899(database)s 8779(ap)s 8998(-)s -0 876(plication,)m 943(since)s 1490(it)s 1682(is)s 1892(the)s -2240(simplest.)s 3200(Database)s 4132(relations)s 5005(are)s 5352(naturally)s -6255(mapped)s 7071(into)s 7496(Lout)s 8008(de\207nitions:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 36 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4288 13842(-)m 4416(36)s 4709(-)s 220 fnt35 480 13253(def @Ref)m 6(erence)k -480 12965( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 12677( named @A)m 6(uthor {})k 480 12389( named @Title {})m -480 12101( named @Jour)m -5(nal {})k 480 11813({})m 240 fnt82 0 11319(The)m -434(set)s 766(of)s 1043(all)s 1343(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -2490(of)s 220 fnt35 2768 11316(@Ref)m 6(erence)k 240 fnt82 -4055 11319(is)m 4272(a)s 4444(relation)s 5237(whose)s 5911(attrib)s 4(utes)k -6853(are)s 7206(the)s 7561(parameters,)s 8722(and)s 0 11031(whose)m -659(tuples)s 1271(are)s 1608(the)s 1946(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations.)k -3191(T)s 19(o)k 3481(complete)s 4403(the)s 4741(correspondence,)s -6339(we)s 6665(need)s 7165(only)s 7635(declare)s 8370(that)s -8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 10740(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 -623 10743(parameter)m 1637(is)s 1847(special,)s 2617(serving)s 3374(as)s -3624(the)s 3972(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 4367(attrib)s 4(ute.)k -480 10369(F)m 3(ollo)k 6(wing)k 1508(the)s 1856(database)s -2735(model,)s 3440(we)s 3775(ne)s 3(xt)k 4244(need)s -4755(a)s 4921(notation)s 5762(for)s 6100(retrie)s 6(ving)k -7075(the)s 7423(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 8477(with)s -8960(a)s 0 10081(gi)m 6(v)k 3(en)k 580(tag:)s -220 fnt35 480 9580(@Ref)m 6(erence&&kingston91)k 240 fnt82 0 9081(This)m -240 fnt83 534 9083(cr)m 10(oss)k 1143(r)s 8(efer)k 8(ence)k -240 fnt82 2141 9081(is)m 2410(lik)s 2(e)k 2881(an)s -3223(arro)s 6(w)k 3887(pointing)s 4796(to)s 5094(the)s -5501(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation.)k 6721(T)s 19(o)k -7080(access)s 7800(its)s 8135(attrib)s 4(utes,)k 0 8793(we)m -335(write)s 220 fnt35 480 8341(@Ref)m 6(erence&&kingston91 @Open { @A)k 6(uthor)k 11(, @Title })k -240 fnt82 0 7842(The)m 220 fnt35 484 7839(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -1347 7842(operator)m 2260(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k 3245(its)s -3578(right)s 4146(parameter)s 5217(in)s 5517(an)s 5857(en)s 9(vironment)k -7174(which)s 7873(includes)s 8778(the)s 0 7554(e)m 3(xported)k -892(parameters)s 1990(of)s 2261(its)s 2537(left.)s 480 7180(An)m -829(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 1882(is)s 2091(chosen)s -2812(to)s 3050(be)s 3331(a)s 3496(running)s 4293(header)s -4989(because)s 5801(of)s 6071(its)s 6346(proximity)s 7342(to)s -7580(the)s 7927(place)s 8486(where)s 0 6892(it)m 223(is)s -465(used,)s 1043(rather)s 1691(than)s 2192(by)s 2517(its)s -2825(tag.)s 3313(Such)s 3881(proximity)s 4910(is)s 5151(naturally)s -6086(e)s 3(xpressed)k 7116(by)s 7442(tw)s 2(o)k -7884(special)s 8634(tags,)s 220 fnt35 0 6601(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -1049 6604(and)m 220 fnt35 1491 6601(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 2321 6604(;)m 2471(for)s 2848(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 3800 6601(@Sym&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 -5682 6604(will)m 6146(point)s 6737(to)s 7014(the)s 7400(closest)s -8149(follo)s 6(wing)k 0 6316(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1083(of)s 220 fnt35 1383 6313(@Sym)m 240 fnt82 2121 6316(in)m -2393(the)s 2771(\207nal)s 3280(printed)s 4045(document.)s 5182(This)s -5688(is)s 5927(much)s 6546(simpler)s 7351(conceptually)s 8657(than)s -0 6028(reference)m 937(to)s 1169(the)s 1511(internal)s 2288(state)s -2775(of)s 3039(the)s 3381(document)s 4378(formatter)s 5319(at)s -5544(a)s 5704(critical)s 6413(moment,)s 7298(the)s 7639(usual)s -8192(approach)s 0 5740(to)m 239(running)s 1037(headers.)s 480 5366(It)m -691(turns)s 1227(out)s 1600(that)s 2025(the)s 2380(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -3009(design)s 3698(solv)s 3(es)k 4350(all)s 4650(the)s -5005(cross)s 5554(referencing)s 6701(problems)s 7649(encountered)s 8883(in)s -0 5078(practice)m 825(e)s 3(xcept)k 1521(one,)s 1988(which)s -2645(may)s 3126(be)s 3422(typi\207ed)s 4226(by)s 4535(the)s -4897(problem)s 5769(of)s 6054(\207nding)s 6801(the)s 7164(number)s -7969(of)s 8255(the)s 8618(page)s 0 4790(on)m 303(which)s -952(the)s 1306(chapter)s 2076(whose)s 2750(tag)s 3102(is)s -220 fnt35 3318 4787(intro)m 240 fnt82 3804 4790(be)m 3(gins.)k -4596(T)s 19(w)k 2(o)k 5074(cross)s 5622(referencing)s -6769(steps)s 7304(are)s 7658(needed,)s 8449(\207rst)s 8887(to)s -220 fnt35 0 4499(@Chapter&&intro)m 240 fnt82 1714 4502(,)m 1821(then)s -2290(from)s 2814(there)s 3347(to)s 220 fnt35 3586 4499(@P)m 8(age&&preceding)k -240 fnt82 5556 4502(,)m 5663(where)s 6303(the)s 6651(page)s -7159(number)s 7950(is)s 8160(kno)s 6(wn.)k 480 4128(Gi)m 6(v)k 3(en)k -1113(our)s 1492(success)s 2260(so)s 2526(f)s 2(ar)k 9(,)k -2886(this)s 3282(last)s 3673(problem)s 4530(pro)s 3(v)k 3(es)k -5213(to)s 5452(be)s 5734(surprisingly)s 6930(dif\207cult.)s 7850(W)s 19(e)k -8219(\207rst)s 8650(try)s 220 fnt35 480 3627(@Chapter&&intro @Open {)m 480 3339( @P)m 8(age&&preceding @Open { @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 3051(})m 240 fnt82 0 2557(b)m 4(ut)k 363(this)s -761(f)s 2(ails)k 1222(because)s 220 fnt35 2037 2554(@P)m 8(age&&preceding)k -240 fnt82 4069 2557(is)m 4281(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated)k -5245(in)s 5490(the)s 5840(present)s 6592(conte)s 3(xt,)k -7402(not)s 7770(in)s 8015(the)s 8365(conte)s 3(xt)k -0 2269(of)m 220 fnt35 271 2266(@Chapter&&intro)m 240 fnt82 2045 2269(as)m -2295(required.)s 3255(So)s 3561(our)s 3940(ne)s 3(xt)k -4409(attempt)s 5185(is)s 220 fnt35 480 1768(def @Chapter)m 480 1480( named @P)m 8(ageNum { @P)k 8(age&&preceding @Open { @P)k 8(ageNum } })k -480 1192( ...)m 240 fnt82 0 741(with)m 482(the)s 220 fnt35 -830 738(@P)m 8(age&&preceding)k 240 fnt82 2860 741(cross)m 3402(reference)s -4345(attached)s 5199(to)s 5438(the)s 5786(chapter;)s 6601(we)s -6936(write)s 220 fnt35 480 240(@Chapter&&intro @Open { @P)m 8(ageNum })k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 37 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(37)s 4707(-)s 0 13253(This)m 604(also)s -1170(f)s 2(ails,)k 1813(because)s 2754(parameters)s 3980(are)s -4456(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated)k 5546(after)s 6170(substitution,)s -7521(so)s 7915(once)s 8552(ag)s 1(ain)k 220 fnt35 -0 12962(@P)m 8(age&&preceding)k 240 fnt82 2015 12965(is)m 2209(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated)k -3156(in)s 3383(the)s 3716(wrong)s 4365(conte)s 3(xt.)k -5215(W)s 19(e)k 5568(could)s 6143(of)s 6398(course)s -7063(de\207ne)s 7688(a)s 7839(ne)s 6(w)k 8270(operator)s -0 12677(speci\207cally)m 1142(for)s 1480(this)s 1876(case:)s 220 fnt35 -480 12176(@P)m 8(age&&{ @Preceding @Chapter&&intro })k 240 fnt82 0 11677(or)m 267(some)s -836(such.)s 1448(This)s 1932(is)s 2151(free)s 2585(of)s -2864(the)s 3221(anno)s 2(ying)k 4172(conte)s 3(xt-sensiti)k 6(vity)k 15(,)k -6029(b)s 4(ut)k 6399(it)s 6599(seems)s 7243(quite)s -7785(comple)s 3(x,)k 8722(and)s 0 11389(the)m 348(e)s 3(xpected)k -1253(cross)s 1795(reference)s 220 fnt35 2738 11386(@P)m 8(age&&preceding)k -240 fnt82 4768 11389(does)m 5258(not)s 5624(appear)s 13(.)k -480 11015(The)m 939(author)s 1642(w)s 2(as)k 2095(lost)s -2532(in)s 2806(these)s 3385(obscurities)s 4503(for)s 4873(some)s -5465(time,)s 6028(and)s 6464(ultimately)s 7518(rescued)s 8338(himself)s -0 10727(by)m 306(looking)s 1103(ahead)s 1731(to)s 1982(the)s -2342(implementation)s 3912(of)s 4195(the)s 220 fnt35 4555 10724(preceding)m -240 fnt82 5578 10727(and)m 220 fnt35 5994 10724(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 6897 10727(tags,)m 7401(to)s 7652(see)s 8025(if)s -8254(a)s 8433(simple)s 0 10439(e)m 3(xtension)k 971(of)s -1242(it)s 1434(w)s 2(ould)k 2089(solv)s 3(e)k -2647(the)s 2995(problem.)s 3956(This)s 4432(led)s 4782(to)s -5021(the)s 220 fnt35 5369 10436(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 -6358 10439(operator:)m 220 fnt35 480 9938(@P)m 8(age&&preceding @T)k 26(agged intro)k -240 fnt82 0 9439(placed)m 686(at)s 922(the)s 1274(be)s 3(ginning)k -2286(of)s 2562(the)s 2914(body)s 3452(of)s 3727(the)s -4079(chapter)s 4847(will)s 5277(attach)s 220 fnt35 5908 9436(intro)m -240 fnt82 6391 9439(as)m 6645(an)s 6933(e)s 3(xtra)k -7471(tag)s 7820(to)s 8063(the)s 8416(closest)s 0 9151(preceding)m -996(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 2050(of)s 220 fnt35 -2321 9148(@P)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 3040 9151(,)m 3147(so)s -3413(that)s 220 fnt35 480 8650(@P)m 8(age&&intro @Open { @P)k 8(ageNum })k -240 fnt82 0 8151(yields)m 635(the)s 996(desired)s 1758(page)s -2279(number)s 13(.)k 3174(There)s 3801(is)s 4024(something)s -5087(lo)s 6(w-le)k 6(v)k 3(el)k 6043(and)s -6460(ad)s 6757(hoc)s 7170(about)s 7775(the)s 220 fnt35 -8137 8148(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 0 7863(operator)m 9(,)k -894(b)s 4(ut)k 1256(the)s 1604(tw)s 2(o)k -2014(cross)s 2556(references)s 3587(do)s 3880(appear)s 4577(naturally)s 15(,)k -5518(and)s 5922(it)s 6114(w)s 2(orks.)k 240 fnt84 -0 7214(6.2.)m 471(Implementation)s 2159(of)s 2431(cr)s 4(oss)k -2999(r)s 4(efer)k 4(ences)k 240 fnt82 480 6737(Before)m -1185(an)s 1466(object)s 2109(can)s 2496(be)s 2777(sized)s -3324(and)s 3727(printed,)s 4509(the)s 4855(v)s 6(alues)k -5510(of)s 5779(an)s 3(y)k 6175(cross)s 6715(references)s -7745(within)s 8411(it)s 8601(must)s 0 6449(be)m 279(kno)s 6(wn.)k -1086(If)s 1312(the)s 3(y)k 1772(refer)s 2277(to)s -2512(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 3650(that)s 4064(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4561(not)s 4924(yet)s 5272(been)s 5777(read,)s 6292(there)s -6821(is)s 7027(a)s 7190(problem.)s 8147(Scribe)s 8809([7])s -0 6161(solv)m 3(es)k 649(it)s 844(by)s 1141(capitalizing)s -2311(on)s 2611(the)s 2962(f)s 2(act)k 3381(that)s -3802(documents)s 4893(are)s 5243(formatted)s 6232(repeatedly)s 7284(during)s -7965(the)s 8317(drafting)s 0 5873(process.)m 868(All)s 1214(tagged)s -1897(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 3024(are)s 3358(copied)s -4040(to)s 4266(an)s 4535(auxiliary)s 5425(\207le)s 5772(during)s -6437(the)s 6771(\207rst)s 7189(run,)s 7601(and)s 7992(inde)s 3(x)k 3(ed)k -8788(for)s 0 5585(quick)m 593(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k -1429(on)s 1725(the)s 2072(second.)s 2901(A)s 3130(ne)s 6(w)k -3576(auxiliary)s 4478(\207le)s 4839(is)s 5048(written)s 5780(during)s -6457(the)s 6805(second)s 7527(run,)s 7952(for)s 8289(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k -0 5297(on)m 301(the)s 654(third,)s 1217(and)s 1625(so)s -1896(on.)s 2305(Cross)s 2906(references)s 3941(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -4657(lag)s 5007(one)s 5413(run)s 5794(behind)s 6509(the)s -6862(rest)s 7270(of)s 7546(the)s 7899(document;)s 8960(a)s -0 5009(perfect)m 711(cop)s 2(y)k 1217(may)s 1671(be)s -1942(produced)s 2879(by)s 3161(formatting)s 4210(the)s 4547(same)s -5082(v)s 3(ersion)k 5828(twice,)s 6440(e)s 3(xcept)k -7110(in)s 7341(a)s 7495(fe)s 6(w)k 7889(pathological)s -0 4721(cases)m 555(that)s 973(f)s 2(ail)k 1343(to)s -1582(con)s 9(v)k 3(er)k 4(ge.)k 480 4347(Cross)m -1123(referencing)s 2310(in)s 2600(Lout)s 3159(is)s 3416(implemented)s -4769(on)s 5113(top)s 5519(of)s 5837(a)s 6050(simple)s -6790(database)s 7716(system.)s 8591(Each)s 0 4059(database)m 879(is)s -1089(either)s 1692(writable)s 2530(or)s 2790(readable)s 3655(b)s 4(ut)k -4017(not)s 4383(both)s 4867(at)s 5099(once,)s 5658(and)s -6062(holds)s 6633(a)s 6799(set)s 7124(of)s 7395(k)s 2(e)k 3(y-v)k 6(alue)k -8384(entries:)s 0 3771(the)m 348(k)s 2(e)k 3(ys)k -833(are)s 1180(ASCII)s 1861(strings,)s 2605(and)s 3009(the)s -3358(v)s 6(alues)k 4014(are)s 4361(Lout)s 4873(objects,)s -5658(possibly)s 6510(with)s 6992(en)s 9(vironments,)k 8393(written)s -0 3483(in)m 290(Lout)s 850(source.)s 1685(Operations)s 2833(are)s -3227(pro)s 3(vided)k 4181(for)s 4566(writing)s 5357(an)s -5687(entry)s 15(,)k 6318(con)s 9(v)k 3(erting)k -7429(from)s 8001(writable)s 8887(to)s 0 3195(readable,)m 916(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k -1753(by)s 2047(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -2480(and)s 2884(sequential)s 3908(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k -4745(in)s 4988(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 5383(order)s 13(.)k -480 2821(The)m 905(implementation,)s 2509(which)s 3148(is)s 3354(quite)s -3885(unsophisticated,)s 5477(emplo)s 2(ys)k 6334(one)s 6732(or)s -6988(more)s 7532(ASCII)s 240 fnt83 8208 2823(database)m 0 2535(\207les)m -240 fnt82 380 2533(,)m 485(containing)s 1545(the)s 1891(v)s 6(alues,)k -2600(and)s 3001(one)s 3401(ASCII)s 240 fnt83 4078 2535(inde)m 4(x)k -4650(\207le)s 240 fnt82 4992 2533(per)m 5354(database,)s 6282(containing)s -7342(the)s 7688(k)s 2(e)k 3(ys.)k 8283(T)s 19(o)k -8580(write)s 0 2245(an)m 283(entry)s 15(,)k 866(the)s -1214(v)s 6(alue)k 1782(is)s 1992(\207rst)s 2423(appended)s -3399(to)s 3638(a)s 3804(database)s 4683(\207le,)s 5095(then)s -5564(a)s 5730(line)s 6144(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 -480 1744(@Chapter&&intro ch1.ld 57)m 240 fnt82 0 1248(is)m 204(appended)s 1174(to)s -1406(the)s 1748(inde)s 3(x)k 2326(\207le,)s 2731(gi)s 6(ving)k -3384(the)s 3725(\207le)s 4080(and)s 4478(of)s 6(fset)k -5068(where)s 5702(the)s 6043(v)s 6(alue)k 6605(is)s -6809(stored.)s 7550(T)s 19(o)k 7844(con)s 9(v)k 3(ert)k -8602(from)s 0 960(writable)m 831(to)s 1062(readable,)s 1971(the)s -2311(inde)s 3(x)k 2887(\207le)s 3241(is)s 3443(sorted.)s -4183(Then)s 4725(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k 5554(by)s -5840(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 6228(requires)s 7040(a)s -7198(binary)s 7856(search)s 8515(of)s 8778(the)s 0 672(inde)m 3(x)k -584(\207le)s 945(and)s 1349(one)s 1751(seek)s 2237(into)s -2662(a)s 2828(database)s 3707(\207le,)s 4119(and)s 4523(sequential)s -5547(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(al)k 6384(by)s 6678(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k -7073(is)s 7283(tri)s 6(vial.)k 480 298(This)m 945(database)s -1813(system)s 2526(is)s 2725(used)s 3211(in)s 3443(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k -4154(w)s 2(ays.)k 4797(F)s 3(or)k 5175(an)s -5447(e)s 3(xternal)k 6257(database,)s 7176(say)s 7538(of)s -7798(bibliographic)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 38 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4291 13844(-)m 4419(38)s 4706(-)s 0 13253(references,)m 1093(the)s -1447(user)s 1912(creates)s 2631(the)s 2985(database)s 3871(\207le)s -4238(of)s 4516(v)s 6(alues)k 5178(\(without)s 6054(en)s 9(vironments\),)k -7540(Lout)s 8058(creates)s 8778(the)s 0 12965(inde)m 3(x)k -587(\207le)s 951(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 1935(it)s -2130(cannot)s 2831(\207nd)s 3265(one,)s 3721(and)s 4128(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(als)k -5057(by)s 5354(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 5752(proceed)s -6570(as)s 6823(usual.)s 7495(Cross)s 8095(references)s 0 12677(with)m -476(tags)s 906(other)s 1451(than)s 220 fnt35 1913 12674(preceding)m -240 fnt82 2918 12677(and)m 220 fnt35 3316 12674(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 4200 12677(are)m 4540(treated)s 5241(as)s 5485(described)s -6453(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k 7119(by)s 7407(writing)s -8144(all)s 8430(tagged)s 0 12389(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -1131(\(with)s 1681(en)s 9(vironments\))k 3092(to)s 3320(a)s -3475(single)s 4092(database,)s 5011(which)s 5643(is)s 5842(con)s 9(v)k 3(erted)k -6820(to)s 7049(readable)s 7903(at)s 8125(the)s 8462(end)s -8855(of)s 0 12101(the)m 334(run)s 695(for)s 1018(retrie)s 6(v)k 6(als)k -1930(on)s 2212(the)s 2545(ne)s 3(xt)k 3000(run.)s -3468(Sorted)s 4135(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k 4900(such)s -5382(as)s 5617(inde)s 3(x)k 6186(entries,)s 6915(are)s -7247(written)s 7965(out)s 8316(inde)s 3(x)k 3(ed)k -0 11813(by)m 307(tar)s 4(get)k 920(and)s 1337(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k -1746(and)s 2163(retrie)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k 3074(sequentially)s -4297(on)s 4607(the)s 4969(ne)s 3(xt)k 5451(run.)s -5948(Unsorted)s 6896(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 7634(with)s -8130(preceding)s 0 11525(tar)m 4(gets)k 684(which)s 1327(pop)s -1741(of)s 6(f)k 2086(the)s 2435(top)s 2795(of)s -3067(the)s 3416(root)s 3863(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4498(without)s 5290(\207nding)s 6023(a)s 6190(tar)s 4(get,)k -6837(such)s 7334(as)s 7585(entries)s 8273(in)s 8518(tables)s -0 11237(of)m 274(contents,)s 1181(are)s 1532(treated)s 2242(similarly)s 15(,)k -3186(e)s 3(xcept)k 3870(that)s 4291(the)s 3(y)k -4758(are)s 5108(inde)s 3(x)k 3(ed)k 5922(by)s -6219(tar)s 4(get)k 6821(and)s 7229(a)s 7398(sequence)s -8335(number)s 0 10949(that)m 418(preserv)s 3(es)k 1368(their)s -1865(relati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 2627(order)s 3191(during)s -3869(the)s 4217(sort.)s 480 10575(When)m 1107(Lout)s 1617(processes)s -2581(a)s 2745(multi-\207le)s 3687(document,)s 4735(one)s 5135(cross)s -5674(reference)s 6615(database)s 7492(\207le)s 7850(is)s 8058(written)s -8788(for)s 0 10287(each)m 504(input)s 1065(\207le,)s 1486(b)s 4(ut)k -1858(the)s 3(y)k 2330(share)s 2899(a)s 3074(common)s -3979(inde)s 3(x)k 4572(\207le.)s 5050(At)s 5358(end)s -5772(of)s 6052(run,)s 6487(the)s 6844(ne)s 6(w)k -7301(inde)s 3(x)k 7894(\207le)s 8264(is)s 8484(sorted)s -0 9999(and)m 404(mer)s 4(ged)k 1176(with)s 1658(the)s -2007(old)s 2371(one)s 2774(in)s 3017(such)s 3514(a)s -3680(w)s 2(ay)k 4132(as)s 4383(to)s 4622(preserv)s 3(e)k -5485(entries)s 6172(relating)s 6955(to)s 7194(\207les)s 7644(not)s -8010(read)s 8480(on)s 8778(the)s 0 9711(current)m 737(run.)s -1221(This)s 1699(pro)s 3(vides)k 2572(some)s 3135(support)s -3914(for)s 4254(piecemeal)s 5278(formatting,)s 6395(b)s 4(ut)k -6758(e)s 6(v)k 3(entually)k 7801(the)s 8150(\207les)s -8601(must)s 0 9423(all)m 293(be)s 575(formatted)s 1561(together)s 13(.)k -480 9049(When)m 1120(a)s 220 fnt35 1297 9046(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -2319 9049(or)m 220 fnt35 2590 9046(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 3491 9049(cross)m 4044(reference)s 4998(is)s 5220(found,)s -5897(it)s 6100(is)s 6321(attached)s 7187(to)s 7437(a)s -7614(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 8259(inde)s 3(x)k -8855(of)s 0 8761(type)m 240 fnt83 474 8763(CR)m 9(OSS_PREC)k -240 fnt82 1973 8761(or)m 240 fnt83 2238 8763(CR)m 9(OSS_FOLL)k -240 fnt82 3653 8761(,)m 3766(together)s 4615(with)s 5103(an)s -5392(automatically)s 6752(generated)s 7745(tag)s 8097(composed)s 0 8473(of)m -258(the)s 593(current)s 1316(\207le)s 1663(name)s 2224(and)s -2615(a)s 2767(sequence)s 3687(number)s 13(.)k 4556(When)s -5172(a)s 5324(tagged)s 6007(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -7048(is)s 7244(found,)s 7897(it)s 8076(is)s 8272(attached)s -0 8185(to)m 237(a)s 240 fnt83 401 8187(CR)m 9(OSS_T)k 12(ARG)k -240 fnt82 1875 8185(inde)m 3(x.)k 2565(These)s 3190(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -3822(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es)k 4595(are)s 4940(carried)s -5658(along)s 6241(through)s 7040(the)s 7386(dynamic)s 8261(tree,)s -8722(and)s 0 7897(e)m 6(v)k 3(entually)k 1049(pop)s -1470(of)s 6(f)k 1822(the)s 2178(top)s 2545(of)s -2824(the)s 3180(root)s 3633(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -4313(at)s 4553(which)s 5203(point)s 5763(it)s 5963(is)s -6181(easy)s 6668(to)s 6915(determine)s 7934(which)s 8584(cross)s -0 7609(references)m 1029(refer)s 1536(to)s 1773(which)s 2413(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations,)k -3608(since)s 4153(the)s 4499(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es)k -5273(are)s 5618(no)s 6(w)k 6077(in)s 6318(\207nal)s -6796(printed)s 7529(document)s 8531(order)s 13(.)k 0 7321(Each)m -541(referenced)s 1613(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 2674(is)s -2891(then)s 3367(written)s 4107(to)s 4353(the)s 4708(cross)s -5257(reference)s 6207(database,)s 7144(multiply)s 8015(inde)s 3(x)k 3(ed)k -8832(by)s 0 7033(the)m 344(generated)s 1327(tags)s 1758(of)s -2025(the)s 2369(associated)s 3404(cross)s 3942(references.)s 5082(On)s -5427(the)s 5771(ne)s 3(xt)k 6236(run,)s 6657(when)s -7229(the)s 7573(same)s 220 fnt35 8115 7030(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -0 6745(and)m 220 fnt35 408 6742(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 1302 6745(cross)m 1848(references)s 2883(are)s 3234(found,)s -3904(chances)s 4716(are)s 5067(good)s 5609(that)s 6031(the)s -6383(same)s 6934(tags)s 7374(will)s 7804(be)s 8090(generated,)s -0 6457(and)m 404(the)s 752(appropriate)s 1896(v)s 6(alues)k -2552(can)s 2941(be)s 3223(retrie)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k -4120(from)s 4644(the)s 4992(database)s 5871(immediately)s 15(.)k -480 6083(This)m 982(approach)s 1942(w)s 2(as)k 2389(the)s -2763(genesis)s 3544(of)s 3842(the)s 220 fnt35 4216 6080(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 5231 6083(operator)m 9(,)k 6151(whose)s 6845(implementation)s -8428(is)s 8665(no)s 6(w)k 0 5795(immediate:)m 1106(for)s -1436(each)s 220 fnt35 1923 5792(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 -2903 5795(operator)m 3751(we)s 4078(produce)s 4897(one)s 240 fnt83 -5290 5797(CR)m 9(OSS_PREC)k 240 fnt82 6775 5795(or)m 240 fnt83 -7026 5797(CR)m 9(OSS_FOLL)k 240 fnt82 8492 5795(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -0 5507(inde)m 3(x,)k 645(replacing)s 1596(the)s 1953(generated)s -2949(tag)s 3304(with)s 3795(the)s 4152(right)s 4672(parameter)s -5696(of)s 5976(the)s 220 fnt35 6333 5504(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 7331 5507(operator)m 13(.)k 8288(Nothing)s 0 5219(more)m -547(is)s 757(required.)s 240 fnt84 0 4426(7.)m 291(Conclusion)s -240 fnt82 480 3994(Since)m 1054(its)s 1316(public)s 1953(release)s -2657(in)s 2886(October)s 3702(1991,)s 4275(the)s 4609(Basser)s -5292(Lout)s 5790(interpreter)s 6829(has)s 7185(been)s 7680(ported)s -8335(without)s 0 3706(incident)m 819(to)s 1047(a)s 1202(wide)s -1712(v)s 6(ariety)k 2412(of)s 2672(Unix)s 3195(systems)s -3992(and)s 4385(hardw)s 2(are.)k 5425(It)s 5619(w)s 2(as)k -6029(tested)s 6633(e)s 3(xtensi)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k -7753(before)s 8408(release)s 0 3418(on)m 293(its)s 565(o)s 6(wn)k -1025(documentation,)s 2549(and)s 2949(the)s 3293(fe)s 6(w)k -3695(minor)s 4321(b)s 4(ugs)k 4817(which)s 5455(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5952(emer)s 4(ged)k 6824(since)s 7367(then)s 7832(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8329(all)s 8617(been)s 0 3130(\207x)m 3(ed)k 534(in)s -777(the)s 1125(second)s 1848(release,)s 2617(scheduled)s 3632(to)s -3871(appear)s 4568(in)s 4811(mid-1992.)s 480 2756(Se)m 6(v)k 3(en)k -1105(substantial)s 2173(packages)s 3093(of)s 3355(de\207nitions)s 4407(are)s -4746(distrib)s 4(uted)k 5813(with)s 6286(Basser)s 6975(Lout.)s -7582(The)s 8001(Document)s 8998(-)s 0 2468(Layout)m 748(package,)s -1649(and)s 2063(its)s 2349(v)s 6(ariants)k 3160(ReportLayout)s -4560(and)s 4974(BookLayout,)s 6289(pro)s 3(vide)k 7083(the)s -7441(standard)s 8320(features)s 0 2180(that)m 411(all)s 696(documents)s -1776(require:)s 2610(pages,)s 3254(columns,)s 4165(paragraphs,)s 5313(headings,)s -6263(footnotes,)s 7252(\210oating)s 8028(\207gures)s 8722(and)s 0 1892(tables,)m -683(chapters)s 1550(and)s 1973(sections,)s 2870(displays)s 3724(and)s -4148(lists,)s 4658(access)s 5339(to)s 5597(bibliographic)s 6945(databases,)s -7987(cross)s 8549(refer)s 8998(-)s 0 1604(ences,)m 623(and)s -1012(so)s 1263(on)s 1545([11].)s 2092(The)s 2505(BookLayout)s -3748(package)s 4572(has)s 4927(e)s 3(xtra)k 5446(features)s -6237(needed)s 6958(by)s 7237(books,)s 7902(including)s 8843(an)s -0 1316(automatically)m 1355(generated)s 2343(table)s 2864(of)s 3136(contents,)s -4041(Roman)s 4791(page)s 5300(numbers)s 6176(for)s 6515(the)s -6864(pref)s 2(atory)k 7792(material,)s 8682(run)s 8998(-)s -0 1028(ning)m 468(page)s 965(headers,)s 1790(odd)s 2197(and)s -2589(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3078(page)s 3574(layouts,)s -4361(and)s 4754(a)s 4908(sorted)s 5539(inde)s 3(x.)k -6220(The)s 6637(Eq)s 6949(package)s 7778(formats)s 8546(equa)s -8998(-)s 0 740(tions,)m 572(and)s 976(P)s 3(as)k -1356(formats)s 2136(P)s 3(ascal)k 2798(programs)s 3752([10];)s -4262(T)s 19(ab)k 4668(formats)s 5448(tables)s 6056([12];)s -6566(and)s 6970(Fig)s 7342(dra)s 3(ws)k 7961(\207gures)s -8663([6].)s 480 366(The)m 899(non-e)s 3(xpert)k 1983(user)s -2431(who)s 2888(uses)s 3341(these)s 3879(packages)s 4797(percei)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -5732(a)s 5889(system)s 6603(of)s 6865(a)s 7021(standard)s -7880(quite)s 8404(similar)s 0 78(to)m 246(other)s 804(fully)s -1317(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloped)k 2357(batch)s 2940(formatters,)s -4034(although)s 4936(the)s 5292(interf)s 2(ace)k 6187(is)s -6405(considerably)s 7688(more)s 8243(coherent)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 39 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -4289 13844(-)m 4417(39)s 4708(-)s 0 13251(than,)m 525(say)s 15(,)k -942(the)s 1297(trof)s 6(f)k 1792(f)s 2(amily')k 13(s)k -2630([8].)s 3078(The)s 3512(e)s 3(xpert)k 4173(user)s -4637(percei)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 5588(a)s 5760(system)s -6490(which)s 7139(is)s 7355(radically)s 8251(dif)s 6(ferent)k -0 12963(from)m 547(pre)s 6(vious)k 1440(ones,)s 2009(in)s -2276(which)s 2941(a)s 3131(great)s 3691(deal)s 4168(can)s -4580(be)s 4886(achie)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k 5808(v)s 3(ery)k -6308(quickly)s 15(.)k 7198(T)s 19(o)k 7522(tak)s 2(e)k -7997(an)s 8304(e)s 3(xtreme)k 0 12675(e)m 3(xample,)k -936(P)s 3(as)k 1338(w)s 2(as)k 1781(designed,)s -2761(implemented,)s 4138(tested,)s 4825(and)s 5251(documented)s 6501(in)s -6766(one)s 7190(afternoon.)s 8292(Eq)s 8639(took)s 0 12387(about)m -587(a)s 747(week,)s 1353(b)s 4(ut)k 1709(most)s -2229(of)s 2494(that)s 2906(time)s 3380(w)s 2(as)k -3796(spent)s 4355(in)s 4592(marshalling)s 5767(the)s 6110(v)s 6(ast)k -6543(repertoire)s 7520(of)s 7785(mathematical)s 0 12099(symbols,)m 934(and)s -1367(\207ne-tuning)s 2499(the)s 2876(spacing.)s 3800(Most)s 4381(of)s -4681(the)s 5059(ef)s 6(fort)k 5671(seems)s 6335(to)s -6603(go)s 6925(into)s 7379(designing)s 8392(a)s 8588(good)s -0 11811(interf)m 2(ace;)k 944(most)s 1469(symbols)s 2318(are)s -2665(implemented)s 3971(in)s 4214(just)s 4619(one)s 5021(or)s -5280(a)s 5446(fe)s 6(w)k 5852(lines)s 6354(of)s -6625(Lout.)s 480 11437(A)m 698(group)s 1297(of)s 1556(about)s -2135(20)s 2418(satis\207ed)s 3246(non-e)s 3(xpert)k 4327(users)s -4856(has)s 5214(gro)s 6(wn)k 5864(up)s 6145(within)s -6800(the)s 7136(author')s 13(s)k 7944(department,)s 0 11149(mainly)m -703(Honours)s 1563(students)s 2383(with)s 2849(no)s 3127(in)s 9(v)k 3(estment)k -4208(in)s 4436(older)s 4971(systems)s 5764(to)s 5987(hold)s -6456(them)s 6978(back.)s 7579(Basser)s 8260(Lout)s 8756(has)s -0 10861(been)m 511(adv)s 3(ertised)k 1550(on)s 1849(the)s -2199(Internet)s 3003(ne)s 6(ws)k 3542(as)s 3794(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -4704(via)s 5058(anon)s 3(ymous)k 240 fnt83 6213 10863(ftp)m -240 fnt82 6458 10861(,)m 6567(so)s 6835(the)s 7185(e)s 3(xtent)k -7828(of)s 8101(its)s 8379(outside)s 0 10573(user)m 469(community)s -1624(is)s 1845(hard)s 2339(to)s 2589(g)s 1(auge.)k -3335(About)s 4005(50)s 4311(people)s 5016(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5528(mailed)s 6247(comments)s 7292(or)s 7562(questions)s 8528(to)s -8778(the)s 0 10285(author;)m 733(man)s 3(y)k 1327(of)s -1608(these)s 2166(people)s 2871(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3382(ported)s 4062(the)s 4420(program,)s 5348(written)s 6092(small)s -6674(de\207nitions,)s 7802(and)s 8217(modi\207ed)s 0 9997(the)m 348(standard)s -1216(packages.)s 480 9623(Future)m 1160(w)s 2(ork)k 1711(could)s -2301(usefully)s 3125(be)s 3(gin)k 3711(with)s 4194(the)s -4542(impro)s 3(v)k 3(ements)k 5955(suggested)s 6957(in)s -7200(this)s 7596(paper:)s 8294(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlap)k -8998(-)s 0 9335(ping)m 489(spanning)s 1418(columns,)s 2346(better)s -2960(semantics)s 3964(for)s 4312(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5231(space,)s 5880(and)s 6294(especially)s 7314(horizontal)s 8349(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -0 9047(Support)m 814(for)s 1147(non-)s 1575(European)s 2544(languages)s -3547(is)s 3752(also)s 4185(needed.)s 5022(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -5977(the)s 6320(main)s 6850(task)s 7291(is)s 7496(the)s -7839(de)s 6(v)k 3(elopment)k 0 8759(of)m 271(an)s -553(interacti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 1607(document)s 2610(editor)s -3227(based)s 3829(on)s 4126(Lout.)s 4741(A)s 4971(structure)s -5861(editor)s 6478(similar)s 7199(to)s 7438(Lilac)s 7980([13],)s -8484(which)s 0 8471(already)m 753(has)s 1119(objects)s 1843(and)s -2243(user)s 4(-)k 2705(de\207ned)s 3463(symbols,)s 4364(is)s -4570(en)s 9(visaged;)k 5626(since)s 6168(cross)s 6706(references)s -7733(are)s 8076(easy)s 8550(when)s 0 8183(the)m 343(whole)s -979(document)s 1978(is)s 2182(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k -3136(the)s 3479(only)s 3954(major)s 4565(ne)s 6(w)k -5007(problem)s 5859(is)s 6064(the)s 6406(treatment)s 7362(of)s -7628(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k 8402(includ)s 8998(-)s -0 7895(ing)m 359(the)s 707(e)s 3(xpansion)k 1732(and)s -2136(retraction)s 3107(of)s 3378(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4300(symbols.)s 240 fnt84 0 7146(Note.)m 240 fnt82 657 7147(Since)m -1253(the)s 1610(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 2240(w)s 2(as)k -2670(written)s 3412(the)s 3768(author)s 4448(has)s 4827(completed)s -5889(a)s 6064(re)s 6(vised)k 6815(v)s 3(ersion)k -7581(of)s 7861(Basser)s 8567(Lout,)s 0 6859(in)m 243(which)s -885(the)s 1233(problem)s 2090(concerning)s 3206(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -4114(space)s 4701(mentioned)s 5769(in)s 6012(Section)s 6786(2.5)s -7132(has)s 7502(been)s 8011(resolv)s 3(ed.)k 240 fnt84 -0 6110(Ackno)m 2(wledgment.)k 240 fnt82 2027 6111(The)m 2534(author)s -3283(gratefully)s 4344(ackno)s 6(wledges)k 5824(man)s 3(y)k -6485(v)s 6(aluable)k 7424(discussions)s 8644(with)s 0 5823(Douglas)m -862(W)s 22(.)k 1183(Jones,)s 1835(especially)s 2857(during)s -3548(the)s 3909(de)s 6(v)k 3(elopment)k 5209(of)s -5493(the)s 5854(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6501(abstraction;)s -7674(and)s 8091(also)s 8543(man)s 3(y)k 0 5535(helpful)m -732(comments)s 1766(on)s 2063(presentation)s 3288(by)s 3582(the)s -3930(anon)s 3(ymous)k 5083(referee.)s 240 fnt84 0 4742(Refer)m 4(ences)k -240 fnt82 0 4288(1.)m 480(Kingston,)s 1501(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -2244(H..)s 2677(Document)s 3770(F)s 3(ormatting)k 4918(with)s -5436(Lout)s 5888(.)s 6088(T)s 16(ech.)k 6690(Rep.)s -7216(408)s 7659(\(1991\))s 8286(,)s 8429(Basser)s 480 4000(Department)m -1668(of)s 1939(Computer)s 2956(Science,)s 3806(The)s 4234(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -5288(of)s 5559(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k 6367(Australia)s -7242(.)s 0 3497(2.)m 480(Kingston,)s 1492(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -2227(H..)s 2652(A)s 2910(ne)s 6(w)k 3385(approach)s -4347(to)s 4613(document)s 5645(formatting)s 6646(.)s 6838(T)s 16(ech.)k -7432(Rep.)s 7950(412)s 8392(\(1991\))s 9019(,)s 480 3209(Basser)m -1177(Department)s 2365(of)s 2636(Computer)s 3653(Science,)s 4503(The)s -4931(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k 5985(of)s 6256(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k -7064(Australia)s 7939(.)s 0 2706(3.)m 480(Kingston,)s 1491(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -2224(H..)s 2647(The)s 3101(Basser)s 3824(Lout)s 4362(Document)s -5445(F)s 3(ormatter)k 6383(,)s 6516(1991)s 6971(.)s -7161(Computer)s 8204(program;)s 480 2418(V)m 26(ersion)k 1287(2)s -1480(publicly)s 2337(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 3264(in)s -3526(the)s 240 fnt83 3893 2420(pub)m 240 fnt82 4326 2418(subdirectory)m -5595(of)s 5885(the)s 6252(home)s 6859(directory)s 7794(of)s -240 fnt83 8084 2420(ftp)m 240 fnt82 8408 2418(to)m 8667(host)s -240 fnt83 480 2132(ftp.cs.su.oz.au)m 240 fnt82 1924 2130(with)m 2439(login)s -3021(name)s 240 fnt83 3628 2132(anonymous)m 240 fnt82 4808 2130(and)m -5246(no)s 5572(passw)s 2(ord.)k 6671(Distrib)s 4(ution)k -7912(via)s 8297(email)s 8916(is)s 480 1842(a)m 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -1388(for)s 1726(non-)s 240 fnt83 2154 1844(ftp)m 240 fnt82 -2459 1842(sites.)m 3047(All)s 3407(enquiries)s 4334(to)s 4573(jef)s 6(f@cs.su.oz.au.)k -0 1339(4.)m 480(Furuta,)s 1211(Richard,)s 2075(Sco\207eld,)s 2965(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -3710(and)s 4113(Sha)s 3(w)k 15(,)k 4734(Alan.)s -5363(Document)s 6419(formatting)s 7480(systems:)s 8402(surv)s 3(e)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -480 1051(concepts,)m 1424(and)s 1828(issues)s 2390(.)s 240 fnt83 -2554 1053(Computing)m 3673(Surve)s 7(ys)k 240 fnt84 4465 1050(14)m -240 fnt82 4699 1051(,)m 4806(417\211472)s 5700(\(1982\))s 6327(.)s -0 546(5.)m 480(K)s 6(ernighan,)k 1645(Brian)s 2287(W)s 22(.)k -2649(and)s 3107(Cherry)s 15(,)k 3917(Lorinda)s 4789(L..)s -5213(A)s 5497(system)s 6275(for)s 6667(typesetting)s 7824(mathematics)s -9022(.)s 240 fnt83 480 260(Communications)m 2158(of)s 2439(the)s -2784(A)s 7(CM)k 240 fnt84 3351 257(18)m 240 fnt82 -3585 258(,)m 3692(182\211193)s 4576(\(1975\))s 5203(.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 40 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -4287 13844(-)m 4415(40)s 4710(-)s 0 13252(6.)m 480(Kingston,)s -1488(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k 2218(H..)s 2638(Fig)s -3033(\211)s 3236(a)s 3425(Lout)s 3961(package)s 4824(for)s -5185(dra)s 3(wing)k 6042(\207gures)s 6684(.)s 6871(T)s 16(ech.)k -7460(Rep.)s 7973(411)s 8392(\(1991\))s 9019(,)s 480 12964(Basser)m -1177(Department)s 2365(of)s 2636(Computer)s 3653(Science,)s 4503(The)s -4931(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k 5985(of)s 6256(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k -7064(Australia)s 7939(.)s 0 12459(7.)m 480(Reid,)s 1042(Brian)s -1633(K..)s 2033(A)s 2266(High-)s 2813(Le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -3406(Approach)s 4410(to)s 4652(Computer)s 5672(Document)s 6732(Production)s -7779(.)s 7946(In)s 240 fnt83 8205 12461(Pr)m 10(oceed)k -240 fnt82 8998 12459(-)m 240 fnt83 480 12173(ings)m 935(of)s -1217(the)s 1564(7th)s 1926(Symposium)s 3074(on)s 3370(the)s -3716(Principles)s 4755(of)s 5037(Pr)s 10(o)k 2(gr)k 3(amming)k -6421(Langua)s 2(g)k 2(es)k 7526(\(POPL\),)s 8376(Las)s -8779(V)s 26(e)k 240 fnt82 8998 12171(-)m 240 fnt83 -480 11885(gas)m 868(NV)s 240 fnt82 1192 11883(,)m 1299(pages)s -1895(24\21131)s 2470(,)s 2577(1980)s 3052(.)s 0 11378(8.)m -480(Joseph)s 1207(F)s 19(.)k 1443(Ossanna.)s 2436(Nrof)s 6(f/T)k 8(rof)k 6(f)k -3605(User')s 13(s)k 4284(Manual)s 5010(.)s 5193(T)s 16(ech.)k -5777(Rep.)s 6285(54)s 6597(\(1976\))s 7224(,)s 7349(Bell)s -7821(Laboratories)s 9019(,)s 480 11090(Murray)m 1251(Hill,)s 1729(NJ)s -2051(07974)s 2645(.)s 0 10585(9.)m 480(Knuth,)s 1186(Donald)s -1949(E..)s 240 fnt83 2319 10587(The)m 2731(T)s 2882 10539(E)m -3033 10587(XBook)m 240 fnt82 3675 10585(.)m 3839(Addison-W)s 19(esle)k 3(y)k -5419(,)s 5526(1984)s 6000(.)s 0 10082(10.)m 480(Kingston,)s -1485(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k 2212(H..)s 2629(Eq)s -2973(\211)s 3173(a)s 3359(Lout)s 3892(package)s 4752(for)s -5110(typesetting)s 6232(mathematics)s 7430(.)s 7614(T)s 16(ech.)k -8200(Rep.)s 8711(410)s 480 9794(\(1991\))m 1107(,)s 1248(Basser)s -1980(Department)s 3203(of)s 3509(Computer)s 4561(Science,)s 5446(The)s -5909(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k 6998(of)s 7304(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k -8147(Australia)s 9022(.)s 480 9506(\(Contains)m 1461(an)s 1744(appendix)s -2677(describing)s 3726(the)s 4074(P)s 3(as)k 4454(P)s 3(ascal)k -5116(formatter)s 13(.\))k 0 9003(11.)m 480(Kingston,)s 1478(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -2198(H..)s 2608(A)s 2851(be)s 3(ginners')k 3903(guide)s -4504(to)s 4756(Lout)s 5208(.)s 5385(T)s 16(ech.)k -5964(Rep.)s 6467(409)s 6891(\(1991\))s 7518(,)s 7638(Basser)s -8348(Depart)s 8998(-)s 480 8715(ment)m 1018(of)s 1289(Computer)s -2306(Science,)s 3156(The)s 3584(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -4638(of)s 4909(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k 5717(Australia)s -6592(.)s 0 8212(12.)m 480(Kingston,)s 1475(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -2193(H..)s 2600(T)s 19(ab)k 3017(\211)s 3207(a)s -3384(Lout)s 3907(package)s 4757(for)s 5106(formatting)s 6177(tables)s -6725(.)s 6900(T)s 16(ech.)k 7476(Rep.)s 7977(413)s -8392(\(1991\))s 9019(,)s 480 7924(Basser)m 1177(Department)s 2365(of)s -2636(Computer)s 3653(Science,)s 4503(The)s 4931(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -5985(of)s 6256(Sydne)s 3(y)k 15(,)k 7064(Australia)s -7939(.)s 0 7421(13.)m 480(Brooks,)s 1279(K)s 6(enneth)k -2141(P)s 26(..)k 2472(Lilac:)s 3068(a)s 3234(tw)s 2(o-vie)k 6(w)k -4183(document)s 5187(editor)s 5744(.)s 240 fnt83 5908 7423(IEEE)m -6490(Computer)s 240 fnt82 7453 7421(,)m 7560(7\21119)s 8091(\(1991\))s -8718(.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Trailer -%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp -%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup -%%+ encoding vec2 -%%Pages: 41 -%%EOF diff --git a/doc/expert/outfile.ps b/doc/expert/outfile.ps deleted file mode 100644 index 477b7da..0000000 --- a/doc/expert/outfile.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15746 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-3.0 -%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) -%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 12:08:04 1999 -%%DocumentData: Binary -%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) -%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) -%%Pages: (atend) -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 -%%EndComments - -%%BeginProlog -%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp -/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def -/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def -/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def -/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll - moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def -/in { 1440 mul } def -/cm { 567 mul } def -/pt { 20 mul } def -/em { 120 mul } def -/sp { louts mul } def -/vs { loutv mul } def -/ft { loutf mul } def -/dg { } def - -/LoutGraphic { - /louts exch def - /loutv exch def - /loutf exch def - /ymark exch def - /xmark exch def - /ysize exch def - /xsize exch def -} def - -/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def - -/LoutFont -{ findfont exch scalefont setfont -} bind def - -/LoutRecode { - { findfont dup length dict begin - {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall - /Encoding exch def - currentdict end definefont pop - } - stopped pop -} bind def - -/BeginEPSF { - /LoutEPSFState save def - /dict_count countdictstack def - /op_count count 1 sub def - userdict begin - /showpage { } def - 0 setgray 0 setlinecap - 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin - 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath - /languagelevel where - { pop languagelevel - 1 ne - { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint - } if - } if -} bind def - -/EndEPSF { - count op_count sub { pop } repeat - countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat - LoutEPSFState restore -} bind def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource encoding vec2 -/vec2 [ -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright -/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash -/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven -/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question -/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G -/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O -/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W -/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore -/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g -/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o -/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w -/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef -/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi -/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction -/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent -/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron -/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section -/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron -/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered -/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown -/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla -/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis -/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply -/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls -/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla -/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis -/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide -/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis -] def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % -% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % -% % -% Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% 24 September 1991 % -% 22 December 1992 % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -% linewidth ltabhs - -% horizontal single line -/ltabhs -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhsp - -% horizontal single line with projecting ends -/ltabhsp -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhd - -% horizontal double line -/ltabhd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdb - -% horizontal double line below mark -/ltabhdb -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdnw - -% horizontal double line with northwest corner -/ltabhdnw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch 3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdne - -% horizontal double line with northeast corner -/ltabhdne -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdsw - -% horizontal double line with southwest corner -/ltabhdsw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch -3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdse - -% horizontal double line with southeast corner -/ltabhdse -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvs - -% vertical single line -/ltabvs -{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvd - -% vertical double line -/ltabvd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvdr - -% vertical double line to right of mark -/ltabvdr -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % -% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % -% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % -% % -% <point> is two numbers, a point. % -% <length> is one number, a length % -% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % -% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -errordict begin - /handleerror - { - { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto - $error /errorname get - dup lfigdict exch known - { lfigdict exch get } - { 30 string cvs } ifelse - show - ( Command: ) show - $error /command get 30 string cvs show - } stopped {} if - showpage stop - } def -end - -% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels -/lfigconcat -{ 2 copy length exch length add string - dup 0 4 index putinterval - dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval - 3 1 roll pop pop -} def - -% <string> lfigdebugprint - -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places -% /lfigdebugprint -% { print -% (; operand stack:\n) print -% count copy -% count 2 idiv -% { == -% (\n) print -% } repeat -% (\n) print -% } def - -/lfigdict 120 dict def -lfigdict begin - -% error messages -/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def -/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def -/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def -/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def -/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def -/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def - -% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> -/lfigpi 3.14159 def - -% arc directions -/clockwise false def -/anticlockwise true def - -% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> -/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> -/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> -/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def - -% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> -/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def - -% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> -/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def - -% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> -/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def - -% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> -/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def - -% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> -/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def - -% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> -/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def - -% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> -/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def - -% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> -/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def - -%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> -/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def - -% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - -/lfigsolid -{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - -/lfigdashed -{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } - { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div - 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll - 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - -/lfigcdashed -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } - { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div - 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub - ] exch 2 div setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - -/lfigdotted -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } - { 1 index exch div ceiling div - [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - -/lfignoline -{ pop pop -} def - -% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) -/lfignopaint { } def -/lfignochange { fill } def -/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def - -% line caps (and joins, not currently used) -/lfigbutt 0 def -/lfiground 1 def -/lfigprojecting 2 def -/lfigmiter 0 def -/lfigbevel 2 def - -% shape and labels of the @Box symbol -/lfigbox -{ - 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef - xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef - xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol -/lfigcurvebox -{ - - xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef - xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef - - xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef - xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef - - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - - xmark 0 - xsize xmark sub 0 - [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] - xsize xmark - xsize ysize xmark sub - [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] - xsize xmark sub ysize - xmark ysize - [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] - 0 ysize xmark sub - 0 xmark - [ xmark xmark ] - xmark 0 -} def - -% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol -% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox -/lfigshadow -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Square symbol -/lfigsquare -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol -/lfigdiamond -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S E N W S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol -/lfigellipse -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef - xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol -/lfigcircle -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols -/lfighline -{ - 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols -/lfigvline -{ - xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: -% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> -/lfigpolygon -{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll - [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - exch dup 360 exch div exch - 1 1 3 2 roll - { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn - 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll - 3 2 roll lfigpointdef - dup 3 1 roll add exch - } for - pop lfigatangle -} def - -% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true -% or <array> <index> false -/lfiggetnext -{ 2 copy exch length ge - { false } - { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse -} def - -% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> -/lfigisnumbertype -{ dup type dup - /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or -} def - -% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> -/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def - -% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 -% or <array> <index> <array> 1 -% or <array> <index> <point> 2 -/lfiggetnextitem -{ lfiggetnext - { lfigisarraytype - { 1 - } - { lfigisnumbertype - { 3 1 roll - lfiggetnext - { lfigisnumbertype - { 4 3 roll exch 2 - } - { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { pop 0 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { 0 - } ifelse -} def - -% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> -% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, -% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. -% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing -% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and -% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. -/lfigsetarc -{ - 20 dict begin - matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll - 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub - dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def - dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def - dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def - dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def - - y1s y2s eq - { -1 - } - { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div - } ifelse - /da exch def - - x1s x2s eq - { -1 - } - { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div - } ifelse - /db exch def - - da 0 gt db 0 gt and - { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def - /scalex da sqrt LMax div def - /scaley db sqrt LMax div def - scalex scaley scale - 0 0 LMax - 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle - 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div - } - { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and - { 0 0 - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle - 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div - } - { x2 y2 lineto pop - x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance - } ifelse - } ifelse - 4 -1 roll setmatrix - end -} def - -% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 -% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) -% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> -/lfigsetcurve -{ 8 copy curveto pop pop - lfigangle - 5 1 roll - 4 2 roll lfigangle - exch - 0 -} def - -% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape -% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - -/lfigpaintpath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 newpath - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - { lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr - lfigsetcurve pop pop pop - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc pop pop pop - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr moveto - } ifelse - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop pop pop cvx exec - end -} def - -% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. -% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. -% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] -/lfigdopath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - /backarrow [] def - /fwdarrow [] def - { - lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { - 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { newpath xprev yprev moveto - curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub - xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance - } ifelse - 6 index 6 index cvx exec - [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] - backarrow length 0 eq - { /backarrow exch def } - { pop } ifelse - [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def - } if - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop - pop pop pop pop - backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse - fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse - end -} def - -% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form -% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - -/lfigdoarrow -{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate - 2 get rotate - [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 - 3 index 3 index neg - 1 index 10 index mul 0 - 7 index 7 index ] - 4 1 roll pop pop pop - dup 3 1 roll - gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop - setmatrix -} def - -% arrow head styles -/lfigopen 0.0 def -/lfighalfopen 0.5 def -/lfigclosed 1.0 def - -% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both -/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def -/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def -/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def -/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def - -% lfigprevious: return previous point on path -/lfigprevious -{ lfigisnumbertype - { 2 copy } - { lfigisarraytype - { 2 index 2 index } - { 0 0 } - ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - -/lfigpointdef -{ - % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint - [ 4 2 roll transform - /itransform cvx ] cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary -% <string> lfigpromotelabels - -/lfigpromotelabels -{ - % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end exch currentdict end - { exch 20 string cvs 2 index - (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def - } forall pop begin - % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - -/lfigshowlabels -{ - % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end - currentdict - { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key - { pop pop pop pop pop } - { pop cvx exec 2 copy - newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc - 0 setgray fill - /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show - } - ifelse - } forall - begin - % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> -/lfigfixangle -{ - % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint - { dup 0 ge { exit } if - 360 add - } loop - { dup 360 lt { exit } if - 360 sub - } loop - % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y -/lfigboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def - - % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - alpha theta le - { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - alpha 180 theta sub le - { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) - alpha 180 theta add le - { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) - alpha 360 theta sub le - { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } - { - % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 -% or x2 1 -% or 0 -/lfigqroots -{ - 4 dict begin - /c exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def - disc 0 lt - { 0 - } - { disc 0 eq - { b neg 2 a mul div - 1 - } - { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div - b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div - 2 - } - ifelse - } - ifelse - end -} def - -% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> -/lfigquadrant -{ dup 90 lt - { pop 0 - } - { dup 180 lt - { pop 1 - } - { 270 lt - { 2 - } - { 3 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y -/lfigcb -{ - 6 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /alpha exch def - /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def - /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def - alpha theta1 le - { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } - { alpha theta2 ge - { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b - } - { - % else, return the intersection of line and circle - a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect - dup 0 eq - { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point - pop - a b 0.5 lfigpmul - } - { 1 eq - { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack - } - { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger - lfigpmax - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end -} def - -% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y -/lfigcurveboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 5 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - - % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly - /quad alpha lfigquadrant def - quad 0 eq - { alpha a b xmk lfigcb - } - { quad 1 eq - { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch - } - { quad 2 eq - { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch - } - { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y -/lfigdiamondcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y -/lfigellipsecircum -{ - % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points -% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y -/lfiglineintersect -{ - % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /y4 exch def - /x4 exch def - /y3 exch def - /x3 exch def - /y2 exch def - /x2 exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def - x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def - y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def - y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def - y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def - - % calculate x - y21 x43 mul x1 mul - y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub - y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add - det div - - % calculate y - x21 y43 mul y1 mul - x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub - x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add - det neg div - - end - % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of polygon -% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y -/lfigpolycircum -{ - % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /theta exch def - /num exch def - /radius exch def - /alpha exch def - - % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha - alpha theta sub lfigfixangle - - % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta - 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def - - % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea - anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def - - % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line - anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin - 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul - lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul - - end - % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of a point and a circle -% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 -% or xb yb 1 -% or 0 -/lfigcircleintersect -{ - % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint - 15 dict begin - /theta exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - /r exch def - /y0 exch def - /x0 exch def - - % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 - theta sin abs 0.00001 lt - { - /a 1 def - /b -2 x0 mul def - /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 1 - } - { y1 exch y1 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { - /ct theta cos theta sin div def - /a ct ct mul 1 add def - /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def - /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xb yb 1 - } - { y1 add /ya exch def - ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def - y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xa ya xb yb 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - -/lfigcircumdef -{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint - /CIRCUM exch cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -end -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg - -% width height linethickness louteuro - -% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness -% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley -/louteuro { - 20 dict begin - /eurothick exch def - /euroheight exch def - /eurowidth exch def - /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def - /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def - /eurotheta 40 def - - % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - - % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness - /louteurobox - { - /euroboxthick exch def - /euroboxwidth exch def - newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto - eurostep euroboxthick rlineto - euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill - } def - - % lower cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub - eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox - - % upper cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add - eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox - - % circular part - /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def - /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def - newpath - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn - closepath fill - end -} def - -% path for @FullWidthRule symbol -/LoutRule -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -} def - -% path for @Box symbol -/LoutBox -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto - closepath -} def - -% path for @CurveBox symbol -/LoutCurveBox -{ xmark 0 moveto - xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc - xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc - xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc - closepath -} def - -% path for @ShadowBox symbol -/LoutShadowBox -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto - closepath -} def - -% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - -/LoutMargSet -{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def - LoutMargDict begin - /parity exch def - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /rightx xsize def - /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note - /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note - /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - end -} def - -%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - -% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner -/LoutMargShift -{ LoutMargDict begin - - % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust - 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop - - % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity - exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq - { - % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - lefty min - - % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /lefty exch def - - % want right edge of note at coordinate zero - xsize neg exch - } - { - % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - righty min - - % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /righty exch def - - % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx - rightx exch - } ifelse - - % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates - matr setmatrix translate - end -} def - -% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users -/LoutPageSet -{ - /LoutPageDict 5 dict def - LoutPageDict begin - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /left 0 def - /right xsize def - /foot 0 def - /top ysize def - end - -} def - -%%EndResource - -%%EndProlog - -%%BeginSetup -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman -/Times-Romanfnt82 vec2 /Times-Roman LoutRecode -/fnt82 { /Times-Romanfnt82 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica-Oblique -/Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 vec2 /Helvetica-Oblique LoutRecode -/fnt36 { /Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 LoutFont } def -%%EndSetup - -%%Page: i 1 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup - -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -600 fnt35 1355 12125(An)m 2215(Exper)s -24(t')k 30(s)k -4518(Guide)s 6258(to)s 6902(the)s 3956 10685(Lout)m 616 9245(Document)m -3500(F)s 18(or)k -15(matting)k 6490(System)s 240 fnt35 -3544 6059(Jeffre)m 4(y)k 4321(H.)s 4606(Kingston)s 3882 4395(V)m 19(ersion)k -4725(3.17)s 3637 4107(September)m 12(,)k 4906(1999)s 240 fnt78 -0 342(\343)m 240 fnt36 315 340(Cop)m 7(yr)k -3(ight)k -1493(1991,)s 2214(1999,)s 2935(Jeffre)s 4(y)k 3811(H.)s -4173(Kingston,)s 5293(Basser)s 6203(Depar)s -9(tment)k 7619(of)s -7990(Computer)s 0 52(Science)m 3(,)k 966(The)s 1449(Univ)s 6(ersity)k -2583(of)s 2881(Sydne)s 4(y)k 3766(2006,)s 4415(A)s 7(ustr)k 2(alia.)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: ii 2 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Pr)m 8(eface)k 240 fnt82 540 12095(This)m -1016(manual)s 1775(is)s 1984(addressed)s 2985(to)s 3224(those)s -3784(who)s 4250(wish)s 4759(to)s 4997(become)s 5797(e)s 3(xpert)k -6451(users)s 6992(of)s 7263(the)s 7611(Lout)s 8122(document)s -0 11807(formatting)m 1092(system.)s 1952(An)s 2334(e)s 3(xpert)k -3020(user)s 3510(is)s 3752(someone)s 4690(who)s 5188(understands)s -6414(the)s 6794(principles)s 7819(of)s 8122(document)s 0 11519(formatting)m -1083(that)s 1524(Lout)s 2059(embodies,)s 3105(and)s 3532(is)s -3765(able)s 4242(to)s 4503(apply)s 5112(them,)s 5720(for)s -6081(e)s 3(xample)k 6966(to)s 7228(design)s 7933(a)s -8122(document)s 0 11231(format)m 690(or)s 943(a)s 1103(special-purpose)s -2653(package.)s 3595(In)s 3845(contrast,)s 4701(a)s 4861(non-e)s 3(xpert)k -5948(user)s 6400(is)s 6604(someone)s 7505(who)s 7965(simply)s -8663(uses)s 0 10943(Lout)m 512(to)s 751(format)s 1447(documents.)s -480 10569(Chapter)m 1295(1)s 1448(e)s 3(xplains)k 2291(these)s -2836(principles,)s 3883(and)s 4285(it)s 4475(should)s 5170(be)s -5450(read)s 5917(carefully)s 6817(and)s 7219(in)s 7460(sequence.)s -8499(Chap)s 8998(-)s 0 10281(ters)m 412(2)s 604(and)s -1025(3)s 1207(are)s 1571(for)s 1927(reference;)s 2943(respecti)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(,)k -4198(the)s 3(y)k 4678(contain)s 5457(descriptions)s 6680(of)s -6969(the)s 7334(detailed)s 8166(operation)s 0 9993(of)m 277(Lout')s 13(s)k -945(major)s 1568(components,)s 2838(and)s 3248(a)s 3420(complete)s -4359(description)s 5484(of)s 5761(each)s 6262(prede\207ned)s 7336(symbol.)s -8211(The)s 8646(\207nal)s 0 9705(chapter)m 763(presents)s 1597(a)s -1763(collection)s 2762(of)s 3033(adv)s 6(anced)k 3989(e)s 3(xamples.)k -480 9331(This)m 971(manual)s 1745(presents)s 2594(V)s 26(ersion)k -3397(3)s 3576(of)s 3862(Basser)s 4574(Lout,)s 5148(publicly)s -6001(released)s 6856(in)s 7114(September)s 8211(1994)s 8760([3)s -8943(].)s 0 9043(This)m 480(manual)s 1244(w)s 2(as)k -1670(rendered)s 2569(into)s 2999(PostScript)s 4046(by)s 4345(V)s 26(ersion)k -5137(3.17)s 5610(of)s 5886(the)s 6239(Basser)s 6941(Lout)s -7458(interpreter)s 9(,)k 8554(using)s 0 8755(the)m 348(symbols)s -1197(described)s 2171(in)s 2414(the)s 2762(User')s 13(s)k -3423(Guide)s 4064([4)s 4257(].)s 240 fnt84 0 8250(Ackno)m 2(wledgment.)k -240 fnt82 1986 8251(V)m 26(ersion)k 2811(3)s 3012(has)s -3419(bene\207ted)s 4391(from)s 4953(hundreds)s 5919(of)s 6227(comments)s -7298(recei)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k 8193(since)s 8778(the)s -0 7963(release)m 726(of)s 1006(V)s 26(ersion)k 1803(1)s -1967(in)s 2219(October)s 3057(1991.)s 3710(Not)s 4138(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -4723(suggestion)s 5813(could)s 6411(be)s 6702(follo)s 6(wed,)k -7662(b)s 4(ut)k 8033(man)s 3(y)k 8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -0 7675(been,)m 559(and)s 963(the)s 1311(encouragement)s 2832(w)s 2(as)k -3253(greatly)s 3970(appreciated.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: iii 3 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Contents)m 240 fnt84 0 11982(Chapter)m 908(1)s -240 fnt82 1015 11983(.)m 240 fnt84 1179 11982(Principles)m 240 fnt82 -2738 11983(..)m 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8971(1)s 720 11638(1.1.)m 1184(Objects)s -2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8971(1)s 720 11293(1.2.)m -1184(De\207nitions)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8962(3)s 720 10948(1.3.)m -1184(Cross)s 1780(references)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8958(7)s 720 10603(1.4.)m -1184(Galle)s 3(ys)k 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8955(9)s 240 fnt84 0 9974(Chapter)m 908(2)s 240 fnt82 -1023 9975(.)m 240 fnt84 1187 9974(Details)m 240 fnt82 2394 9975(..)m -2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8842(13)s 720 9630(2.1.)m 1184(Le)s 3(xical)k -1952(structure)s 2843(\(w)s 2(ords,)k 3612(spaces,)s 4343(symbols\))s -5269(and)s 5673(macros)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8842(13)s 720 9285(2.2.)m 1184(Named)s -1933(parameters)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8840(15)s 720 8940(2.3.)m 1184(Nested)s 1906(de\207nitions,)s -3023(body)s 3557(parameters,)s 4711(e)s 3(xtend,)k 5453(import,)s -6197(and)s 6601(e)s 3(xport)k 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8838(17)s 720 8595(2.4.)m 1184(Filtered)s 1984(right)s -2495(and)s 2899(body)s 3433(parameters)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8831(20)s -720 8250(2.5.)m 1184(Precedence)s 2328(and)s 2732(associati)s 6(vity)k -3974(of)s 4245(symbols)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8832(22)s 720 7905(2.6.)m 1184(The)s 1612(style)s -2119(and)s 2523(size)s 2950(of)s 3221(objects)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8842(23)s 720 7560(2.7.)m 1184(Galle)s 3(ys)k -1962(and)s 2366(tar)s 4(gets)k 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8840(25)s 720 7215(2.8.)m -1184(Sorted)s 1866(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8851(31)s 720 6870(2.9.)m 1184(Horizontal)s 2261(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8842(33)s 720 6525(2.10.)m 1304(Optimal)s 2142(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2776(breaking)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8832(34)s -240 fnt84 0 5896(Chapter)m 908(3)s 240 fnt82 1021 5897(.)m -240 fnt84 1185 5896(Pr)m 4(ede\207ned)k 2338(symbols)s 240 fnt82 -3426 5897(..)m 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8833(36)s 720 5552(3.1.)m 1184(@Be)s 3(gin)k 2031(and)s -2435(@End)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8833(36)s 720 5207(3.2.)m 1184(Concatenation)s 2623(symbols)s -3472(and)s 3876(paragraphs)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8833(36)s 720 4862(3.3.)m 1184(@F)s 3(ont)k -1901(and)s 2305(@Char)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8831(40)s 720 4517(3.4.)m 1184(@Break)s -2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8832(42)s 720 4172(3.5.)m -1184(@Space)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8842(43)s -720 3827(3.6.)m 1184(@YUnit)s 2063(and)s 2467(@ZUnit)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8832(44)s 720 3482(3.7.)m -1184(@SetColour)s 2435(and)s 2839(@SetColor)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8832(44)s 720 3137(3.8.)m 1184(@Language)s 2405(and)s 2809(@CurrLang)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8840(45)s 720 2792(3.9.)m 1184(@OneCol)s -2205(and)s 2609(@OneRo)s 6(w)k 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8833(46)s 720 2447(3.10.)m 1304(@W)s 9(ide)k -2090(and)s 2494(@High)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8838(47)s 720 2102(3.11.)m 1304(@HShift)s 2222(and)s -2626(@VShift)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8838(47)s 720 1757(3.12.)m 1304(@HExpand)s 2488(and)s 2892(@VExpand)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8839(48)s 720 1412(3.13.)m 1304(@HContract)s -2581(and)s 2985(@VContract)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8839(48)s -720 1067(3.14.)m 1304(@HLimited)s 2512(and)s 2916(@VLimited)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8839(48)s 720 722(3.15.)m 1304(@HAdjust,)s 2443(@V)s 32(Adjust,)k -3550(and)s 3954(@P)s 22(Adjust)k 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8835(49)s 720 377(3.16.)m 1304(@HScale)s -2271(and)s 2675(@VScale)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8835(49)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: iv 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -720 13808(3.17.)m 1304(@HCo)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 2337(and)s -2741(@VCo)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8831(50)s 720 13463(3.18.)m 1304(@StartHSpan,@StartVSpan,)s 4117(@StartHVSpan,)s -5720(@HSpan,)s 6700(and)s 7104(@VSpan)s 8242(..)s 8831(50)s -720 13118(3.19.)m 1304(@Scale)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8851(51)s 720 12773(3.20.)m 1304(@Rotate)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s -3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8832(52)s 720 12428(3.21.)m 1304(@Background)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8842(53)s 720 12083(3.22.)m 1304(@K)s 6(ernShrink)k 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8842(53)s 720 11738(3.23.)m 1304(@Common,)s 2524(@Rump,)s 3438(and)s -3842(@Meld)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8842(53)s 720 11393(3.24.)m 1304(@Insert)s 2394(..)s -2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8832(54)s 720 11048(3.25.)m 1304(@OneOf)s -2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8832(54)s 720 10703(3.26.)m 1304(@Ne)s 3(xt)k -2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8833(56)s 720 10358(3.27.)m -1304(@Case)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8833(56)s -720 10013(3.28.)m 1304(@Moment)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8838(57)s -720 9668(3.29.)m 1304(@Null)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8838(57)s 720 9323(3.30.)m 1304(@Galle)s 3(y)k 2213(and)s -2617(@F)s 3(orceGalle)k 3(y)k 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8839(58)s 720 8978(3.31.)m 1304(@NotRe)s 6(v)k 3(ealed)k -3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8839(58)s 720 8633(3.32.)m 1304(The)s 1732(cross)s -2274(reference)s 3217(symbols)s 4066(&&)s 4492(and)s 4896(&&&)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8835(59)s 720 8288(3.33.)m -1304(@T)s 19(agged)k 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8835(59)s -720 7943(3.34.)m 1304(@Open and @Use)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8831(60)s 720 7598(3.35.)m 1304(@Database and @SysDatabase)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8831(60)s 720 7253(3.36.)m 1304(@Graphic)s 2738(..)s -3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8851(61)s 720 6908(3.37.)m 1304(@PlainGraphic)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8840(65)s 720 6563(3.38.)m 1304(@IncludeGraphic)s 3065(and)s 3469(@SysIncludeGraphic)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8840(65)s 720 6218(3.39.)m -1304(@PrependGraphic and @SysPrependGraphic)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8840(65)s 720 5873(3.40.)m -1304(@Include and @SysInclude)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8833(66)s 720 5528(3.41.)m -1304(@BackEnd)s 2461(and)s 2865(the)s 3213(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt)k -4183(and)s 4587(PDF)s 5084(back)s 5597(ends)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8833(66)s 720 5183(3.42.)m 1304(@V)s 26(erbatim and @Ra)k 3(wV)k 26(erbatim)k -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8838(67)s 720 4838(3.43.)m 1304(@Underline)s 2738(..)s -3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8838(67)s 720 4493(3.44.)m 1304(@P)s 3(ageLabel)k -3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s -4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s -6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s -8242(..)s 8839(68)s 240 fnt84 0 3864(Chapter)m 908(4)s -240 fnt82 1022 3865(.)m 240 fnt84 1186 3864(Examples)m 240 fnt82 -2738 3865(..)m 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s -4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s -6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s -7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8835(69)s 720 3520(4.1.)m 1184(An)s -1534(equation)s 2415(formatting)s 3476(package)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8835(69)s -720 3175(4.2.)m 1184(P)s 3(aragraphs,)k 2350(displays,)s 3241(and)s -3645(lists)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8851(71)s 720 2830(4.3.)m -1184(P)s 3(age)k 1702(layout)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8840(75)s 720 2485(4.4.)m 1184(Chapters)s 2085(and)s 2489(sections)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8831(80)s -720 2140(4.5.)m 1184(Bibliographies)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s 3770(..)s -4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s 5490(..)s -5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s 7210(..)s -7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8840(85)s 240 fnt84 -0 1511(Refer)m 4(ences)k 240 fnt82 1362 1512(..)m 1706(..)s -2050(..)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s 3426(..)s -3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s 5146(..)s -5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s 6866(..)s -7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s 8831(90)s -0 3(i)m 6(v)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: v 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13843(Index)m 240 fnt82 1018 13844(..)m 1362(..)s -1706(..)s 2050(..)s 2394(..)s 2738(..)s 3082(..)s -3426(..)s 3770(..)s 4114(..)s 4458(..)s 4802(..)s -5146(..)s 5490(..)s 5834(..)s 6178(..)s 6522(..)s -6866(..)s 7210(..)s 7554(..)s 7898(..)s 8242(..)s -8851(91)s 8951 3(v)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: vi 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -0 3(vi)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 1 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Chapter)m 1819(1.)s 2400(Principles)s 240 fnt82 -0 12004(The)m 414(Lout)s 911(document)s 1900(formatting)s 2946(language)s -3852(is)s 4047(based)s 4635(on)s 4917(just)s 5307(four)s -5751(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 6131(ideas:)s 6713(objects,)s -7482(de\207nitions,)s 8584(cross)s 0 11716(references,)m 1087(and)s 1491(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -2328(This)s 2804(chapter)s 3567(concentrates)s 4812(on)s 5109(them,)s -5694(postponing)s 6812(the)s 7160(ine)s 6(vitable)k 8152(details.)s -240 fnt84 0 10923(1.1.)m 471(Objects)s 240 fnt82 480 10447(Since)m -1075(our)s 1462(aim)s 1888(is)s 2106(to)s 2354(produce)s -3189(neatly)s 3835(formatted)s 4829(documents,)s 5981(we)s 6325(should)s -7030(be)s 3(gin)k 7624(by)s 7926(looking)s 8719(at)s -8960(a)s 0 10159(typical)m 705(e)s 3(xample)k 1568(of)s -1839(such)s 2335(a)s 2501(document:)s 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 480 7325 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt84 560 1987(PURCELL)m -128 fnt82 1316 2059(1)m 160 fnt82 170 1695(In)m 395(the)s -681(w)s 1(orld)k 1145(of)s 1381(music)s 170 1515(England)m -882(is)s 1163(supposed)s 170 1335(to)m 376(be)s 611(a)s -768(mere)s 1171(pro)s 2(vince.)k 170 1155(If)m 465(she)s -856(produces)s 1608(an)s 170 975(indif)m 4(ferent)k 1136(composer)s -567 0 0 0 160 180 40 170 763 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -128 fnt82 170 624(1)m 160 fnt82 221 552(Blom,)m 703(Eric.)s -160 fnt83 1133 553(Some)m 170 373(Gr)m 5(eat)k 734(Composer)s 1(s.)k -160 fnt82 170 192(Oxford,)m 703(1944.)s -grestore -1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 480 4831 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 170 2161(or)m -453(performer)s 6(,)k 1267(that)s 1657(is)s 170 1981(re)m 2(garded)k -862(else)s 4(where)k 1630(as)s 170 1801(perfectly)m 905(normal)s -1527(and)s 170 1621(natural;)m 762(b)s 3(ut)k 1078(if)s -1298(foreign)s 170 1441(students)m 905(of)s 1264(musical)s 170 1261(history)m -976(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k 1637(to)s 170 1081(ackno)m 4(wledge)k -1130(a)s 1326(British)s 170 901(musical)m 795(genius,)s 1376(he)s -1657(is)s 170 721(considered)m 901(a)s 1012(freak.)s 490 488(Such)m -957(a)s 1178(freak)s 1657(is)s 170 308(Henry)m 607(Purcell.)s -1170(Y)s 16(et)k 1426(if)s 1574(we)s -grestore -1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 480 2337 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt82 -170 2161(mak)m 1(e)k 565(a)s 690(choice)s 1157(of)s -1352(\207fteen)s 170 1981(of)m 407(the)s 695(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k -1264(musical)s 170 1801(classics,)m 740(as)s 918(here,)s 1276(we)s -1510(\207nd)s 170 1621(that)m 464(we)s 703(cannot)s 1185(omit)s -1533(this)s 170 1441(English)m 695(master)s 8(.)k -grestore -0 1886(It)m -229(is)s 463(a)s 653(lar)s 4(ge)k 1206(rectangle)s -2161(made)s 2759(from)s 3307(three)s 3864(smaller)s 4651(rectangles)s -5694(\211)s 5898(its)s 6198(pages.)s 6931(Each)s 7490(page)s -8022(is)s 8256(made)s 8855(of)s 0 1598(lines;)m 578(each)s -1088(line)s 1517(is)s 1743(made)s 2332(of)s 2618(w)s 2(ords,)k -3324(although)s 4234(it)s 4441(mak)s 2(es)k 5117(sense)s -5706(for)s 6059(an)s 3(y)k 6472(rectangle)s 7418(\(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8012(a)s 8194(complete)s 0 1310(document\))m 1072(to)s 1311(be)s -1593(part)s 2024(of)s 2295(a)s 2461(line,)s 2926(pro)s 3(vided)k -3832(it)s 4024(is)s 4234(not)s 4600(too)s 4959(lar)s 4(ge.)k -480 936(Lout)m 995(deals)s 1541(with)s 2027(something)s 3081(a)s -3251(little)s 3747(more)s 4298(complicated)s 5528(than)s 6001(rectangles:)s -240 fnt83 7079 938(objects.)m 240 fnt82 7914 936(An)m 8268(object)s -8916(is)s 0 648(a)m 176(rectangle)s 1118(with)s 1611(at)s -1854(least)s 2362(one)s 240 fnt83 2775 650(column)m 3545(mark)s -240 fnt82 4112 648(protruding)m 5186(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -5819(and)s 6234(belo)s 6(w)k 6878(it,)s 7128(and)s -7543(at)s 7786(least)s 8294(one)s 240 fnt83 8707 650(r)m 10(ow)k -192 fnt84 4490 0(1)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 2 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(2)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 0 13205(mark)m 240 fnt82 557 13203(protruding)m 1621(to)s -1861(the)s 2211(left)s 2589(and)s 2994(right.)s 3611(The)s -4040(simplest)s 4897(objects)s 5627(contain)s 6389(w)s 2(ords)k -7024(lik)s 2(e)k 7438(metempsychosis,)s 0 12915(and)m 404(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -905(one)s 1307(mark)s 1859(of)s 2130(each)s 2625(type:)s -1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 12360 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 52(metempsychosis)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11909(The)m 441(rectangle)s 1386(e)s 3(xactly)k -2141(encloses)s 3016(the)s 3377(w)s 2(ord;)k 3993(its)s -4283(column)s 5072(mark)s 5637(is)s 5861(at)s 6107(the)s -6469(left)s 6859(edge,)s 7432(and)s 7850(its)s 8140(ro)s 6(w)k -8574(mark)s 0 11621(passes)m 668(through)s 1477(the)s 1831(middle)s -2558(of)s 2835(the)s 3190(lo)s 6(wer)k 4(-case)k -4276(letters.)s 5029(The)s 5463(rectangle)s 6401(and)s 6811(marks)s -7453(do)s 7752(not)s 8125(appear)s 8829(on)s 0 11333(the)m -348(printed)s 1083(page,)s 1642(b)s 4(ut)k 2004(to)s -2243(understand)s 3351(what)s 3876(Lout)s 4388(is)s 4598(doing)s -5197(you)s 5612(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6113(to)s -6352(imagine)s 7178(them.)s 480 10959(T)m 19(o)k 782(place)s -1344(tw)s 2(o)k 1756(objects)s 2487(side)s 2930(by)s -3226(side,)s 3721(we)s 4058(separate)s 4898(them)s 5438(by)s -5735(the)s 6085(symbol)s 220 fnt35 6847 10956(|,)m 240 fnt82 -7009 10959(which)m 7653(denotes)s 8437(the)s 8788(act)s 0 10671(of)m -240 fnt83 271 10673(horizontal)m 1315(concatenation)s 240 fnt82 2665 10671(.)m -2829(So,)s 3189(if)s 3406(we)s 3741(write)s 220 fnt35 -480 10189(USA | A)m 6(ustr)k 2(alia)k 240 fnt82 0 9734(the)m -348(result)s 938(will)s 1364(be)s 1646(the)s 1994(object)s -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 9228 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 956 9229 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 8777(Notice)m 718(that)s 1162(this)s -1583(object)s 2253(has)s 2648(tw)s 2(o)k 3084(column)s -3884(marks,)s 4601(b)s 4(ut)k 4988(still)s 5426(only)s -5931(one)s 6359(ro)s 6(w)k 6804(mark,)s 7428(because)s -220 fnt35 8266 8774(|)m 240 fnt82 8389 8777(mer)m 4(ges)k -0 8489(the)m 382(tw)s 2(o)k 827(ro)s 6(w)k -1282(marks)s 1952(together)s 13(.)k 2921(This)s 3431(mer)s 4(ging)k -4312(of)s 4618(ro)s 6(w)k 5073(marks)s 5743(\207x)s 3(es)k -6277(the)s 6660(v)s 3(ertical)k 7462(position)s 8325(of)s -8631(each)s 0 8201(object)m 647(with)s 1133(respect)s 1873(to)s -2115(the)s 2467(other)s 9(,)k 3060(b)s 4(ut)k -3425(it)s 3621(does)s 4115(not)s 4485(determine)s 5499(ho)s 6(w)k -5964(f)s 2(ar)k 6290(apart)s 6830(the)s 3(y)k -7297(are.)s 7756(This)s 8236(distance,)s 0 7913(or)m 240 fnt83 -276 7915(gap)m 240 fnt82 629 7913(,)m 753(may)s 1236(be)s -1536(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 2133(just)s 2555(after)s -3069(the)s 3434(symbol,)s 4263(as)s 4531(in)s 220 fnt35 -4791 7910(|0.5i)m 240 fnt82 5264 7913(for)m 5620(e)s 3(xample,)k -6551(which)s 7210(speci\207es)s 8102(horizontal)s 0 7625(concatenation)m 1385(with)s -1867(a)s 2033(g)s 1(ap)k 2431(of)s 2702(half)s -3145(an)s 3428(inch.)s 4004(If)s 4234(no)s 4527(g)s 1(ap)k -4925(is)s 5135(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en,)k 5765(it)s -5957(is)s 6167(assumed)s 7049(to)s 7288(be)s 220 fnt35 -7570 7622(0i)m 240 fnt82 7726 7625(.)m 240 fnt83 480 7253(V)m 26(ertical)k -1283(concatenation)s 240 fnt82 2633 7251(,)m 2740(denoted)s 3556(by)s -220 fnt35 3850 7248(/)m 240 fnt82 3914 7251(,)m 4021(is)s -4231(the)s 4579(same)s 5126(apart)s 5663(from)s 6187(the)s -6535(change)s 7269(of)s 7540(direction:)s 220 fnt35 480 6750(A)m 6(ustr)k 2(alia /0.1i USA)k -240 fnt82 0 6295(has)m 370(result)s 875 165 0 56 240 288 60 480 5840 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 5531 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 5080(The)m 485(usual)s 1102(mer)s 4(ging)k 2005(of)s -2333(marks)s 3026(occurs,)s 3814(and)s 4275(no)s 6(w)k -4793(the)s 5199(g)s 1(ap)k 5654(determines)s 6810(the)s -7215(v)s 3(ertical)k 8040(separation.)s 0 4792(Horizontal)m 1077(and)s -1481(v)s 3(ertical)k 2248(can)s 2637(be)s 2919(combined:)s -220 fnt35 1000 4340(USA)m 2256(|0.2i)s 2772(A)s 6(ustr)k 2(alia)k -480 4052(/0.1i)m 1000(W)s 8(ashington)k 2256(|)s 2772(Canberr)s 2(a)k -240 fnt82 0 3553(has)m 370(result)s 476 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 3097 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -476 165 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(USA)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -659 166 0 57 240 288 60 956 3097 LoutGr2 -0 ymark moveto xsize 10 pt add ymark lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 1903 3098 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -875 165 0 56 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 2(Australia)m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 2738 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1135 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 52(W)m 19(ashington)k -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 1903 2787 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -876 166 0 57 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -0 3(Canberra)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 2287(There)m 655(are)s -1044(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 1808(things)s 2486(to)s -2768(note)s 3278(carefully)s 4222(here.)s 4839(White)s 5522(space)s -6151(\(including)s 7229(tabs)s 7707(and)s 8154(ne)s 6(wlines\))k -0 1999(adjacent)m 848(to)s 1078(a)s 1236(concatenation)s 2612(symbol)s -3364(is)s 3565(ignored,)s 4395(so)s 4652(it)s 4836(may)s -5293(be)s 5567(used)s 6055(to)s 6286(lay)s 6623(out)s -6981(the)s 7320(e)s 3(xpression)k 8388(clearly)s 15(.)k -0 1711(The)m 425(symbol)s 220 fnt35 1182 1708(|)m 240 fnt82 -1275 1711(tak)m 2(es)k 1812(precedence)s 2940(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -220 fnt35 3415 1708(/)m 240 fnt82 3479 1711(,)m 3583(which)s -4221(means)s 4880(that)s 5295(the)s 5639(ro)s 6(ws)k -6146(are)s 6490(formed)s 7234(\207rst,)s 7709(then)s 8174(v)s 3(ertically)k -0 1423(concatenated.)m 1420(The)s 1856(symbol)s 220 fnt35 2625 1420(/)m -240 fnt82 2757 1423(will)m 3191(mer)s 4(ge)k 3849(tw)s 2(o)k -4267(or)s 4535(more)s 5090(column)s 5873(marks,)s 6573(creating)s -7403(multiple)s 8264(columns)s 0 1135(\(and)m 220 fnt35 484 1132(|)m -240 fnt82 583 1135(will)m 1011(mer)s 4(ge)k 1662(tw)s 2(o)k -2073(or)s 2334(more)s 2883(ro)s 6(w)k 3305(marks\).)s -4134(This)s 4611(implies)s 5367(that)s 5787(the)s 6137(g)s 1(ap)k -220 fnt35 6536 1132(0.2i)m 240 fnt82 6937 1135(used)m 7436(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -8060(is)s 8272(between)s 0 847(columns,)m 910(not)s 1268(indi)s 6(vidual)k -2278(items)s 2838(in)s 3072(columns;)s 3987(a)s 4144(g)s 1(ap)k -4534(in)s 4768(the)s 5108(second)s 5822(ro)s 6(w)k -6234(w)s 2(ould)k 6880(therefore)s 7789(be)s 8062(redundant,)s -0 559(and)m 404(so)s 670(is)s 880(omitted.)s 480 185(A)m -710(v)s 6(ariant)k 1427(of)s 220 fnt35 1698 182(/)m -240 fnt82 1822 185(called)m 220 fnt35 2450 182(//)m 240 fnt82 -2635 185(left-justi\207es)m 3825(tw)s 2(o)k 4235(objects)s 4963(instead)s -5698(of)s 5969(mer)s 4(ging)k 6815(their)s 7312(marks.)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 3 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(1.1.)m 454(Objects)s 240 fnt84 8953 13840(3)m -240 fnt82 480 13205(By)m 840(enclosing)s 1836(an)s 2145(object)s -2815(in)s 3085(braces,)s 3828(it)s 4046(is)s 4282(possible)s -5148(to)s 5414(o)s 3(v)k 3(erride)k 6286(the)s -6660(set)s 7011(precedences.)s 8369(Here)s 8916(is)s 0 12917(another)m -777(e)s 3(xpression)k 1854(for)s 2192(the)s 2540(table)s -3060(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k 3733(in)s 3976(which)s -4618(the)s 4966(columns)s 5828(are)s 6175(formed)s 6923(\207rst:)s -220 fnt35 996 12416({ USA)m 2089(/0.1i)s 2609(W)s 8(ashington })k -480 12128(|0.2i)m 996({ A)s 6(ustr)k 2(alia)k 2089(/)s -2609(Canberr)s 2(a })k 240 fnt82 0 11634(Braces)m 701(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1202(no)s 1495(ef)s 6(fect)k 2091(other)s 2642(than)s -3111(to)s 3350(alter)s 3833(the)s 4181(grouping.)s 240 fnt83 -480 11262(P)m 19(ar)k 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aph)k -1569(br)s 8(eaking)k 240 fnt82 2476 11260(occurs)m 3160(when)s -3746(an)s 4038(object)s 4692(is)s 4911(too)s 5280(wide)s -5810(to)s 6059(\207t)s 6327(into)s 6762(the)s 7119(space)s -7716(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 8633(to)s 8882(it;)s -0 10972(by)m 286(breaking)s 1168(its)s 1436(paragraphs)s 2527(into)s -2944(lines,)s 3494(its)s 3762(width)s 4355(is)s 4557(reduced)s -5364(to)s 5595(an)s 5869(acceptable)s 6925(amount.)s 7799(The)s -8218(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 0 10684(space)m 587(is)s -797(determined)s 1930(by)s 2224(the)s 220 fnt35 2572 10681(@Wide)m -240 fnt82 3346 10684(symbol,)m 4158(whose)s 4826(form)s 5350(is)s -240 fnt83 480 10181(length)m 220 fnt35 1193 10176(@Wide)m 240 fnt83 -2027 10181(object)m 240 fnt82 0 9680(and)m 404(whose)s 1072(result)s -1662(is)s 1872(the)s 2220(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2800(object)s 3444(modi\207ed)s 4353(to)s 4592(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5093(e)s 3(xactly)k 5834(the)s 6182(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -6762(length.)s 7524(F)s 3(or)k 7913(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 9179(5i @Wide {)m 480 8891(Macbeth w)m 3(as v)k 5(er)k -6(y ambitious)k 3(.)k 13( )k 11(This led him to wish to become king of)k -480 8603(Scotland.)m 13( )k 11(The witches told him that this wish of his w)k 2(ould come tr)k -3(ue)k 3(.)k 13( )k 11(The)k -480 8315(king of Scotland at this time w)m 3(as Duncan.)k 13( Encour)k 2(aged b)k 4(y his wif)k 6(e)k 3(, Macbeth)k -480 8027(m)m 2(urdered Duncan.)k 13( He w)k 3(as thus enab)k 4(led to succeed Duncan as king.)k 13( \(51 w)k 2(ords\))k -480 7739(|0.5i)m 480 7451(Encour)m 2(aged b)k 4(y his wif)k 6(e)k 3(, Macbeth achie)k 6(v)k 5(ed his ambition and realiz)k 3(ed the)k -480 7163(prediction of the witches b)m 4(y m)k 2(urder)k -3(ing Duncan and becoming king of Scotland)k 480 6875(in his place)m 3(.)k 13( \(26 w)k 2(ords\))k -480 6587(})m 240 fnt82 0 6093(has)m 370(for)s 708(its)s -984(result)s 1574(the)s 1922(follo)s 6(wing)k 2899(\207v)s 3(e)k -3311(inch)s 3780(wide)s 4301(object)s 4945([7)s 5132(]:)s -480 5590(Macbeth)m 1356(w)s 2(as)k 1758(v)s 3(ery)k -2216(ambitious.)s 3304(This)s 480 5302(led)m 828(him)s 1257(to)s -1493(wish)s 2000(to)s 2236(become)s 3033(king)s 3509(of)s -480 5014(Scotland.)m 1538(The)s 2023(witches)s 2861(told)s 3348(him)s -480 4726(that)m 922(this)s 1343(wish)s 1876(of)s 2172(his)s -2526(w)s 2(ould)k 3206(come)s 480 4438(true.)m 1025(The)s -1464(king)s 1954(of)s 2235(Scotland)s 3141(at)s 3384(this)s -480 4150(time)m 959(w)s 2(as)k 1379(Duncan.)s 2287(Encouraged)s -3486(by)s 480 3862(his)m 818(wife,)s 1357(Macbeth)s 2259(murdered)s -3242(Dun)s 3652(-)s 480 3574(can.)m 995(He)s 1350(w)s 2(as)k -1790(thus)s 2260(enabled)s 3081(to)s 3340(suc)s 3652(-)s -480 3286(ceed)m 976(Duncan)s 1778(as)s 2028(king.)s 2618(\(51)s -2972(w)s 2(ords\))k 4440 5590(Encouraged)m 5653(by)s 5960(his)s -6302(wife,)s 6846(Macbeth)s 4440 5302(achie)m 6(v)k 3(ed)k -5409(his)s 5809(ambition)s 6786(and)s 7260(real)s 7612(-)s -4440 5014(ized)m 4910(the)s 5272(prediction)s 6312(of)s 6597(the)s -6959(witches)s 4440 4726(by)m 4731(murdering)s 5776(Duncan)s 6574(and)s -6974(becom)s 7612(-)s 4440 4438(ing)m 4818(king)s 5316(of)s -5606(Scotland)s 6520(in)s 6782(his)s 7132(place.)s 4440 4150(\(26)m -4812(w)s 2(ords\))k 0 2783(A)m 232(paragraph)s 1247(of)s -1520(te)s 3(xt)k 1937(can)s 2328(be)s 2612(included)s -3496(an)s 3(ywhere,)k 4533(and)s 4939(it)s 5133(will)s -5561(be)s 5845(brok)s 2(en)k 6567(automatically)s 7923(if)s -8143(necessary)s 0 2495(to)m 239(\207t)s 498(the)s 846(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -1754(space.)s 2449(The)s 2877(spaces)s 3552(between)s 4406(w)s 2(ords)k -5040(are)s 5387(con)s 9(v)k 3(erted)k 6376(into)s -6801(concatenation)s 8186(symbols.)s 480 2121(These)m 1136(are)s 1512(the)s -1889(most)s 2443(signi\207cant)s 3528(of)s 3828(Lout')s 13(s)k -4519(object-b)s 4(uilding)k 6058(symbols.)s 7049(There)s 7691(are)s -8067(others,)s 8788(for)s 0 1833(changing)m 924(fonts,)s 1501(controlling)s -2596(paragraph)s 3601(breaking,)s 4538(printing)s 5340(graphical)s 6277(objects)s -6997(lik)s 2(e)k 7402(box)s 3(es)k 8001(and)s -8397(circles,)s 0 1545(and)m 404(so)s 670(on,)s 1017(b)s 4(ut)k -1379(the)s 3(y)k 1842(do)s 2135(not)s 2501(add)s -2905(an)s 3(ything)k 3793(ne)s 6(w)k 4240(in)s -4483(principle.)s 240 fnt84 0 752(1.2.)m 471(De\207nitions)s 240 fnt82 -480 321(The)m 897(features)s 1691(of)s 1950(Lout)s 2451(are)s -2786(v)s 3(ery)k 3250(general.)s 4105(The)s 3(y)k -4637(do)s 4918(not)s 5272(assume)s 6020(that)s 6427(documents)s -7503(are)s 7838(composed)s 8855(of)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 4 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(4)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 240 fnt82 0 13204(pages,)m 637(nor)s 1001(that)s -1403(there)s 1921(are)s 2252(such)s 2733(things)s 3353(as)s -3588(mar)s 4(gins)k 4389(and)s 4778(footnotes,)s 5759(for)s -6082(e)s 3(xample.)k 240 fnt83 7037 13206(De\207nitions)m 240 fnt82 -8127 13204(bridge)m 8778(the)s 0 12916(g)m 1(ap)k 397(between)s -1249(Lout')s 13(s)k 1910(general)s 2666(features)s 3470(and)s -3873(the)s 4219(special)s 4935(features)s 5740(\211)s 5918(footnotes,)s -6913(equations,)s 7936(pages)s 8530(\211)s 8708(that)s 0 12628(particular)m -991(documents)s 2097(require.)s 2954(The)s 3(y)k 3515(hold)s -4017(the)s 4382(instr)s 4806(uct)s 5098(ions)s 5566(for)s -5922(producing)s 6963(these)s 7528(special)s 8264(features,)s 0 12340(con)m 9(v)k 3(eniently)k -1278(packaged)s 2240(ready)s 2825(for)s 3163(use.)s 480 11966(F)m 3(or)k -885(e)s 3(xample,)k 1815(consider)s 2701(the)s 3065(challenge)s -4053(posed)s 4686(by)s 4996(`)s 5057(T)s 5153 11918(E)m -5261 11966(X)m 5430(',)s 5633(which)s 6291(is)s 6517(the)s -6881(name)s 7471(of)s 7758(one)s 8176(of)s 8464(Lout')s 13(s)k -0 11678(most)m 525(illustrious)s 1531(ri)s 6(v)k 6(als)k -2100([5)s 2285(].)s 2528(Lout)s 3040(solv)s 3(es)k -3686(it)s 3878(easily)s 4489(enough,)s 5302(lik)s 2(e)k -5714(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 11177(T{ /0.2f)m 6(o E }X)k 240 fnt82 -0 10683(b)m 4(ut)k 373(to)s 624(type)s 1103(this)s -1511(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 2098(time)s 2590(T)s -2686 10635(E)m 2794 10683(X)m 3035(is)s 3256(mentioned)s 4336(w)s 2(ould)k -5002(be)s 5296(tedious)s 6050(and)s 6465(error)s 4(-prone.)k -7724(So)s 8041(we)s 8388(place)s 8960(a)s 0 10395(de\207nition)m -974(at)s 1206(the)s 1554(be)s 3(ginning)k 2562(of)s -2833(the)s 3181(document:)s 220 fnt35 480 9894(def @T)m 26(eX { )k 11(T{ /0.2f)k 6(o E }X })k -240 fnt82 0 9400(No)m 6(w)k 220 fnt35 514 9397(@T)m 26(eX)k -240 fnt82 1169 9400(stands)m 1818(for)s 2156(the)s 2504(object)s -3148(follo)s 6(wing)k 4125(it)s 4317(between)s 5171(braces,)s -5888(and)s 6292(we)s 6627(may)s 7093(write)s 220 fnt35 -480 8899(consider)m 1370(the)s 1728(challenge)s 2719(posed)s 3366(b)s 4(y)k -3653(`@T)s 26(eX',)k 4451(\202)s 240 fnt82 0 8400(as)m -250(the)s 598(author)s 1269(did)s 1633(earlier)s 2301(in)s -2544(this)s 2940(paragraph.)s 480 8026(A)m 240 fnt83 706 8028(symbol)m -240 fnt82 1440 8026(is)m 1646(a)s 1808(name,)s 2429(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 2837 8023(@T)m 26(eX)k 240 fnt82 3432 8026(,)m -3535(which)s 4172(stands)s 4817(for)s 5151(something)s 6197(other)s -6744(than)s 7209(itself.)s 7845(The)s 8269(initial)s 220 fnt35 -8875 8023(@)m 240 fnt82 0 7738(is)m 201(not)s 558(compulsory)s 15(,)k -1771(b)s 4(ut)k 2124(it)s 2307(does)s 2788(mak)s 2(e)k -3351(the)s 3690(name)s 4254(stand)s 4808(out)s 5165(clearly)s 15(.)k -5954(A)s 240 fnt83 6175 7740(de\207nition)m 240 fnt82 7124 7738(of)m -7386(a)s 7543(symbol)s 8293(declares)s 0 7450(a)m 164(name)s -736(to)s 973(be)s 1253(a)s 1417(symbol,)s 2227(and)s -2629(says)s 3090(what)s 3613(the)s 3959(symbol)s 4717(stands)s -5364(for)s 13(.)k 5791(The)s 240 fnt83 6217 7452(body)m -240 fnt82 6737 7450(of)m 7006(a)s 7170(de\207nition)s 8142(is)s -8350(the)s 8695(part)s 0 7162(follo)m 6(wing)k 977(the)s -1325(name,)s 1950(between)s 2804(the)s 3152(braces.)s 3926(T)s 19(o)k -240 fnt83 4226 7164(in)m 9(vok)k 2(e)k 240 fnt82 -4892 7162(a)m 5058(symbol)s 5818(is)s 6028(to)s 6267(mak)s 2(e)k -6839(use)s 7214(of)s 7485(it.)s 480 6788(Another)m 1324(e)s 3(xpression)k -2401(ripe)s 2828(for)s 3166(packaging)s 4203(in)s 4446(a)s -4612(de\207nition)s 5586(is)s 220 fnt35 480 6287(@OneRo)m 3(w { | -2p @F)k 6(ont n ^/0.5fk 2 })k -240 fnt82 0 5745(which)m 642(produces)s 200 fnt82 1671 5862(n)m -240 fnt82 1557 5745(2)m 1828(\(see)s 2268(Chapter)s 3085(2\).)s -3448(But)s 3854(this)s 4250(time)s 4730(we)s 5065(w)s 2(ould)k -5720(lik)s 2(e)k 6132(to)s 6371(be)s 6653(able)s -7107(to)s 7346(write)s 240 fnt83 480 5242(object)m 220 fnt35 -1188 5237(@Super)m 240 fnt83 2116 5242(object)m 240 fnt82 0 4640(so)m -296(that)s 220 fnt35 745 4637(a)m 953(@Super)s 1853(2)s -240 fnt82 2055 4640(w)m 2(ould)k 2741(come)s 3345(out)s -3742(as)s 200 fnt82 4128 4769(2)m 240 fnt82 4022 4640(a)m -4223(,)s 4361(and)s 4796(so)s 5092(on,)s 5470(for)s -5838(in)s 6112(this)s 6538(w)s 2(ay)k 7020(the)s -7398(usefulness)s 8476(of)s 8778(the)s 0 4352(de\207nition)m 974(is)s -1184(greatly)s 1901(increased.)s 2967(Here)s 3487(is)s 3697(ho)s 6(w)k -4158(it)s 4350(is)s 4560(done:)s 220 fnt35 480 3851(def @Super)m -480 3563( left x)m 480 3275( r)m -3(ight y)k 480 2987({ @OneRo)m 3(w { | -2p @F)k 6(ont y ^/0.5fk x })k -480 2699(})m 240 fnt82 0 2205(This)m 492(de\207nition)s 1483(says)s -1963(that)s 220 fnt35 2398 2202(@Super)m 240 fnt82 3283 2205(has)m -3669(tw)s 2(o)k 240 fnt83 4096 2207(par)m 3(ameter)k 2(s)k -240 fnt82 5176 2205(,)m 220 fnt35 5300 2202(x)m 240 fnt82 -5485 2205(and)m 220 fnt35 5906 2202(y)m 240 fnt82 6014 2205(.)m -6194(When)s 220 fnt35 6840 2202(@Super)m 240 fnt82 7725 2205(is)m -7952(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed,)k 8833(all)s -0 1917(occurrences)m 1205(of)s 220 fnt35 1490 1914(x)m 240 fnt82 -1671 1917(in)m 1928(the)s 2289(body)s 2837(will)s 3276(be)s -3572(replaced)s 4452(by)s 4760(the)s 5121(object)s 5779(just)s -6197(to)s 6450(the)s 6811(left)s 7202(of)s 220 fnt35 -7486 1914(@Super)m 240 fnt82 8294 1917(,)m 8415(and)s 8833(all)s -0 1629(occurrences)m 1192(of)s 220 fnt35 1462 1626(y)m 240 fnt82 -1630 1629(will)m 2055(be)s 2337(replaced)s 3203(by)s 3496(the)s -3844(object)s 4487(just)s 4892(to)s 5130(the)s 5477(right.)s -6092(So,)s 6451(for)s 6789(e)s 3(xample,)k 7702(the)s -8049(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 480 1128(2 @Super { Slope @F)m 6(ont n })k -240 fnt82 0 632(is)m 210(equal)s 783(to)s 220 fnt35 -480 131(@OneRo)m 3(w { | -2p @F)k 6(ont { Slope @F)k 6(ont n } ^/0.5fk 2 })k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 5 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13844(1.2.)m 454(De\207nitions)s 240 fnt84 8953 13841(5)m -240 fnt82 0 13151(and)m 404(so)s 670(comes)s 1332(out)s -1698(as)s 200 fnt83 2062 13281(n)m 240 fnt82 1948 13151(2)m -2157(.)s 480 12777(Lout)m 994(permits)s 1764(de\207nitions)s 2828(to)s -3070(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(e)k 3765(themselv)s 3(es,)k -4934(a)s 5103(peculiarly)s 6115(circular)s 6905(thing)s 7453(to)s -7695(do)s 7991(which)s 8636(goes)s 0 12489(by)m 294(the)s -642(name)s 1216(of)s 240 fnt83 1487 12491(r)m 8(ecur)k 2(sion.)k -240 fnt82 2548 12489(Here)m 3068(is)s 3278(an)s 3561(e)s 3(xample)k -4424(of)s 4695(a)s 4861(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5783(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 480 11988(def @Leaders { ..)m 13( @Leaders })k 240 fnt82 -0 11494(The)m 418(usual)s 968(rule)s 1384(is)s 1584(that)s -1991(the)s 2329(v)s 6(alue)k 2886(of)s 3147(an)s -3420(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 4463(of)s 4724(a)s -4879(symbol)s 5629(is)s 5828(a)s 5984(cop)s 2(y)k -6492(of)s 6752(the)s 7090(body)s 7613(of)s 7874(the)s -8211(symbol')s 13(s)k 0 11206(de\207nition,)m 1024(so)s 1290(the)s -1638(v)s 6(alue)k 2206(of)s 220 fnt35 2477 11203(@Leaders)m -240 fnt82 3546 11206(must)m 4071(be)s 220 fnt35 480 10724(..)m 13( @Leaders)k -240 fnt82 0 10269(But)m 406(no)s 6(w)k 867(this)s -1263(rule)s 1690(applies)s 2418(to)s 2657(this)s 3053(ne)s 6(w)k -3500(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 4554(of)s 220 fnt35 -4825 10266(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 5834 10269(;)m 5946(substituting)s 7115(its)s -7391(body)s 7925(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 220 fnt35 -480 9768(..)m 13( ..)k 13( @Leaders)k 240 fnt82 0 9313(and)m -408(so)s 679(on)s 980(fore)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 13(.)k -1816(In)s 2076(order)s 2645(to)s 2888(mak)s 2(e)k -3465(this)s 3865(useful,)s 4561(an)s 4848(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5907(of)s 6182(a)s 6353(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -7279(symbol)s 8044(is)s 8259(replaced)s 0 9025(by)m 294(its)s -570(body)s 1104(only)s 1584(if)s 1801(suf\207cient)s 2750(space)s -3337(is)s 3547(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable.)k 4563(So,)s -4923(for)s 5261(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 8524(4i @Wide { Chapter 7 @Leaders 62 })m -240 fnt82 0 8028(has)m 370(for)s 708(its)s 984(result)s -1574(the)s 1922(object)s 480 7524(Chapter)m 1297(7)s 1525(..)s -1809(..)s 2093(..)s 2377(..)s 2661(..)s 2945(..)s -3229(..)s 3513(..)s 3797(..)s 4081(..)s 4365(..)s -4649(..)s 4933(..)s 5217(..)s 5501(..)s 5785(62)s -0 7021(with)m 478(Lout)s 985(checking)s 1897(before)s 2558(each)s -3049(replacement)s 4271(of)s 220 fnt35 4537 7018(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 -5601 7021(by)m 220 fnt35 5891 7018(..)m 6177(@Leaders)s 240 fnt82 -7241 7021(that)m 7654(the)s 7997(total)s 8471(length)s 0 6733(afterw)m 2(ards,)k -1112(including)s 2069(the)s 2417(other)s 2968(w)s 2(ords,)k -3658(w)s 2(ould)k 4313(not)s 4679(e)s 3(xceed)k -5398(four)s 5856(inches.)s 480 6359(The)m 902(remaining)s 1918(issue)s -2445(is)s 2649(what)s 3168(happens)s 3997(when)s 4567(Lout)s -5072(decides)s 5834(that)s 6246(it)s 6431(is)s 6635(time)s -7109(to)s 7341(stop.)s 7898(The)s 8319(ob)s 3(vious)k -0 6071(thing)m 545(to)s 784(do)s 1077(is)s 1287(to)s -1526(replace)s 2271(the)s 2619(last)s 3010(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4064(by)s 4358(an)s 4641(empty)s 5293(object:)s 220 fnt35 -480 5573(..)m 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( {})k -240 fnt82 0 5079(As)m 316(the)s 662(e)s 3(xample)k -1524(sho)s 6(ws,)k 2222(this)s 2617(w)s 2(ould)k -3270(lea)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3822(a)s 3986(small)s -4556(trailing)s 5297(space,)s 5933(which)s 6574(is)s 6782(a)s -6947(major)s 7562(headache.)s 8614(Lout)s 0 4791(\207x)m 3(es)k -517(this)s 930(by)s 1242(replacing)s 2201(the)s 2566(last)s -2975(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 4046(with)s 4545(a)s -4729(dif)s 6(ferent)k 5621(kind)s 6122(of)s 6411(empty)s -7080(object,)s 7788(called)s 220 fnt35 8434 4788(@Null)m 240 fnt82 -9019 4791(,)m 0 4503(whose)m 677(ef)s 6(fect)k 1282(is)s -1501(to)s 1749(mak)s 2(e)k 2330(an)s 2623(adjacent)s -3488(concatenation)s 4882(symbol)s 5651(disappear)s 9(,)k 6674(preferably)s -7718(one)s 8130(preceding)s 0 4215(the)m 220 fnt35 348 4212(@Null)m -240 fnt82 933 4215(.)m 1097(Thus,)s 1683(when)s 2259(Lout)s -2771(replaces)s 220 fnt35 3604 4212(@Leaders)m 240 fnt82 4673 4215(by)m -220 fnt35 4967 4212(@Null)m 240 fnt82 5612 4215(in)m 5855(the)s -6203(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 480 3714(..)m 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( ..)k 13( @Leaders)k -240 fnt82 0 3259(the)m 348(trailing)s 1089(space,)s 1727(which)s -2368(is)s 2577(really)s 3174(a)s 3339(horizontal)s 4362(concatenation)s -5747(symbol,)s 6558(disappears)s 7617(as)s 7867(well.)s 8441(This)s -8916(is)s 0 2971(tak)m 2(en)k 573(into)s 998(account)s -1802(when)s 2378(deciding)s 3255(whether)s 4085(there)s 4618(is)s -4828(room)s 5393(to)s 5632(replace)s 220 fnt35 6377 2968(@Leaders)m -240 fnt82 7446 2971(by)m 7740(its)s 8016(body)s 15(.)k -480 2597(The)m 903(remainder)s 1926(of)s 2192(this)s 2583(section)s -3312(is)s 3517(de)s 6(v)k 4(oted)k 4318(to)s -4552(sho)s 6(wing)k 5406(ho)s 6(w)k 5862(de\207nitions)s -6918(may)s 7379(be)s 7656(used)s 8148(to)s 8382(specify)s -0 2309(the)m 240 fnt83 348 2311(pa)m 2(g)k 2(e)k -863(layout)s 240 fnt82 1525 2309(of)m 1796(a)s 1962(document.)s -3070(T)s 19(o)k 3370(be)s 3(gin)k 3956(with,)s -4488(we)s 4823(can)s 5212(de\207ne)s 5853(a)s 6019(page)s -6527(lik)s 2(e)k 6939(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 1808(def @P)m 8(age)k -480 1520({)m 480 1232( //1i ||1i)m 480 944( 6i @Wide 9.5i @High)m 480 656( { @T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace //1r)k -8(t @F)k 6(ootSect })k -480 368( ||1i //1i)m 480 80(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 6 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(6)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(No)m 6(w)k 220 fnt35 -520 13202(@P)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 1306 13205(is)m 1523(an)s -1813(eight)s 2358(by)s 2659(ele)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3338(and)s 3749(a)s 3922(half)s 4371(inch)s 4847(object,)s -5545(with)s 6034(one)s 6443(inch)s 6919(mar)s 4(gins,)k -7799(a)s 7972(place)s 8539(at)s 8778(the)s 0 12917(top)m -367(for)s 713(te)s 3(xt,)k 1183(and)s 1595(a)s -1769(section)s 2511(at)s 2751(the)s 3108(bottom)s 3854(for)s -4200(footnotes)s 5149(\(since)s 220 fnt35 5783 12914(//1r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 6233 12917(bottom-justi\207es)m 7792(the)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k -0 12629(object\).)m 827(It)s 1032(will)s 1458(be)s 1740(con)s 9(v)k 3(enient)k -2838(for)s 3176(us)s 3440(to)s 3679(sho)s 6(w)k -4233(the)s 4581(ef)s 6(fect)k 5177(of)s 5448(in)s 9(v)k 4(oking)k -220 fnt35 6340 12626(@P)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 7119 12629(lik)m 2(e)k -7531(this:)s 160 fnt35 480 11528(@P)m 6(age)k 220 fnt78 -1240 11514(\336)m gsave -1690 9795 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -240 fnt82 0 9344(with)m 482(the)s -830(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k 1645(symbol)s -2405(appearing)s 3401(to)s 3640(the)s 3988(left)s 4365(of)s -4636(the)s 4984(arro)s 6(w)k 15(,)k 5627(and)s -6031(its)s 6307(body)s 6841(to)s 7080(the)s 7428(right.)s -480 8970(The)m 908(de\207nition)s 1882(of)s 2153(a)s 2319(v)s 3(ertical)k -3086(list)s 3437(of)s 3708(pages)s 4304(should)s 5001(come)s -5575(as)s 5825(no)s 6118(surprise:)s 220 fnt35 480 8469(def @P)m 8(ageList)k -480 8181({)m 480 7893( @P)m 8(age // @P)k 8(ageList)k 480 7605(})m -240 fnt82 0 7111(This)m 476(allo)s 6(ws)k 1145(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -2286(lik)s 2(e)k 2698(the)s 3046(follo)s 6(wing:)k -gsave -480 0 translate -1.0867 1.0000 scale -160 fnt35 0 6010(@P)m 6(ageList)k 220 fnt78 890 5996(\336)m -gsave -1220 4277 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -160 fnt35 1220 4047(@P)m 6(ageList)k 220 fnt78 3267 5996(\336)m -gsave -3597 4277 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -gsave -3597 1783 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -160 fnt35 3597 1553(@P)m 6(ageList)k 220 fnt78 5644 5996(\336)m -gsave -5974 4277 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -gsave -5974 1783 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore - -grestore -0 1067(setting)m 220 fnt35 750 1064(@P)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -1874 1067(to)m 200 fnt35 2113 1069(@Null)m 240 fnt82 2706 1067(on)m -3003(the)s 3351(last)s 3742(step.)s 4291(An)s 3(y)k -4755(number)s 5546(of)s 5817(pages)s 6413(can)s 6802(be)s -7084(generated.)s 480 693(A)m 703(de\207nition)s 1669(for)s 220 fnt35 -1999 690(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 3209 693(is)m -3411(be)s 3(yond)k 4164(us)s 4420(at)s 4644(present,)s -5433(since)s 220 fnt35 5972 690(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 7182 693(must)m 7699(be)s 7973(replaced)s 8832(by)s -0 405(dif)m 6(ferent)k 877(parts)s 1394(of)s 1667(the)s -2018(te)s 3(xt)k 2435(of)s 2708(the)s 3059(document)s -4065(on)s 4364(dif)s 6(ferent)k 5242(pages.)s 5953(But)s -6361(we)s 6699(can)s 7090(de\207ne)s 220 fnt35 7733 402(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 8887 405(to)m 0 117(be)m 282(a)s 448(small)s -1020(space)s 1607(follo)s 6(wed)k 2509(by)s 2803(a)s -2969(horizontal)s 3993(line)s 4407(follo)s 6(wed)k 5309(by)s -5603(a)s 5769(list)s 6120(of)s 6391(places)s 7039(where)s -7679(footnotes)s 8620(go:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 7 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13844(1.2.)m 454(De\207nitions)s 240 fnt84 8951 13841(7)m -220 fnt35 480 13208(def @F)m 6(ootList )k 480 12920({ )m 480 12632( @F)m 6(ootPlace //0.3v @F)k 6(ootList)k -480 12344(} )m 480 12056( )m 480 11768(def @F)m 6(ootSect)k 480 11480({ )m -480 11192( //0.3v 1i @Wide @HLine)m 480 10904( //0.3v @F)m 6(ootList )k 480 10616(} )m 240 fnt82 -0 10122(assuming)m 950(that)s 220 fnt35 1360 10119(@HLine)m 240 fnt82 -2199 10122(will)m 2617(produce)s 3436(a)s 3594(horizontal)s 4610(line)s -5016(of)s 5279(the)s 5619(indicated)s 6545(width.)s 7246(W)s 9(ith)k -7764(this)s 8152(de\207nition)s 0 9834(we)m 335(can)s 724(generate)s -1589(pages)s 2185(lik)s 2(e)k 2597(this:)s gsave -480 7000 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 -170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -220 fnt78 2647 8719(\336)m gsave -3097 7000 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -567 0 0 0 160 180 44 170 346 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -170 173(@F)m 4(ootList)k -grestore -5264(\336)s gsave -5714 7000 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -567 0 0 0 160 180 44 170 522 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -170 349(@F)m 4(ootPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootList)k -grestore -240 fnt82 -0 6549(and)m 404(so)s 670(on)s 967(for)s 1305(arbitrarily)s -2312(man)s 3(y)k 2895(footnotes.)s 480 6175(W)m 19(e)k -852(will)s 1281(see)s 1646(in)s 1892(the)s 2244(ne)s 3(xt)k -2716(section)s 3454(ho)s 6(w)k 3918(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -5063(of)s 220 fnt35 5337 6172(@P)m 8(ageList,)k 6511(@F)s 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 7665 6175(and)m 220 fnt35 8073 6172(@F)m 6(ootList)k -240 fnt82 0 5887(are)m 356(replaced)s 1232(by)s 1535(their)s -2041(bodies)s 2726(only)s 3216(when)s 3801(the)s 4158(need)s -4677(to)s 4925(insert)s 5524(te)s 3(xt)k 5949(and)s -6362(footnotes)s 7312(obliges)s 8063(Lout)s 8584(to)s 8833(do)s -0 5599(so;)m 352(otherwise)s 1364(the)s 1740(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -2908(are)s 3283(replaced)s 4177(by)s 220 fnt35 4499 5596(@Null)m -240 fnt82 5084 5599(.)m 5275(In)s 5559(this)s 5982(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k -6499(the)s 6874(right)s 7413(number)s 8231(of)s 8530(pages)s -0 5311(is)m 223(made,)s 862(the)s 1224(small)s 1810(line)s -2238(appears)s 3033(only)s 3527(on)s 3838(pages)s 4447(that)s -4879(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 5394(at)s 5640(least)s -6151(one)s 6567(footnote,)s 7485(and)s 7903(unnecessary)s 0 5023(concatenation)m -1385(symbols)s 2234(disappear)s 13(.)k 480 4649(This)m 958(approach)s -1894(to)s 2135(page)s 2645(layout)s 3305(is)s 3517(the)s -3867(most)s 4394(original)s 5194(contrib)s 4(ution)k 6418(Lout)s -6932(has)s 7304(made)s 7880(to)s 8122(document)s 0 4361(formatting.)m -1172(It)s 1377(is)s 1587(e)s 3(xtraordinarily)k 3057(\210e)s 3(xible.)k -3935(T)s 19(w)k 2(o-column)k 5207(pages?)s 5971(Use)s -220 fnt35 480 3860({2.8i @Wide @T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace} ||0.4i {2.8i @Wide @T)k 26(e)k 6(xtPlace})k -240 fnt82 0 3366(instead)m 768(of)s 220 fnt35 1072 3363(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 2230 3366(.)m 2427(F)s 3(ootnotes)k 3452(in)s -3728(smaller)s 4523(type?)s 5187(Use)s 220 fnt35 5648 3363(-2p)m -6051(@F)s 6(ont)k 6797(@F)s 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 -8086 3366(instead)m 8855(of)s 220 fnt35 0 3075(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k -240 fnt82 1196 3078(.)m 1360(And)s 1831(on)s 2128(and)s -2532(on.)s 240 fnt84 0 2330(1.3.)m 471(Cr)s 4(oss)k -1106(r)s 4(efer)k 4(ences)k 240 fnt82 480 1898(A)m -705(cross)s 1241(reference)s 2178(in)s 2415(common)s 3304(terminology)s -4521(is)s 4725(something)s 5769(lik)s 2(e)k 6176(`see)s -6610(T)s 19(able)k 7185(6')s 7411(or)s 7664(`see)s -8098(page)s 8600(57')s 8946(\211)s 0 1610(a)m 168(reference)s -1114(within)s 1785(a)s 1954(document)s 2961(to)s 3202(some)s -3766(other)s 4320(part)s 4754(of)s 5028(it.)s 5327(Readers)s -6150(\207nd)s 6584(them)s 7125(v)s 3(ery)k 7604(useful,)s -8298(b)s 4(ut)k 8663(the)s 3(y)k 0 1322(are)m -343(a)s 504(major)s 1116(problem)s 1969(for)s 2302(authors.)s -3165(As)s 3478(the)s 3821(document)s 4820(is)s 5025(re)s 6(vised,)k -5812(T)s 19(able)k 6388(6)s 6556(becomes)s 7440(T)s 19(able)k -8016(7,)s 8238(the)s 8581(thing)s 0 1034(on)m 297(page)s -805(57)s 1093(mo)s 3(v)k 3(es)k 1763(to)s -2002(page)s 2510(63,)s 2857(and)s 3261(all)s 3554(the)s -3902(cross)s 4444(references)s 5475(must)s 6000(be)s 6282(changed.)s -480 660(The)m 917(Scribe)s 1593(document)s 2606(formatter)s 9(,)k -3601(de)s 6(v)k 3(eloped)k 4644(by)s 4947(Brian)s -5545(K.)s 5831(Reid)s 6351([6)s 6543(],)s 6739(introduced)s -7829(a)s 8005(scheme)s 8788(for)s 0 372(k)m 2(eeping)k -804(track)s 1337(of)s 1603(cross)s 2140(references.)s 3279(It)s -3479(allo)s 6(ws)k 4143(you)s 4553(to)s 4787(gi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5241(names)s 5898(to)s 6132(tables,)s 6791(\207gures,)s 7544(etc.,)s -7984(and)s 8383(to)s 8617(refer)s 0 84(to)m 233(them)s -764(by)s 1051(name.)s 1726(The)s 2147(formatter)s 3087(inserts)s -3754(the)s 4095(appropriate)s 5233(numbers)s 6101(in)s 6337(place)s -6890(of)s 7154(the)s 7495(names,)s 8206(so)s 8465(that)s -8876(as)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 8 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(8)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(the)m 342(document)s 1339(is)s -1543(re)s 6(vised,)k 2327(the)s 2669(cross)s 3204(references)s -4229(are)s 4569(k)s 2(ept)k 5033(up)s 5319(to)s -5552(date)s 5999(automatically)s 15(.)k 7442(Lout)s 7947(has)s -8310(adopted)s 0 12917(and)m 404(e)s 3(xtended)k 1323(this)s -1719(scheme.)s 480 12543(In)m 726(Lout,)s 1275(automatic)s 2260(cross)s -2792(referencing)s 3922(w)s 2(orks)k 4546(in)s 4779(the)s -5117(follo)s 6(wing)k 6084(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k -6620(First)s 7107(de\207ne)s 7738(a)s 7894(symbol)s 8644(with)s -0 12255(a)m 166(parameter)s 1180(with)s 1662(the)s 2010(special)s -2728(name)s 220 fnt35 3302 12252(@T)m 26(ag:)k 480 11754(def @T)m 26(ab)k 4(le)k -480 11466( left @T)m 26(ag)k 480 11178( r)m -3(ight @V)k 15(alue)k -480 10890({)m 480 10602( ||1i @V)m 15(alue)k 480 10314(})m 240 fnt82 -0 9820(When)m 643(this)s 1054(symbol)s 1829(is)s 2054(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed,)k -2933(the)s 3296(v)s 6(alue)k 3879(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -4474(to)s 220 fnt35 4727 9817(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 -5365 9820(should)m 6077(be)s 6374(a)s 6555(simple)s 7263(w)s 2(ord)k -7826(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 8253 9817(cities)m 240 fnt82 -8745 9820(,)m 8867(or)s 0 9532(se)m 6(v)k 3(eral)k -722(simple)s 1415(w)s 2(ords)k 2049(juxtaposed)s 3144(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 3556 9529(cities compare)m 240 fnt82 4962 9532(;)m 5074(it)s -5266(serv)s 3(es)k 5911(to)s 6150(name)s 6724(the)s -7072(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation:)k 220 fnt35 480 9031({ cities compare } @T)m 26(ab)k 4(le)k -480 8743({)m 480 8455( )m 8(W)k 8(ashington |0.5i Canberr)k 2(a)k -480 8167(})m 240 fnt82 0 7673(W)m 19(e)k 410(may)s -917(no)s 6(w)k 1419(refer)s 1969(to)s 2249(this)s -2686(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 3782(else)s 6(where)k -4828(in)s 5112(the)s 5501(document,)s 6593(using)s 7206(the)s -240 fnt83 7595 7675(cr)m 10(oss)k 8187(r)s 8(efer)k 8(ence)k -220 fnt35 0 7382(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&{ cities compare }.)k 240 fnt82 -2918 7385(Here)m 220 fnt35 3480 7382(&&)m 240 fnt82 3870 7385(is)m -4122(the)s 240 fnt83 4511 7387(cr)m 10(oss)k 5103(r)s 8(efer)k 8(ence)k -6084(symbol)s 240 fnt82 6762 7385(;)m 6916(its)s 7233(left)s -7652(parameter)s 8708(is)s 8960(a)s 0 7097(symbol)m 772(and)s -1189(its)s 1478(right)s 2002(parameter)s 3028(is)s 3251(the)s -3612(v)s 6(alue)k 4193(of)s 4476(the)s 220 fnt35 -4837 7094(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 5473 7097(parameter)m 6500(of)s -6783(some)s 7357(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 8424(of)s -8708(that)s 0 6809(symbol.)m 869(Of)s 1193(course)s 1873(it')s 13(s)k -2215(simplest)s 3071(if)s 3288(you)s 3703(use)s 4078(just)s -4483(a)s 4649(one-w)s 2(ord)k 5622(tag;)s 6026(then)s -6495(no)s 6788(braces)s 7449(are)s 7796(needed.)s 480 6435(A)m -695(cross)s 1222(reference)s 2150(is)s 2345(not)s 2696(an)s -2964(object;)s 3645(the)s 3978(reader)s 4619(should)s 5301(think)s -5839(of)s 6095(it)s 6272(as)s 6507(an)s 6775(arro)s 6(w)k -7365(in)s 7593(the)s 7926(\207nal)s 8391(printed)s 0 6147(document,)m -1049(be)s 3(ginning)k 2054(at)s 2284(the)s 2629(cross)s -3169(reference)s 4109(and)s 4511(ending)s 5213(at)s 5443(the)s -5788(top)s 6145(of)s 6413(the)s 6759(tar)s 4(get)k -7355(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation.)k 8513(Three)s 0 5859(special)m -715(v)s 6(alues)k 1367(may)s 1830(be)s 2108(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2685(to)s 2920(the)s 3264(right)s 3772(parameter)s 4782(of)s -220 fnt35 5050 5856(&&)m 240 fnt82 5338 5859(:)m 220 fnt35 -5500 5856(preceding)m 240 fnt82 6451 5859(,)m 220 fnt35 6555 5856(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 7385 5859(,)m 7488(and)s 220 fnt35 7888 5856(f)m 6(oll_or_prec)k -240 fnt82 9022 5859(.)m 0 5571(The)m 467(cross)s 1049(reference)s -220 fnt35 2032 5568(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&preceding)k 240 fnt82 -4116 5571(points)m 4792(to)s 5071(some)s 5671(table)s 6231(appearing)s -7267(earlier)s 7975(in)s 8258(the)s 8646(\207nal)s 0 5283(printed)m -760(document)s 1790(than)s 2285(itself;)s 2899(that)s 3343(is,)s -3635(the)s 4009(arro)s 6(w)k 4640(is)s 4876(guaranteed)s -6009(to)s 6274(point)s 6852(backw)s 2(ards)k 7950(through)s -8778(the)s 0 4995(document.)m 1108(Usually)s 1907(it)s 2100(points)s -2737(to)s 2977(the)s 3326(nearest)s 4063(preceding)s 5060(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation.)k -6222(Similarly)s 15(,)k 220 fnt35 7203 4992(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 0 4707(points)m 636(forw)s 2(ards,)k 1590(usually)s -2335(to)s 2574(the)s 2922(nearest)s 3657(follo)s 6(wing)k -4634(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation.)k 220 fnt35 5795 4704(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&f)k 6(oll_or_prec)k -240 fnt82 8022 4707(is)m 8232(the)s 8579(same)s 0 4419(as)m -220 fnt35 250 4416(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 2173 4419(if)m 2390(it)s 2582(e)s 3(xists,)k -3230(otherwise)s 4215(it)s 4407(is)s 4617(the)s 4965(same)s -5512(as)s 220 fnt35 5762 4416(@T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&preceding)k -240 fnt82 7746 4419(.)m 480 4045(This)m 962(section)s 1702(has)s -2079(been)s 2594(concerned)s 3641(with)s 4130(what)s 4661(a)s -4834(cross)s 5382(reference)s 6331(is)s 6548(\211)s 6734(an)s -7023(arro)s 6(w)k 7635(from)s 8165(one)s 8574(point)s -0 3757(in)m 242(a)s 407(document)s 1410(to)s 1648(another)s -2424(\211)s 2603(b)s 4(ut)k 2963(not)s 3328(with)s -3809(ho)s 6(w)k 4269(it)s 4460(is)s 4669(used.)s -5271(One)s 5724(simple)s 6416(w)s 2(ay)k 6866(to)s -7104(use)s 7478(a)s 7643(cross)s 8183(reference)s 0 3469(is)m -210(to)s 449(put)s 815(it)s 1007(where)s 1647(an)s -1930(object)s 2574(is)s 2784(e)s 3(xpected,)k 3738(lik)s 2(e)k -4150(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 2968(a | @T)m 26(ab)k 4(le&&cities | c)k -240 fnt82 0 2513(In)m 265(this)s 670(case)s 1146(the)s -1504(cross)s 2055(reference)s 3007(will)s 3443(be)s 3734(replaced)s -4610(by)s 4914(a)s 5089(cop)s 2(y)k 5616(of)s -5897(the)s 6254(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 7317(it)s -7519(points)s 8164(to:)s 8525(in)s 8778(the)s 0 2225(e)m 3(xample)k -866(just)s 1275(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en,)k 1909(a)s -2079(table)s 2603(will)s 3033(appear)s 3734(between)s 220 fnt35 -4591 2222(a)m 240 fnt82 4772 2225(and)m 220 fnt35 5180 2222(c.)m -240 fnt82 5456 2225(Other)m 6064(applications)s 7274(of)s 7549(cross)s -8095(references)s 0 1937(may)m 466(be)s 747(found)s 1364(in)s -1606(Chapter)s 2423(4,)s 2649(including)s 3606(\207nding)s 4337(the)s -4685(number)s 5475(of)s 5746(the)s 6093(page)s 6601(where)s -7240(something)s 8289(appears,)s 0 1649(producing)m 1018(running)s 1809(page)s -2311(headers)s 3085(and)s 3483(footers,)s 4246(and)s 4643(accessing)s -5606(databases)s 6566(of)s 6831(Roman)s 7573(numerals,)s 8549(refer)s -8998(-)s 0 1361(ences,)m 638(etc.)s 1080(Cross)s 1676(references)s -2707(are)s 3054(also)s 3492(used)s 3989(by)s 4283(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -5063(as)s 5313(will)s 5739(be)s 6021(e)s 3(xplained)k -7006(in)s 7249(the)s 7597(ne)s 3(xt)k 8066(section.)s -480 987(The)m 943(implementation)s 2535(of)s 2841(cross)s 3418(referencing)s -4593(copies)s 5290(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 5901(symbol)s -6696(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 7785(with)s 8302(a)s -220 fnt35 8503 984(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 0 699(parameter)m -1008(into)s 1427(the)s 240 fnt83 1768 701(cr)m 10(oss-r)k 8(efer)k 8(ence)k -3275(database)s 240 fnt82 4133 699(,)m 4233(a)s 4393(collection)s -5385(of)s 5650(\207les)s 6093(whose)s 6754(names)s 7410(end)s -7807(in)s 220 fnt35 8044 696(.ld)m 240 fnt82 8316 699(inde)m 3(x)k 3(ed)k -0 411(by)m 286(one)s 679(\207le)s 1032(whose)s 1691(name)s -2256(is)s 220 fnt35 2458 408(lout.li)m 240 fnt82 2954 411(.)m -3109(It)s 3306(is)s 3507(generally)s 4441(the)s 4781(case)s -5239(that)s 5649(the)s 5988(b)s 4(ulk)k 6462(content)s -7218(of)s 7480(a)s 7638(symbol)s 8389(such)s 8876(as)s -0 123(the)m 337(table)s 845(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -1455(is)s 1653(contained)s 2629(in)s 2860(its)s 3124(right)s -3623(or)s 3870(body)s 4393(parameter)s 9(,)k 5433(and)s -5825(that)s 6231(this)s 6615(b)s 4(ulk)k 7086(content)s -7838(is)s 8036(not)s 8390(needed)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 9 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13845(1.3.)m 454(Cr)s 10(oss)k 1058(r)s 8(efer)k 8(ences)k -240 fnt84 8952 13842(9)m 240 fnt82 0 13207(by)m 297(cross)s -843(references)s 1878(to)s 2121(the)s 2472(symbol.)s 3345(Hence,)s -4067(to)s 4310(sa)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 4787(space)s -5378(in)s 5625(the)s 5977(database,)s 6910(Lout)s 7426(replaces)s -8263(the)s 8615(right)s 0 12919(parameter)m 1011(of)s 1279(each)s -1771(symbol)s 2527(it)s 2716(writes)s 3347(into)s 3768(it)s -3957(by)s 4248(the)s 4592(w)s 2(ord)k 5137(???)s -5505(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 6482(the)s 6827(right)s -7335(parameter)s 8345(appears)s 0 12631(to)m 249(be)s 542(lar)s 4(ge.)k -1190(The)s 1629(table)s 2160(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -2792(w)s 2(ould)k 3458(appear)s 4166(as)s 4427(???)s -4809(because)s 5632(of)s 5914(this)s 6321(optimization,)s 7647(and)s -8062(in)s 8316(general,)s 0 12343(the)m 367(user)s 845(must)s -1390(ensure)s 2089(that)s 2527(an)s 3(y)k 2944(content)s -3728(required)s 4601(by)s 4915(cross)s 5477(references)s 6527(is)s -6757(contained)s 7765(in)s 8028(parameters)s 0 12055(other)m 545(than)s -1007(the)s 1348(right)s 1852(or)s 2104(body)s 2631(parameter)s 13(.)k -3729(This)s 4199(optimization)s 5457(does)s 5940(not)s 6299(apply)s -6878(when)s 7447(the)s 7788(symbol)s 8541(being)s 0 11767(written)m -733(into)s 1158(the)s 1506(cross-reference)s 3019(database)s 3898(is)s -4108(a)s 4274(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -240 fnt84 0 10974(1.4.)m 471(Galleys)s 240 fnt82 480 10497(It)m -695(is)s 915(time)s 1406(to)s 1655(pause)s 2267(and)s -2681(ask)s 3072(ourselv)s 3(es)k 4033(ho)s 6(w)k -4505(close)s 5062(we)s 5408(are)s 5765(to)s 6015(achie)s 6(ving)k -7002(our)s 7392(aim)s 7820(of)s 8102(producing)s 0 10209(neatly)m -638(formatted)s 1624(documents.)s 2825(W)s 19(e)k 3194(can)s -3583(certainly)s 4472(produce)s 5299(the)s 5647(pieces)s 6295(of)s -6566(a)s 6732(document:)s 160 fnt84 870 9532(PURCELL)m 128 fnt82 -1626 9604(1)m 160 fnt82 480 9240(In)m 705(the)s 991(w)s 1(orld)k -1455(of)s 1691(music)s 480 9060(England)m 1192(is)s 1473(supposed)s -480 8880(to)m 686(be)s 921(a)s 1078(mere)s 1481(pro)s 2(vince.)k -480 8700(If)m 775(she)s 1166(produces)s 1918(an)s 480 8520(indif)m 4(ferent)k -1446(composer)s 480 8340(or)m 763(performer)s 6(,)k 1577(that)s -1967(is)s 480 8160(re)m 2(garded)k 1172(else)s 4(where)k -1940(as)s 480 7980(perfectly)m 1215(normal)s 1837(and)s 480 7800(natural;)m -1072(b)s 3(ut)k 1388(if)s 1608(foreign)s 480 7620(students)m -1215(of)s 1574(musical)s 480 7440(history)m 1286(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k -1947(to)s 480 7260(ackno)m 4(wledge)k 1440(a)s 1636(British)s -480 7080(musical)m 1105(genius,)s 1686(he)s 1967(is)s 480 6900(considered)m -1211(a)s 1322(freak.)s 800 6667(Such)m 1267(a)s 1488(freak)s -1967(is)s 480 6487(Henry)m 917(Purcell.)s 1480(Y)s 16(et)k -1736(if)s 1884(we)s 480 6307(mak)m 1(e)k 875(a)s -1000(choice)s 1467(of)s 1662(\207fteen)s 480 6127(of)m 717(the)s -1005(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k 1574(musical)s 480 5947(classics,)m -1050(as)s 1228(here,)s 1586(we)s 1820(\207nd)s 480 5767(that)m -774(we)s 1013(cannot)s 1495(omit)s 1843(this)s 480 5587(English)m -1005(master)s 8(.)k 128 fnt82 2634 9784(1)m 160 fnt82 -2685 9712(Blom,)m 3107(Eric.)s 160 fnt83 3476 9713(Some)m 3852(Gr)s 5(eat)k -2634 9533(Composer)m 1(s.)k 160 fnt82 3728 9532(Oxford,)m 2634 9352(1944.)m -gsave -4788 7375 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -gsave -4788 4881 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -gsave -4788 2387 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -160 fnt35 4788 2157(@P)m 6(ageList)k 240 fnt82 0 1671(b)m 4(ut)k -362(when)s 938(we)s 1273(try)s 1592(to)s 1831(mer)s 4(ge)k -2480(them)s 3018(together)s 9(,)k 3899(we)s 4234(encounter)s -5237(tw)s 2(o)k 5647(obstacles.)s 480 1297(First,)m 1029(when)s -1610(an)s 1899(object)s 2548(is)s 2763(entered)s 3530(at)s -3767(a)s 3938(certain)s 4650(place)s 5215(in)s 5463(the)s -5817(document,)s 6873(it)s 7070(appears)s 7857(at)s 8094(that)s -8518(place.)s 0 1009(But)m 393(a)s 546(footnote)s 1385(is)s -1582(naturally)s 2472(entered)s 3219(immediately)s 4454(after)s 4936(the)s -5271(point)s 5810(it)s 5988(refers)s 6568(to)s 6794(\(`)s -200 fnt82 6934 1018(PURCELL)m 240 fnt82 7819 1009(')m 7917(in)s -8147(this)s 8529(case\),)s 0 721(yet)m 352(it)s 544(appears)s -1325(some)s 6(where)k 2464(else:)s 2941(at)s 3173(the)s -3521(bottom)s 4259(of)s 4530(a)s 4696(page.)s 480 347(Second,)m -1285(all)s 1570(our)s 1942(features)s 2740(b)s 4(uild)k -3278(up)s 3564(lar)s 4(ger)k 4168(objects)s 4889(out)s -5247(of)s 5510(smaller)s 6265(ones,)s 6803(b)s 4(ut)k -7158(the)s 200 fnt82 7498 356(PURCELL)m 240 fnt82 8435 347(object,)m -0 59(for)m 333(e)s 3(xample,)k 1242(must)s 1762(be)s -2039(brok)s 2(en)k 2753(do)s 6(wn)k 3332(into)s -3752(page-sized)s 4827(pieces.)s 5583(This)s 6053(occurs)s 6723(when)s -7294(the)s 7637(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 8539(space)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 10 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(10)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(at)m 230(the)s 575(`some)s 6(where)k -1790(else')s 2270(is)s 2477(insuf\207cient)s 3610(to)s 3846(hold)s -4327(the)s 4672(entire)s 5268(object,)s 5957(so)s 6220(this)s -6613(second)s 7333(obstacle)s 8169(arises)s 8760(out)s 0 12917(of)m -271(the)s 619(\207rst.)s 480 12543(Lout')m 13(s)k 1135(last)s -1518(major)s 2127(feature,)s 2888(which)s 3523(we)s 3850(introduce)s -4801(to)s 5032(o)s 3(v)k 3(ercome)k 6017(these)s -6557(obstacles,)s 7532(is)s 7734(the)s 240 fnt83 8074 12545(galle)m 7(y)k -240 fnt82 8699 12543(\(the)m 0 12255(name)m 564(is)s 764(borro)s 6(wed)k -1723(from)s 2237(the)s 2575(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3288(used)s 3775(in)s 4008(manual)s 4757(typesetting\).)s 6039(A)s -6259(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6882(is)s 7082(an)s -7355(object)s 7989(plus)s 8429(a)s 8584(cross)s 0 11967(reference)m -943(which)s 1585(points)s 2221(to)s 2460(where)s 3100(the)s -3448(object)s 4092(is)s 4302(to)s 4541(appear)s 13(.)k -5329(The)s 5757(e)s 3(xample)k 6620(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -7242(has)s 7612(three)s 8145(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys:)k -160 fnt84 870 11234(PURCELL)m 128 fnt82 1626 11306(1)m 160 fnt82 -480 10942(In)m 705(the)s 991(w)s 1(orld)k 1455(of)s -1691(music)s 480 10762(England)m 1192(is)s 1473(supposed)s 480 10582(to)m -686(be)s 921(a)s 1078(mere)s 1481(pro)s 2(vince.)k -480 10402(If)m 775(she)s 1166(produces)s 1918(an)s 480 10222(indif)m 4(ferent)k -1446(composer)s 480 10042(or)m 763(performer)s 6(,)k 1577(that)s -1967(is)s 480 9862(re)m 2(garded)k 1172(else)s 4(where)k -1940(as)s 480 9682(perfectly)m 1215(normal)s 1837(and)s 480 9502(natural;)m -1072(b)s 3(ut)k 1388(if)s 1608(foreign)s 480 9322(students)m -1215(of)s 1574(musical)s 480 9142(history)m 1286(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k -1947(to)s 480 8962(ackno)m 4(wledge)k 1440(a)s 1636(British)s -480 8782(musical)m 1105(genius,)s 1686(he)s 1967(is)s 480 8602(considered)m -1211(a)s 1322(freak.)s 800 8369(Such)m 1267(a)s 1488(freak)s -1967(is)s 480 8189(Henry)m 917(Purcell.)s 1480(Y)s 16(et)k -1736(if)s 1884(we)s 480 8009(mak)m 1(e)k 875(a)s -1000(choice)s 1467(of)s 1662(\207fteen)s 480 7829(of)m 717(the)s -1005(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k 1574(musical)s 480 7649(classics,)m -1050(as)s 1228(here,)s 1586(we)s 1820(\207nd)s 480 7469(that)m -774(we)s 1013(cannot)s 1495(omit)s 1843(this)s 480 7289(English)m -1005(master)s 8(.)k gsave -3321 11312 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1134 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3201 9047 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -gsave -3201 6553 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -gsave -3201 4059 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k -grestore -160 fnt35 3201 3829(@P)m 6(ageList)k -gsave -6688 11541 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1440 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -200 fnt83 6748 11497(to)m 6947(printer)s gsave -4335 9295 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -4335 9295 translate -240 fnt82 963 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -4335 9295 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -128 fnt82 5418 9331(1)m -160 fnt82 5469 9259(Blom,)m 5891(Eric.)s 160 fnt83 6260 9260(Some)m -6636(Gr)s 5(eat)k 5418 9080(Composer)m 1(s.)k 160 fnt82 -6512 9079(Oxford,)m 5418 8899(1944.)m 240 fnt82 0 3343(A)m 229(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -861(replaces)s 1693(the)s 2039(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -3091(pointed)s 3866(to)s 4103(by)s 4395(its)s 4670(cross)s -5210(reference.)s 6260(If)s 6488(space)s 7073(is)s 7282(not)s -7646(suf\207cient)s 8593(there)s 0 3055(to)m 232(hold)s 708(it)s -892(all,)s 1230(the)s 1570(remainder)s 2590(of)s 2854(the)s -3194(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 3820(is)s 4023(split)s -4486(of)s 6(f)k 4822(\(the)s 5242(v)s 3(ertical)k -6001(concatenation)s 7378(symbol)s 8130(preceding)s 0 2767(it)m 199(being)s -791(discarded\))s 1842(and)s 2253(it)s 2452(replaces)s 3293(later)s -3783(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 4931(of)s 5209(the)s -5564(same)s 6119(symbol.)s 6935(This)s 7418(is)s 7635(e)s 3(xactly)k -8383(what)s 8916(is)s 0 2479(required)m 854(to)s 1093(get)s -1445(te)s 3(xt)k 1860(and)s 2264(footnotes)s 3205(onto)s -3684(pages.)s 480 2105(T)m 19(o)k 780(create)s 1405(a)s -1571(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 2243(\207rst)s -2674(de\207ne)s 3315(a)s 3481(symbol)s 4241(with)s 4723(a)s -4889(special)s 220 fnt35 5607 2102(into)m 240 fnt82 6013 2105(clause,)m -6717(lik)s 2(e)k 7129(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 1604(def @F)m 6(ootNote into { @F)k 6(ootPlace&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing })k -480 1316( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 1028({)m 480 740( 8p @F)m 6(ont x)k -480 452(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 11 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(1.4.)m 454(Galle)s 7(ys)k 240 fnt84 -8839 13840(11)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(An)m 343(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1390(of)s 1654(such)s 2142(a)s 2301(symbol)s 3054(will)s -3473(then)s 3934(be)s 4209(a)s 4368(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4994(whose)s 5655(object)s 6292(is)s 6495(the)s 6835(result)s -7418(of)s 7682(the)s 8022(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation,)k -0 12917(and)m 399(whose)s 1062(cross)s 1598(reference)s 2536(is)s -2740(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3315(by)s 3603(the)s -220 fnt35 3946 12914(into)m 240 fnt82 4347 12917(clause.)m 5102(The)s -5525(right)s 6030(parameter)s 7039(of)s 7304(the)s 7647(cross)s -8183(reference)s 0 12629(must)m 525(be)s 807(one)s 1209(of)s -220 fnt35 1480 12626(preceding)m 240 fnt82 2431 12629(,)m 220 fnt35 -2538 12626(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 3368 12629(,)m -3475(and)s 220 fnt35 3879 12626(f)m 6(oll_or_prec)k 240 fnt82 -5013 12629(.)m 480 12255(A)m 700(symbol,)s 1502(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 1903 12252(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 3(,)k 240 fnt82 -3196 12255(which)m 3827(is)s 4027(the)s 240 fnt83 4364 12257(tar)m 8(g)k 2(et)k -240 fnt82 4979 12255(of)m 5239(a)s 5395(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -6056(must)s 6571(contain)s 7321(the)s 7659(special)s 8366(symbol)s -220 fnt35 0 11964(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 898 11967(e)m 3(xactly)k -1639(once)s 2147(in)s 2390(its)s 2666(body;)s 3258(often)s -3806(this)s 4202(is)s 4412(all)s 4705(that)s 5123(the)s -5471(body)s 6005(contains:)s 220 fnt35 480 11466(def @F)m 6(ootPlace { @Galle)k 4(y })k -240 fnt82 0 10968(It)m 229(is)s 464(this)s 885(special)s -1628(symbol)s 2412(that)s 2855(is)s 3090(replaced)s 3982(by)s -4300(the)s 4673(incoming)s 5655(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -6352(in)s 6619(f)s 2(act,)k 7106(not)s 7497(the)s -220 fnt35 7870 10965(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 0 10680(symbol)m -760(as)s 1010(a)s 1176(whole.)s 480 10306(A)m 718(symbol)s -1487(which)s 2138(contains)s 220 fnt35 2994 10303(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 3832 10306(,)m 3948(either)s 4560(directly)s 5351(within)s -6028(its)s 6313(body)s 6855(or)s 7123(indirectly)s 8101(within)s -8778(the)s 0 10018(body)m 533(of)s 802(a)s 966(symbol)s -1725(it)s 1915(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es,)k -2750(is)s 2959(called)s 3585(a)s 240 fnt83 3749 10020(r)m 8(eceptive)k -240 fnt82 4668 10018(symbol,)m 5478(meaning)s 6353(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -7274(to)s 7511(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k 220 fnt35 -8346 10015(@F)m 6(oot)k 240 fnt82 8998 10018(-)m 220 fnt35 -0 9727(Place)m 240 fnt82 630 9730(is)m 870(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k -1873(which)s 2545(mak)s 2(es)k 220 fnt35 3235 9727(@F)m 6(ootList,)k -4364(@F)s 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 5545 9730(and)m 220 fnt35 -5979 9727(@P)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 7133 9730(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -8085(since)s 8663(the)s 3(y)k 0 9442(in)m 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(e)k -220 fnt35 704 9439(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 3(.)k 240 fnt82 -2078 9442(If)m 2319(no)s 2623(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -3268(replaces)s 4112(an)s 3(y)k 220 fnt35 4520 9439(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 5429 9442(within)m 6108(some)s 6680(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -7745(of)s 8027(a)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 9154(symbol,)m 816(that)s 1239(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -2297(is)s 2512(replaced)s 3383(by)s 220 fnt35 3682 9151(@Null)m -240 fnt82 4267 9154(.)m 4435(The)s 4868(adv)s 6(antages)k -5980(of)s 6256(this)s 6656(rule)s 7088(for)s 7430(page)s -7943(layout)s 8606(were)s 0 8866(e)m 3(xplained)k 985(at)s -1217(the)s 1565(end)s 1969(of)s 2240(Section)s 3014(1.2.)s -480 8492(Let)m 852(us)s 1109(no)s 6(w)k 1563(follo)s 6(w)k -2228(through)s 3023(the)s 3364(construction)s 4596(of)s 4861(our)s -5233(e)s 3(xample)k 6089(document.)s 7190(Initially)s 7992(there)s -8518(is)s 8721(just)s 0 8204(the)m 348(one)s 240 fnt83 -750 8206(r)m 10(oot)k 240 fnt82 1203 8204(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -1875(containing)s 2938(an)s 3221(une)s 3(xpanded)k 4434(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5488(of)s 220 fnt35 5759 8201(@P)m 8(ageList:)k 180 fnt35 -3315 7732(@P)m 7(ageList)k gsave -5746 7778 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1440 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -200 fnt83 5806 7734(to)m 6005(printer)s -240 fnt82 0 7241(Then)m 602(the)s 200 fnt82 1004 7250(PURCELL)m -240 fnt82 2002 7241(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2690(appears,)s -3580(tar)s 4(geted)k 4457(to)s 4750(a)s 220 fnt35 -4969 7238(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 3(.)k 240 fnt82 -6348 7241(Lout)m 6913(kno)s 6(ws)k 7638(that)s 8109(there)s -8696(is)s 8960(a)s 220 fnt35 0 6950(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 1218 6953(hidden)m 1927(inside)s 220 fnt35 2554 6950(@P)m 8(ageList,)k -240 fnt82 3724 6953(so)m 3990(it)s 4182(e)s 3(xpands)k -220 fnt35 5015 6950(@P)m 8(ageList:)k 160 fnt84 870 6220(PURCELL)m -128 fnt82 1626 6292(1)m 160 fnt82 480 5928(In)m 705(the)s -991(w)s 1(orld)k 1455(of)s 1691(music)s 480 5748(England)m -1192(is)s 1473(supposed)s 480 5568(to)m 686(be)s 921(a)s -1078(mere)s 1481(pro)s 2(vince.)k 480 5388(If)m 775(she)s -1166(produces)s 1918(an)s 480 5208(indif)m 4(ferent)k 1446(composer)s -480 5028(or)m 763(performer)s 6(,)k 1577(that)s 1967(is)s -480 4848(re)m 2(garded)k 1172(else)s 4(where)k 1940(as)s -480 4668(perfectly)m 1215(normal)s 1837(and)s 480 4488(natural;)m 1072(b)s 3(ut)k -1388(if)s 1608(foreign)s 480 4308(students)m 1215(of)s 1574(musical)s -480 4128(history)m 1286(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k 1947(to)s -480 3948(ackno)m 4(wledge)k 1440(a)s 1636(British)s 480 3768(musical)m -1105(genius,)s 1686(he)s 1967(is)s 480 3588(considered)m 1211(a)s -1322(freak.)s 800 3355(Such)m 1267(a)s 1488(freak)s 1967(is)s -480 3175(Henry)m 917(Purcell.)s 1480(Y)s 16(et)k 1736(if)s -1884(we)s 480 2995(mak)m 1(e)k 875(a)s 1000(choice)s -1467(of)s 1662(\207fteen)s 480 2815(of)m 717(the)s 1005(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k -1574(musical)s 480 2635(classics,)m 1050(as)s 1228(here,)s 1586(we)s -1820(\207nd)s 480 2455(that)m 774(we)s 1013(cannot)s 1495(omit)s -1843(this)s 480 2275(English)m 1005(master)s 8(.)k gsave -3434 6298 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1247 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3315 4033 translate -220 fnt35 1927 2494 0 2494 220 288 61 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt35 -170 2207(@T)m 19(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -160 fnt35 3315 3803(@P)m 6(ageList)k gsave -6802 6527 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1440 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -200 fnt83 6862 6483(to)m -7061(printer)s 240 fnt82 0 1790(After)m 586(promoting)s 1659(the)s -2030(\207rst)s 2484(line)s 2922(into)s 220 fnt35 3370 1787(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 3(,)k -240 fnt82 4658 1790(the)m 5029(footnote)s 5905(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -6563(attached)s 7440(to)s 7702(it)s 7917(appears)s 8722(and)s -0 1502(demands)m 938(an)s 1257(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -2347(of)s 220 fnt35 2654 1499(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k 240 fnt82 -3946 1502(follo)m 6(wing)k 4960(its)s 5272(attachment)s 6416(point)s -7004(\(`)s 200 fnt82 7144 1511(PURCELL)m 240 fnt82 8029 1502('\).)m -8387(Such)s 8960(a)s 220 fnt35 0 1211(@F)m 6(ootPlace)k -240 fnt82 1274 1214(is)m 1502(found)s 2138(at)s 2388(the)s -2754(bottom)s 3511(of)s 3800(the)s 4166(\207rst)s 4616(page,)s -5193(inside)s 220 fnt35 5838 1211(@F)m 6(ootSect,)k 240 fnt82 -7054 1214(which)m 7714(is)s 7943(accordingly)s 0 926(e)m 3(xpanded,)k -1022(and)s 1426(the)s 1774(footnote)s 2627(is)s 2837(promoted)s -3812(onto)s 4291(the)s 4639(page:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 12 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(12)m 240 fnt83 6965 13843(Chapter)m 7815(1.)s -8089(Principles)s 160 fnt82 480 12579(In)m 705(the)s 991(w)s 1(orld)k -1455(of)s 1691(music)s 480 12399(England)m 1192(is)s 1473(supposed)s -480 12219(to)m 686(be)s 921(a)s 1078(mere)s 1481(pro)s 2(vince.)k -480 12039(If)m 775(she)s 1166(produces)s 1918(an)s 480 11859(indif)m 4(ferent)k -1446(composer)s 480 11679(or)m 763(performer)s 6(,)k 1577(that)s -1967(is)s 480 11499(re)m 2(garded)k 1172(else)s 4(where)k -1940(as)s 480 11319(perfectly)m 1215(normal)s 1837(and)s 480 11139(natural;)m -1072(b)s 3(ut)k 1388(if)s 1608(foreign)s 480 10959(students)m -1215(of)s 1574(musical)s 480 10779(history)m 1286(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k -1947(to)s 480 10599(ackno)m 4(wledge)k 1440(a)s 1636(British)s -480 10419(musical)m 1105(genius,)s 1686(he)s 1967(is)s 480 10239(considered)m -1211(a)s 1322(freak.)s 800 10006(Such)m 1267(a)s 1488(freak)s -1967(is)s 480 9826(Henry)m 917(Purcell.)s 1480(Y)s 16(et)k -1736(if)s 1884(we)s 480 9646(mak)m 1(e)k 875(a)s -1000(choice)s 1467(of)s 1662(\207fteen)s 480 9466(of)m 717(the)s -1005(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k 1574(musical)s 480 9286(classics,)m -1050(as)s 1228(here,)s 1586(we)s 1820(\207nd)s 480 9106(that)m -774(we)s 1013(cannot)s 1495(omit)s 1843(this)s 480 8926(English)m -1005(master)s 8(.)k gsave -3434 12615 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1247 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3315 10788 translate -240 fnt82 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt84 560 1987(PURCELL)m 128 fnt82 -1316 2059(1)m 140 fnt35 170 1807(@T)m 16(e)k 4(xtPlace)k -gsave -170 924 translate -160 fnt82 567 0 0 0 160 180 40 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -128 fnt82 170 785(1)m 160 fnt82 221 713(Blom,)m 703(Eric.)s -160 fnt83 1133 714(Some)m 170 534(Gr)m 5(eat)k 734(Composer)s 1(s.)k -160 fnt82 170 353(Oxford,)m 703(1944.)s 140 fnt35 170 173(@F)m 4(ootList)k - -grestore -140 fnt35 3315 10573(@P)m 5(ageList)k gsave -6802 13282 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1440 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -200 fnt83 6862 13238(to)m -7061(printer)s 240 fnt82 0 8441(No)m 6(w)k 512(the)s -858(promotion)s 1910(of)s 2179(the)s 200 fnt82 2525 8450(PURCELL)m -240 fnt82 3468 8441(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 4100(resumes.)s -5045(When)s 5672(the)s 6018(\207rst)s 6447(page)s 6953(is)s -7161(\207lled,)s 7757(Lout)s 8266(searches)s 0 8153(forw)m 2(ards)k -898(for)s 1236(another)s 220 fnt35 2013 8150(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 3231 8153(to)m 3470(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4206(the)s 4554(remainder)s 9(,)k 5620(once)s 6128(ag)s 1(ain)k -6702(e)s 3(xpanding)k 7750(a)s 220 fnt35 7916 8150(@P)m 8(ageList:)k -160 fnt82 480 4955(performer)m 6(,)k 1436(that)s 1967(is)s -480 4775(re)m 2(garded)k 1172(else)s 4(where)k 1940(as)s -480 4595(perfectly)m 1215(normal)s 1837(and)s 480 4415(natural;)m 1072(b)s 3(ut)k -1388(if)s 1608(foreign)s 480 4235(students)m 1215(of)s 1574(musical)s -480 4055(history)m 1286(ha)s 3(v)k 2(e)k 1947(to)s -480 3875(ackno)m 4(wledge)k 1440(a)s 1636(British)s 480 3695(musical)m -1105(genius,)s 1686(he)s 1967(is)s 480 3515(considered)m 1211(a)s -1322(freak.)s 800 3282(Such)m 1267(a)s 1488(freak)s 1967(is)s -480 3102(Henry)m 917(Purcell.)s 1480(Y)s 16(et)k 1736(if)s -1884(we)s 480 2922(mak)m 1(e)k 875(a)s 1000(choice)s -1467(of)s 1662(\207fteen)s 480 2742(of)m 717(the)s 1005(w)s 1(orld')k 8(s)k -1574(musical)s 480 2562(classics,)m 1050(as)s 1228(here,)s 1586(we)s -1820(\207nd)s 480 2382(that)m 774(we)s 1013(cannot)s 1495(omit)s -1843(this)s 480 2202(English)m 1005(master)s 8(.)k gsave -3434 4991 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1247 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3315 5233 translate -240 fnt82 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -160 fnt84 -560 1987(PURCELL)m 128 fnt82 1316 2059(1)m 160 fnt82 170 1695(In)m -341(the)s 573(w)s 1(orld)k 983(of)s 1164(music)s -170 1515(England)m 741(is)s 881(supposed)s 1515(to)s 170 1335(be)m -358(a)s 469(mere)s 825(pro)s 2(vince.)k 1491(If)s -170 1155(she)m 708(produces)s 1608(an)s 170 975(indif)m 4(ferent)k -879(composer)s 1540(or)s 567 0 0 0 160 180 40 170 763 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -128 fnt82 170 624(1)m 160 fnt82 -221 552(Blom,)m 703(Eric.)s 160 fnt83 1133 553(Some)m 170 373(Gr)m 5(eat)k -734(Composer)s 1(s.)k 160 fnt82 170 192(Oxford,)m 703(1944.)s - -grestore -gsave -3315 2739 translate -240 fnt82 1927 2494 0 2494 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto -0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -140 fnt35 170 2222(@T)m 16(e)k 4(xtPlace)k 170 173(@F)m 4(ootSect)k - -grestore -140 fnt35 3315 2524(@P)m 5(ageList)k gsave -6802 7727 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 1440 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 68 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -200 fnt83 6862 7683(to)m -7061(printer)s 240 fnt82 0 1717(and)m 404(so)s 671(on.)s -1076(All)s 1437(these)s 1985(e)s 3(xpansions)k 3098(and)s -3503(replacements)s 4814(are)s 5162(done)s 5685(with)s 6168(total)s -6648(inte)s 3(grity)k 15(.)k 7604(F)s 3(or)k -7994(e)s 3(xample,)k 8909(if)s 0 1429(Lout)m 510(\207nds)s -1024(after)s 1517(e)s 3(xpanding)k 220 fnt35 2563 1426(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 3711 1429(that)m 4126(the)s 4472(page)s 4977(is)s -5184(too)s 5541(full)s 5924(to)s 6160(accept)s 6828(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -7325(the)s 7670(\207rst)s 8099(line)s 8510(of)s 8778(the)s -0 1141(footnote,)m 220 fnt35 915 1138(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 -2077 1141(is)m 2298(reset)s 2819(to)s 3070(une)s 3(xpanded)k -4294(and)s 4709(the)s 5068(search)s 5746(for)s 6096(a)s -6273(tar)s 4(get)k 6883(for)s 7232(the)s 7591(footnote)s -8456(mo)s 3(v)k 3(es)k 0 853(on.)m 396(And)s -858(the)s 1197(cross)s 1730(reference)s 2664(direction,)s 220 fnt35 -3611 850(preceding)m 240 fnt82 4613 853(or)m 220 fnt35 4864 850(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing,)k -240 fnt82 5799 853(is)m 6000(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -6702(obe)s 3(yed)k 7440(\(although)s 8405(lack)s 8855(of)s -0 565(space)m 586(sometimes)s 1658(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ents)k -2509(Lout)s 3020(from)s 3543(choosing)s 4460(the)s 4807(nearest)s -5542(tar)s 4(get\).)k 6323(Only)s 6855(the)s 7202(root)s -7646(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 8278(contains)s 0 277(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -922(symbols)s 1771(in)s 2014(our)s 2393(running)s 3191(e)s 3(xample,)k -4105(b)s 4(ut)k 4467(an)s 3(y)k 4864(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5498(may)s 5964(contain)s 6725(them.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 13 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Chapter)m 1819(2.)s 2400(Details)s 240 fnt84 -0 11690(2.1.)m 471(Lexical)s 1270(structur)s 4(e)k 2263(\(w)s 2(ords,)k -3079(spaces,)s 3844(symbols\))s 4796(and)s 5237(macr)s 4(os)k -240 fnt82 480 11213(The)m 902(input)s 1447(to)s 1679(Lout)s -2184(consists)s 2985(of)s 3249(a)s 3408(sequence)s 4334(of)s -240 fnt83 4598 11215(te)m 4(xtual)k 5297(units)s 240 fnt82 -5757 11213(,)m 5857(which)s 6492(may)s 6951(be)s 7226(either)s -240 fnt83 7822 11215(white)m 8386(spaces)s 240 fnt82 9019 11213(,)m -240 fnt83 0 10927(identi\207er)m 2(s,)k 1047(delimiter)s 2(s,)k -240 fnt82 2093 10925(or)m 240 fnt83 2352 10927(liter)m 3(al)k -2992(wor)s 8(ds)k 240 fnt82 3565 10925(.)m 3729(Each)s -4264(is)s 4474(a)s 4640(sequence)s 5573(of)s 240 fnt83 -5844 10927(c)m 3(har)k 3(acter)k 2(s)k 240 fnt82 -6914 10925(chosen)m 7636(from:)s 480 10387(letter)m 220 fnt35 1934 10384(@ab-zAB-Z_)m -240 fnt82 480 10099(white)m 1067(space)s 240 fnt83 1934 10101(space)m -2592(formfeed)s 3568(tab)s 3988(ne)s 3(wline)k 240 fnt82 -480 9811(quote)m 220 fnt35 1934 9808(")m 240 fnt82 480 9523(escape)m -220 fnt35 1934 9520(\\)m 240 fnt82 480 9235(comment)m 220 fnt35 -1934 9232(#)m 240 fnt82 480 8947(other)m 220 fnt35 1934 8944(!$%&'\(\)*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?[]^`{|}~)m -240 fnt82 0 8406(Notice)m 732(that)s 220 fnt35 1189 8403(@)m -240 fnt82 1480 8406(and)m 220 fnt35 1923 8403(_)m 240 fnt82 -2144 8406(are)m 2531(classed)s 3318(as)s 3608(letters.)s 4393(Basser)s -5129(Lout)s 5681(accepts)s 6474(the)s 6861(accented)s 7795(letters)s -8467(of)s 8778(the)s 0 8118(ISO-LA)m 26(TIN-1)k 1421(character)s -2388(set)s 2746(\(depending)s 3909(on)s 4238(ho)s 6(w)k -4732(it)s 4957(is)s 5200(installed\),)s 6228(and)s 6664(these)s -7244(are)s 7624(also)s 8095(classed)s 8876(as)s 0 7830(letters.)m -756(The)s 1195(ten)s 1555(digits)s 2148(are)s 2505(classed)s -3264(as)s 3525(`other')s 4218(characters,)s 5302(and)s 5717(in)s -5971(f)s 2(act)k 6397(the)s 6755(`other')s 7448(class)s -7974(contains)s 8833(all)s 0 7542(8-bit)m 511(characters)s 1529(\(e)s 3(xcept)k -2289(octal)s 2808(0\))s 3056(not)s 3422(assigned)s 4304(to)s -4543(pre)s 6(vious)k 5412(classes.)s 480 7168(A)m 240 fnt83 -698 7170(white)m 1256(space)s 240 fnt82 1841 7168(is)m 2038(a)s -2191(sequence)s 3111(of)s 3369(one)s 3758(or)s 4005(more)s -4539(white)s 5113(space)s 5687(characters.)s 6805(Lout)s 7304(treats)s -7858(the)s 8193(formfeed)s 0 6880(character)m 931(e)s 3(xactly)k -1668(lik)s 2(e)k 2076(the)s 2420(space)s 3003(character;)s -3985(it)s 4173(is)s 4379(useful)s 5014(for)s 5348(getting)s -6061(page)s 6565(breaks)s 7236(when)s 7808(printing)s 8614(Lout)s -0 6592(source)m 680(code.)s 480 6218(A)m 240 fnt83 709 6220(delimiter)m -240 fnt82 1635 6218(is)m 1844(a)s 2009(sequence)s 2941(of)s -3211(one)s 3612(or)s 3870(more)s 4415(`other')s 5096(characters)s -6113(which)s 6754(is)s 6963(the)s 7310(name)s 7883(of)s -8153(a)s 8317(symbol.)s 0 5930(F)m 3(or)k 417(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 1360 5927({)m 240 fnt82 1512 5930(and)m 220 fnt35 -1945 5927(//)m 240 fnt82 2159 5930(are)m 2534(delimiters.)s 3681(When)s -4338(de\207ning)s 5205(a)s 5400(delimiter)s 9(,)k 6387(the)s -6764(name)s 7366(must)s 7920(be)s 8231(enclosed)s 0 5642(in)m -243(quotes:)s 220 fnt35 480 5143(def "^" { {} ^& {} })m 240 fnt82 0 4649(b)m 4(ut)k -361(quotes)s 1036(are)s 1381(not)s 1746(used)s 2242(when)s -2816(the)s 3163(delimiter)s 4082(is)s 4291(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed.)k -5211(A)s 5439(delimiter)s 6359(may)s 6824(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -7323(delimiters)s 8327(and)s 8729(an)s 3(y)k 0 4361(other)m -558(characters)s 1584(adjacent,)s 2495(whereas)s 3337(identi\207ers)s 4351(may)s -4825(not)s 5199(be)s 5489(adjacent)s 6353(to)s 6600(letters)s -7241(or)s 7508(other)s 8067(identi\207ers.)s 0 4073(The)m 428(complete)s -1360(list)s 1711(of)s 1982(prede\207ned)s 3050(delimiters)s 4055(is)s -220 fnt35 480 3572(/)m 480 3284(//)m 480 2996(^/)m 480 2708(^//)m -1727 3572(|)m 1727 3284(||)m 1727 2996(^|)m 1727 2708(^||)m 2974 3572(&)m -2974 3284(^&)m 4221 3572(&&)m 4221 3284({)m 4221 2996(})m 240 fnt82 -0 2253(A)m 230(longer)s 901(delimiter)s 1822(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 2234 2250(<=)m 240 fnt82 2542 2253(will)m 2968(be)s -3250(recognised)s 4344(in)s 4587(preference)s 5650(to)s 5889(a)s -6055(shorter)s 6778(one)s 7180(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 -7592 2250(<)m 240 fnt82 7710 2253(.)m 480 1879(An)m 240 fnt83 -855 1881(identi\207er)m 240 fnt82 1808 1879(is)m 2043(a)s 2234(sequence)s -3192(of)s 3488(one)s 3915(or)s 4199(more)s 4772(letters)s -5430(which)s 6097(is)s 6332(the)s 6705(name)s 7304(of)s -7600(a)s 7791(symbol.)s 8685(It)s 8916(is)s 0 1591(con)m 9(v)k 3(entional)k -1308(b)s 4(ut)k 1700(not)s 2096(essential)s 3003(to)s -3272(be)s 3(gin)k 3888(identi\207ers)s 4924(with)s 220 fnt35 -5436 1588(@)m 240 fnt82 5627 1591(;)m 5829(Basser)s 6556(Lout)s -7098(will)s 7554(print)s 8095(a)s 8291(w)s 2(arning)k -0 1303(message)m 865(if)s 1081(it)s 1272(\207nds)s 1788(an)s -2070(unquoted)s 3019(literal)s 3628(w)s 2(ord)k 4175(\(see)s -4614(belo)s 6(w\))k 5320(be)s 3(ginning)k 6327(with)s -220 fnt35 6808 1300(@)m 240 fnt82 6999 1303(,)m 7105(since)s -7651(such)s 8146(w)s 2(ords)k 8779(are)s 192 fnt84 -4440 2(13)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 14 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(14)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(usually)m 748(misspelt)s 1608(identi\207ers.)s -2730(The)s 3162(ten)s 3515(digits)s 4100(are)s 4451(not)s -4820(letters)s 5457(and)s 5865(may)s 6334(not)s 6704(appear)s -7404(in)s 7651(identi\207ers;)s 8722(and)s 0 12917(although)m 890(the)s -1233(underscore)s 2333(character)s 3262(is)s 3467(a)s 3628(letter)s -4172(and)s 4570(may)s 5031(be)s 5308(used)s 5800(in)s -6038(identi\207ers,)s 7095(it)s 7282(is)s 7487(not)s 7847(con)s 9(v)k 3(entional)k -0 12629(to)m 239(do)s 532(so.)s 909(The)s 1337(complete)s -2269(list)s 2620(of)s 2891(prede\207ned)s 3959(identi\207ers)s 4965(is)s -220 fnt35 480 12128(@Bac)m 4(kEnd)k 480 11840(@Bac)m 4(kg)k 2(round)k -480 11552(@Begin)m 480 11264(@Break)m 480 10976(@Case)m 480 10688(@Common)m 480 10400(@Char)m -480 10112(@CurrF)m 11(ace)k 480 9824(@CurrF)m 11(amily)k 480 9536(@CurrLang)m -480 9248(@Database)m 480 8960(@End)m 480 8672(@Enclose)m 480 8384(@Filter)m 480 8096(@FilterErr)m -480 7808(@FilterIn)m 480 7520(@FilterOut)m 480 7232(@F)m 6(ont)k 480 6944(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -480 6656(@Galle)m 4(y)k 480 6368(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 480 6080(@HAdjust)m -480 5792(@HContr)m 2(act)k 480 5504(@HCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -480 5216(@HExpand)m 480 4928(@High)m 480 4640(@HLimited)m 480 4352(@HScale)m 480 4064(@HShift)m -480 3776(@HSpan)m 2974 12128(@Include)m 2974 11840(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 2974 11552(@Inser)m -8(t)k -2974 11264(@K)m 8(er)k -5(nShr)k -3(ink)k 2974 10976(@K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k -2974 10688(@Language)m 2974 10400(@LClos)m 2974 10112(@LEn)m 4(v)k 2974 9824(@LInput)m -2974 9536(@L)m 24(Vis)k 2974 9248(@LUse)m 2974 8960(@Meld)m 2974 8672(@Merge)m -2974 8384(@Min)m 2(us)k 2974 8096(@Moment)m 2974 7808(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -2974 7520(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k 2974 7232(@Null)m 2974 6944(@OneCol)m -2974 6656(@OneOf)m 2974 6368(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 2974 6080(@Open)m 2974 5792(@Optimiz)m 3(e)k -2974 5504(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 2974 5216(@P)m 8(ageLabel)k 2974 4928(@PlainGr)m 2(aphic)k -2974 4640(@Plus)m 2974 4352(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 2974 4064(@Ra)m 4(wV)k 17(erbatim)k -2974 3776(@Rotate)m 5468 12128(@Rump)m 5468 11840(@Scale)m 5468 11552(@SetColor)m 5468 11264(@SetColour)m -5468 10976(@Space)m 5468 10688(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 5468 10400(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k -5468 10112(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 5468 9824(@SysDatabase)m 5468 9536(@SysInclude)m 5468 9248(@SysIncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k -5468 8960(@SysPrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 5468 8672(@T)m 26(ag)k 5468 8384(@T)m 26(agged)k -5468 8096(@T)m 26(arget)k 5468 7808(@Under)m -3(line)k 5468 7520(@Use)m -5468 7232(@V)m 17(Adjust)k 5468 6944(@VContr)m 2(act)k 5468 6656(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -5468 6368(@V)m 17(erbatim)k 5468 6080(@VExpand)m 5468 5792(@VLimited)m 5468 5504(@VScale)m -5468 5216(@VShift)m 5468 4928(@VSpan)m 5468 4640(@Wide)m 5468 4352(@Y)m 4(ield)k -5468 4064(@YUnit)m 5468 3776(@ZUnit)m 240 fnt82 0 3280(plus)m 498(the)s -894(names)s 1605(of)s 1924(the)s 2321(parameters)s 3467(of)s -220 fnt35 3786 3277(@Moment)m 240 fnt82 4798 3280(.)m 5011(The)s -5487(symbols)s 220 fnt35 6385 3277(@LClos)m 240 fnt82 7161 3280(,)m -220 fnt35 7316 3277(@LEn)m 4(v)k 240 fnt82 8034 3280(,)m -220 fnt35 8190 3277(@LInput)m 240 fnt82 9019 3280(,)m 220 fnt35 -0 2989(@L)m 24(Vis)k 240 fnt82 722 2992(and)m 220 fnt35 -1170 2989(@LUse)m 240 fnt82 2001 2992(appear)m 2742(in)s 3029(cross)s -3615(reference)s 4602(databases)s 5613(generated)s 6644(by)s 6982(Lout)s -7538(and)s 7986(are)s 8377(not)s 8788(for)s 0 2704(use)m -375(else)s 6(where.)k 480 2330(A)m 728(sequence)s 1679(of)s -1968(characters)s 3004(which)s 3664(is)s 3892(neither)s 4633(a)s -4817(white)s 5422(space,)s 6078(an)s 6379(identi\207er)s 9(,)k -7357(nor)s 7754(a)s 7938(delimiter)s 9(,)k 8916(is)s -0 2042(by)m 304(def)s 2(ault)k 1036(a)s 240 fnt83 -1213 2044(liter)m 3(al)k 1864(wor)s 8(d)k 240 fnt82 -2355 2042(,)m 2473(which)s 3126(means)s 3799(that)s 4227(it)s -4430(will)s 4867(pass)s 5341(through)s 6154(Lout)s 6677(unchanged.)s -7890(An)s 8251(arbitrary)s 0 1754(sequence)m 926(of)s 1190(characters)s -2201(enclosed)s 3089(in)s 3325(double)s 4026(quotes,)s 4751(for)s -5082(e)s 3(xample)k 220 fnt35 5938 1751("{ }",)m 240 fnt82 -6457 1754(is)m 6660(also)s 7091(a)s 7250(literal)s 7853(w)s 2(ord.)k -8499(Space)s 0 1466(characters)m 1005(may)s 1458(be)s 1726(included,)s -2644(b)s 4(ut)k 2992(not)s 3345(tabs)s 3767(or)s -4013(ne)s 6(wlines.)k 5008(There)s 5607(are)s 5941(special)s -6645(character)s 7566(sequences,)s 8629(used)s 0 1178(only)m 480(between)s -1334(quotes,)s 2066(for)s 2404(obtaining)s 3361(otherwise)s 4346(inaccessible)s -5556(characters:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 15 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.1.)m 454(Le)s 4(xical)k 1213(structur)s 8(e)k -2121(\(wor)s 8(ds,)k 2871(spaces,)s 3602(symbols\))s 4502(and)s -4928(macr)s 10(os)k 240 fnt84 8833 13840(15)m 220 fnt35 -480 13167(\\")m 240 fnt82 1235 13170(produces)m 220 fnt35 2150 13167(")m -480 12879(\\\\)m 240 fnt82 1235 12882(\\)m 220 fnt35 480 12591(\\ddd)m -240 fnt82 1235 12594(the)m 1583(character)s 2517(whose)s 3185(ASCII)s -3865(code)s 4373(is)s 1235 12306(the)m 1583(up)s 1876(to)s -2115(three)s 2648(digit)s 3146(octal)s 3665(number)s 220 fnt35 -4456 12303(ddd)m 240 fnt82 0 11765(So,)m 360(for)s 698(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 1612 11762("\\"@PP\\"")m 240 fnt82 2606 11765(produces)m 220 fnt35 -3521 11762("@PP")m 240 fnt82 4177 11765(.)m 480 11391(When)m 1106(the)s -1451(comment)s 2398(character)s 220 fnt35 3328 11388(#)m 240 fnt82 -3502 11391(is)m 3709(encountered,)s 4982(e)s 6(v)k 3(erything)k -6045(from)s 6566(that)s 6981(point)s 7530(to)s 7765(the)s -8110(end)s 8511(of)s 8778(the)s 0 11103(line)m 414(is)s -624(ignored.)s 1519(This)s 1995(is)s 2205(useful)s 2844(for)s -3182(including)s 4139(reminders)s 5145(to)s 5384(oneself,)s 6181(lik)s 2(e)k -6593(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 10606(# Lout user man)m 2(ual)k 480 10318(# J)m 6(.)k 13( Kingston, J)k 4(une 1989)k -240 fnt82 0 9819(for)m 338(temporarily)s 1506(deleting)s 2329(parts)s -2844(of)s 3115(the)s 3463(document,)s 4514(and)s 4918(so)s -5184(on.)s 240 fnt83 480 9447(Macr)m 10(os)k 240 fnt82 -1268 9445(pro)m 3(vide)k 2064(a)s 2242(means)s 2916(of)s -3199(de\207ning)s 4049(symbols)s 4910(which)s 5564(stand)s 6139(for)s -6489(a)s 6667(sequence)s 7612(of)s 7895(te)s 3(xtual)k -8610(units)s 0 9157(rather)m 616(than)s 1085(an)s 1368(object.)s -2116(F)s 3(or)k 2505(e)s 3(xample,)k 3419(the)s -3767(macro)s 4417(de\207nition)s 220 fnt35 480 8656(macro @PP { //1.3vx 2.0f @Wide &0i })m 240 fnt82 -0 8162(mak)m 2(es)k 663(Lout)s 1178(replace)s 1926(the)s -2277(symbol)s 220 fnt35 3040 8159(@PP)m 240 fnt82 3609 8162(by)m -3906(the)s 4258(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 4841(te)s 3(xtual)k -5546(units)s 6065(before)s 6734(assembling)s 7866(its)s 8145(input)s -8701(into)s 0 7874(objects.)m 841(A)s 1071(similar)s 1793(macro)s -2443(to)s 2682(this)s 3077(one)s 3479(is)s 3689(used)s -4186(to)s 4425(separate)s 5262(the)s 5610(paragraphs)s 6710(of)s -6981(the)s 7329(present)s 8078(document.)s 0 7586(The)m 450(enclosing)s -1442(braces)s 2126(and)s 2552(an)s 3(y)k 2972(spaces)s -3669(adjacent)s 4548(to)s 4809(them)s 5370(are)s 5739(dropped,)s -6654(which)s 7318(can)s 7730(be)s 8034(a)s 8223(problem:)s -220 fnt35 0 7295(@PP2i)m 240 fnt82 731 7298(has)m 1101(result)s -220 fnt35 1691 7295(//1.3vx 2.0f @Wide &0i2i)m 240 fnt82 4141 7298(which)m 4783(is)s -4993(erroneous.)s 480 6924(The)m 938(meaning)s 1846(of)s 2148(symbols)s -3028(used)s 3556(within)s 4254(the)s 4633(body)s 5198(of)s -5500(a)s 5697(macro)s 6377(is)s 6618(determined)s 7782(by)s -8107(where)s 8778(the)s 0 6636(macro)m 667(is)s 895(de\207ned,)s -1724(not)s 2108(by)s 2419(where)s 3077(it)s 3287(is)s -3514(used.)s 4135(Due)s 4607(to)s 4864(implementation)s 6438(problems,)s -220 fnt35 7453 6633(@Open)m 240 fnt82 8277 6636(symbols)m 0 6348(will)m -423(not)s 786(w)s 2(ork)k 1333(within)s 1998(macros.)s -2849(Named)s 3594(and)s 3995(body)s 4525(parameters)s 5620(will)s -6043(w)s 2(ork)k 6590(if)s 6804(the)s 7149(symbol)s -7905(that)s 8320(the)s 3(y)k 8779(are)s 0 6060(parameters)m -1090(of)s 1352(is)s 1553(also)s 1983(present.)s 2828(There)s -3432(is)s 3633(no)s 3918(w)s 2(ay)k 4360(to)s -4590(get)s 4934(a)s 5091(left)s 5459(or)s 5709(right)s -6212(brace)s 6776(into)s 7192(the)s 7532(body)s 8057(of)s -8319(a)s 8476(macro)s 0 5772(without)m 791(the)s 1139(matching)s -2082(brace.)s 480 5398(Macros)m 1253(may)s 1724(be)s 2011(nested)s -2685(within)s 3358(other)s 3914(de\207nitions)s 4980(and)s 5389(e)s 3(xported,)k -6335(b)s 4(ut)k 6702(the)s 3(y)k 7170(may)s -7641(not)s 8012(be)s 8299(parame)s 8998(-)s 0 5110(ters.)m -511(The)s 3(y)k 1058(may)s 1528(not)s 1898(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2403(parameters)s 3504(or)s 3767(nested)s 4440(de\207nitions)s 5505(of)s -5780(their)s 6280(o)s 6(wn,)k 6798(and)s 7206(consequently)s -8527(a)s 8697(pre)s 8998(-)s 0 4822(ceding)m 220 fnt35 -691 4819(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t)k 240 fnt82 1359 4822(clause)m -2012(\(Section)s 2865(2.3\))s 3293(w)s 2(ould)k 3948(be)s -4230(pointless;)s 5192(ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -6099(an)s 220 fnt35 6382 4819(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -7055 4822(clause)m 7708(is)s 7918(permitted.)s 240 fnt84 0 4030(2.2.)m -471(Named)s 1257(parameters)s 240 fnt82 480 3553(In)m 728(addition)s -1560(to)s 1790(left)s 2159(and)s 2554(right)s 3056(\(or)s -3386(body\))s 3985(parameters,)s 5130(a)s 5288(symbol)s 6039(may)s -6496(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6989(an)s 3(y)k -7377(number)s 8159(of)s 240 fnt83 8421 3555(named)m 0 3267(par)m 3(ameter)k 2(s)k -240 fnt82 1080 3265(:)m 220 fnt35 480 2768(def @Chapter)m 480 2480( named @T)m 26(ag {})k -480 2192( named @Title {})m 480 1904( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 1616({)m 480 1328( ...)m -480 1040(})m 240 fnt82 0 546(Their)m 577(de\207nitions)s 1639(appear)s -2336(in)s 2580(between)s 3434(those)s 3996(of)s 4267(an)s 3(y)k -4665(left)s 5042(and)s 5447(right)s 5958(parameters,)s 7113(and)s -7517(each)s 8013(is)s 8224(follo)s 6(wed)k 0 258(by)m -293(a)s 240 fnt83 457 260(default)m 1183(value)s 240 fnt82 -1753 258(between)m 2605(braces.)s 3377(When)s 220 fnt35 4004 255(@Chapter)m -240 fnt82 5066 258(is)m 5274(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed,)k -6136(its)s 6411(named)s 7105(parameters)s 8201(are)s 8546(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 16 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(16)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(v)m 6(alues)k 656(in)s -899(the)s 1247(follo)s 6(wing)k 2224(w)s 2(ay:)k -220 fnt35 480 12704(@Chapter)m 480 12416( @T)m 26(ag { intro })k 480 12128( @Title { Introduction })m -480 11840({)m 480 11552( ...)m 480 11264(})m 240 fnt82 0 10770(That)m -485(is,)s 737(a)s 889(list)s 1226(of)s 1483(named)s -2166(parameters)s 3250(appears)s 4017(immediately)s 5251(follo)s 6(wing)k -6214(the)s 6549(symbol,)s 7347(each)s 7828(with)s 8296(its)s -8558(v)s 6(alue)k 0 10482(enclosed)m 900(in)s 1149(braces.)s -1929(An)s 3(y)k 2399(right)s 2916(parameter)s 3936(follo)s 6(ws)k -4704(after)s 5206(them.)s 5854(The)s 3(y)k 6403(do)s -6702(not)s 7074(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7581(to)s -7826(appear)s 8529(in)s 8778(the)s 0 10194(order)m 558(the)s 3(y)k -1015(were)s 1529(de\207ned,)s 2334(and)s 2732(the)s 3(y)k -3189(can)s 3571(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 4065(be)s -4341(omitted)s 5122(altogether)s 9(,)k 6169(in)s 6406(which)s -7041(case)s 7502(the)s 7844(def)s 2(ault)k 8558(v)s 6(alue)k -0 9906(from)m 524(the)s 872(de\207nition)s 1846(is)s 2056(used)s -2553(instead.)s 480 9532(If)m 699(the)s 1036(k)s 2(e)k 3(yw)k 2(ord)k -220 fnt35 1913 9529(compulsor)m -6(y)k 240 fnt82 3088 9532(appears)m -3858(after)s 220 fnt35 4342 9529(named)m 240 fnt82 5050 9532(and)m -5442(before)s 6097(the)s 6434(parameter')s 13(s)k 7586(name,)s -8200(Lout)s 8700(will)s 0 9244(print)m 501(a)s 657(w)s 2(arning)k -1481(message)s 2337(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 3307(this)s -3693(parameter)s 4696(is)s 4896(missing.)s 5793(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k -6705(it)s 6886(will)s 7302(still)s 7703(use)s 8068(the)s -8405(def)s 2(ault)k 0 8956(v)m 6(alue)k 568(as)s -818(just)s 1223(described.)s 480 8582(A)m 719(named)s 220 fnt35 -1424 8579(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 2057 8582(parameter)m 3080(does)s -3580(not)s 3955(tak)s 2(e)k 4417(its)s 4702(def)s 2(ault)k -5433(v)s 6(alue)k 6010(from)s 6544(the)s 6901(de\207nition;)s -7940(instead,)s 8733(if)s 8960(a)s 0 8294(def)m 2(ault)k -726(v)s 6(alue)k 1300(is)s 1516(needed,)s 2306(Lout)s -2824(in)s 9(v)k 3(ents)k 3560(a)s 3731(simple)s -4430(w)s 2(ord)k 4984(which)s 5631(dif)s 6(fers)k -6304(from)s 6834(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 7415(other)s -7972(tag.)s 8434(This)s 8916(is)s 0 8006(important,)m 1034(for)s -1370(e)s 3(xample,)k 2282(in)s 2523(the)s 2868(production)s -3960(of)s 4229(numbered)s 5242(chapters)s 6086(and)s 6488(sections)s -7307(\(Section)s 8158(4.4\).)s 8698(The)s 0 7718(same)m 551(thing)s -1101(occurs)s 1781(if)s 2003(there)s 2541(is)s 2756(a)s -220 fnt35 2927 7715(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 3555 7718(parameter)m -4574(b)s 4(ut)k 4940(its)s 5221(v)s 6(alue)k -5794(is)s 6009(the)s 6362(empty)s 7019(object:)s 7774(the)s -8127(v)s 6(alue)k 8700(will)s 0 7430(be)m 282(replaced)s -1149(by)s 1443(an)s 1726(in)s 9(v)k 3(ented)k -2596(one.)s 480 7056(Named)m 1229(parameters)s 2327(may)s 2793(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3294(parameters,)s 4448(as)s 4698(in)s 4941(the)s 5289(follo)s 6(wing)k -6266(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 480 6555(def @Str)m 2(ange)k 480 6267( named @F)m 6(or)k -5(mat r)k -3(ight @V)k 15(al { [@V)k 15(al] })k -480 5979( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 5691({)m 480 5403( @F)m 6(or)k -5(mat x)k -480 5115(})m 240 fnt82 0 4621(The)m 428(named)s 1125(parameter)s -220 fnt35 2139 4618(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k 240 fnt82 -3113 4621(has)m 3483(right)s 3995(parameter)s 220 fnt35 5010 4618(@V)m 15(al)k -240 fnt82 5520 4621(,)m 5627(and)s 6032(the)s 6380(def)s 2(ault)k -7102(v)s 6(alue)k 7670(of)s 220 fnt35 7942 4618(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k -240 fnt82 8916 4621(is)m 0 4333(this)m 394(parameter)s 1406(enclosed)s -2299(in)s 2539(brack)s 2(ets.)k 3495(When)s 220 fnt35 -4122 4330(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k 240 fnt82 5093 4333(is)m -5300(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k 6113(it)s -6303(must)s 6826(be)s 7105(supplied)s 7972(with)s 8452(a)s -8615(right)s 0 4045(parameter)m 9(,)k 1052(which)s 1694(will)s -2120(replace)s 220 fnt35 2865 4042(@V)m 15(al)k 240 fnt82 -3375 4045(.)m 3539(Thus,)s 220 fnt35 480 3544(@Str)m 2(ange 27)k -240 fnt82 0 3045(equals)m 220 fnt35 662 3042(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat 27)k -240 fnt82 1937 3045(and)m 2341(so)s 2607(has)s 2977(result)s -480 2543([27])m 0 2055(The)m 220 fnt35 428 2052(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k -240 fnt82 1401 2055(symbol)m 2161(is)s 2371(lik)s 2(e)k -2783(a)s 2949(de\207nition)s 3923(with)s 4405(parameters)s 5503(whose)s -6171(body)s 6705(can)s 7094(be)s 7376(changed:)s 220 fnt35 -480 1554(@Str)m 2(ange)k 480 1266( @F)m 6(or)k -5(mat { Slope @F)k 6(ont @V)k 15(al.)k 13( })k -480 978(27)m 240 fnt82 0 527(still)m 412(equals)s 220 fnt35 -1074 524(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat 27)k 240 fnt82 2289 527(,)m -2396(b)s 4(ut)k 2758(this)s 3154(time)s 3634(the)s -3982(result)s 4572(is)s 240 fnt83 480 26(27.)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 17 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.2.)m 454(Named)s 1199(par)s 3(ameter)k 2(s)k -240 fnt84 8831 13840(17)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(In)m 252(practice,)s -1110(e)s 3(xamples)k 2057(of)s 2323(named)s 3015(parameters)s -4109(with)s 4586(parameters)s 5680(all)s 5969(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6466(this)s 6857(\210a)s 4(v)k 4(our)k 7583(of)s -7850(format)s 8541(being)s 0 12917(separated)m 996(from)s 1556(content;)s -2409(running)s 3243(headers)s 4060(\(Section)s 4950(4.3\))s 5414(and)s -5854(printing)s 6701(styles)s 7332(for)s 7707(bibliographies)s 0 12629(\(Section)m -853(4.5\))s 1281(are)s 1628(tw)s 2(o)k 2038(major)s -2655(ones.)s 240 fnt84 0 11836(2.3.)m 471(Nested)s 1216(de\207nitions,)s -2392(body)s 2954(parameters,)s 4236(extend,)s 5027(import,)s 5844(and)s -6285(export)s 240 fnt82 480 11359(A)m 710(de\207nition)s 1684(may)s -2150(contain)s 2911(other)s 3462(de\207nitions)s 4523(at)s 4755(the)s -5103(be)s 3(ginning)k 6111(of)s 6382(its)s 6658(body:)s -220 fnt35 480 10858(def @NineSquare)m 480 10570( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 10282({)m -480 9994( def @Three { x |0.2i x |0.2i x })m 480 9418( @Three /0.2i @Three /0.2i @Three)m 480 9130(})m 240 fnt82 0 8636(A)m -227(parameter)s 1238(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 1646 8633(x)m -240 fnt82 1811 8636(may)m 2274(be)s 2552(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -3364(an)s 3(ywhere)k 4343(within)s 5008(the)s 5353(body)s -5883(of)s 6151(the)s 6495(symbol)s 7252(it)s 7441(is)s -7647(a)s 7810(parameter)s 8820(of,)s 0 8348(including)m 973(within)s -1657(nested)s 2342(de\207nitions.)s 3532(A)s 3778(nested)s 4463(symbol)s -5239(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 5667 8345(@Three)m 240 fnt82 -6531 8348(may)m 7013(be)s 7311(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -8143(an)s 3(ywhere)k 0 8060(from)m 518(the)s 860(be)s 3(ginning)k -1862(of)s 2127(its)s 2397(o)s 6(wn)k 2855(body)s -3383(to)s 3616(the)s 3958(end)s 4355(of)s 4620(the)s -4962(body)s 5490(of)s 5755(the)s 6097(symbol)s 6851(it)s -7037(is)s 7241(de\207ned)s 7998(within.)s 8766(So,)s 0 7772(assuming)m -957(an)s 1240(appropriate)s 2384(de\207nition)s 3358(of)s 220 fnt35 -3629 7769(@Bo)m 6(x)k 240 fnt82 4222 7772(,)m 220 fnt35 -480 7271(@NineSquare @Bo)m 6(x)k 240 fnt82 0 6775(has)m 370(result)s -2796 2796 226 2570 240 288 60 480 3689 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 0 2056 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 1028 2056 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 2056 2056 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 0 1028 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 1028 1028 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 2056 1028 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 1028 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -740 740 226 514 240 288 60 2056 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 3238(Nested)m 722(de\207nitions)s 1783(may)s 2249(themselv)s 3(es)k -3359(contain)s 4120(nested)s 4789(de\207nitions,)s 5906(to)s 6145(arbitrary)s -7020(depth.)s 480 2864(There)m 1100(are)s 1454(three)s 1994(special)s -2719(features)s 3532(which)s 4181(permit)s 4872(a)s 5045(nested)s -5721(symbol)s 6488(or)s 6754(parameter)s 7775(to)s 8021(be)s -8311(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k 0 2576(outside)m -737(its)s 1003(normal)s 1725(range;)s 2358(that)s 2766(is,)s -3022(outside)s 3759(the)s 4096(body)s 4620(of)s 4881(the)s -5219(enclosing)s 6179(symbol.)s 7038(The)s 7456(\207rst)s 7877(and)s -8270(simplest)s 0 2288(of)m 267(these)s 810(features)s 1611(is)s -1817(the)s 240 fnt83 2161 2290(body)m 2678(par)s 3(ameter)k -240 fnt82 3677 2288(,)m 3780(an)s 4059(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5108(form)s 5628(of)s 5895(right)s 6401(parameter)s 13(.)k -7502(The)s 7926(Eq)s 8245(equation)s 0 2000(formatting)m 1052(package)s -1883([4)s 2076(,)s 2174(Chapter)s 2982(7])s 3211(is)s -3412(a)s 3569(classic)s 4249(e)s 3(xample)k 5102(of)s -5364(the)s 5703(use)s 6069(of)s 6331(a)s 6488(body)s -7013(parameter)s 13(.)k 8109(In)s 8355(outline,)s 0 1712(it)m -192(looks)s 762(lik)s 2(e)k 1174(this:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 18 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(18)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 220 fnt35 480 13211(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t "+" sup o)k 3(v)k 5(er)k -480 12635(def @Eq)m 480 12347( body x)m 480 12059({)m 480 11771( def "+" ...)m 480 11483( def sup ...)m -480 11195( def o)m 3(v)k 5(er ...)k 480 10907( ...)m 480 10331( Slope @F)m 6(ont x)k -480 10043(})m 240 fnt82 0 9549(First)m 518(we)s 874(list)s -1246(those)s 1828(nested)s 2518(symbols)s 3388(and)s 3813(parameters)s -4932(that)s 5371(we)s 5727(intend)s 6404(to)s 6664(refer)s -7194(to)s 7454(outside)s 8222(the)s 8592(body)s 0 9261(of)m -220 fnt35 274 9258(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 815 9261(in)m 1061(an)s -220 fnt35 1347 9258(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -2018 9261(clause,)m 2725(preceding)s 3724(the)s 4075(de\207nition)s 5052(as)s -5305(sho)s 6(wn.)k 6092(Only)s 6628(e)s 3(xported)k -7523(symbols)s 8375(may)s 8844(be)s 0 8973(in)m 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -817(outside)s 1566(the)s 1916(body)s 2452(of)s 220 fnt35 -2725 8970(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 3203 8973(.)m 3369(The)s 3799(body)s -4335(parameter)s 5351(is)s 5563(lik)s 2(e)k 5977(a)s -6145(right)s 6658(parameter)s 7674(e)s 3(xcept)k 8357(that)s -8778(the)s 0 8685(e)m 3(xported)k 892(symbols)s 1741(are)s -2088(visible)s 2781(within)s 3449(it:)s 220 fnt35 480 8184(@Eq { {x sup 2 + y sup 2} o)m 3(v)k 5(er 2 })k -240 fnt82 0 7686(calls)m 488(on)s 785(the)s 1133(nested)s -1802(de\207nitions)s 2863(of)s 220 fnt35 3134 7683(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 -3672 7686(to)m 3911(produce)s 4738(the)s 5086(result)s 168 fnt78 -586 7231(2)m 240 fnt83 480 7171(x)m 240 fnt78 738 7163(+)m -168 fnt78 1041 7231(2)m 240 fnt83 939 7171(y)m 641 0 0 0 240 288 12 480 7073 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -240 fnt78 -743 6845(2)m 240 fnt82 0 6334(The)m 416(body)s 937(parameter')s 13(s)k -2089(v)s 6(alue)k 2644(must)s 3156(be)s 3426(enclosed)s -4308(in)s 4539(braces.)s 5300(The)s 5715(term)s 6200(`body)s -6800(parameter')s 7854(is)s 8051(a)s 8204(reminder)s 0 6046(that)m -418(the)s 766(v)s 6(alue)k 1334(is)s 1544(interpreted)s -2636(as)s 2886(if)s 3103(it)s 3295(w)s 2(as)k -3716(within)s 4384(the)s 4732(body)s 5266(of)s 5537(the)s -5885(symbol.)s 480 5672(A)m 710(body)s 1244(parameter)s 2257(may)s -2723(not)s 3089(be)s 3370(e)s 3(xported,)k 4311(and)s -4714(in)s 4957(f)s 2(act)k 5372(a)s 5537(body)s -6071(parameter)s 7085(may)s 7550(be)s 7832(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -8646(only)s 0 5384(within)m 656(the)s 991(body)s 1512(of)s -1770(the)s 2105(enclosing)s 3063(symbol,)s 3862(not)s 4215(within)s -4870(an)s 3(y)k 5254(nested)s 5911(de\207nitions.)s 7072(F)s 3(or)k -7448(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 8349 5381(x)m 240 fnt82 -8504 5384(abo)m 3(v)k 3(e)k 0 5096(may)m 471(not)s -843(be)s 1131(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -1952(within)s 220 fnt35 2626 5093(sup)m 240 fnt82 2972 5096(.)m -3141(This)s 3623(restriction)s 4653(is)s 4869(needed)s 5611(to)s -5855(a)s 4(v)k 4(oid)k 6443(the)s 6797(possibility)s -7853(of)s 8130(recursion,)s 0 4808(when)m 585(the)s 943(actual)s -1577(body)s 2121(parameter)s 3145(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es)k -3935(an)s 4228(e)s 3(xported)k 5129(nested)s 5808(de\207nition)s -6792(which)s 7443(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es)k -8234(the)s 8592(body)s 0 4520(parameter)m 9(,)k 1052(etc.)s -480 4146(The)m 932(second)s 1679(place)s 2263(where)s 2928(e)s 3(xported)k -3844(symbols)s 4717(may)s 5207(be)s 5514(used)s 6035(is)s -6269(in)s 6536(the)s 6909(right)s 7444(parameter)s 8482(of)s -8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 3855(@Open)m 240 fnt82 806 3858(symbol,)m -1618(and)s 2022(follo)s 6(wing)k 2999(its)s 3275(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4329(form,)s 220 fnt35 4900 3855(@Use)m 240 fnt82 5565 3858(\(Section)m -6418(3.34\).)s 480 3484(Exported)m 1480(nested)s 2214(symbols)s 3128(and)s -3598(parameters)s 4761(may)s 5292(be)s 5639(made)s 6279(visible)s -7037(within)s 7770(a)s 8002(subsequent)s 0 3196(de\207nition)m 974(or)s -1233(macro)s 1883(by)s 2177(preceding)s 3173(it)s 3365(with)s -3847(an)s 220 fnt35 4130 3193(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -4803 3196(clause,)m 5507(lik)s 2(e)k 5919(this:)s 220 fnt35 -480 2695(impor)m -8(t @Eq)k 480 2407(def p)m 6(ythag { sqr)k -8(t { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } })k -240 fnt82 0 1908(Note)m 548(ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k -1444(that)s 220 fnt35 1889 1905(p)m 6(ythag)k 240 fnt82 -2617 1908(can)m 3033(only)s 3540(be)s 3849(used)s 4374(with)s -4883(some)s 5471(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6552(of)s -220 fnt35 6850 1905(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 7328 1908(:)m 7521(within)s -8216(the)s 8592(body)s 0 1620(parameter)m 1036(of)s 1329(an)s -1635(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 2711(of)s 220 fnt35 -3005 1617(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 3483 1620(,)m 3612(within)s 4303(the)s -4673(right)s 5207(parameter)s 6243(of)s 6537(an)s 220 fnt35 -6842 1617(@Eq&&tag @Open)m 240 fnt82 8737 1620(,)m 8867(or)s 0 1332(follo)m 6(wing)k -977(a)s 220 fnt35 1143 1329(@Use { @Eq ...)m 13( })k 240 fnt82 -2798 1332(.)m 2962(There)s 3575(may)s 4041(be)s 4323(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k -5045(symbols)s 5894(in)s 6137(the)s 220 fnt35 6485 1329(impor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 7158 1332(clause.)m 480 958(In)m 760(a)s 951(similar)s -1698(w)s 2(ay)k 2174(to)s 220 fnt35 2438 955(impor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 3051 958(,)m 3183(a)s 3374(de\207nition)s 4373(may)s -4864(be)s 5171(preceded)s 6117(by)s 220 fnt35 6436 955(e)m 6(xtend)k -240 fnt82 7162 958(follo)m 6(wed)k 8089(by)s 8408(a)s -8599(sym)s 8998(-)s 0 670(bol)m 361(name:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 19 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.3.)m 454(Nested)s 1171(de\207nitions,)s 2261(body)s -2783(par)s 3(ameter)k 2(s,)k 3961(e)s 4(xtend,)k -4674(import,)s 5405(and)s 5831(e)s 4(xport)k 240 fnt84 -8832 13840(19)m 220 fnt35 480 13207(e)m 6(xtend @Eq)k 480 12919(def p)m 6(ythag { sqr)k -8(t { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } })k -240 fnt82 0 12420(The)m 418(ef)s 6(fect)k 1003(of)s -1264(this)s 1649(is)s 1849(just)s 2243(as)s 2483(though)s -3195(the)s 3533(de\207nition)s 4496(of)s 220 fnt35 4757 12417(p)m 6(ythag)k -240 fnt82 5447 12420(had)m 5841(occurred)s 6724(directly)s 7497(after)s -7982(the)s 8319(e)s 3(xisting)k 0 12132(de\207nitions)m 1058(within)s -220 fnt35 1722 12129(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 2200 12132(,)m 2303(with)s -220 fnt35 2782 12129(p)m 6(ythag)k 240 fnt82 3479 12132(added)m -4105(to)s 220 fnt35 4340 12129(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 4818 12132(')m 13(s)k -5025(e)s 3(xport)k 5689(list.)s 6140(This)s 6612(is)s -6819(useful)s 7454(for)s 7788(e)s 3(xtending)k 8778(the)s -0 11844(capabilities)m 1128(of)s 1389(a)s 1545(package)s 2375(of)s -2636(de\207nitions)s 3687(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 4088 11841(@Eq)m -240 fnt82 4616 11844(without)m 5397(modifying)s 6437(its)s 6703(source)s -7373(\207le.)s 7832(The)s 8249(essential)s 0 11556(dif)m 6(ferences)k -1106(to)s 220 fnt35 1346 11553(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -2020 11556(are)m 2368(that)s 2787(all)s 3081(the)s 3430(symbols)s -4280(of)s 220 fnt35 4552 11553(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 5091 11556(become)m -5892(visible)s 6586(within)s 220 fnt35 7255 11553(p)m 6(ythag)k -240 fnt82 7896 11556(,)m 8004(not)s 8371(just)s 8778(the)s -0 11268(e)m 3(xported)k 892(ones,)s 1438(and)s 1842(only)s -2322(one)s 2724(symbol)s 3484(may)s 3950(follo)s 6(w)k -4622(the)s 220 fnt35 4970 11265(e)m 6(xtend)k 240 fnt82 -5671 11268(k)m 2(e)k 3(yw)k 2(ord.)k 480 10894(Actually)m 15(,)k -1399(more)s 1951(than)s 2424(one)s 2831(symbol)s 3595(may)s -4066(follo)s 6(w)k 220 fnt35 4743 10891(e)m 6(xtend)k -240 fnt82 5384 10894(,)m 5495(b)s 4(ut)k 5862(this)s -6262(usage)s 6868(indicates)s 7772(a)s 7943(`path)s 8496(name')s -0 10606(of)m 271(the)s 619(symbol.)s 1488(F)s 3(or)k -1877(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 10105(e)m 6(xtend @DocumentLa)k 6(y)k 4(out @Repor)k -8(tLa)k 6(y)k 4(out)k -480 9817(def @K)m 8(e)k 4(yw)k 2(ords ...)k 240 fnt82 -0 9319(causes)m 676(the)s 1026(de\207nition)s 2002(of)s 220 fnt35 -2275 9316(@K)m 8(e)k 4(yw)k 2(ords)k 240 fnt82 -3502 9319(to)m 3743(occur)s 4335(directly)s 5120(after)s 5618(the)s -5968(e)s 3(xisting)k 6777(de\207nitions)s 7840(of)s 220 fnt35 -8113 9316(@Repor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 8998 9319(-)m 220 fnt35 -0 9028(La)m 6(y)k 4(out)k 240 fnt82 645 9031(,)m -752(which)s 1394(itself)s 1942(lies)s 2324(within)s 220 fnt35 -2992 9028(@DocumentLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k 240 fnt82 4860 9031(.)m -480 8657(A)m 702(named)s 1390(parameter)s 2395(may)s 2853(also)s -3283(be)s 3556(preceded)s 4469(by)s 4754(an)s 220 fnt35 -5029 8654(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 5694 8657(clause.)m 6386(As)s -6695(usual,)s 7299(the)s 7638(meaning)s 8507(is)s 8708(that)s -0 8369(the)m 336(visible)s 1016(local)s 1522(de\207nitions)s 2570(of)s -2828(the)s 3163(import)s 3847(symbol\(s\))s 4839(are)s 5173(visible)s -5853(within)s 6508(the)s 6843(body)s 7364(\(the)s 7778(def)s 2(ault)k -8486(v)s 6(alue\))k 0 8081(of)m 281(the)s 640(named)s -1347(parameter)s 13(.)k 2463(But)s 2879(furthermore,)s 4137(those)s -4709(symbols)s 5569(will)s 6005(be)s 6298(visible)s 7002(within)s -7681(all)s 7985(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 0 7793(of)m -271(the)s 619(parameter)s 13(.)k 1724(F)s 3(or)k -2113(e)s 3(xample,)k 3027(suppose)s 3855(we)s 4190(de\207ne)s -220 fnt35 480 7292(def @Diag)m 480 7004( impor)m -8(t @Algebr)k 2(a named line)k 4(width { 1p })k -480 6716( impor)m -8(t @Algebr)k 2(a named dashlength { 2p })k 480 6428( ...)m 240 fnt82 -0 5977(Then,)m 599(if)s 220 fnt35 816 5974(@Algebr)m 2(a)k -240 fnt82 1847 5977(e)m 3(xports)k 2599(symbols)s 220 fnt35 -3448 5974(+)m 240 fnt82 3568 5977(,)m 220 fnt35 3675 5974(-)m -240 fnt82 3739 5977(,)m 3846(and)s 4250(so)s 4516(on,)s -4863(we)s 5198(may)s 5664(write)s 220 fnt35 480 5476(@Diag)m -480 5188( line)m 4(width { 1f - 2p })k 480 4900( dashlength { 1f + 2p })m 240 fnt82 0 4401(using)m -565(the)s 905(symbols)s 1747(from)s 220 fnt35 2263 4398(@Algebr)m 2(a)k -240 fnt82 3234 4401(.)m 3391(There)s 3996(may)s 4454(be)s -4729(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 5443(symbols)s 6285(after)s -6773(the)s 220 fnt35 7114 4398(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -7779 4401(k)m 2(e)k 3(yw)k 2(ord.)k 8766(All)s -0 4113(these)m 558(symbols)s 1418(share)s 1990(an)s 2284(important)s -3285(restriction:)s 4429(the)s 3(y)k 4904(may)s 5381(not)s -5759(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6271(parameters.)s 7434(This)s -7921(is)s 8143(necessary)s 0 3825(because)m 841(Lout)s 1382(w)s 2(ould)k -2065(be)s 2376(unable)s 3098(to)s 3366(determine)s 4406(suitable)s -5233(v)s 6(alues)k 5918(for)s 6284(an)s 3(y)k -6710(such)s 7234(parameters,)s 8417(if)s 8663(the)s 3(y)k -0 3537(did)m 364(e)s 3(xist.)k 480 3163(As)m 814(an)s -1115(e)s 3(xception)k 2116(to)s 2373(the)s 2738(rule)s -3183(just)s 3605(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en,)k 4253(a)s -4436(named)s 5150(parameter)s 6181(may)s 6665(import)s 7379(the)s -7745(symbol)s 8522(it)s 8732(is)s 8960(a)s 0 2875(parameter)m -1014(of:)s 220 fnt35 480 2374(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @Cell)k -480 2086(def @Tb)m 4(l)k 480 1798( impor)m -8(t @Tb)k 4(l named @F)k 6(or)k -5(mat { ...)k 13( })k -240 fnt82 0 1302(In)m 274(this)s 688(e)s 3(xample)k -1569(the)s 1936(e)s 3(xported)k 2846(de\207nitions)s 3925(of)s -220 fnt35 4215 1299(@Tb)m 4(l)k 240 fnt82 4802 1302(\(i.e.)m -220 fnt35 5235 1299(@Cell)m 240 fnt82 5820 1302(\))m 5966(will)s -6411(be)s 6711(visible)s 7422(within)s 220 fnt35 8109 1299(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k -240 fnt82 9022 1302(.)m 0 1014(Ho)m 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -984(the)s 3(y)k 1472(may)s 1963(only)s 2467(be)s -2774(used)s 3296(in)s 3563(actual)s 4213(parameters,)s 5392(not)s -5782(in)s 6050(the)s 6423(def)s 2(ault)k 7168(v)s 6(alue)k -7761(of)s 8057(the)s 8430(named)s 0 726(parameter)m 13(.)k -1098(This)s 1567(is)s 1769(o)s 6(wing)k 2408(to)s -2639(implementation)s 4189(problems:)s 5237(at)s 5462(the)s 5803(time)s -6275(the)s 6616(def)s 2(ault)k 7329(v)s 6(alue)k -7890(of)s 220 fnt35 8153 723(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 20 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(20)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(is)m 210(read,)s 728(the)s -1076(e)s 3(xported)k 1968(symbols)s 2817(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3318(not)s 3684(been)s 4193(read)s 4662(and)s 5066(are)s -5413(consequently)s 6730(not)s 7096(kno)s 6(wn.)k 480 12831(Since)m -220 fnt35 1064 12828(@Cell)m 240 fnt82 1706 12831(is)m 1913(nested)s -2579(within)s 220 fnt35 3244 12828(@Tb)m 4(l)k 240 fnt82 -3753 12831(,)m 3857(the)s 4202(v)s 6(alue)k 4766(of)s -5034(an)s 5314(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6365(of)s -220 fnt35 6633 12828(@Cell)m 240 fnt82 7275 12831(may)m 7738(depend)s -8485(on)s 8778(the)s 0 12543(v)m 6(alue)k 582(of)s -868(parameters)s 1980(of)s 220 fnt35 2266 12540(@Tb)m 4(l)k -240 fnt82 2775 12543(.)m 2953(If)s 220 fnt35 3198 12540(@Cell)m -240 fnt82 3857 12543(is)m 4082(used)s 4593(within)s 5276(an)s -5573(actual)s 220 fnt35 6213 12540(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k -240 fnt82 7200 12543(parameter)m 9(,)k 8267(its)s 8558(v)s 6(alue)k -0 12255(depends)m 833(on)s 1126(the)s 1471(v)s 6(alue)k -2035(of)s 2303(parameters)s 3397(of)s 3665(the)s 4009(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5060(of)s 220 fnt35 5327 12252(@Tb)m 4(l)k 240 fnt82 -5893 12255(of)m 6160(which)s 6799(the)s 220 fnt35 7143 12252(@F)m 6(or)k -5(mat)k -240 fnt82 8112 12255(parameter)m 0 11967(is)m 210(a)s 376(part.)s -480 11593(A)m 710(de\207nition,)s 1734(macro,)s 2438(or)s 2697(named)s -3393(parameter)s 4407(may)s 4873(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5374(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 6096(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -7150(names,)s 7868(lik)s 2(e)k 8280(this:)s 220 fnt35 -480 11092(macro @CD @CentredDispla)m 6(y @CenteredDispla)k 6(y { ...)k 13( })k 240 fnt82 -0 10594(This)m 489(is)s 713(useful)s 1366(for)s 1718(abbre)s 6(viated)k -2898(and)s 3316(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4384(spellings,)s -5355(as)s 5618(sho)s 6(wn.)k 6416(The)s 6858(names)s -7534(appear)s 8245(together)s 9(,)k 0 10306(and)m 404(the)s 3(y)k -867(may)s 1333(subsequently)s 2637(be)s 2919(used)s 3416(interchangeably)s 15(.)k -480 9932(If)m 698(one)s 1088(name)s 1649(of)s 1908(a)s -2062(symbol)s 2809(appears)s 3578(in)s 3809(an)s 4079(e)s 3(xport)k -4735(or)s 4982(import)s 5666(list,)s 6052(its)s 6316(other)s -6854(names)s 7504(are)s 7838(automaticaly)s 0 9644(included)m 882(as)s -1132(well,)s 1650(and)s 2054(should)s 2751(not)s 3117(also)s -3555(appear)s 4252(in)s 4495(the)s 4843(list.)s 240 fnt84 -0 8851(2.4.)m 471(Filter)s 4(ed)k 1330(right)s 1894(and)s -2335(body)s 2897(parameters)s 240 fnt82 480 8374(A)m 719(right)s -1239(or)s 1507(body)s 2050(parameter)s 3073(may)s 3548(be)s -3839(\207ltered)s 4582(by)s 4885(some)s 5455(other)s 6015(computer)s -6987(program)s 7866(before)s 8541(being)s 0 8086(included)m 882(by)s -1176(Lout.)s 1792(As)s 2109(an)s 2392(e)s 3(xample)k -3255(of)s 3526(such)s 4022(a)s 4188(program)s 5058(we)s -5393(will)s 5819(use)s 6194(the)s 6542(Unix)s 220 fnt35 -7076 8083(sor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 7506 8086(command:)m 220 fnt35 -480 7587(sor)m -8(t -o out\207le in\207le)k 240 fnt82 0 7133(This)m 499(causes)s -1198(\207le)s 220 fnt35 1582 7130(out\207le)m 240 fnt82 2243 7133(to)m -2505(contain)s 3290(a)s 3480(sorted)s 4145(cop)s 2(y)k -4687(of)s 4981(\207le)s 220 fnt35 5366 7130(in\207le)m 240 fnt82 -5808 7133(.)m 5996(W)s 19(e)k 6388(incorporate)s 7556(this)s -7975(into)s 8424(a)s 8614(Lout)s 0 6845(de\207nition)m 974(as)s -1224(follo)s 6(ws:)k 220 fnt35 480 6393(def @Sor)m -8(t)k -480 6105( named @Options {})m 480 5817( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 5529({)m 480 5241( def @Filter { sor)m -8(t @Options -o @FilterOut @FilterIn })k -480 4665( lines @Break x)m 480 4377(})m 240 fnt82 0 3883(The)m 440(presence)s -1345(within)s 220 fnt35 2026 3880(@Sor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -2728 3883(of)m 3012(a)s 3191(de\207nition)s 4178(of)s 4462(a)s -4641(symbol)s 5414(called)s 220 fnt35 6055 3880(@Filter)m 240 fnt82 -6837 3883(tells)m 7298(Lout)s 7823(that)s 8254(the)s 8615(right)s -0 3595(parameter)m 1057(of)s 220 fnt35 1372 3592(@Sor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 2104 3595(is)m 2358(to)s 2640(be)s 2966(\207ltered)s -3743(before)s 4453(inclusion.)s 5537(When)s 220 fnt35 6210 3592(@Sor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 6942 3595(is)m 7196(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed,)k -220 fnt35 8103 3592(@Filter)m 240 fnt82 8916 3595(is)m 0 3307(e)m 6(v)k 6(aluated)k -978(and)s 1399(its)s 1692(v)s 6(alue)k 2277(e)s 3(x)k 3(ecuted)k -3196(as)s 3463(a)s 3646(system)s 4387(command.)s 5512(In)s -5785(addition)s 6643(to)s 6899(the)s 7264(symbols)s 8130(ordinarily)s -0 3019(a)m 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 908(within)s 1576(the)s -1924(body)s 2458(of)s 220 fnt35 2729 3016(@Filter)m 240 fnt82 -3438 3019(,)m 3545(there)s 4078(are)s 4425(three)s 4958(others:)s -220 fnt35 0 2513(@FilterIn)m 240 fnt82 1920 2516(the)m 2273(name)s -2852(of)s 3128(a)s 3299(\207le)s 3665(which)s 4312(will,)s -4795(at)s 5032(the)s 5385(time)s 5870(the)s 6223(system)s -6952(command)s 7959(is)s 8175(e)s 3(x)k 3(ecuted,)k -1920 2228(contain)m 2726(the)s 3119(actual)s 3789(right)s 4345(or)s -4649(body)s 5228(parameter)s 6287(of)s 6603(the)s 6996(symbol,)s -7853(e)s 3(xactly)k 8639(as)s 8934(it)s 1920 1940(appears)m -2701(in)s 2944(the)s 3292(input)s 3844(\207le;)s 220 fnt35 -0 1434(@FilterOut)m 240 fnt82 1920 1437(the)m 2305(name)s 2916(of)s -3224(a)s 3427(\207le)s 3826(of)s 4134(Lout)s 4683(te)s 3(xt)k -5135(whose)s 5840(contents)s 6726(Lout)s 7275(will)s 7738(read)s -8244(after)s 8778(the)s 1920 1149(system)m 2657(command)s 3673(has)s -4057(\207nished,)s 4936(as)s 5200(a)s 5380(replacement)s 6620(for)s -6972(what)s 7511(w)s 2(as)k 7946(put)s 8326(into)s -8765(\207le)s 220 fnt35 1920 858(@FilterIn)m 240 fnt82 2798 861(;)m -220 fnt35 0 374(@FilterErr)m 240 fnt82 1920 377(the)m 2273(name)s -2852(of)s 3129(a)s 3300(\207le)s 3667(that)s 4090(Lout)s -4608(will)s 5039(attempt)s 5820(to)s 6065(read)s 6539(after)s -7041(the)s 7394(system)s 8124(command)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 21 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.4.)m 454(F)s 10(ilter)k 8(ed)k -1271(right)s 1800(and)s 2226(body)s 2748(par)s 3(ameter)k 2(s)k -240 fnt84 8839 13840(21)m 240 fnt82 1920 13205(has)m 2281(\207nished,)s -3137(containing)s 4191(error)s 4705(messages)s 5649(produced)s 6589(by)s -6874(the)s 7213(command)s 8206(that)s 8614(Lout)s 1920 12917(will)m -2346(pass)s 2809(on)s 3106(to)s 3345(the)s 3693(user)s -4151(as)s 4401(non-f)s 2(atal)k 5316(errors.)s 6036(Use)s -6464(of)s 6735(this)s 7131(\207le)s 7492(is)s 7702(optional.)s -0 12414(It)m 205(is)s 415(a)s 581(f)s 2(atal)k -1057(error)s 1580(for)s 1918(the)s 2266(system)s 2990(command)s -3992(to)s 4231(return)s 4858(a)s 5024(non-zero)s 5927(status.)s -480 12040(No)m 6(w)k 1001(the)s 220 fnt35 1356 12037(sor)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 1793 12040(command)m 2802(has)s 3179(options)s 220 fnt35 -3942 12037(-u)m 240 fnt82 4190 12040(for)m 4535(deleting)s 5365(duplicate)s -6304(lines,)s 6869(and)s 220 fnt35 7280 12037(-r)m 240 fnt82 -7493 12040(for)m 7838(re)s 6(v)k 3(ersing)k 8778(the)s -0 11752(sorting)m 717(order)s 13(.)k 1372(So)s 1678(the)s -2026(result)s 2616(of)s 220 fnt35 480 11251(@Sor)m -8(t)k -480 10963( @Options { -r -u })m 480 10675({)m 480 10387(A)m 6(usten, J)k 4(ane)k -480 10099(Dic)m 4(k)k 4(ens)k 3(, Char)k -3(les)k -480 9811(Eliot, George)m 480 9523(Hardy)m 22(, )k 11(Thomas)k 480 9235(Bront{@Char edieresis}, Char)m -3(lotte)k -480 8947(})m 240 fnt82 0 8453(is)m 480 8000(Hardy)m 15(,)k -1170(Thomas)s 480 7712(Eliot,)m 1051(Geor)s 4(ge)k 480 7424(Dick)m 2(ens,)k -1369(Charles)s 480 7136(Bront\353,)m 1238(Charlotte)s 480 6848(Austen,)m 1265(Jane)s -0 6364(Unlik)m 2(e)k 705(all)s 998(the)s 1347(other)s -1898(e)s 3(xamples)k 2849(in)s 3093(this)s 3489(manual,)s -4300(this)s 4697(output)s 5369(is)s 5579(simulated.)s 6673(This)s -7149(w)s 2(as)k 7570(done)s 8093(so)s 8359(that)s -8778(the)s 0 6076(ability)m 661(to)s 896(format)s 1588(this)s -1980(manual)s 2735(is)s 2942(not)s 3304(dependent)s 4344(on)s -4637(the)s 4981(e)s 3(xistence)k 5919(of)s 6187(the)s -6531(Unix)s 220 fnt35 7061 6073(sor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -7487 6076(command,)m 8534(and)s 8934(it)s 0 5788(highlights)m 1008(the)s -1356(f)s 2(act)k 1771(that)s 2189(\207ltered)s 2923(actual)s -3548(parameters)s 4646(are)s 4993(by)s 5287(their)s 5784(nature)s -6437(of)s 6708(uncertain)s 7654(portability)s 15(.)k 480 5414(There)m -1114(is)s 1345(no)s 1660(need)s 2191(for)s 2550(an)s -2855(actual)s 3501(\207ltered)s 4257(parameter)s 5292(to)s 5552(obe)s 3(y)k -6091(the)s 6460(le)s 3(xical)k 7169(rules)s 7706(of)s -7998(Lout,)s 8579(since)s 0 5126(it)m 207(is)s 432(passed)s -1143(directly)s 1941(to)s 2195(the)s 2558(other)s 3124(program.)s -4113(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -5088(Lout)s 5615(must)s 6155(be)s 6452(able)s 6921(to)s -7175(w)s 2(ork)k 7741(out)s 8122(where)s 8778(the)s -0 4838(parameter)m 1034(ends,)s 1601(which)s 2263(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -2831(rise)s 3251(to)s 3511(the)s 3879(follo)s 6(wing)k -4877(rules.)s 5525(As)s 5863(with)s 6365(a)s 6552(body)s -7106(parameter)s 9(,)k 8179(a)s 8366(symbol)s 220 fnt35 -0 4547(@Sym)m 240 fnt82 730 4550(with)m 1235(a)s 1423(\207ltered)s -2180(parameter)s 3217(must)s 3764(be)s 4069(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -4906(in)s 5172(either)s 5798(the)s 6168(form)s 220 fnt35 -6715 4547(@Sym { ...)m 13( })k 240 fnt82 7949 4550(or)m 8231(the)s -8602(form)s 220 fnt35 0 4259(@Sym @Begin ...)m 13( @End @Sym)k 240 fnt82 -3120 4262(,)m 3251(plus)s 3725(options)s 4505(as)s 4779(usual.)s -5472(In)s 5753(the)s 6125(former)s 6858(case,)s 7400(braces)s -8085(within)s 8778(the)s 0 3974(actual)m 625(parameter)s 1639(must)s -2164(match;)s 2860(in)s 3103(the)s 3451(latter)s 4000(case,)s -4518(the)s 4866(actual)s 5491(parameter)s 6505(may)s 6971(not)s -7337(contain)s 220 fnt35 8098 3971(@End)m 240 fnt82 8699 3974(.)m -480 3600(If)m 725(an)s 1024(actual)s 1664(\207ltered)s 2414(parameter)s -3444(contains)s 220 fnt35 4307 3597(@Include)m 240 fnt82 5229 3600(,)m -5352(this)s 5764(is)s 5989(tak)s 2(en)k 6578(to)s -6833(be)s 3(gin)k 7434(a)s 7616(Lout)s 220 fnt35 -8144 3597(@Include)m 240 fnt82 0 3312(directi)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -882(in)s 1125(the)s 1473(usual)s 2033(form)s 2557(\(Section)s -3410(3.40\):)s 220 fnt35 480 2821(@Sor)m -8(t {)k 480 2533(A)m 6(usten, J)k 4(ane)k -480 2245(@Include { authors })m 480 1957(Hardy)m 22(, )k 11(Thomas)k 480 1669(})m -240 fnt82 0 1175(The)m 421(included)s 1296(\207le)s 1649(becomes)s -2530(part)s 2954(of)s 220 fnt35 3217 1172(@FilterIn)m 240 fnt82 -4095 1175(,)m 4195(b)s 4(ut)k 4549(an)s 3(y)k -4939(braces,)s 220 fnt35 5649 1172(@Include)m 240 fnt82 6571 1175(,)m -6670(or)s 220 fnt35 6922 1172(@End)m 240 fnt82 7576 1175(within)m -8236(it)s 8421(are)s 8760(not)s 0 887(noticed)m 762(by)s -1056(Lout.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 22 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(22)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 480 13205(The)m 928(\207rst)s 1380(character)s -2335(of)s 2627(\207le)s 220 fnt35 3009 13202(@FilterIn)m 240 fnt82 -3968 13205(will)m 4415(be)s 4718(the)s 5087(\207rst)s 5539(non-white)s -6586(space)s 7194(character)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k 0 12917(the)m -353(opening)s 220 fnt35 1184 12914({)m 240 fnt82 1314 12917(or)m -220 fnt35 1579 12914(@Begin)m 240 fnt82 2348 12917(,)m 2461(or)s -2726(the)s 3080(\207rst)s 3517(character)s 4457(of)s 4734(an)s -5023(included)s 5911(\207le)s 6278(if)s 220 fnt35 6501 12914(@Include)m -240 fnt82 7489 12917(comes)m 8157(\207rst.)s 8698(The)s 0 12629(second-last)m -1146(character)s 2091(of)s 2374(\207le)s 220 fnt35 2746 12626(@FilterIn)m -240 fnt82 3696 12629(will)m 4133(be)s 4427(the)s 4786(last)s -5189(non-white)s 6226(space)s 6825(character)s 7770(preceding)s 8778(the)s -0 12341(closing)m 220 fnt35 745 12338(})m 240 fnt82 871 12341(or)m -220 fnt35 1132 12338(@End @Sym)m 240 fnt82 2454 12341(,)m 2563(or)s -2824(the)s 3174(last)s 3567(character)s 4503(of)s 4775(an)s -5060(included)s 5944(\207le)s 6307(if)s 220 fnt35 6526 12338(@Include)m -240 fnt82 7510 12341(comes)m 8174(last.)s 8671(One)s 0 12053(ne)m 6(wline)k -833(character)s 1794(is)s 2030(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -2768(appended)s 3770(and)s 4201(is)s 4437(the)s 4812(last)s -5229(character)s 6190(of)s 6487(\207le)s 220 fnt35 6875 12050(@FilterIn)m -240 fnt82 7753 12053(.)m 7943(This)s 8446(ef)s 6(fects)k -0 11765(a)m 206(compromise)s 1484(between)s 2378(the)s 2766(Lout)s -3319(con)s 9(v)k 3(ention,)k 4518(that)s 4976(spaces)s -5691(follo)s 6(wing)k 220 fnt35 6708 11762({)m 240 fnt82 -6873 11765(or)m 7172(preceding)s 220 fnt35 8208 11762(})m 240 fnt82 -8372 11765(are)m 8760(not)s 0 11477(signi\207cant,)m 1103(with)s 1585(the)s -1933(Unix)s 2467(con)s 9(v)k 3(ention)k 3576(that)s -3994(all)s 4287(te)s 3(xt)k 4702(\207les)s 5151(end)s -5555(with)s 6037(a)s 6203(ne)s 6(wline)k 7010(character)s 13(.)k -240 fnt84 0 10684(2.5.)m 471(Pr)s 4(ecedence)k 1677(and)s -2118(associati)s 2(vity)k 3420(of)s 3692(symbols)s 240 fnt82 -480 10207(Ev)m 3(ery)k 1131(symbol)s 1920(in)s 2192(Lout)s -2733(has)s 3132(a)s 240 fnt83 3327 10209(pr)m 8(ecedence)k -240 fnt82 4401 10207(,)m 4538(which)s 5209(is)s 5448(a)s -5643(positi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 6476(whole)s 7146(number)s 13(.)k -8057(When)s 8716(tw)s 2(o)k 0 9919(symbols)m 849(compete)s -1715(for)s 2053(an)s 2336(object,)s 3027(the)s 3375(one)s -3777(with)s 4259(the)s 4607(higher)s 5278(precedence)s 6409(wins)s -6912(it.)s 7208(F)s 3(or)k 7597(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 9418(a | b / c)m 240 fnt82 0 8963(is)m 210(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -1253(to)s 220 fnt35 1491 8960({)m 1616(a)s 1794(|)s -1892(b)s 2067(})s 2192(/)s 2317(c)s 240 fnt82 -2482 8963(rather)m 3097(than)s 220 fnt35 3565 8960(a)m 3743(|)s -3841({)s 3966(b)s 4141(/)s 4266(c)s 4432(})s -240 fnt82 4496 8963(,)m 4603(because)s 220 fnt35 5415 8960(|)m -240 fnt82 5511 8963(has)m 5881(higher)s 6551(precedence)s 7681(than)s -220 fnt35 8150 8960(/)m 240 fnt82 8273 8963(and)m 8676(thus)s -0 8675(wins)m 503(the)s 220 fnt35 851 8672(b)m 240 fnt82 -965 8675(.)m 480 8301(When)m 1149(the)s 1538(tw)s 2(o)k -1988(competing)s 3092(symbols)s 3981(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4523(equal)s 5137(precedence,)s 6359(Lout)s 6912(applies)s 7680(a)s -7887(second)s 8651(rule.)s 0 8013(Each)m 545(symbol)s 1316(is)s -1537(either)s 240 fnt83 2151 8015(left-associative)m 240 fnt82 3659 8013(or)m -240 fnt83 3929 8015(right-associative)m 240 fnt82 5528 8013(.)m 5703(The)s -6142(v)s 6(alue)k 6720(of)s 220 fnt35 7002 8010(a)m -7180(op1)s 7564(b)s 7739(op2)s 8156(c)s 240 fnt82 -8332 8013(is)m 8553(tak)s 2(en)k 0 7725(to)m 252(be)s -220 fnt35 547 7722({)m 672(a)s 850(op1)s 1234(b)s -1409(})s 1534(op2)s 1951(c)s 240 fnt82 2129 7725(if)m -2359(the)s 2720(symbols)s 3582(are)s 3942(both)s 4438(left-associati)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k -5993(and)s 220 fnt35 6410 7722(a op1 { b op2 c })m 240 fnt82 8072 7725(if)m -8302(the)s 3(y)k 8779(are)s 0 7437(right-associati)m 6(v)k 3(e.)k -1733(In)s 1989(cases)s 2544(not)s 2910(co)s 3(v)k 3(ered)k -3719(by)s 4013(these)s 4560(tw)s 2(o)k 4970(rules,)s -5541(use)s 5916(braces.)s 480 7063(It)m 672(sometimes)s 1732(happens)s -2554(that)s 2959(the)s 3294(result)s 3870(is)s 4067(the)s -4402(same)s 4935(re)s 3(g)k 1(ardless)k 5937(of)s -6195(ho)s 6(w)k 6642(the)s 6977(e)s 3(xpression)k -8041(is)s 8237(grouped.)s 0 6775(F)m 3(or)k 382(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 1289 6772({)m 1414(a)s 1592(|)s 1690(b)s -1865(})s 1990(|)s 2088(c)s 240 fnt82 2246 6775(and)m -220 fnt35 2643 6772(a)m 2821(|)s 2919({)s 3044(b)s -3219(|)s 3317(c)s 3483(})s 240 fnt82 3599 6775(are)m -3939(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 4643(the)s 4984(same,)s -5575(for)s 5905(an)s 3(y)k 6295(combination)s 7541(of)s -7805(objects,)s 8581(g)s 1(aps,)k 0 6487(and)m 416(v)s 6(ariants)k -1230(of)s 220 fnt35 1513 6484(|)m 240 fnt82 1550 6487(.)m -1727(In)s 1995(such)s 2504(cases)s 3071(the)s 3432(symbols)s -4293(are)s 4653(said)s 5108(to)s 5360(be)s 240 fnt83 -5654 6489(associative)m 240 fnt82 6709 6487(,)m 6829(and)s 7245(we)s -7593(can)s 7995(con\207dently)s 0 6199(omit)m 498(the)s 846(braces.)s -480 5825(User)m 4(-de\207ned)k 1769(symbols)s 2618(may)s 3084(be)s -3366(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3946(a)s 4112(precedence)s -5243(and)s 5647(associati)s 6(vity:)k 220 fnt35 480 5324(def @Super)m -480 5036( precedence 50)m 480 4748( associativity r)m -3(ight)k 480 4460( left x)m 480 4172( r)m -3(ight y)k -480 3884({)m 480 3596( @OneRo)m 3(w { | -2p @F)k 6(ont y ^/0.5fk x })k 480 3308(})m -240 fnt82 0 2814(The)m 3(y)k 541(come)s 1113(just)s -1516(after)s 2010(an)s 3(y)k 220 fnt35 2405 2811(into)m -240 fnt82 2809 2814(clause)m 3460(and)s 3862(before)s 4526(an)s 3(y)k -4921(parameter)s 5933(de\207nitions.)s 7105(The)s 7531(precedence)s 8660(may)s -0 2526(be)m 280(an)s 3(y)k 674(whole)s 1313(number)s -2101(between)s 2952(10)s 3245(and)s 3646(100,)s 4110(and)s -4512(if)s 4726(omitted)s 5511(is)s 5719(assigned)s 6598(the)s -6943(v)s 6(alue)k 7509(100.)s 8030(The)s 8455(higher)s -0 2238(the)m 373(number)s 9(,)k 1227(the)s 1600(higher)s -2296(the)s 2669(precedence.)s 3933(The)s 4386(associati)s 6(vity)k -5654(may)s 6145(be)s 220 fnt35 6452 2235(left)m 240 fnt82 -6825 2238(or)m 220 fnt35 7109 2235(r)m -3(ight)k 240 fnt82 -7534 2238(,)m 7666(and)s 8095(if)s 8338(omitted)s 0 1950(def)m 2(aults)k -805(to)s 220 fnt35 1044 1947(r)m -3(ight)k 240 fnt82 -1469 1950(.)m 1633(Lout')s 13(s)k 2295(symbols)s 3144(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3645(the)s 3993(follo)s 6(wing)k 4970(precedences)s 6189(and)s -6593(associati)s 6(vities:)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 23 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.5.)m 454(Pr)s 8(ecedence)k 1614(and)s -2040(associativity)s 3290(of)s 3571(symbols)s 240 fnt84 8833 13840(23)m -240 fnt82 480 13170(Precedence)m 1904(Associati)s 6(vity)k 3493(Symbols)s -969 12594(5)m 2011(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 220 fnt35 -3493 12591(/ ^/ // ^//)m 240 fnt82 965 12306(6)m 2011(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -220 fnt35 3493 12303(| ^| || ^||)m 240 fnt82 968 12018(7)m 2011(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -220 fnt35 3493 12015(& ^&)m 240 fnt82 968 11730(7)m 2011(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -220 fnt35 3493 11727(&)m 240 fnt82 3695 11730(in)m 3938(the)s -4286(form)s 4810(of)s 5081(one)s 5483(or)s 5742(more)s -6289(white)s 6876(space)s 7463(characters)s 685 11442(10-100)m 220 fnt35 -2012 11439(left)m 240 fnt82 2360 11442(or)m 220 fnt35 2619 11439(r)m -3(ight)k -240 fnt82 3493 11442(user)m 4(-de\207ned)k 4729(symbols)s 844 11154(100)m -220 fnt35 2316 11151(r)m -3(ight)k 3493(@Wide)s 240 fnt82 -4207 11154(,)m 220 fnt35 4314 11151(@High)m 240 fnt82 4973 11154(,)m -220 fnt35 5080 11151(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 6064 11154(,)m -6171(etc.)s 854 10866(101)m 2494(-)s 220 fnt35 3493 10863(&&)m -240 fnt82 845 10578(102)m 2011(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -220 fnt35 3493 10575(&)m 240 fnt82 3695 10578(in)m 3938(the)s -4286(form)s 4810(of)s 5081(0)s 5256(spaces)s 850 10290(103)m -2494(-)s 3493(Body)s 4067(parameters)s 5165(and)s 5569(right)s -6080(parameters)s 7178(of)s 220 fnt35 7449 10287(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -0 9749(Actually)m 883(the)s 1238(precedence)s 2375(of)s 2653(juxtaposition)s -3965(\(tw)s 2(o)k 4461(objects)s 5195(separated)s 6162(by)s -6462(zero)s 6933(spaces\))s 7691(is)s 7908(a)s 8080(little)s -8579(more)s 0 9461(complicated.)m 1333(If)s 1565(either)s 2170(of)s -2443(the)s 2793(tw)s 2(o)k 3205(objects)s 3934(is)s -4146(enclosed)s 5043(in)s 5288(braces,)s 6007(the)s 6357(precedence)s -7489(is)s 7701(7)s 7871(as)s 8123(for)s 8463(one)s -8867(or)s 0 9173(more)m 541(spaces.)s 1322(If)s 1545(neither)s -2262(object)s 2899(is)s 3102(enclosed)s 3991(in)s 4227(braces,)s -4937(the)s 5279(precedence)s 6403(is)s 6606(102)s 7014(as)s -7257(sho)s 6(wn)k 7927(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e.)k -8650(This)s 0 8885(complicated)m 1216(rule)s 1633(seems)s 2258(to)s -2486(accord)s 3171(better)s 3764(with)s 4235(what)s 4750(people)s -5434(e)s 3(xpect)k 6104(and)s 6498(need)s 6998(in)s -7230(practice)s 8031(than)s 8490(a)s 8645(pure)s 0 8597(precedence)m -1131(rule)s 1558(can)s 1947(do.)s 240 fnt84 0 7804(2.6.)m -471(The)s 926(style)s 1446(and)s 1887(size)s 2314(of)s -2586(objects)s 240 fnt82 480 7327(This)m 944(section)s 1666(e)s 3(xplains)k -2499(ho)s 6(w)k 2948(Lout)s 3448(determines)s 4535(the)s -4870(style)s 5365(and)s 5757(size)s 6172(of)s 6431(each)s -6914(object.)s 7650(T)s 19(ogether)k 9(,)k 8579(these)s -0 7039(attrib)m 4(utes)k 935(determine)s 1946(the)s 2294(object')s 13(s)k -3088(\207nal)s 3568(appearance)s 4699(in)s 4942(the)s 5290(output.)s -480 6665(The)m 908(style)s 1415(of)s 1686(an)s 1969(object)s -2613(comprises)s 3633(the)s 3981(follo)s 6(wing:)k 0 6162(\213)m -480(Which)s 1175(font)s 1620(f)s 2(amily)k 15(,)k -2333(f)s 2(ace)k 2784(and)s 3188(size)s 3615(to)s -3854(use)s 4229(\(also)s 4746(de\207ning)s 5584(the)s 220 fnt35 -5932 6159(f)m 240 fnt82 6050 6162(unit\);)m 0 5659(\213)m 480(Whether)s -1363(small)s 1935(capitals)s 2715(are)s 3062(in)s 3305(ef)s 6(fect)k -3901(or)s 4160(not;)s 0 5156(\213)m 480(What)s 1058(g)s 1(ap)k -1456(to)s 1695(replace)s 2440(a)s 2606(single)s 3233(space)s -3820(between)s 4674(tw)s 2(o)k 5084(objects)s 5812(by)s -6106(\(also)s 6623(de\207ning)s 7461(the)s 220 fnt35 7809 5153(s)m -240 fnt82 7972 5156(unit\);)m 0 4653(\213)m 480(The)s 900(interpretation)s -2235(to)s 2465(place)s 3017(on)s 3306(white)s 3884(space)s -4463(separating)s 5490(tw)s 2(o)k 5891(objects)s 6611(\()s -220 fnt35 6684 4650(lout)m 240 fnt82 7033 4653(,)m 220 fnt35 -7132 4650(compress)m 240 fnt82 8077 4653(,)m 220 fnt35 8175 4650(separ)m 2(ate)k -240 fnt82 9019 4653(,)m 220 fnt35 480 4362(troff)m 240 fnt82 -855 4365(,)m 962(or)s 220 fnt35 1221 4362(te)m 6(x)k -240 fnt82 1566 4365(as)m 1816(in)s 2059(Section)s 2833(3.5\);)s -0 3871(\213)m 480(The)s 908(current)s 1644(v)s 6(alue)k -2212(of)s 2483(the)s 220 fnt35 2831 3868(y)m 240 fnt82 -2999 3871(and)m 220 fnt35 3403 3868(z)m 240 fnt82 3567 3871(units)m -4083(of)s 4354(measurement)s 5688(\(Section)s 6541(3.6\);)s 0 3370(\213)m -480(The)s 908(kind)s 1392(of)s 1663(paragraph)s 2676(breaking)s -3566(to)s 3805(emplo)s 2(y)k 4575(\()s 220 fnt35 -4648 3367(adjust)m 240 fnt82 5229 3370(,)m 220 fnt35 5336 3367(r)m 2(agged)k -240 fnt82 6005 3370(,)m 6112(etc.\))s 0 2867(\213)m 480(What)s -1058(g)s 1(ap)k 1456(to)s 1695(insert)s 2285(between)s -3139(the)s 3487(lines)s 3989(of)s 4260(paragraphs)s 5360(\(also)s -5877(de\207ning)s 6715(the)s 220 fnt35 7063 2864(v)m 240 fnt82 -7232 2867(unit\);)m 0 2364(\213)m 480(Whether)s 1363(to)s 1602(permit)s -2285(h)s 1(yphenation)k 3525(or)s 3784(not;)s 0 1861(\213)m -480(What)s 1058(colour)s 1729(the)s 2077(object)s 2721(is)s -2931(to)s 3170(appear)s 3867(in;)s 0 1358(\213)m 480(The)s -908(language)s 1828(of)s 2099(the)s 2447(object;)s 0 855(\213)m -480(Whether)s 220 fnt35 1363 852(@V)m 17(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 -2320 855(,)m 220 fnt35 2427 852(@HAdjust)m 240 fnt82 3473 855(and)m -220 fnt35 3877 852(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 4885 855(are)m -5232(in)s 5475(ef)s 6(fect.)k 0 355(The)m 423(style)s -925(of)s 1191(an)s 1468(object)s 2107(depends)s 2938(on)s -3229(where)s 3864(it)s 4051(appears)s 4827(in)s 5064(the)s -5407(\207nal)s 5882(document.)s 6984(F)s 3(or)k 7368(e)s 3(xample,)k -8277(the)s 8619(style)s 0 67(of)m 286(a)s 467(parameter)s -1497(depends)s 2348(on)s 2661(where)s 3316(it)s 3524(is)s -3749(used;)s 4316(the)s 4679(style)s 5201(of)s 5488(a)s -5669(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6319(is)s 6544(the)s -6908(style)s 7430(of)s 7717(the)s 8080(\207rst)s 8527(tar)s 4(get)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 24 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(24)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(that)m 415(it)s 603(attempts)s -1459(to)s 1695(attach)s 2318(itself)s 2862(to.)s 3208(Of)s -3529(course,)s 4256(the)s 4600(style)s 5103(of)s 5371(an)s 3(y)k -5764(object)s 6404(can)s 6789(be)s 7068(changed)s 7920(by)s -8210(using)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 12914(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 652 12917(,)m 220 fnt35 759 12914(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -1555 12917(,)m 220 fnt35 1662 12914(@Space)m 240 fnt82 2499 12917(,)m -220 fnt35 2606 12914(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 3863 12917(or)m 220 fnt35 -4122 12914(@SetColor)m 240 fnt82 5197 12917(,)m 5304(and)s 220 fnt35 -5708 12914(@Language)m 240 fnt82 6959 12917(symbols.)m 480 12543(There)m 1112(are)s -1479(no)s 1792(standard)s 2680(def)s 2(ault)k 3421(v)s 6(alues)k -4097(for)s 4455(style,)s 5033(e)s 3(xcept)k 5734(that)s -6172(small)s 6764(capitals)s 7564(are)s 7931(initially)s 8747(of)s 6(f,)k -0 12255(the)m 369(interpretation)s 1734(of)s 2026(white)s 2635(space)s -3243(is)s 3475(initially)s 220 fnt35 4292 12252(lout)m 240 fnt82 -4641 12255(,)m 4770(and)s 5195(the)s 5565(v)s 6(alues)k -6242(of)s 6535(the)s 220 fnt35 6904 12252(y)m 240 fnt82 -7094 12255(and)m 220 fnt35 7519 12252(z)m 240 fnt82 7705 12255(units)m -8242(are)s 8611(zero.)s 0 11967(Therefore)m 1000(one)s 1406(must)s -1935(ensure)s 2619(that)s 3041(the)s 3392(root)s 3841(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4479(or)s 4742(each)s 5241(of)s 5515(its)s 5795(components)s -7007(is)s 7221(enclosed)s 8120(in)s 220 fnt35 8367 11964(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 9019 11967(,)m 220 fnt35 0 11676(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -796 11679(,)m 220 fnt35 906 11676(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 2166 11679(or)m -220 fnt35 2428 11676(@SetColor)m 240 fnt82 3503 11679(,)m 3613(and)s -220 fnt35 4020 11676(@Language)m 240 fnt82 5274 11679(symbols.)m 6239(From)s -6820(there)s 7356(the)s 7707(style)s 8217(is)s 8430(passed)s -0 11391(to)m 240(incoming)s 1199(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -1924(and)s 2330(the)s 2679(objects)s 3409(within)s 4078(them.)s -4722(Enclosure)s 5735(in)s 220 fnt35 5980 11388(@Space)m 240 fnt82 -6878 11391(is)m 7090(not)s 7457(required)s 8313(because)s 0 11103(the)m -220 fnt35 348 11100(s)m 240 fnt82 511 11103(unit)m 943(is)s -1153(also)s 1591(set)s 1916(by)s 220 fnt35 2210 11100(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 2922 11103(\(Section)m 3775(3.5\).)s 536 10729(The)m 959(remainder)s -1983(of)s 2249(this)s 2641(section)s 3370(e)s 3(xplains)k -4210(ho)s 6(w)k 4667(the)s 5010(size)s 5433(of)s -5699(each)s 6189(object)s 6829(\(its)s 7179(width)s 7777(and)s -8176(height)s 8829(on)s 0 10441(the)m 353(printed)s 1094(page\))s -1679(is)s 1895(determined.)s 3140(W)s 19(e)k 3514(will)s -3946(treat)s 4434(width)s 5042(only)s 15(,)k 5566(since)s -6118(height)s 6782(is)s 6997(determined)s 8136(in)s 8385(e)s 3(xactly)k -0 10153(the)m 348(same)s 895(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k -1384(e)s 3(xcept)k 2065(that)s 2483(the)s 2831(complications)s -4223(introduced)s 5304(by)s 5598(paragraph)s 6611(breaking)s 7501(are)s -7848(absent.)s 480 9779(W)m 9(ith)k 1006(three)s 1539(e)s 3(xceptions)k -2611(\(see)s 3051(belo)s 6(w\),)k 3817(the)s 4165(width)s -4768(of)s 5039(an)s 5323(object)s 5967(is)s 6178(as)s -6428(lar)s 4(ge)k 6958(as)s 7208(it)s 7401(possibly)s -8253(could)s 8844(be)s 0 9491(without)m 784(violating)s 1679(a)s -220 fnt35 1837 9488(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 2603 9491(symbol)m 3355(or)s -3606(intruding)s 4528(into)s 4945(the)s 5285(space)s 5864(occupied)s -6778(by)s 7064(neighbouring)s 8386(g)s 1(aps)k 8867(or)s -0 9203(objects.)m 841(As)s 1158(an)s 1441(aid)s 1791(to)s -2030(in)s 9(v)k 3(estig)k 1(ating)k 3305(this)s -3701(rule,)s 4179(we)s 4514(will)s 4940(use)s 5315(the)s -5663(de\207nition)s 220 fnt35 480 8702(def @TightBo)m 6(x r)k -3(ight x)k -480 8414({)m 480 8126( "0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto xsiz)k 3(e 0 lineto xsiz)k 3(e ysiz)k 3(e lineto 0 ysiz)k 3(e lineto closepath strok)k 4(e")k -480 7838( @Gr)m 2(aphic x)k 480 7550(})m 240 fnt82 0 7055(which)m -657(dra)s 3(ws)k 1291(a)s 1472(box)s 1903(around)s -2641(the)s 3004(boundary)s 3978(of)s 4265(its)s 4556(right)s -5082(parameter)s 6111(\(Section)s 6980(3.36\))s 7543(with)s 8040(no)s -8349(mar)s 4(gin.)k 0 6767(The)m 428(result)s 1018(of)s -220 fnt35 480 6316(5c @Wide @TightBo)m 6(x metempsychosis)k 240 fnt82 0 5817(is)m -2835 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 5312 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 52(metempsychosis)m -grestore -0 4861(The)m 432(widest)s 1120(that)s 220 fnt35 -1542 4858(@TightBo)m 6(x metempsychosis)k 240 fnt82 4377 4861(could)m 4971(possibly)s -5827(be)s 6113(is)s 6327(\207v)s 3(e)k 6743(centimetres,)s -7954(and)s 8363(accord)s 8998(-)s 0 4573(ingly)m 552(that)s -977(is)s 1194(its)s 1477(width.)s 2193(The)s 2628(same)s -3182(applies)s 3917(to)s 220 fnt35 4163 4570(metempsychosis)m 240 fnt82 -5791 4573(,)m 5905(which)s 6554(is)s 6771(\207v)s 3(e)k -7190(centimetres)s 8348(wide)s 8876(as)s 0 4285(well.)m 583(Note)s -1113(carefully)s 2024(that)s 2451(there)s 2992(is)s 3211(no)s -3513(object)s 4166(in)s 4418(this)s 4822(e)s 3(xample)k -5694(whose)s 6371(width)s 6982(is)s 7200(equal)s 7782(to)s -8030(the)s 8387(sum)s 8855(of)s 0 3997(the)m 348(widths)s -1037(of)s 1308(the)s 1656(letters)s 2289(of)s 220 fnt35 -2560 3994(metempsychosis)m 240 fnt82 4188 3997(.)m 480 3623(The)m 903(\207rst)s -1329(of)s 1595(the)s 1938(three)s 2466(e)s 3(xceptions)k -3532(to)s 3766(the)s 4109(`as)s 4433(wide)s 4949(as)s -5194(possible')s 6085(rule)s 6507(is)s 6712(the)s 220 fnt35 -7055 3620(@HContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 8314 3623(symbol,)m 0 3335(which)m -644(causes)s 1322(the)s 1672(width)s 2277(of)s 2551(its)s -2829(right)s 3343(parameter)s 4360(to)s 4601(be)s 4886(reduced)s -5703(to)s 5945(a)s 6114(reasonable)s 7194(minimum)s 8187(\(a)s -8435(formal)s 0 3047(de\207nition)m 974(will)s 1400(not)s 1766(be)s -2048(attempted\):)s 220 fnt35 480 2546(5c @Wide @HContr)m 2(act @TightBo)k 6(x metempsychosis)k -240 fnt82 0 2047(produces)m 1572 215 0 106 240 288 60 480 1492 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 52(metempsychosis)m -grestore -0 1041(The)m 482(object)s -220 fnt35 1180 1038(@HContr)m 2(act @TightBo)k 6(x metempsychosis)k 240 fnt82 -5334 1041(is)m 5598(still)s 6064(\207v)s 3(e)k 6530(centimetres)s -7735(wide,)s 8361(b)s 4(ut)k 8778(the)s 0 753(object)m -220 fnt35 644 750(@TightBo)m 6(x metempsychosis)k 240 fnt82 3475 753(has)m -3845(been)s 4354(reduced.)s 480 379(The)m 922(second)s 1659(of)s -1945(the)s 2307(three)s 2855(e)s 3(xceptions)k 3940(is)s -4165(the)s 4527(horizontal)s 5565(concatenation)s 6965(symbol)s 220 fnt35 -7739 376(|)m 240 fnt82 7851 379(\(and)m 8348(also)s 220 fnt35 -8801 376(&)m 240 fnt82 8943 379(\).)m 0 91(Consider)m 924(this)s -1320(e)s 3(xample:)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 25 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.6.)m 454(The)s 866(style)s 1356(and)s -1782(size)s 2193(of)s 2474(objects)s 240 fnt84 8833 13840(25)m -220 fnt35 480 13207(5c @Wide @TightBo)m 6(x { A |1c B |1c C })k 240 fnt82 0 12708(As)m -317(usual,)s 929(the)s 1277(right)s 1788(parameter)s 2802(of)s -220 fnt35 3073 12705(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 3847 12708(is)m 4057(\207v)s 3(e)k -4469(centimetres)s 5620(wide,)s 6192(and)s 6596(the)s 6944(result)s -7534(looks)s 8104(lik)s 2(e)k 8516(this:)s 2835 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 12203 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 3(A)m -737(B)s 1447(C)s -grestore -0 11752(Lout)m 512(has)s 882(to)s -1121(apportion)s 2095(the)s 2443(size)s 2870(minus)s 3506(inter)s 4(-column)k -4793(g)s 1(aps)k 5282(among)s 5987(the)s 6335(three)s -6868(columns.)s 480 11378(If)m 707(the)s 1052(columns)s 1911(are)s -2255(wide)s 2772(enough)s 3532(to)s 3768(require)s 4497(paragraph)s -5507(breaking,)s 6447(Lout)s 6956(will)s 7379(assign)s 8031(sizes)s -8543(to)s 8778(the)s 0 11090(columns)m 864(in)s 1110(such)s -1609(a)s 1778(w)s 2(ay)k 2232(as)s 2484(to)s -2726(lea)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3282(narro)s 6(w)k -4010(columns)s 4875(unbrok)s 2(en)k 5837(and)s 6244(break)s -6839(wider)s 7446(columns)s 8311(to)s 8553(equal)s 0 10802(width,)m -652(occup)s 2(ying)k 1702(the)s 2051(full)s 2438(size.)s -2974(Otherwise,)s 4064(paragraph)s 5077(breaking)s 5968(is)s 6179(not)s -6546(required,)s 7450(and)s 7855(each)s 8351(column)s 0 10514(will)m -431(be)s 719(assigned)s 1607(a)s 1779(reasonable)s 2863(minimum)s -3858(size)s 4291(in)s 4540(the)s 4894(manner)s 5677(of)s -220 fnt35 5953 10511(@HContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 7157 10514(,)m -7270(e)s 3(xcept)k 7957(that)s 8381(the)s 8735(last)s -0 10226(column)m 775(recei)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 1599(all)s -1892(the)s 2240(lefto)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 3036(width.)s -3745(F)s 3(or)k 4134(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 9725(5c @Wide { @TightBo)m 6(x A |1c @TightBo)k 6(x B |1c @TightBo)k 6(x C })k 240 fnt82 -0 9226(has)m 370(result)s 170 165 0 57 240 288 60 480 8771 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 3(A)m -grestore -143 165 0 57 240 288 60 1217 8771 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 3(B)m -grestore -1388 165 0 57 240 288 60 1927 8771 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 3(C)m - -grestore -0 8320(If)m 237(it)s 436(is)s 653(desired)s 1408(that)s -1833(the)s 2188(lefto)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 2991(width)s -3600(remain)s 4327(unused,)s 5120(rather)s 5743(than)s 6219(going)s -6825(into)s 7257(the)s 7612(last)s 8010(column,)s 8843(an)s -0 8032(empty)m 654(column)s 1431(can)s 1822(be)s 2106(appended,)s -3133(or)s 3394(the)s 3744(last)s 4137(column)s 4914(can)s -5305(be)s 5589(enclosed)s 6486(in)s 220 fnt35 6731 8029(@HContr)m 2(act)k -240 fnt82 7935 8032(.)m 8101(T)s 19(w)k 2(o)k -8575(other)s 0 7744(w)m 2(ays)k 560(to)s 819(apportion)s -1813(the)s 2181(lefto)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 2997(width)s -3619(are)s 3986(pro)s 3(vided)k 4912(by)s 5226(the)s -220 fnt35 5594 7741(@HExpand)m 240 fnt82 6787 7744(and)m 220 fnt35 -7211 7741(@HAdjust)m 240 fnt82 8277 7744(symbols)m 0 7456(\(Sections)m 940(3.12)s -1414(and)s 1818(3.15\).)s 480 7082(The)m 914(third)s 1430(and)s -1841(\207nal)s 2328(e)s 3(xception)k 3319(to)s 3565(the)s -3920(`as)s 4255(wide)s 4783(as)s 5040(possible')s 5943(rule)s -6377(concerns)s 7285(the)s 7640(components)s 8855(of)s 0 6794(the)m -348(root)s 793(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -1522(Each)s 2057(is)s 2267(considered)s 3361(to)s 3600(be)s -3882(enclosed)s 4777(in)s 220 fnt35 5020 6791(@HContr)m 2(act)k -240 fnt82 6284 6794(and)m 220 fnt35 6688 6791(@VContr)m 2(act)k -240 fnt82 7940 6794(symbols.)m 480 6420(Up)m 836(to)s 1086(this)s -1493(point)s 2056(we)s 2401(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2913(treated)s 3631(width)s 4244(as)s 4505(a)s 4681(single)s -5319(quantity)s 15(,)k 6206(b)s 4(ut)k 6579(of)s -6860(course)s 7551(it)s 7754(has)s 8135(tw)s 2(o)k -8556(parts:)s 0 6132(width)m 602(to)s 841(left)s 1218(and)s -1622(right)s 2133(of)s 2404(the)s 2752(mark.)s 3407(The)s -3835(`as)s 4164(wide)s 4685(as)s 4935(possible')s 5831(rule)s -6258(applies)s 6986(to)s 7225(both)s 7708(directions:)s 220 fnt35 -480 5631(@HContr)m 2(act { @TightBo)k 6(x 953^.05 /0.5c @TightBo)k 6(x 2^.8286 })k 240 fnt82 -0 5132(has)m 370(result)s 877 170 344 59 240 288 60 480 4672 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -0 5(953)m 344(.05)s -grestore -877 167 344 57 240 288 60 480 4222 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -230 3(2)m -344(.8286)s -grestore -0 3771(Lefto)m 3(v)k 3(er)k 868(width)s -1461(usually)s 2197(goes)s 2678(to)s 2908(the)s 3247(right,)s -3796(as)s 4037(we)s 4364(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4856(seen,)s 5379(b)s 4(ut)k 5732(here)s 6190(some)s -6742(width)s 7335(w)s 2(as)k 7747(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -8646(only)s 0 3483(to)m 239(the)s 587(left)s 964(of)s -220 fnt35 1235 3480(2.8286)m 240 fnt82 1958 3483(o)m 6(wing)k -2604(to)s 2843(the)s 3191(column)s 3966(mark)s 4518(alignment.)s -240 fnt84 0 2690(2.7.)m 471(Galleys)s 1282(and)s 1723(tar)s 2(gets)k -240 fnt82 480 2213(The)m 909(beha)s 4(viour)k 1924(of)s -2197(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2923(and)s 3328(their)s -3827(tar)s 4(gets,)k 4568(as)s 4820(described)s 5796(in)s -6040(Section)s 6816(1.4,)s 7225(can)s 7616(be)s 7900(summarized)s -0 1925(in)m 243(three)s 776(la)s 3(ws:)k 240 fnt83 -0 1473(F)m 10(ir)k 2(st)k 540(Law)s 240 fnt82 -949 1471(:)m 1139(The)s 1592(\207rst)s 2047(tar)s 4(get)k -2671(is)s 2905(the)s 3278(closest)s 4012(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5091(of)s 5386(the)s 5759(tar)s 4(get)k 6382(symbol,)s -7219(either)s 7846(preceding)s 8867(or)s 0 1183(follo)m 6(wing)k -972(the)s 1315(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 2363(point)s -2910(of)s 3175(the)s 3518(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4146(as)s 4391(required,)s 5288(which)s 5925(has)s 6289(suf\207cient)s -7233(space)s 7814(to)s 8048(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -8778(the)s 0 895(\207rst)m 431(component;)s 240 fnt83 0 392(Second)m -773(Law)s 240 fnt82 1182 390(:)m 1364(Each)s 1915(subsequent)s -3055(tar)s 4(get)k 3670(is)s 3896(the)s 4259(closest)s -4985(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6055(of)s 6342(the)s -6706(tar)s 4(get)k 7321(symbol,)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 26 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(26)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(the)m 337(pre)s 6(vious)k -1195(tar)s 4(get)k 1783(and)s 2176(lying)s 2710(within)s -3367(the)s 3704(same)s 4240(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -4901(which)s 5532(has)s 5891(suf\207cient)s 6829(space)s 7405(to)s -7633(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 8358(the)s 8695(\207rst)s -0 12917(remaining)m 1022(component;)s 240 fnt83 0 12414(Thir)m 8(d)k -607(Law)s 240 fnt82 1016 12412(:)m 1199(A)s 1446(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -2385(symbol)s 3162(that)s 3597(does)s 4104(not)s 4487(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5240(at)s 5489(least)s 6003(one)s 6422(component)s 7563(of)s -7851(an)s 3(y)k 8265(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -8916(is)s 0 12124(replaced)m 867(by)s 220 fnt35 1161 12121(@Null)m -240 fnt82 1746 12124(.)m 0 11621(The)m 436(terms)s 1025(`closest,)s 16(')k -1918(`preceding,)s 16(')k 3104(and)s 3516(`follo)s 6(wing')k -4639(refer)s 5156(to)s 5403(position)s 6239(in)s 6490(the)s -6846(\207nal)s 7334(printed)s 8078(document.)s 0 11333(This)m 476(section)s -1210(e)s 3(xplains)k 2055(the)s 2403(operation)s 3363(of)s -3634(these)s 4181(la)s 3(ws)k 4667(in)s 4910(Basser)s -5607(Lout.)s 480 10959(When)m 1100(a)s 1257(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1881(cannot)s 2570(be)s 2843(\207tted)s 3382(into)s 3798(just)s -4194(one)s 4586(tar)s 4(get,)k 5223(Lout)s 5726(must)s -6241(\207nd)s 6663(points)s 7290(in)s 7523(the)s 7862(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -8486(where)s 0 10671(it)m 191(can)s 579(be)s 860(split)s -1330(in)s 1572(tw)s 2(o.)k 2091(The)s 2518(object)s -3161(lying)s 3705(between)s 4558(tw)s 2(o)k 4966(neighbouring)s -6295(potential)s 7185(split)s 7655(points)s 8290(is)s 8498(called)s -0 10383(a)m 240 fnt83 166 10385(component)m 240 fnt82 1281 10383(of)m -1552(the)s 1900(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -2629(By)s 2963(de\207nition,)s 3987(a)s 4153(component)s 5277(cannot)s -5975(be)s 6257(split.)s 480 10009(T)m 19(o)k 813(determine)s -1857(the)s 2239(components)s 3480(of)s 3785(a)s 3984(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -4690(e)s 3(xpand)k 5470(all)s 5797(symbols)s 6679(other)s -7264(than)s 7766(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 8722(and)s -0 9721(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k 909(ones,)s 1442(discard)s -2177(all)s 220 fnt35 2457 9718(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 -3109 9721(,)m 220 fnt35 3203 9718(@Break)m 240 fnt82 3999 9721(,)m -220 fnt35 4093 9718(@Space)m 240 fnt82 4930 9721(,)m 220 fnt35 -5024 9718(@SetColor)m 240 fnt82 6099 9721(,)m 220 fnt35 6193 9718(@SetColour)m -240 fnt82 7390 9721(,)m 7484(and)s 220 fnt35 7875 9718(@Language)m -240 fnt82 0 9433(symbols,)m 908(perform)s 1740(paragraph)s 2756(breaking)s -3649(as)s 3902(required,)s 4809(and)s 5216(discard)s 5967(all)s -6263(redundant)s 7283(braces.)s 8060(Then)s 8613(vie)s 6(w)k -0 9145(the)m 367(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1020(as)s -1290(a)s 1475(sequence)s 2428(of)s 2718(one)s 3140(or)s -3418(more)s 3984(objects)s 4732(separated)s 5711(by)s 6025(v)s 3(ertical)k -6811(concatenation)s 8216(symbols;)s 0 8857(these)m 567(are)s 935(the)s -1304(components)s 2533(and)s 2958(split)s 3450(points,)s 4163(e)s 3(xcept)k -4865(that)s 5304(concatenation)s 6710(symbols)s 7580(whose)s 8269(g)s 1(aps)k -8779(are)s 0 8569(unbreakable)m 1225(\(Section)s 2078(3.2\))s 2506(are)s -2853(not)s 3219(eligible)s 3991(to)s 4230(be)s 4512(split)s -4983(points.)s 5732(F)s 3(or)k 6121(e)s 3(xample,)k -7035(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 7615(the)s 7963(de\207nition)s -220 fnt35 480 8068(def @Section into { @SectionPlace&&preceding })m 480 7780( named @Title {})m 480 7492( r)m -3(ight @Body)k -480 7204({)m 480 6916( 15p @F)m 6(ont { @Title //0.7f })k 480 6628( //)m 480 6340( @Body)m -480 6052(})m 240 fnt82 0 5558(the)m 348(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -220 fnt35 480 5057(@Section)m 480 4769( @Title { Introduction })m 480 4481({ )m 11(This is a subject that really)k -480 4193(needs no introduction.)m 13( })k 240 fnt82 0 3699(becomes)m 220 fnt35 -480 3252(Introduction)m 480 2964(//0.7f)m 480 2676({})m 480 2388(//)m 480 2100(This is a subject that really needs)m -480 1812(//1vx)m 480 1524(no introduction.)m 240 fnt82 0 1070(with)m 482(four)s -939(components.)s 2260(If)s 220 fnt35 2489 1067(@Body)m 240 fnt82 -3269 1070(had)m 3673(been)s 4181(preceded)s 5102(by)s 220 fnt35 -5395 1067(|1.0c)m 240 fnt82 5921 1070(in)m 6164(the)s 6511(de\207nition,)s -7535(the)s 7882(result)s 8471(w)s 2(ould)k 0 782(ha)m 4(v)k 3(e)k -501(been)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 27 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.7.)m 454(Galle)s 7(ys)k 1232(and)s -1658(tar)s 8(g)k 2(ets)k 240 fnt84 8831 13840(27)m -220 fnt35 480 13211(Introduction)m 480 12923(//0.7f)m 480 12635({})m 480 12347(//)m -480 12059(|1.0c { )m 11(This is a subject that really needs //1vx no introduction.)k 13( })k 240 fnt82 0 11561(with)m -220 fnt35 524 11558(//1vx)m 240 fnt82 1089 11561(b)m 4(uried)k -1796(within)s 2507(one)s 2951(component)s 4118(and)s 4564(hence)s -5221(not)s 5629(a)s 5838(potential)s 6771(split)s 7285(point.)s -7983(If)s 220 fnt35 8256 11558(0.7f)m 240 fnt82 8722 11561(had)m -0 11273(been)m 220 fnt35 525 11270(0.7fu)m 240 fnt82 999 11273(,)m -1123(the)s 1488(g)s 1(ap)k 1903(w)s 2(ould)k -2575(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3092(been)s 3618(unbreakable)s -4860(and)s 220 fnt35 5281 11270(//0.7fu)m 240 fnt82 5954 11273(w)m 2(ould)k -6625(not)s 7008(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7526(been)s -8052(a)s 8235(potential)s 0 10985(split)m 471(point.)s 480 10611(V)m 26(ersion)k -1310(3.03)s 1816(has)s 2228(liberalized)s 3335(this)s 3773(some)s 6(what)k -4840(in)s 5125(the)s 5515(follo)s 6(wing)k 6534(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k -7122(When)s 7793(a)s 8002(component)s 0 10323(consists)m 808(of)s -1080(a)s 1247(horizontal)s 2271(sequence)s 3205(of)s 3477(tw)s 2(o)k -3887(or)s 4147(more)s 4695(objects)s 240 fnt83 5423 10325(A)m -168 fnt78 5558 10232(1)m 240 fnt78 5637 10317(,)m 5746(\274)s -6046(,)s 240 fnt83 6155 10325(A)m 168 fnt83 6290 10238(n)m -240 fnt82 6431 10323(separated)m 7391(by)s 220 fnt35 7686 10320(|)m -240 fnt82 7784 10323(\(not)m 220 fnt35 8229 10320(||)m 240 fnt82 -8323 10323(,)m 8431(not)s 220 fnt35 8798 10320(&)m 240 fnt82 -8940 10323(\),)m 0 10035(Lout)m 506(will)s 926(in)s 9(v)k 3(estig)k 1(ate)k -1998(the)s 2339(component)s 3457(to)s 3690(see)s 4044(whether)s -4868(it)s 5054(can)s 5436(be)s 5712(brok)s 2(en)k -6426(up.)s 6823(It)s 7022(looks)s 7586(at)s 7811(each)s -240 fnt83 8300 10037(A)m 168 fnt83 8435 9950(i)m 240 fnt82 -8533 10035(to)m 8765(see)s 0 9747(whether)m 830(it)s 1023(is)s -1234(a)s 1401(v)s 3(ertical)k 2169(concatenation)s 3555(of)s -3827(objects)s 240 fnt83 4556 9749(A)m 168 fnt83 4691 9662(i)m -168 fnt78 4743 9656(1)m 240 fnt78 4822 9741(,)m 4932(\274)s -5232(,)s 240 fnt83 5342 9749(A)m 168 fnt83 5477 9662(im)m -240 fnt82 5641 9747(;)m 5754(if)s 5972(tw)s 2(o)k -6383(or)s 6643(more)s 7191(of)s 7463(the)s 240 fnt83 -7812 9749(A)m 168 fnt83 7947 9662(i)m 240 fnt82 8052 9747(satisfy)m -8730(this)s 0 9459(condition,)m 1009(the)s 1354(component)s 2475(will)s -2898(not)s 3262(be)s 3541(brok)s 2(en)k 4258(up.)s -4659(So)s 4962(no)s 6(w)k 5421(suppose)s 6246(we)s -6578(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7076(just)s 7479(one)s -240 fnt83 7878 9461(A)m 168 fnt83 8013 9374(i)m 240 fnt82 -8114 9459(which)m 8753(is)s 8960(a)s 0 9171(v)m 3(ertical)k -757(concatenation.)s 2239(Lout)s 2741(will)s 3156(break)s 3738(the)s -4076(component)s 5189(into)s 5604(one)s 5996(component)s 7109(for)s -7437(each)s 7922(of)s 8182(the)s 240 fnt83 8520 9173(A)m -168 fnt83 8655 9086(i)m 168 fnt78 8707 9080(1)m 240 fnt78 -8775 9165(,)m 8851(\274)s 3 8877(,)m 240 fnt83 80 8885(A)m -168 fnt83 215 8798(im)m 240 fnt82 379 8883(,)m 476(pro)s 3(vided)k -1373(that)s 1781(the)s 3(y)k 2234(are)s 2571(separated)s -3521(by)s 220 fnt35 3806 8880(//)m 240 fnt82 3981 8883(symbols)m -4820(\(not)s 220 fnt35 5255 8880(/)m 240 fnt82 5319 8883(\),)m -5495(and)s 5890(pro)s 3(vided)k 6786(this)s 7172(can)s -7551(be)s 7823(done)s 8335(without)s 0 8595(introducing)m 1155(an)s 3(y)k -1550(apparent)s 2431(change)s 3164(into)s 3587(the)s 3933(appearance)s -5062(of)s 5332(the)s 5678(component)s 6800(\(this)s 7274(second)s -7995(rule)s 8420(will)s 8844(be)s 0 8307(satis\207ed)m 847(if)s -1071(the)s 1426(other)s 240 fnt83 1984 8309(A)m 168 fnt83 -2119 8222(j)m 240 fnt82 2232 8307(are)m 2586(not)s 2959(v)s 3(ery)k -3442(lar)s 4(ge\).)k 4165(The)s 4600(e)s 3(xample)k -5470(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 6099(satis\207es)s 6913(all)s -7213(these)s 7767(rules)s 8289(and)s 8700(will)s 0 7996(be)m -282(brok)s 2(en)k 1002(up)s 1295(into)s 1720(tw)s 2(o)k -2130(components,)s 3394(so)s 3660(the)s 220 fnt35 4008 7993(//1vx)m -240 fnt82 4530 7996(becomes)m 5418(a)s 5584(potential)s 6475(split)s -6946(point)s 7498(after)s 7994(all.)s 480 7622(The)m 913(lines)s -1421(of)s 1697(a)s 1869(paragraph)s 2887(become)s 3693(separate)s -4536(components)s 5750(if)s 5972(the)s 6326(paragraph)s 7344(occupies)s -8238(an)s 8527(entire)s 0 7334(component)m 1151(before)s 1844(breaking;)s -2820(otherwise)s 3833(the)s 3(y)k 4323(are)s 4697(enclosed)s -5619(in)s 5890(a)s 220 fnt35 6083 7331(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 7241 7334(symbol)m 8028(within)s 8724(one)s 0 7046(component.)m -1237(The)s 1675(same)s 2232(is)s 2452(true)s 2888(of)s -3169(incoming)s 4136(components)s 5354(of)s 5635(other)s 6195(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -7042(If)s 7282(a)s 220 fnt35 7458 7043(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 8366 7046(symbol)m 0 6758(occupies)m 892(an)s 1180(entire)s -1783(component)s 2912(by)s 3211(the)s 3563(rules)s 4083(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k -4761(then)s 5234(the)s 5587(incoming)s 6549(components)s 7761(that)s -8184(replace)s 8934(it)s 0 6470(become)m 800(components)s 2008(of)s -2279(their)s 2776(ne)s 6(w)k 3223(home:)s 220 fnt35 -480 5916(An e)m 6(xample)k 480 5628(//0.5c)m 480 5340(@Galle)m 4(y)k -480 5052(//0.5c)m 480 4764(@SomethingList)m 240 fnt78 2500 5625(\336)m 220 fnt35 -3141 5916(An e)m 6(xample)k 3141 5628(//0.5c)m 3141 5340(Incoming components)m 3141 5052(//0.2c)m -3141 4764(from some other galle)m 4(y)k 3141 4476(//0.5c)m 3141 4188(@SomethingList)m 240 fnt82 -0 3632(Otherwise)m 1062(the)s 1435(incoming)s 2416(components)s 3649(are)s -4020(grouped)s 4888(within)s 5580(a)s 220 fnt35 5771 3629(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 6926 3632(symbol)m 7711(and)s 8139(lie)s 8458(within)s -0 3344(one)m 402(component.)s 480 2970(This)m 985(distinction)s 2080(has)s -2480(a)s 2675(mark)s 2(ed)k 3477(ef)s 6(fect)k -4103(on)s 4429(the)s 4806(v)s 3(ertical)k 5603(concatenation)s -7017(symbol)s 220 fnt35 7806 2967(//1.1b)m 240 fnt82 8347 2970(,)m -8484(which)s 0 2682(calls)m 509(for)s 868(more)s 1436(space)s -2045(than)s 2535(is)s 2766(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -3695(\(Section)s 4570(3.2\).)s 5134(There)s 5768(is)s 5999(no)s -6314(room)s 6900(for)s 7259(this)s 7676(symbol)s 8458(within)s -0 2394(an)m 3(y)k 402(component,)s 1579(so)s 1851(it)s -2049(will)s 2481(force)s 3033(a)s 3205(split)s 3682(and)s -4092(be)s 4379(discarded)s 5359(in)s 5608(that)s 6032(case.)s -6613(But)s 7025(it)s 7223(can)s 7618(be)s 7906(promoted)s -8887(to)s 0 2106(between)m 854(tw)s 2(o)k 1264(components.)s -480 1732(Components)m 1749(may)s 2223(be)s 2513(separated)s 3481(by)s -220 fnt35 3783 1729(/)m 240 fnt82 3914 1732(as)m 4172(well)s -4646(as)s 4904(by)s 220 fnt35 5206 1729(//)m 240 fnt82 -5331 1732(,)m 5445(gi)s 6(ving)k 6112(rise)s 6520(to)s -6767(column)s 7550(mark)s 8110(alignment)s 0 1444(between)m 854(adjacent)s -1710(components:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 28 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(28)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s gsave -480 12008 translate -240 fnt82 1701 1360 567 1360 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1701 1360 567 1360 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1134 340 567 340 240 288 60 0 1020 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore -1134 340 0 340 240 288 60 567 510 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore -736 340 283 340 240 288 60 284 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt82 0 11557(When)m 688(aligned)s 1509(components)s -2777(are)s 3183(promoted)s 4218(into)s 4702(dif)s 6(ferent)k -5637(tar)s 4(gets,)k 6435(the)s 6843(meaning)s 7779(of)s -8110(alignment)s 0 11269(becomes)m 882(v)s 3(ery)k 1351(doubtful.)s -2319(F)s 3(or)k 2702(e)s 3(xample,)k 3609(what)s -4127(if)s 4338(the)s 4679(tar)s 4(gets)k 5355(are)s -5696(in)s 5932(dif)s 6(ferent)k 6800(columns)s 7656(of)s -7920(one)s 8315(page,)s 8867(or)s 0 10981(what)m 525(if)s -742(one)s 1144(lies)s 1526(within)s 220 fnt35 2194 10978(90d @Rotate)m -240 fnt82 3482 10981(?)m 480 10607(The)m 908(truth)s 1416(is)s -1626(that)s 220 fnt35 2044 10604(/)m 240 fnt82 2168 10607(causes)m -2843(all)s 3136(the)s 3484(objects)s 4212(that)s 4630(share)s -5190(a)s 5356(mark)s 5908(to)s 6147(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6648(equal)s 7221(width:)s 1701 1360 567 1360 240 288 60 480 8907 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1701 1360 567 1360 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1701 340 567 340 240 288 60 0 1020 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -1134 340 567 340 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1701 340 567 340 240 288 60 0 510 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -1134 340 0 340 240 288 60 567 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1701 340 567 340 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke -grestore -736 340 283 340 240 288 60 284 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath 0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 8455(This)m 495(is)s 724(a)s -909(consequence)s 2207(of)s 2497(the)s 2864(`as)s 3212(wide)s -3753(as)s 4022(possible')s 4937(rule)s 5383(\(Section)s 6255(2.6\).)s -6817(Mark)s 7415(alignment)s 8451(occurs)s 240 fnt83 0 8169(incidentally)m -240 fnt82 1124 8167(,)m 1231(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -2212(the)s 2560(fragments)s 3566(are)s 3913(placed)s 4595(into)s -5020(similar)s 5742(conte)s 3(xts.)k 480 7793(In)m 723(this)s -1106(connection)s 2200(we)s 2521(must)s 3033(also)s 3458(consider)s -4315(the)s 4649(special)s 5354(case)s 5808(of)s 6066(a)s -220 fnt35 6218 7790(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 7103 7793(symbol)m -7850(which)s 8478(shares)s 0 7505(its)m 276(column)s 1051(mark)s -1603(with)s 2085(some)s 2646(other)s 3197(object:)s 220 fnt35 -480 7004(@Galle)m 4(y)k 480 6716(/0.2c)m 480 6428(@SomethingList)m 240 fnt82 -0 5929(\(The)m 220 fnt35 501 5926(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -1392 5929(may)m 1851(or)s 2104(may)s 2563(not)s 2922(occup)s 2(y)k -3660(an)s 3936(entire)s 4528(component;)s 5698(that)s 6109(doesn')s 4(t)k -6862(matter)s 7525(here.\))s 8177(If)s 8400(incom)s 8998(-)s -0 5641(ing)m 355(components)s 1559(are)s 1901(separated)s 2857(by)s -220 fnt35 3147 5638(//)m 240 fnt82 3327 5641(rather)m 3939(than)s -4404(by)s 220 fnt35 4693 5638(/)m 240 fnt82 4757 5641(,)m -4860(the)s 5204(meaning)s 6076(is)s 6282(so)s 6544(doubtful)s -7405(that)s 7819(this)s 8211(is)s 8416(forbid)s 8998(-)s -0 5353(den.)m 496(In)s 738(f)s 2(act,)k 1186(a)s -1337(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1957(whose)s 2611(components)s -3804(replace)s 4535(such)s 5017(a)s 220 fnt35 5168 5350(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 6052 5353(must)m 6563(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -7049(a)s 7201(single)s 7814(column)s 8574(mark)s 0 5065(running)m -783(its)s 1043(full)s 1413(length;)s 2108(that)s 2510(is,)s -2760(its)s 3021(components)s 4213(must)s 4722(all)s 4999(share)s -5544(a)s 5694(single)s 6305(column)s 7065(mark.)s 7704(This)s -8164(mark)s 8700(will)s 0 4777(be)m 281(mer)s 4(ged)k -1050(with)s 1530(the)s 1876(column)s 2649(mark)s 3199(passing)s -3969(through)s 4769(each)s 220 fnt35 5262 4774(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 6158 4777(that)m 6574(these)s 7119(components)s 8325(replace;)s -0 4489(all)m 293(the)s 641(objects)s 1369(on)s 1666(the)s -2014(resulting)s 2903(mer)s 4(ged)k 3674(mark)s 4226(will)s -4652(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 5153(equal)s 5726(width.)s -480 4115(The)m 906(root)s 1348(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -2018(where)s 2655(e)s 6(v)k 3(erything)k 3720(collects)s -4497(immediately)s 5742(prior)s 6264(to)s 6500(output,)s 7217(is)s -7424(created)s 8168(automati)s 8998(-)s 0 3827(cally)m 15(,)k -556(not)s 921(by)s 1214(a)s 1379(de\207nition.)s 2459(Its)s -2747(tar)s 4(get)k 3346(is)s 3555(the)s 3902(output)s -4573(\207le,)s 4984(and)s 5387(its)s 5663(object)s 6306(is)s -6515(the)s 6862(entire)s 7460(input,)s 8058(which)s 8699(typ)s -8998(-)s 0 3539(ically)m 584(looks)s 1154(lik)s 2(e)k -1566(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 3038(@P)m 8(ageList)k 480 2750(//)m -480 2462(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xt {)k 480 2174( Body te)m 6(xt of the document ...)k -480 1886(})m 240 fnt82 0 1392(where)m 220 fnt35 639 1389(@P)m 8(ageList)k -240 fnt82 1761 1392(e)m 3(xpands)k 2592(to)s 2830(a)s -2994(sequence)s 3925(of)s 4195(pages)s 4789(containing)s 220 fnt35 -5850 1389(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 7067 1392(symbols)m -7914(\(see)s 8352(Section)s 0 1104(1.2\),)m 486(and)s 220 fnt35 -890 1101(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k 240 fnt82 1564 1104(is)m -1774(a)s 1940(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y:)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 29 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.7.)m 454(Galle)s 7(ys)k 1232(and)s -1658(tar)s 8(g)k 2(ets)k 240 fnt84 8832 13840(29)m -220 fnt35 480 13207(def @T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace { @Galle)k 4(y })k -480 12631(def @T)m 26(e)k 6(xt into { @T)k 26(e)k 6(xtPlace&&preceding })k -480 12343( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 12055({)m 480 11767( x)m 480 11479(})m -240 fnt82 0 10985(The)m 428(spot)s 886(v)s 6(acated)k -1668(by)s 1961(a)s 2127(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2760(\211)s 2940(its)s 3215(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4268(point)s 4820(\211)s 4999(becomes)s 5887(a)s 220 fnt35 -6052 10982(@Null)m 240 fnt82 6697 10985(object,)m 7387(so)s 7653(this)s -8048(root)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 10697(is)m -210(ef)s 6(fecti)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k 220 fnt35 -1269 10694(@P)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 2393 10697(alone,)m 3018(as)s -3269(required.)s 4229(The)s 220 fnt35 4657 10694(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 5331 10697(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5965(will)s -6392(\207nd)s 6823(its)s 7099(\207rst)s 7530(tar)s 4(get)k -8130(preceding)s 0 10409(its)m 276(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1330(point,)s 1929(within)s 220 fnt35 2597 10406(@P)m 8(ageList)k -240 fnt82 3661 10409(.)m 480 10035(Printing)m 1308(the)s 1661(root)s -2112(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2751(on)s 3054(the)s -3407(output)s 4085(\207le)s 4451(is)s 4666(some)s 6(what)k -5696(problematical,)s 7121(because)s 7940(Lout)s 8457(has)s 8833(no)s -0 9747(w)m 2(ay)k 461(of)s 742(kno)s 6(wing)k -1638(ho)s 6(w)k 2109(lar)s 4(ge)k 2648(the)s -3006(paper)s 3607(is.)s 3941(Basser)s 4648(Lout)s 5170(simply)s -5885(prints)s 6490(one)s 6902(root)s 7357(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -8002(component)s 0 9459(per)m 355(page)s 852(\(e)s 3(xcept)k -1601(it)s 1782(skips)s 2314(components)s 3511(of)s 3771(height)s -4418(zero\),)s 5005(and)s 5398(the)s 5735(user)s 6182(is)s -6381(responsible)s 7515(for)s 7842(ensuring)s 8708(that)s 0 9171(each)m -504(component)s 1637(is)s 1856(page-sized.)s 3051(Gaps)s 3603(between)s -4466(root)s 4920(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5563(components,)s -6836(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 7345(unbreakable)s 8580(ones,)s -0 8883(ha)m 4(v)k 3(e)k 501(no)s 794(ef)s 6(fect)k -1390(on)s 1687(the)s 2035(result.)s 480 8509(Basser)m 1204(Lout)s -1744(will)s 2198(promote)s 3079(a)s 3273(component)s 4425(only)s -4933(after)s 5457(an)s 3(y)k 5882(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -6832(symbols)s 7709(within)s 8405(it)s 8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -0 8221(been)m 509(replaced,)s 1426(either)s 2029(by)s 2324(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3048(or)s 3308(by)s 220 fnt35 3602 8218(@Null)m 240 fnt82 -4187 8221(,)m 4295(since)s 4842(until)s 5336(then)s 5805(the)s -6154(component)s 7278(is)s 7489(not)s 7855(complete.)s 8896(A)s -0 7933(component)m 1109(which)s 1736(shares)s 2369(a)s 2520(mark)s -3057(with)s 3524(follo)s 6(wing)k 4486(components)s 5679(is)s -5874(held)s 6329(up)s 6607(until)s 7085(the)s 3(y)k -7533(are)s 7865(all)s 8143(complete,)s 0 7645(since)m 547(until)s -1040(then)s 1509(their)s 2006(width)s 2608(is)s 2818(uncertain.)s -480 7271(Consider)m 1409(a)s 1581(page)s 2095(with)s 220 fnt35 -2583 7268(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 3806 7271(and)m -220 fnt35 4216 7268(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 5373 7271(recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -6301(symbols.)s 7268(The)s 7702(rule)s 8135(just)s 8546(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -0 6983(will)m 418(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k 1177(the)s -1517(page)s 2016(from)s 2531(being)s 3108(printed)s 3834(until)s -220 fnt35 4319 6980(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 -5528 6983(is)m 5729(replaced)s 6588(by)s 6873(body)s 7399(te)s 3(xt,)k -7852(quite)s 8377(rightly;)s 0 6695(b)m 4(ut)k 220 fnt35 -362 6692(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 1513 6695(will)m 1939(also)s -2377(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k 3145(its)s 3421(printing,)s -4285(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 4785(when)s 5361(there)s -5894(are)s 6241(no)s 6534(footnotes.)s 480 6321(Basser)m 1187(Lout)s -1709(is)s 1930(k)s 2(een)k 2447(to)s 2696(write)s -3253(out)s 3629(pages)s 4235(as)s 4496(soon)s 5016(as)s -5276(possible,)s 6178(to)s 6427(sa)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6911(memory)s 15(,)k 7811(and)s 8225(it)s 8428(cannot)s -0 6033(af)m 6(ford)k 624(to)s 852(w)s 2(ait)k -1309(fore)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 2038(for)s 2365(non-e)s 3(xistent)k -3592(footnotes.)s 4635(A)s 4854(v)s 6(ariant)k 5559(of)s -5819(the)s 6156(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6778(concept,)s -7618(called)s 8235(a)s 240 fnt83 8389 6035(for)m 8(cing)k -0 5747(galle)m 7(y)k 240 fnt82 573 5745(,)m 680(is)s -890(introduced)s 1971(to)s 2210(solv)s 3(e)k 2768(this)s -3164(problem.)s 4125(A)s 4355(forcing)s 5098(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5732(is)s 5942(de\207ned)s 6705(lik)s 2(e)k 7117(this:)s -220 fnt35 480 5244(def @T)m 26(e)k 6(xt f)k 6(orce into { @T)k 26(e)k 6(xtPlace&&preceding })k -480 4956( ...)m 240 fnt82 0 4505(and)m 392(so)s 646(on.)s -1037(When)s 1654(such)s 2138(a)s 2291(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2913(replaces)s 3734(a)s 220 fnt35 3887 4502(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 4773 4505(symbol,)m 5573(Lout)s 6072(replaces)s 6893(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -7457(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 8366(symbol)s 0 4217(preceding)m -1004(the)s 220 fnt35 1360 4214(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -2266 4217(by)m 220 fnt35 2568 4214(@Null)m 240 fnt82 3153 4217(,)m -3268(thus)s 3726(ensuring)s 4611(that)s 5038(as)s 5296(soon)s -5814(as)s 6072(te)s 3(xt)k 6495(enters)s 7124(a)s -7298(page,)s 7865(for)s 8212(e)s 3(xample,)k 0 3929(e)m 6(v)k 3(erything)k -1064(up)s 1354(to)s 1590(and)s 1991(including)s 2945(the)s -3289(preceding)s 4282(page)s 4787(can)s 5173(be)s 5452(printed.)s -6290(This)s 6762(does)s 7249(not)s 7612(tak)s 2(e)k -8061(care)s 8511(of)s 8778(the)s 0 3641(v)m 3(ery)k -479(last)s 873(page,)s 1435(b)s 4(ut)k 1801(Basser)s -2501(Lout)s 3016(replaces)s 3852(all)s 4149(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5074(symbols)s 5926(by)s 220 fnt35 6223 3638(@Null)m 240 fnt82 -6872 3641(when)m 7451(it)s 7646(realizes)s 8428(that)s 8850(its)s -0 3353(input)m 552(has)s 922(all)s 1215(been)s 1724(read,)s -2242(thus)s 2692(allo)s 6(wing)k 3576(the)s 3924(last)s -4315(page)s 4823(to)s 5062(print.)s 480 2979(A)m 714(forcing)s -1461(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2099(causes)s 2779(the)s -3131(Third)s 3724(La)s 3(w)k 4204(to)s 4448(be)s -4734(applied)s 5500(earlier)s 6172(than)s 6646(e)s 3(xpected,)k -7604(and)s 8012(this)s 8413(creates)s 0 2691(tw)m 2(o)k -425(problems.)s 1495(First,)s 2055(the)s 2419(replacement)s 3662(by)s -220 fnt35 3972 2688(@Null)m 240 fnt82 4633 2691(may)m 5114(be)s -5412(premature:)s 6562(a)s 6744(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7394(may)s 7876(turn)s 8334(up)s 8643(later)s 0 2403(w)m 2(anting)k -869(one)s 1318(of)s 1636(the)s 2032(defunct)s 2856(tar)s 4(gets.)k -3699(Such)s 4283(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 5054(\(entries)s -5867(in)s 6157(tables)s 6813(of)s 7131(contents)s 8026(are)s -8421(typical)s 0 2115(e)m 3(xamples\))k 1020(are)s 1358(copied)s -2045(into)s 2461(the)s 2801(cross)s 3334(reference)s 4268(database)s -5138(and)s 5534(read)s 5994(in)s 6228(during)s 6897(the)s -7237(ne)s 3(xt)k 7697(run)s 8064(just)s 8460(before)s -0 1827(their)m 488(tar)s 4(gets)k 1161(are)s 1498(closed,)s -2206(and)s 2600(so)s 2856(the)s 3(y)k 3309(\207nd)s -3730(their)s 4217(tar)s 4(gets)k 4891(in)s 5124(the)s -5462(end.)s 5962(Care)s 6459(must)s 6974(be)s 7246(tak)s 2(en)k -7809(to)s 8038(ensure)s 8708(that)s 0 1539(lar)m 4(ge)k -526(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1247(such)s 1739(as)s -1986(chapters)s 2829(and)s 3230(sections)s 4047(do)s 4337(not)s -4700(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 5197(defunct)s 5971(tar)s 4(gets,)k -6706(since)s 7250(the)s 7594(cost)s 8036(of)s 8303(cop)s 2(ying)k -0 1251(them)m 538(to)s 777(and)s 1181(from)s 1705(the)s -2053(database)s 2932(is)s 3142(unacceptably)s 4458(high.)s 480 877(It)m -694(is)s 914(actually)s 1734(an)s 2027(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 4(-simpli\207cation)k -3901(to)s 4150(say)s 4533(that)s 4961(these)s 5517(replacements)s -6838(occur)s 7439(when)s 8025(the)s 8383(forcing)s 0 589(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -633(replaces)s 1464(its)s 220 fnt35 1738 586(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 2576 589(.)m 2738(What)s 3315(really)s 3910(happens)s -4744(is)s 4952(that)s 5368(from)s 5891(this)s 6285(moment)s -7127(on)s 7422(Lout)s 7932(understands)s 0 301(that)m 414(it)s -602(has)s 968(the)s 1311(right)s 1818(to)s 2053(mak)s 2(e)k -2621(these)s 3163(replacements,)s 4526(and)s 4926(it)s 5114(will)s -5535(do)s 5824(each)s 6315(one)s 6713(at)s 6940(the)s -7284(\207rst)s 7711(moment)s 8550(when)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 30 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(30)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(not)m 369(doing)s 972(it)s -1168(w)s 2(ould)k 1827(hold)s 2315(things)s 2955(up.)s -3363(So)s 3673(there)s 4210(is)s 4423(a)s 4593(short)s -5135(period)s 5808(of)s 6083(grace)s 6660(when)s 7240(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -8024(such)s 8524(as)s 8778(the)s 0 12917(entries)m 687(in)s -930(tables)s 1538(of)s 1809(contents)s 2657(just)s 3062(alluded)s -3824(to,)s 4117(can)s 4506(sneak)s 5112(into)s 5537(these)s -6084(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 7006(symbols.)s 480 12543(The)m -220 fnt35 902 12540(into)m 240 fnt82 1302 12543(and)m 220 fnt35 -1699 12540(f)m 6(orce into)k 240 fnt82 2642 12543(forms)m 3243(are)s -3584(actually)s 4387(just)s 4786(abbre)s 6(viations)k 6112(for)s -6444(the)s 6785(true)s 7206(w)s 2(ay)k 7650(that)s -8062(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 8779(are)s 0 12255(de\207ned,)m -806(which)s 1442(is)s 1646(by)s 1934(gi)s 6(ving)k -2586(the)s 2928(symbol)s 3682(that)s 4094(is)s 4297(to)s -4530(be)s 4806(a)s 4966(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5594(a)s 5753(parameter)s 6761(or)s 7014(nested)s 7677(de\207nition)s -8644(with)s 0 11967(the)m 348(special)s 1066(name)s 220 fnt35 -1640 11964(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 2467 11967(:)m 220 fnt35 -480 11466(def @T)m 26(e)k 6(xt)k 480 11178( r)m -3(ight x)k -480 10890({)m 480 10602( def @T)m 26(arget { @T)k 26(e)k 6(xtPlace&&preceding })k -480 10026( x)m 480 9738(})m 240 fnt82 0 9244(A)m 237(forcing)s -988(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1630(is)s 1848(obtained)s -2738(by)s 3039(using)s 220 fnt35 3619 9241(&&&)m 240 fnt82 -4121 9244(instead)m 4864(of)s 220 fnt35 5143 9241(&&)m 240 fnt82 -5431 9244(.)m 220 fnt35 5602 9241(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 -6497 9244(may)m 6971(be)s 7261(an)s 7552(arbitrary)s 8435(object,)s -0 8956(pro)m 3(vided)k 908(that)s 1329(it)s 1524(yields)s -2149(such)s 2648(a)s 2817(cross)s 3362(reference)s 4307(when)s -4886(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated.)k 5957(In)s 6216(this)s -6615(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 7107(dif)s 6(ferent)k -7985(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 0 8668(may)m 466(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -967(dif)s 6(ferent)k 1842(tar)s 4(gets.)k 480 8294(The)m -904(forcing)s 1643(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2273(ef)s 6(fect)k -2865(can)s 3249(be)s 3527(obtained)s 4405(in)s 4644(another)s -5417(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 5901(by)s 6191(replacing)s -7129(the)s 220 fnt35 7473 8291(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -8366 8294(symbol)m 0 8006(to)m 245(which)s 893(the)s 1247(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1887(is)s 2103(attached)s 2964(by)s 220 fnt35 3264 8003(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 4657 8006(.)m 4827(The)s 5261(adv)s 6(antage)k -6287(of)s 6565(this)s 6967(form)s 7497(is)s 7713(that)s -8137(the)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 7718(can)m -389(then)s 858(be)s 1140(forcing)s 1883(at)s 2115(some)s -2676(places)s 3324(and)s 3728(not)s 4094(at)s 4326(others,)s -5017(using)s 5589(the)s 5937(formula)s 220 fnt35 480 7217(def @SomePlace r)m -3(ight x)k -480 6929({)m 480 6641( x @Case {)m 480 6353( nof)m 6(orce @Y)k 4(ield @Galle)k 4(y)k -480 6065( f)m 6(orce @Y)k 4(ield @F)k 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -480 5777( })m 480 5489(})m 240 fnt82 0 4995(No)m 6(w)k -514(a)s 680(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1314(may)s -1780(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 220 fnt35 2281 4992(@SomePlace)m -240 fnt82 3677 4995(for)m 4015(its)s 4291(tar)s 4(get,)k -4937(and)s 5341(if)s 5558(it)s 5750(happens)s 6586(to)s -6825(attach)s 7452(to)s 220 fnt35 480 4494(@SomePlace f)m 6(orce)k -240 fnt82 0 4039(it)m 192(will)s 618(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1119(the)s 1467(ef)s 6(fect)k 2063(of)s 2334(a)s -2500(forcing)s 3243(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -3915(while)s 4502(if)s 4719(it)s 4911(happens)s 5747(to)s -5986(attach)s 6613(to)s 220 fnt35 480 3538(@SomePlace nof)m 6(orce)k -240 fnt82 0 3083(it)m 192(will)s 618(not.)s 480 2709(Although)m -1436(it)s 1621(doesn')s 4(t)k 2374(matter)s 3036(whether)s -3859(a)s 4018(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 4645(is)s -4848(declared)s 5708(as)s 5951(a)s 6110(forcing)s 6846(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7473(or)s 7725(merely)s 8435(arri)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -0 2421(at)m 244(a)s 220 fnt35 422 2418(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 1887 2421(symbol)m 2659(from)s 3195(the)s 3555(point)s -4119(of)s 4402(vie)s 6(w)k 4928(of)s 5211(the)s -5571(ef)s 6(fect)k 6179(on)s 6488(nearby)s 7205(tar)s 4(gets,)k -7956(there)s 8501(is)s 8724(one)s 0 2133(w)m 2(ay)k -446(in)s 683(which)s 1319(Lout)s 1825(treats)s 2387(the)s -2729(tw)s 2(o)k 3133(cases)s 3682(dif)s 6(ferently)k 15(.)k -4827(If)s 5051(a)s 5211(forcing)s 5948(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y')k 13(s)k -6733(\207rst)s 7158(component)s 8276(does)s 8760(not)s 0 1845(\207t)m -264(into)s 695(the)s 1048(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -1962(space,)s 2606(that)s 3029(component)s 4159(will)s 4590(be)s -4878(scaled)s 5539(v)s 3(ertically)k 6496(until)s 6995(it)s -7192(does.)s 7801(The)s 8235(rationale)s 0 1557(for)m 343(this)s -744(is)s 959(that)s 1382(forcing)s 2130(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -2860(are)s 3212(meant)s 3861(to)s 4105(carry)s 4654(the)s -5007(b)s 4(ulk)k 5496(of)s 5772(the)s 6125(document)s -7134(and)s 7543(cannot)s 8246(af)s 6(ford)k 8887(to)s -0 1269(be)m 295(held)s 779(up)s 1086(because)s 1913(the)s -2275(user)s 2747(has)s 3131(inadv)s 3(ertently)k 4456(included)s -5352(an)s 5649(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 4(-high)k -6640(component,)s 7825(which)s 8481(for)s 8833(all)s 0 981(Lout)m -514(kno)s 6(ws)k 1188(to)s 1430(the)s 1781(contrary)s -2634(may)s 3103(not)s 3472(\207t)s 3734(on)s 4034(an)s 3(y)k -4433(page.)s 5052(If)s 5285(this)s 5684(scaling)s 6417(is)s -6630(not)s 6999(w)s 2(anted)k 7749(b)s 4(ut)k -8114(forcing)s 8860(is,)s 0 693(the)m 348(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -982(may)s 1448(be)s 1730(declared)s 2597(not)s 2963(forcing)s -3706(b)s 4(ut)k 4068(all)s 4361(its)s 4637(tar)s 4(gets)k -5320(may)s 5786(be)s 6068(set)s 6393(to)s 6632(contain)s -220 fnt35 7393 690(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -8786 693(.)m 480 319(W)m 9(ithin)k 1197(a)s 1368(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -2045(a)s 2216(symbol)s 2981(whose)s 3654(name)s 4233(is)s -220 fnt35 4448 316(@Enclose)m 240 fnt82 5508 319(has)m 5883(a)s -6054(special)s 6777(meaning:)s 7772(when)s 8353(compo)s 8998(-)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 31 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.7.)m 454(Galle)s 7(ys)k 1232(and)s -1658(tar)s 8(g)k 2(ets)k 240 fnt84 8839 13840(31)m -240 fnt82 0 13205(nents)m 556(of)s 827(the)s 1175(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1810(replace)s 2555(a)s 220 fnt35 2721 13202(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 3619 13205(or)m 220 fnt35 3879 13202(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 5332 13205(symbol,)m 6144(that)s 6562(symbol)s 7323(is)s -7533(\207rst)s 7964(replaced)s 8832(by)s 220 fnt35 0 12914(@Enclose)m -1055(@Galle)s 4(y)k 240 fnt82 1953 12917(or)m 220 fnt35 -2212 12914(@Enclose)m 3267(@F)s 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -4660 12917(.)m 4824(F)s 3(or)k 5213(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 12416(def @Enclose)m 480 12128( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 11840({)m -480 11552( @Bo)m 6(x x)k 480 11264(})m 240 fnt82 0 10770(within)m -714(some)s 1321(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2001(de\207nition)s -3021(causes)s 3742(each)s 220 fnt35 4283 10767(@Galle)m 4(y)k -240 fnt82 5227 10770(or)m 220 fnt35 5532 10767(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 7031 10770(symbol)m 7837(that)s 8302(recei)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -0 10482(components)m 1213(of)s 1489(the)s 1842(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2481(to)s 2725(be)s 3013(replaced)s 3885(by)s 220 fnt35 -4184 10479(@Bo)m 6(x @Galle)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 5743 10482(or)m -220 fnt35 6007 10479(@Bo)m 6(x @F)k 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 8056 10482(,)m 8169(assuming)s 0 10194(an)m 314(appropriate)s -1489(de\207nition)s 2495(of)s 220 fnt35 2797 10191(@Bo)m 6(x.)k -240 fnt82 3586 10194(This)m 4093(is)s 4334(useful,)s 5057(for)s -5426(e)s 3(xample,)k 6372(when)s 6979(producing)s 8035(multi-page)s -0 9906(box)m 3(ed)k 641(displays,)s 1532(\207gures,)s 2290(and)s -2694(tables.)s 480 9532(An)m 220 fnt35 861 9529(@Enclose)m 240 fnt82 -1947 9532(symbol)m 2739(may)s 3236(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3769(only)s 4280(one)s 4714(parameter)s 9(,)k 5797(which)s -6471(must)s 7027(be)s 7341(a)s 7538(right)s 8081(parameter)s 13(.)k -0 9244(It)m 213(w)s 2(ould)k 877(not)s 1252(mak)s 2(e)k -1833(sense)s 2416(to)s 2664(allo)s 6(w)k 3252(more)s -3808(parameters,)s 4971(since)s 5527(there)s 6069(is)s 6288(no)s -6590(suitable)s 7398(v)s 6(alue)k 7975(to)s 8223(assign)s -8887(to)s 0 8956(them.)m 655(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -1628(the)s 220 fnt35 1989 8953(@Enclose)m 240 fnt82 3058 8956(symbol)m -3831(may)s 4310(contain)s 5085(inner)s 5649(de\207nitions,)s 6779(and)s -7196(it)s 7402(may)s 7881(mak)s 2(e)k 8466(use)s -8855(of)s 0 8668(an)m 3(y)k 397(symbol)s 1157(that)s -1575(is)s 1785(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 2693(at)s -2925(that)s 3343(point,)s 3942(in)s 4185(the)s 4533(usual)s -5093(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k 480 8294(A)m 220 fnt35 -709 8291(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 1597 8294(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2229(may)s 2693(f)s 2(ail)k 3061(to)s 3299(\207nd)s -3728(a)s 3892(\207rst)s 4321(tar)s 4(get)k 4918(lying)s -5461(in)s 5703(a)s 5867(follo)s 6(wing)k 6842(component)s -7964(of)s 8233(the)s 8579(same)s 0 8006(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -634(as)s 884(its)s 1159(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -2213(point.)s 2868(This)s 3344(is)s 3553(a)s 3719(de\207cienc)s 3(y)k -4752(of)s 5023(Basser)s 5719(Lout,)s 6278(which)s 6919(occurs)s -7594(if)s 7810(the)s 8158(tar)s 4(get)k 8756(has)s -0 7718(not)m 356(been)s 855(read)s 1313(from)s 1827(input)s -2369(at)s 2590(the)s 2928(time)s 3398(the)s 3735(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4359(tries)s 4810(to)s 5038(\207nd)s 5459(it.)s 5745(A)s -5964(w)s 2(orkaround)k 7167(is)s 7367(to)s 7595(use)s -7960(a)s 220 fnt35 8115 7715(preceding)m 240 fnt82 0 7430(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -634(instead,)s 1418(de\207ned)s 2181(lik)s 2(e)k 2593(this:)s -220 fnt35 480 6929(def @A)m 6(Galle)k 4(y into { @A)k 6(Galle)k 4(yPlace&&preceding })k -480 6641( r)m -3(ight @Body)k 480 6353({)m 480 6065( //1.1b)m 480 5777( @Body)m -480 5489(})m 240 fnt82 0 4995(and)m 404(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed)k -1219(lik)s 2(e)k 1631(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 4543(@A)m 6(Galle)k 4(yPlace | @A)k 6(Galle)k 4(y { content of galle)k 4(y })k -480 4255(//)m 480 3967(...)m 480 3679(@A)m 6(Galle)k 4(yPlace)k -240 fnt82 0 3181(The)m 419(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 841 3178(@A)m 6(Galle)k 4(yPlace)k -240 fnt82 2411 3181(recei)m 6(v)k 3(es)k 3226(only)s -3696(the)s 4035(initial)s 4636(empty)s 5279(object,)s 5960(since)s -6498(the)s 220 fnt35 6836 3178(//1.1b)m 240 fnt82 7428 3181(forces)m -8052(a)s 8209(split;)s 8722(and)s 0 2893(the)m 348(Second)s -1111(La)s 3(w)k 1587(puts)s 2037(Basser)s 2734(Lout)s -3246(on)s 3543(the)s 3891(right)s 4402(track)s 4940(thereafter)s 13(.)k -240 fnt84 0 2100(2.8.)m 471(Sorted)s 1203(galleys)s 240 fnt82 -480 1623(When)m 1128(footnotes)s 2088(are)s 2455(placed)s 3156(at)s -3407(the)s 3775(bottom)s 4532(of)s 4823(a)s 5008(page,)s -5586(the)s 3(y)k 6069(appear)s 6785(there)s 7337(in)s -7600(\207rst)s 8050(come,)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 1335(serv)m 3(ed)k -674(order)s 13(.)k 1324(T)s 19(o)k 1618(mak)s 2(e)k -2185(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2903(appear)s 3595(in)s -3832(sorted)s 4469(order)s 9(,)k 5065(as)s 5310(is)s -5514(needed)s 6245(in)s 6482(bibliographies)s 7896(and)s 8294(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es,)k -0 1047(a)m 178(parameter)s 1205(or)s 1477(nested)s 2158(de\207nition)s -3145(with)s 3640(the)s 4000(special)s 4731(name)s 220 fnt35 -5318 1044(@K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 5977 1047(is)m -6200(added)s 6843(to)s 7094(the)s 7455(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -8102(de\207nition,)s 0 759(lik)m 2(e)k 412(this:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 32 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(32)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @Inde)m 6(xEntr)k -6(y into { @Inde)k 6(xPlace&&f)k 6(ollo)k 3(wing })k -480 12919( left @K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k 480 12631( r)m -3(ight x)k -480 12343({ x })m 0 11846(@K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 -674 11849(must)m 1226(be)s 1535(set)s 1887(to)s 2153(a)s -2346(simple)s 3066(w)s 2(ord,)k 3690(or)s 3976(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k -4725(w)s 2(ords)k 5386(with)s 5895(nothing)s 6707(more)s -7281(comple)s 3(x)k 8184(than)s 8681(font)s 0 11561(changes)m -822(within)s 1490(them,)s 2075(when)s 2651(the)s 2999(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -3633(is)s 3843(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed:)k -220 fnt35 480 11060({ cities compare } @Inde)m 6(xEntr)k -6(y { cities)k 3(, compar)k -3(ison of)k 6(, 27 })k -240 fnt82 0 10562(and)m 404(this)s 800(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k -1195(is)s 1405(used)s 1902(to)s 2141(sort)s 2559(the)s -2907(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k 480 10188(If)m 707(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k -1425(sorted)s 2063(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 2783(with)s -3261(the)s 3605(same)s 4148(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k -4539(are)s 4882(sent)s 5323(to)s 5558(the)s 5902(same)s -6445(place,)s 7052(the)s 7396(def)s 2(ault)k 8113(beha)s 4(viour)k -0 9900(is)m 253(to)s 536(print)s 1091(only)s 1615(the)s -2007(\207rst)s 2481(of)s 2796(them;)s 3430(the)s 3822(assumption)s -5013(is)s 5266(that)s 5728(the)s 6120(others)s 6799(are)s -7190(probably)s 8139(unw)s 2(anted)k 0 9612(duplicates.)m 1146(This)s -1636(holds)s 2220(good)s 2772(for)s 3123(sorted)s 3779(reference)s -4736(lists,)s 5241(for)s 5593(e)s 3(xample:)k 6579(we)s -6928(don')s 4(t)k 7503(w)s 2(ant)k 8040(tw)s 2(o)k -8464(copies)s 0 9324(of)m 273(a)s 442(reference)s 1388(just)s -1796(because)s 2611(we)s 2949(happen)s 3701(to)s 3943(cite)s -4345(it)s 4540(twice.)s 5224(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -6187(the)s 6537(other)s 7091(common)s 7989(e)s 3(xample)k -8855(of)s 0 9036(sorted)m 642(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -1422(inde)s 3(x)k 2006(entries,)s 2749(requires)s 3569(something)s -4619(dif)s 6(ferent:)k 240 fnt83 5600 9038(mer)m 8(g)k 2(ed)k -240 fnt82 6374 9036(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k 480 8662(Suppose)m -1348(that)s 1766(at)s 1998(some)s 2559(point)s 3111(of)s -3382(the)s 3730(document)s 4734(we)s 5069(insert)s 5659(the)s -6007(inde)s 3(x)k 6591(entry)s 220 fnt35 480 8161(aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(ks @Inde)k 6(xEntr)k -6(y { Aardv)k 5(ar)k -3(ks)k 3(, 23 })k -240 fnt82 0 7663(while)m 587(at)s 819(another)s 1596(point)s -2148(we)s 2483(insert)s 220 fnt35 480 7162(aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(ks @Inde)k 6(xEntr)k -6(y { Aardv)k 5(ar)k -3(ks)k 3(, 359 })k -240 fnt82 0 6664(Ho)m 6(w)k 505(the)s 843(page)s -1341(numbers)s 2206(are)s 2544(w)s 2(ork)k 2(ed)k -3306(out)s 3662(is)s 3862(not)s 4219(rele)s 6(v)k 6(ant)k -5026(here.)s 5591(Clearly)s 6338(we)s 6664(w)s 2(ould)k -7309(lik)s 2(e)k 7711(to)s 7940(mer)s 4(ge)k -8579(these)s 0 6376(tw)m 2(o)k 410(entries)s 1097(into)s -1522(one)s 1924(entry)s 2469(that)s 2887(comes)s 3549(out)s -3915(as)s 480 5871(Aardv)m 6(arks, 23, 359)k 0 5387(The)m 428(follo)s 6(wing)k -1405(de\207nition)s 2379(will)s 2805(mer)s 4(ge)k 3454(tw)s 2(o)k -3864(objects)s 4592(in)s 4835(this)s 5231(w)s 2(ay:)k -220 fnt35 480 4886(def @Merge left x r)m -3(ight y)k 480 4598({)m 480 4310( {x @Rump y} @Case)m -480 4022( {)m 480 3734( "" @Y)m 4(ield x)k 480 3446( else @Y)m 4(ield { x, x @Rump y })k -480 3158( })m 480 2870(})m 240 fnt82 0 2376(The)m 220 fnt35 -429 2373(@Rump)m 240 fnt82 1290 2376(symbol)m 2051(is)s 2262(the)s -2611(subject)s 3349(of)s 3621(Section)s 4396(3.23;)s 4929(this)s -5326(says)s 5790(`if)s 6087(the)s 6436(tw)s 2(o)k -6847(things)s 7484(to)s 7724(be)s 8007(mer)s 4(ged)k -8779(are)s 0 2088(equal,)m 622(the)s 967(result)s 1553(is)s -1760(one)s 2158(of)s 2426(them;)s 3012(otherwise)s 3994(it)s -4182(is)s 4389(the)s 4733(\207rst)s 5161(follo)s 6(wed)k -6059(by)s 6350(a)s 6512(comma)s 7273(and)s 7673(space)s -8257(and)s 8657(then)s 0 1800(the)m 355(rump)s 921(of)s -1200(the)s 1556(second.)s 16(')k 2445(Our)s 2885(only)s -3372(problem)s 4237(is)s 4455(that)s 4881(this)s 5285(symbol)s -6053(has)s 6430(to)s 6677(be)s 6967(applied)s 7737(to)s -7984(tw)s 2(o)k 8402(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -0 1512(from)m 524(widely)s 1229(separated)s 2189(parts)s 2704(of)s -2975(the)s 3323(document.)s 480 1138(Lout)m 993(mak)s 2(es)k -1654(this)s 2052(possible)s 2893(by)s 3189(the)s 3538(follo)s 6(wing)k -4517(special)s 5236(rule:)s 5775(if)s 5993(a)s 6161(sorted)s -6804(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 7440(contains)s 8289(a)s -8457(nested)s 0 850(de\207nition)m 965(of)s 1227(a)s 1383(symbol)s -2134(whose)s 2793(name)s 3357(is)s 220 fnt35 3558 847(@Merge)m -240 fnt82 4446 850(\()m 220 fnt35 4519 847(@Merge)m 240 fnt82 -5406 850(must)m 5922(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6414(just)s -6809(tw)s 2(o)k 7210(parameters,)s 8355(left)s 8722(and)s -0 562(right\),)m 643(and)s 1054(if)s 1277(that)s 1702(sorted)s -2350(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2991(is)s 3207(preceded)s -4135(in)s 4384(the)s 4739(list)s 5096(of)s 5374(sorted)s -6022(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 6753(destined)s 7614(for)s -7959(some)s 8527(tar)s 4(get)k 0 274(by)m 300(another)s -1084(sorted)s 1733(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2374(with)s -2863(the)s 3217(same)s 3771(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -4211(then)s 4687(rather)s 5310(than)s 5785(being)s 6377(discarded,)s -7407(the)s 7762(second)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 33 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.8.)m 454(Sorted)s 1145(galle)s 7(ys)k -240 fnt84 8833 13840(33)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(is)m 210(mer)s 4(ged)k -981(into)s 1406(the)s 1754(\207rst)s 2185(using)s 2757(the)s -220 fnt35 3105 13202(@Merge)m 240 fnt82 4002 13205(symbol.)m 480 12831(The)m -909(natural)s 1629(thing)s 2175(to)s 2416(do)s 2711(when)s -3288(more)s 3837(than)s 4307(tw)s 2(o)k 4719(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -5445(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 5947(the)s 6297(same)s -6845(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 7242(is)s 7454(to)s -7694(mer)s 4(ge)k 8345(the)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 12543(tw)m 2(o,)k -477(then)s 959(mer)s 4(ge)k 1621(the)s 1982(third)s -2504(with)s 2999(the)s 3360(result)s 3963(of)s 4247(that,)s -4725(then)s 5207(the)s 5568(fourth)s 6222(with)s 6717(the)s -7078(result)s 7681(of)s 7965(that,)s 8443(and)s 8860(so)s -0 12255(on.)m 403(F)s 3(or)k 790(ef\207cienc)s 3(y)k -1781(reasons)s 2547(be)s 3(yond)k 3306(our)s 3684(scope)s -4283(here,)s 4799(Lout)s 5309(does)s 5797(the)s 6144(mer)s 4(ging)k -6988(in)s 7229(a)s 7393(dif)s 6(ferent)k 8266(order:)s -8934(it)s 0 11967(mer)m 4(ges)k 240 fnt83 736 11969(n)m -240 fnt82 909 11967(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1632(by)s -1925(mer)s 4(ging)k 2770(the)s 3116(\207rst)s 240 fnt78 -3592 11925(\353)m 240 fnt83 3685 11969(n)m 240 fnt78 3809 11961(/)m -3881(2)s 4006 11925(\373)m 240 fnt82 4197 11967(together)m 9(,)k -5077(then)s 5545(the)s 5892(last)s 240 fnt78 6327 11937(\351)m -240 fnt83 6420 11969(n)m 240 fnt78 6545 11961(/)m 6617(2)s -6741 11937(\371)m 240 fnt82 6933 11967(together)m 9(,)k 7813(then)s -8280(mer)s 4(ging)k 0 11679(the)m 337(result.)s 1019(Of)s -1332(course,)s 2051(if)s 2257(the)s 220 fnt35 2593 11676(@Merge)m -240 fnt82 3479 11679(symbol)m 4227(is)s 4426(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5509(this)s 5894(has)s 6252(the)s 6589(same)s 7124(ef)s 6(fect.)k -7813(The)s 220 fnt35 8229 11676(@Merge)m 240 fnt82 0 11391(symbol)m -758(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 1377(is)s 1584(not)s -1947(strictly)s 2660(associati)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k 3803(b)s 4(ut)k -4162(it)s 4351(is)s 4559(close)s 5103(enough)s 5863(in)s -6103(practice.)s 7019(The)s 7444(total)s 7920(time)s 8397(it)s -8586(tak)s 2(es)k 0 11103(to)m 252(mer)s 4(ge)k -240 fnt83 915 11105(n)m 240 fnt82 1102 11103(g)m 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -1840(with)s 2335(equal)s 2922(k)s 2(e)k 3(ys)k -3421(is)s 240 fnt83 3644 11105(O)m 240 fnt78 3838 11097(\()m -168 fnt78 4049 11196(2)m 240 fnt83 3935 11105(n)m 240 fnt78 -4155 11097(\))m 240 fnt82 4294 11103(or)m 4567(some)s 6(what)k -5605(higher)s 6289(\(b)s 4(ut)k 6744(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -7468(polynomial)s 8627(in)s 240 fnt83 8884 11105(n)m 240 fnt82 -8998 11103(\))m 0 10815(depending)m 1053(on)s 1353(ho)s 6(w)k -1816(man)s 3(y)k 2402(times)s 2972(the)s 3323(parameters)s -4424(occur)s 5017(within)s 5688(the)s 6038(body)s 6575(of)s -220 fnt35 6849 10812(@Merge)m 240 fnt82 7686 10815(;)m 7800(to)s -8042(do)s 8337(it)s 8532(in)s 8778(the)s 0 10527(natural)m -718(linear)s 1321(order)s 1885(w)s 2(ould)k 2540(tak)s 2(e)k -2992(Lout)s 3504(e)s 3(xponential)k 4672(time.)s 240 fnt84 -0 9734(2.9.)m 471(Horizontal)s 1628(galleys)s 240 fnt82 480 9257(All)m -846(the)s 1201(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1932(so)s -2205(f)s 2(ar)k 2534(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3042(been)s 240 fnt83 3557 9259(vertical)m 4353(galle)s 7(ys)k -240 fnt82 5018 9257(:)m 5191(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -5922(whose)s 6597(components)s 7812(are)s 8166(separated)s 0 8969(by)m -320(v)s 3(ertical)k 1114(concatenation)s 2525(symbols.)s 3514(There)s -4154(are)s 4527(also)s 4992(horizontal)s 6043(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -6849(whose)s 7544(components)s 8779(are)s 0 8681(separated)m 951(by)s -1235(the)s 1574(horizontal)s 2588(concatenation)s 3963(operator)s 220 fnt35 -4810 8678(&)m 240 fnt82 5002 8681(\(or)m 5331(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alently)k 15(,)k -6583(by)s 6867(spaces\).)s 7725(These)s 8342(w)s 2(ork)k -8883(in)s 0 8393(the)m 346(same)s 891(w)s 2(ay)k -1340(as)s 1588(v)s 3(ertical)k 2353(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -3131(e)s 3(xcept)k 3810(for)s 4146(the)s 4492(change)s -5224(of)s 5493(direction.)s 6504(F)s 3(or)k 6891(e)s 3(xample,)k -7803(the)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k 0 8105(de\207nes)m 730(the)s -1079(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k 2124(of)s 2396(an)s -2681(ordinary)s 3546(outdented)s 4549(paragraph,)s 5613(e)s 3(xcept)k -6295(that)s 6715(an)s 6999(option)s 7669(is)s 7880(pro)s 3(vided)k -8788(for)s 0 7817(v)m 6(arying)k 778(the)s 1126(size)s -1553(of)s 1824(the)s 2172(outdent:)s 220 fnt35 480 7316(def @OutdentP)m 8(ar)k -480 7028( named outdent { 2f })m 480 6740( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 6452({)m 480 6164( def @P)m 8(arPlace { @Galle)k 4(y })k -480 5588( def @LineList)m 480 5300( {)m 480 5012( outdent @Wide {} | @P)m 26(Adjust @P)k 8(arPlace)k -480 4724( //1vx @LineList)m 480 4436( })m 480 3860( def @P)m 8(arGalle)k 4(y f)k 6(orce hor)k -3(iz)k 3(ontally into { @P)k 8(arPlace&&preceding })k -480 3572( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 3284( {)m 480 2996( x)m 480 2708( })m -480 2132( @P)m 26(Adjust @P)k 8(arPlace)k 480 1844( // @P)m 8(arGalle)k 4(y { x &1r)k -8(t })k -480 1556( //1vx @LineList)m 480 1268(})m 240 fnt82 0 774(Notice)m 703(the)s -1061(use)s 1446(of)s 220 fnt35 1727 771(&1r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 2203 774(to)m 2452(cancel)s 3127(the)s 3485(ef)s 6(fect)k -4091(of)s 220 fnt35 4372 771(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 -5390 774(on)m 5697(the)s 6055(last)s 6456(line)s 6880(of)s -7161(the)s 7519(paragraph.)s 8650(This)s 0 486(de\207nition)m 969(has)s -1334(a)s 1494(problem)s 2346(in)s 2584(that)s 2996(there)s -3524(will)s 3945(be)s 4221(a)s 4382(concluding)s 5494(une)s 3(xpanded)k -220 fnt35 6701 483(@LineList)m 240 fnt82 7730 486(symbol)m 8484(which)s -0 198(will)m 431(hold)s 921(up)s 1219(promotion)s 2279(of)s -2555(the)s 2909(enclosing)s 3884(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y;)k -4582(this)s 4983(problem)s 5846(may)s 6317(be)s 6605(\207x)s 3(ed)k -7144(by)s 7444(the)s 7797(same)s 8350(method)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 34 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(34)m 240 fnt83 7257 13843(Chapter)m 8107(2.)s -8381(Details)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(used)m 497(to)s 736(end)s -1140(a)s 1306(list.)s 480 12831(In)m 735(an)s 1016(ideal)s -1533(w)s 2(orld,)k 2194(there)s 2725(w)s 2(ould)k -3378(be)s 3658(nothing)s 4442(further)s 5149(to)s 5386(say)s -5757(about)s 6347(horizontal)s 7369(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -8204(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 0 12543(there)m -558(are)s 931(a)s 1123(fe)s 6(w)k 1555(dif)s 6(ferences)k -2686(which)s 3354(arise)s 3886(from)s 4436(v)s 6(arious)k -5211(practical)s 6113(considerations)s 7571(and)s 8001(limitations.)s 0 12255(Perhaps)m -808(some)s 1369(day)s 1769(a)s 1935(more)s 2482(perfect)s -3204(symmetry)s 4214(will)s 4640(be)s 4922(implemented.)s 480 11881(Each)m -1021(v)s 3(ertical)k 1795(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2436(has)s 2812(a)s 2985(\207x)s 3(ed)k 3526(\207nite)s -4080(width,)s 4738(and)s 5149(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -5732(component)s 6863(is)s 7079(brok)s 2(en)k 7806(to)s -8052(that)s 8477(width.)s 0 11593(This)m 517(is)s 769(needed)s -1546(basically)s 2491(to)s 2772(trigger)s 3509(paragraph)s 4564(breaking.)s -5606(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -6608(there)s 7183(is)s 7434(no)s 7769(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -8855(of)s 0 11305(paragraph)m 1001(breaking)s 1879(in)s 2110(the)s -2446(v)s 3(ertical)k 3201(direction,)s 4145(so)s 4398(horizontal)s -5410(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 6122(do)s 6403(not)s -6757(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7246(an)s 3(y)k -7631(particular)s 8592(\207x)s 3(ed)k 0 11017(height.)m 762(Instead,)s -1559(each)s 2054(component)s 3178(has)s 3548(its)s 3824(o)s 6(wn)k -4288(indi)s 6(vidual)k 5307(height.)s 480 10643(When)m 1096(tw)s 2(o)k -1492(objects)s 2206(are)s 2539(separated)s 3485(by)s 220 fnt35 -3766 10640(/)m 240 fnt82 3830 10643(,)m 3923(the)s 3(y)k -4372(are)s 4705(assigned)s 5573(the)s 5908(same)s 6441(width)s -7029(\(Section)s 7868(2.7\),)s 8340(and)s 8730(this)s 0 10355(holds)m -581(true)s 1020(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 1531(if)s -1760(the)s 2119(tw)s 2(o)k 2541(objects)s 3280(are)s -3639(subsequently)s 4954(separated)s 5926(by)s 6231(being)s 6828(promoted)s -7814(into)s 8251(dif)s 6(ferent)k 0 10067(tar)m 4(gets.)k -788(F)s 3(or)k 1169(e)s 3(xample,)k 2074(tw)s 2(o)k -2476(aligned)s 3229(equations)s 4189(will)s 4606(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5099(the)s 5439(same)s 5977(width,)s 6621(and)s 7016(hence)s -7622(their)s 8110(alignment)s 0 9779(will)m 437(be)s 731(preserv)s 3(ed,)k -1776(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 2287(if)s 2516(the)s 3(y)k -2991(appear)s 3699(in)s 3954(dif)s 6(ferent)k 4841(columns)s -5714(or)s 5985(pages.)s 6706(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -7677(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 8189(though)s 220 fnt35 -8924 9776(&)m 240 fnt82 0 9491(aligns)m 635(the)s 996(marks)s -1644(of)s 1928(its)s 2217(tw)s 2(o)k 2640(parameters,)s -3807(it)s 4012(does)s 4515(not)s 4894(assign)s 5562(them)s -6113(a)s 6292(common)s 7200(height.)s 7975(This)s 8464(means)s -0 9203(that)m 416(the)s 762(height)s 1417(of)s 1686(an)s 3(y)k -2081(component)s 3202(of)s 3471(a)s 3634(horizontal)s 4656(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5288(promoted)s 6260(into)s 6683(one)s 7083(tar)s 4(get)k -7679(does)s 8167(not)s 8530(af)s 6(fect)k 0 8915(the)m -362(height)s 1034(consumed)s 2078(by)s 2386(the)s 2748(components)s -3971(promoted)s 4960(into)s 5400(an)s 3(y)k 5811(other)s -6376(tar)s 4(get.)k 7094(The)s 7536(other)s 8102(horizontal)s -0 8627(concatenation)m 1392(operator)s 9(,)k 220 fnt35 2293 8624(|)m -240 fnt82 2330 8627(,)m 2444(does)s 2941(assign)s 3604(a)s -3777(common)s 4679(height)s 5344(to)s 5590(its)s 5874(tw)s 2(o)k -6291(parameters;)s 7457(b)s 4(ut)k 7826(sequences)s 8855(of)s -0 8339(objects)m 728(separated)s 1688(by)s 1982(this)s 2378(operator)s -3234(cannot)s 3932(be)s 4214(the)s 4562(components)s 5770(of)s -6041(a)s 6207(horizontal)s 7231(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -480 7965(Lout)m 985(is)s 1187(able)s 1633(to)s 1864(read)s -2325(v)s 3(ertical)k 3084(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3800(one)s 4194(paragraph)s 5199(at)s 5424(a)s 5582(time;)s -6110(in)s 6345(this)s 6733(w)s 2(ay)k 7176(it)s -7360(processes)s 8319(the)s 8659(doc)s 8998(-)s 0 7677(ument)m -660(in)s 906(small)s 1481(chunks,)s 2270(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -2855(holding)s 3642(more)s 4192(than)s 4664(a)s 4833(fe)s 6(w)k -5242(pages)s 5840(in)s 6086(memory)s 6940(at)s 7175(an)s 3(y)k -7575(time.)s 8166(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -0 7389(horizontal)m 1024(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1748(are)s -2095(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 2806(read)s 3275(in)s -3518(completely)s 15(,)k 4672(so)s 4938(the)s 3(y)k -5401(should)s 6098(not)s 6464(be)s 6746(e)s 3(xtremely)k -7752(long.)s 480 7015(In)m 744(principle)s 1658(Lout)s 2178(should)s -2884(be)s 3174(able)s 3637(to)s 3884(h)s 1(yphenate)k -4932(the)s 5288(components)s 6505(of)s 6784(horizontal)s 7817(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -8550(when)s 0 6727(the)m 3(y)k 463(are)s 810(simple)s -1503(w)s 2(ords,)k 2193(b)s 4(ut)k 2555(this)s -2951(is)s 3161(not)s 3527(implemented)s 4833(at)s 5065(present.)s -480 6353(In)m 738(an)s 1023(ideal)s 1544(w)s 2(orld,)k -2209(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 2787(paragraph)s 3802(w)s 2(ould)k -4459(be)s 4743(treated)s 5452(as)s 5704(a)s 5872(horizontal)s -6898(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k 7629(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -8591(to)s 8833(do)s 0 6065(so)m 256(in)s 488(practice)s -1288(w)s 2(ould)k 1932(be)s 2203(too)s 2551(slo)s 6(w)k -3040(and)s 3433(w)s 2(ould)k 4077(lead)s 4522(to)s -4750(e)s 3(xcessi)k 6(v)k 3(e)k 5699(clumsiness)s -6788(in)s 7020(notation,)s 7900(so)s 8155(at)s 8376(present)s -0 5777(Lout)m 509(has)s 876(tw)s 2(o)k 1282(competing)s -2342(mechanisms)s 3572(in)s 3811(this)s 4204(area:)s 4764(the)s -5108(b)s 4(uilt-in)k 5861(paragraph)s 6871(break)s 2(er)k -7641(with)s 8120(its)s 8392(limited)s 0 5489(set)m 314(of)s -573(options)s 1318(as)s 1556(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2124(under)s 2718(the)s 220 fnt35 3054 5486(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -3899 5489(operator)m 9(,)k 4781(and)s 5173(horizontal)s 6186(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys.)k -7011(As)s 7317(the)s 7653(e)s 3(xample)k 8504(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -0 5201(sho)m 6(ws,)k 700(horizontal)s 1725(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -2449(are)s 2797(in)s 3040(principle)s 3946(capable)s 4733(of)s -5004(implementing)s 6386(man)s 3(y)k 6969(more)s 7517(paragraph)s -8531(styles)s 0 4913(than)m 470(the)s 820(b)s 4(uilt-in)k -1578(paragraph)s 2593(break)s 2(er)k 3369(could)s 3961(e)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -4425(hope)s 4949(to)s 5190(do.)s 5596(The)s 6026(recommended)s -7441(practical)s 8319(strate)s 3(gy)k 0 4625(is)m 221(to)s -472(use)s 858(the)s 1218(b)s 4(uilt-in)k 1985(paragraph)s -3010(break)s 2(er)k 3795(most)s 4332(of)s 4614(the)s -4974(time,)s 5516(and)s 5932(switch)s 6624(to)s 6875(horizontal)s -7910(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 8646(only)s 0 4337(for)m -338(occasional)s 1402(tricks,)s 2039(such)s 2535(as)s 2785(paragraphs)s -3885(with)s 4367(drop)s 4859(capitals,)s 5695(circular)s 6483(outlines,)s -7347(etc.)s 240 fnt84 0 3544(2.10.)m 591(Optimal)s 1495(galley)s -2149(br)s 4(eaking)k 240 fnt82 480 3067(As)m 814(e)s 3(xplained)k -1817(in)s 2077(Section)s 2869(2.7,)s 3294(the)s 3659(components)s -4885(of)s 5174(a)s 5357(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -6009(are)s 6373(promoted)s 7366(one)s 7786(by)s 8097(one)s -8517(into)s 8960(a)s 0 2779(tar)m 4(get.)k 703(When)s -1332(space)s 1919(runs)s 2382(out)s 2748(there,)s 3332(the)s -3680(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 4314(searches)s 5174(for)s -5512(a)s 5678(ne)s 6(w)k 6125(tar)s 4(get)k -6724(and)s 7128(promotion)s 8182(resumes.)s 480 2405(This)m 977(process)s -1766(is)s 1997(e)s 3(xactly)k 2759(analogous)s 3802(to)s -4062(placing)s 4840(w)s 2(ords)k 5495(onto)s 5995(a)s -6182(line)s 6617(until)s 7131(space)s 7739(runs)s 8223(out,)s -8657(then)s 0 2117(mo)m 3(ving)k 776(to)s 1008(another)s -1778(line.)s 2293(But,)s 2740(as)s 2983(we)s 3311(kno)s 6(w)k 15(,)k -3923(that)s 4335(simple)s 5021(method)s 5790(is)s 5993(inferior)s -6762(to)s 6994(the)s 7335(optimal)s 8113(paragraph)s 0 1829(breaking)m -893(used)s 1393(by)s 1690(Lout)s 2206(\(copied)s 2984(from)s -3511(the)s 3863(T)s 3959 1781(E)m 4067 1829(X)m 4299(system\),)s -5152(which)s 5797(e)s 3(xamines)k 6752(the)s 7103(entire)s -7705(paragraph)s 8722(and)s 0 1541(determines)m 1099(the)s 1447(most)s -1972(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 2472(assignment)s 3608(of)s -3879(w)s 2(ords)k 4513(to)s 4752(lines.)s 480 1167(Lout)m -1050(of)s 6(fers)k 240 fnt83 1709 1169(optimal)m 2559(galle)s 7(y)k -3250(br)s 8(eaking)k 240 fnt82 4087 1167(,)m 4252(the)s -4659(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k 5761(for)s 6157(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -6940(of)s 7269(optimal)s 8113(paragraph)s 0 879(breaking.)m 1020(Optimal)s -1878(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2532(breaking)s 3442(can)s -3851(reduce)s 4564(the)s 4932(size)s 5378(of)s 5669(ugly)s -6169(blank)s 6782(spaces)s 7477(at)s 7729(the)s 8097(bottom)s -8855(of)s 0 591(pages)m 596(preceding)s 1592(lar)s 4(ge)k -2121(unbreakable)s 3346(displays,)s 4237(sometimes)s 5310(quite)s 5844(dramatically)s 15(.)k -480 217(Optimal)m 1337(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 1990(breaking)s -2900(is)s 3129(applied)s 3910(to)s 4169(each)s 4683(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -5375(horizontal)s 6418(or)s 6696(v)s 3(ertical,)k 7535(that)s -7972(possesses)s 8960(a)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 35 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(2.10.)m 574(Optimal)s 1418(galle)s 7(y)k -2051(br)s 8(eaking)k 240 fnt84 8833 13840(35)m 240 fnt82 -0 13205(parameter)m 1036(or)s 1317(nested)s 2008(symbol)s 2790(called)s -220 fnt35 3440 13202(@Optimiz)m 3(e)k 240 fnt82 4599 13205(whose)m -5290(v)s 6(alue)k 5880(is)s 220 fnt35 6112 13202(Y)m 30(es)k -240 fnt82 6453 13205(.)m 6639(Lik)s 2(e)k 7153(cross)s -7717(referencing,)s 8934(it)s 0 12917(tak)m 2(es)k 539(tw)s 2(o)k -947(runs)s 1409(to)s 1646(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2145(ef)s 6(fect.)k 2844(On)s 3192(the)s 3538(\207rst)s -3968(run,)s 4392(Lout)s 4902(records)s 5655(the)s 6001(sizes)s -6514(of)s 6784(the)s 7130(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y')k 13(s)k -7918(components)s 0 12629(and)m 393(g)s 1(aps,)k 927(and)s -1319(also)s 1746(the)s 2083(space)s 2658(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -3555(at)s 3776(each)s 4259(of)s 4519(its)s 4783(tar)s 4(gets.)k -5568(At)s 5856(end)s 6248(of)s 6508(run)s 6873(this)s -7257(information)s 8431(is)s 8629(used)s 0 12341(to)m 232(\207nd)s -656(an)s 932(optimal)s 1709(break,)s 2340(which)s 2975(is)s -3177(written)s 3903(to)s 4135(the)s 4475(cross-reference)s 5981(database.)s -6961(On)s 7303(the)s 7644(second)s 8360(run,)s 8778(the)s -0 12053(optimal)m 785(break)s 1377(is)s 1587(retrie)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k -2484(and)s 2888(used.)s 480 11679(Considering)m 1727(that)s 2170(this)s -2590(process)s 3383(must)s 3932(cope)s 4465(with)s 4971(\210oating)s -5780(\207gures,)s 6562(ne)s 6(w)k 7034(page)s 7566(and)s -7995(conditional)s 0 11391(ne)m 6(w)k 460(page)s 982(symbols,)s -1901(breaks)s 2589(for)s 2941(ne)s 6(w)k 3402(chapters,)s -4318(and)s 4736(e)s 6(v)k 4(olving)k 5631(documents,)s -6788(it)s 6994(is)s 7218(surprisingly)s 8428(rob)s 4(ust.)k -0 11103(If)m 250(it)s 463(does)s 974(go)s 1287(badly)s -1894(wrong,)s 2634(remo)s 3(ving)k 3621(\207le)s 220 fnt35 -4003 11100(lout.li)m 240 fnt82 4580 11103(then)m 5069(running)s 5888(Lout)s -6421(twice)s 7014(without)s 7826(changing)s 8778(the)s 0 10815(document)m -1036(may)s 1534(solv)s 3(e)k 2125(the)s 2505(problem.)s -3498(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -4491(cases)s 5078(are)s 5457(kno)s 6(wn)k 6194(where)s -6866(the)s 7246(optimization)s 8544(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -0 10527(con)m 9(v)k 3(er)k 4(ges.)k 1151(These)s -1812(are)s 2193(usually)s 2972(related)s 3713(to)s 3986(\207gures)s -4721(and)s 5159(footnotes)s 6134(whose)s 6836(anchor)s 7581(points)s -8251(f)s 2(all)k 8655(near)s 0 10239(page)m 508(boundaries.)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 36 42 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Chapter)m 1819(3.)s 2400(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k -4711(symbols)s 240 fnt84 0 11691(3.1.)m 471(@Begin)s 1335(and)s -1776(@End)s 240 fnt82 480 11214(The)m 905(body)s 1435(of)s -1702(a)s 1864(symbol)s 220 fnt35 2620 11211(@Sym)m 240 fnt82 -3324 11214(may)m 3786(be)s 4064(enclosed)s 4955(in)s 220 fnt35 -5194 11211(@Begin)m 240 fnt82 6019 11214(and)m 220 fnt35 6419 11211(@End)m -7076(@Sym)s 240 fnt82 7780 11214(instead)m 8511(of)s 8778(the)s -0 10926(more)m 547(usual)s 1107(braces:)s 220 fnt35 480 10475(def @Section)m -480 10187( named @Title {})m 480 9899( r)m -3(ight @Body)k 480 9611(@Begin)m 480 9323( @Title //2v @Body)m -480 9035(@End @Section)m 240 fnt82 0 8580(The)m 3(y)k 543(may)s -1009(also)s 1447(enclose)s 2220(the)s 2568(right)s 3079(or)s -3338(body)s 3872(parameter)s 4886(of)s 5157(a)s 5323(symbol)s -6083(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation:)k 220 fnt35 480 8079(@Chapter)m -480 7791( @Title { Introduction })m 480 7503(@Begin)m 480 7215(This subject needs no introduction.)m 480 6927(@End @Chapter)m 240 fnt82 -0 6431(Apart)m 651(from)s 1222(their)s 1767(utility)s 2438(as)s -2735(documentation)s 4262(aids,)s 4801(these)s 5396(forms)s 6051(allo)s 6(w)k -6677(Basser)s 7422(Lout)s 7981(to)s 8268(pinpoint)s 0 6143(mismatched)m -1206(braces,)s 1915(which)s 2549(can)s 2930(otherwise)s 3908(create)s -4525(total)s 4996(ha)s 4(v)k 4(oc.)k 5716(F)s 3(or)k -6098(this)s 6486(reason,)s 7209(the)s 3(y)k 7664(should)s -8353(enclose)s 0 5855(the)m 339(major)s 946(parts)s 1451(of)s -1712(documents,)s 2846(such)s 3333(as)s 3573(chapters)s 4410(and)s -4804(sections.)s 5728(Note)s 6240(that)s 6648(braces)s 7299(cannot)s -7987(be)s 8259(replaced)s 0 5567(by)m 220 fnt35 294 5564(@Begin)m -240 fnt82 1123 5567(and)m 220 fnt35 1527 5564(@End)m 240 fnt82 -2188 5567(in)m 2431(general.)s 240 fnt84 0 4774(3.2.)m 471(Concatenation)s -2015(symbols)s 2893(and)s 3334(paragraphs)s 240 fnt82 480 4297(There)m -1093(are)s 1440(ten)s 1789(concatenation)s 3174(symbols,)s 4079(in)s -4322(three)s 4855(f)s 2(amilies:)k 220 fnt35 480 3756(/)m -962(^/)s 1547(//)s 2012(^//)s 240 fnt82 2580 3759(V)m 26(ertical)k -3377(concatenation)s 220 fnt35 480 3468(|)m 962(^|)s 1547(||)s -2012(^||)s 240 fnt82 2580 3471(Horizontal)m 3657(concatenation)s 220 fnt35 -480 3180(&)m 962(^&)s 240 fnt82 2580 3183(In-paragraph)m 3871(concatenation)s -0 2642(Each)m 587(symbol)s 1399(produces)s 2367(an)s 2702(object)s -3398(which)s 4093(combines)s 5113(together)s 6008(the)s 6409(tw)s 2(o)k -6871(parameters.)s 8134(The)s 8615(right)s 0 2354(parameter)m 1014(must)s -1539(be)s 1821(separated)s 2781(from)s 3305(the)s 3653(symbol)s -4413(by)s 4707(at)s 4939(least)s 5436(one)s 5838(white)s -6425(space)s 7012(character)s 13(.)k 480 1980(The)m 906(v)s 3(ertical)k -1670(concatenation)s 3052(symbol)s 220 fnt35 3809 1977(/)m 240 fnt82 -3930 1980(places)m 4575(its)s 4848(left)s 5222(parameter)s 6233(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -6852(its)s 7125(right)s 7633(parameter)s 8644(with)s 0 1692(their)m -519(column)s 1317(marks)s 1975(aligned.)s 2866(If)s 3119(one)s -3544(parameter)s 4581(has)s 4973(more)s 5543(column)s 6341(marks)s -6999(than)s 7491(the)s 7862(other)s 9(,)k 8474(empty)s -0 1404(columns)m 868(are)s 1221(inserted)s 2041(at)s 2279(the)s -2633(right)s 3150(to)s 3395(equalize)s 4253(the)s 4607(numbers.)s -5601(The)s 6035(v)s 6(ariant)k 220 fnt35 6758 1401(//)m -240 fnt82 6949 1404(ignores)m 7710(column)s 8491(marks)s 0 1116(and)m -404(left-justi\207es)s 1594(the)s 1942(objects.)s 480 742(The)m 896(horizontal)s -1908(concatenation)s 3280(symbols)s 220 fnt35 4117 739(|)m 240 fnt82 -4201 742(and)m 220 fnt35 4593 739(||)m 240 fnt82 4734 742(are)m -5069(horizontal)s 6080(analogues)s 7076(of)s 220 fnt35 7334 739(/)m -240 fnt82 7446 742(and)m 220 fnt35 7837 739(//)m 240 fnt82 -7962 742(:)m 8116(the)s 3(y)k 8566(place)s 192 fnt84 -4439 2(36)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 37 43 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.2.)m 454(Concatenation)s 1918(symbols)s 2744(and)s -3170(par)s 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aphs)k 240 fnt84 -8831 13840(37)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(their)m 488(tw)s 2(o)k -888(parameters)s 1976(side)s 2407(by)s 2692(side,)s 3174(with)s -3646(ro)s 6(w)k 4056(mark)s 4599(alignment)s 5605(or)s -5854(top-justi\207cation)s 7414(respecti)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(.)k -8698(The)s 0 12917(in-paragraph)m 1278(concatenation)s 2663(symbol)s 220 fnt35 -3423 12914(&)m 240 fnt82 3625 12917(produces)m 4540(horizontal)s 5564(concatenation)s -6949(within)s 7617(a)s 7783(paragraph;)s 8850(its)s 0 12629(special)m -718(properties)s 1724(are)s 2071(treated)s 2778(in)s 3021(detail)s -3606(at)s 3838(the)s 4186(end)s 4590(of)s 4861(this)s -5257(section.)s 480 12255(The)m 908(concatenation)s 2293(symbols)s 3142(in)s -3385(an)s 3(y)k 3782(one)s 4184(f)s 2(amily)k -4859(are)s 240 fnt83 5206 12257(mutually)m 6099(associative)s 240 fnt82 -7154 12255(,)m 7261(which)s 7903(means)s 8565(that)s 220 fnt35 -480 11754({)m 240 fnt83 664 11759(x)m 220 fnt35 890 11754(|)m -240 fnt83 927 11759(p)m 1160(y)s 220 fnt35 1382 11754(})m -1566(|)s 240 fnt83 1603 11759(q)m 1839(z)s 240 fnt82 -0 11258(is)m 210(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 921(the)s -1269(same)s 1816(as)s 240 fnt83 480 10762(x)m 220 fnt35 -706 10757(|)m 240 fnt83 743 10762(p)m 220 fnt35 976 10757({)m -240 fnt83 1160 10762(y)m 220 fnt35 1382 10757(|)m 240 fnt83 -1419 10762(q)m 1655(z)s 220 fnt35 1866 10757(})m 240 fnt82 -0 10261(for)m 339(an)s 3(y)k 737(objects)s 240 fnt83 -1466 10263(x)m 240 fnt82 1572 10261(,)m 240 fnt83 1680 10263(y)m -240 fnt82 1782 10261(,)m 1891(and)s 240 fnt83 2296 10263(z)m -240 fnt82 2387 10261(,)m 2495(an)s 3(y)k 2893(g)s 1(aps)k -240 fnt83 3383 10263(p)m 240 fnt82 3558 10261(and)m 240 fnt83 -3963 10263(q)m 240 fnt82 4140 10261(\(de\207ned)m 4983(belo)s 6(w\),)k -5750(and)s 6155(an)s 3(y)k 6553(choice)s 7234(of)s -220 fnt35 7506 10258(|)m 240 fnt82 7543 10261(,)m 220 fnt35 -7652 10258(^|)m 240 fnt82 7792 10261(,)m 220 fnt35 7900 10258(||)m -240 fnt82 7994 10261(,)m 8102(and)s 220 fnt35 8507 10258(^||)m -240 fnt82 8704 10261(.)m 8870(In)s 0 9973(practice)m 803(we)s -1130(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 1833(omit)s 2323(such)s -2811(braces,)s 3520(since)s 4059(the)s 3(y)k 4513(are)s -4852(redundant)s 5861(and)s 6257(can)s 6638(be)s 6912(misleading.)s -8117(The)s 8536(result)s 0 9685(of)m 277(the)s 631(complete)s -1569(sequence)s 2508(of)s 2786(concatenations)s 4264(will)s 4696(be)s -4984(called)s 5619(the)s 240 fnt83 5973 9687(whole)m 6604(concatenation)s -8020(object)s 240 fnt82 8608 9685(,)m 8722(and)s 0 9397(the)m -348(objects)s 1076(which)s 1718(mak)s 2(e)k 2290(it)s -2482(up)s 2775(will)s 3201(be)s 3483(called)s 4111(the)s -240 fnt83 4459 9399(components)m 240 fnt82 5598 9397(.)m 480 9023(One)m -938(mark)s 1494(is)s 1708(designated)s 2793(as)s 3047(the)s -240 fnt83 3398 9025(principal)m 4339(mark)s 240 fnt82 4835 9023(,)m -4946(usually)s 5695(the)s 6047(mark)s 6602(of)s 6877(the)s -7229(\207rst)s 7664(component.)s 8896(A)s 0 8735(later)m 486(mark)s -1042(can)s 1435(be)s 1721(chosen)s 2447(for)s 2789(this)s -3189(honour)s 3932(by)s 4230(attaching)s 220 fnt35 5163 8732(^)m -240 fnt82 5333 8735(to)m 5576(the)s 5928(preceding)s 6928(concatenation)s -8317(symbol.)s 0 8447(See)m 401(Section)s 1175(3.9)s 1526(for)s -1864(e)s 3(xamples.)k 480 8073(A)m 240 fnt83 712 8075(gap)m -240 fnt82 1065 8073(,)m 1175(specifying)s 2227(the)s 2578(distance)s -3420(between)s 4277(the)s 4627(tw)s 2(o)k 5040(parameters,)s -6197(may)s 6666(follo)s 6(w)k 7341(an)s 3(y)k -7741(concatenation)s 0 7785(symbol.)m 866(There)s 1475(may)s 1937(be)s -2215(no)s 2504(spaces)s 3176(between)s 4026(a)s 4188(concatenation)s -5569(symbol)s 6325(and)s 6726(its)s 6998(g)s 1(ap.)k -7503(A)s 7729(missing)s 8522(g)s 1(ap)k 8916(is)s -0 7497(tak)m 2(en)k 569(to)s 803(be)s 220 fnt35 -1081 7494(0ie)m 240 fnt82 1365 7497(.)m 1524(The)s 1948(g)s 1(ap)k -2341(is)s 2546(ef)s 6(fecti)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k -3601(a)s 3762(third)s 4267(parameter)s 5276(of)s 5542(the)s -5886(concatenation)s 7266(symbol,)s 8074(and)s 8473(it)s 8660(may)s -0 7209(be)m 289(an)s 579(arbitrary)s 1462(object)s 2113(pro)s 3(vided)k -3026(that)s 3452(it)s 3651(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k -4586(to)s 4833(a)s 5006(juxtaposition)s 6319(of)s 6598(simple)s -7298(w)s 2(ords.)k 8052(In)s 8316(general,)s 0 6921(the)m -348(g)s 1(ap)k 746(must)s 1271(be)s 1553(enclosed)s -2448(in)s 2691(braces,)s 3408(lik)s 2(e)k 3820(this:)s -220 fnt35 480 6420(//{ @Style&&m)m 3(ystyle @Open { @T)k 26(opMargin } })k 240 fnt82 -0 5921(b)m 4(ut)k 349(the)s 684(braces)s 1332(may)s -1785(be)s 2053(omitted)s 2828(when)s 3391(the)s 3726(object)s -4356(is)s 4553(a)s 4706(juxtaposition)s 5999(of)s 6256(simple)s -6936(w)s 2(ords)k 7557(or)s 7803(an)s 8072(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -0 5633(of)m 271(a)s 437(symbol)s 1197(without)s 1988(parameters,)s -3142(as)s 3392(in)s 220 fnt35 3635 5630(//0.3vx)m 240 fnt82 -4340 5633(and)m 220 fnt35 4744 5630(||@Indent)m 240 fnt82 5687 5633(.)m -480 5259(A)m 704(g)s 1(ap)k 1096(consists)s 1898(of)s -2162(a)s 2322(length)s 2971(plus)s 3415(a)s 3574(g)s 1(ap)k -3966(mode)s 4548(plus)s 4992(an)s 5268(optional)s 6101(indication)s -7108(of)s 7373(unbreakability)s 15(.)k 8896(A)s 240 fnt83 -0 4973(length)m 240 fnt82 659 4971(is)m 875(represented)s 2040(by)s -2341(an)s 2630(decimal)s 3447(number)s 4244(\(which)s 4972(may)s -5444(not)s 5816(be)s 6104(ne)s 3(g)k 1(ati)k 6(v)k 3(e\))k -7036(follo)s 6(wed)k 7944(by)s 8244(a)s 8416(unit)s -8855(of)s 0 4683(measurement.)m 1437(F)s 3(or)k 1825(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 2738 4680(2.5c)m 240 fnt82 3207 4683(represents)m 4225(the)s -4572(length)s 5226(2.5)s 5571(centimetres.)s 6834(Figure)s 7513(3.1)s -7847(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 8393(the)s 8740(full)s -0 4395(selection)m 906(of)s 1177(units)s 1693(of)s 1964(measurement.)s -480 4021(After)m 1045(the)s 1396(length)s 2054(comes)s 2718(an)s -3004(optional)s 240 fnt83 3846 4023(gap)m 4261(mode)s 240 fnt82 -4773 4021(,)m 4883(which)s 5528(is)s 5740(a)s 5909(single)s -6539(letter)s 7090(follo)s 6(wing)k 8070(the)s 8421(length,)s -0 3733(indicating)m 1031(ho)s 6(w)k 1514(the)s 1884(length)s -2562(is)s 2794(to)s 3055(be)s 3359(measured.)s 4462(As)s -4801(sho)s 6(wn)k 5500(in)s 5765(Figure)s 6468(3.2,)s -6897(with)s 7401(edge-to-edge)s 8728(g)s 1(ap)k 0 3445(mode)m -603(the)s 967(length)s 240 fnt83 1638 3447(l)m 240 fnt82 -1780 3445(is)m 2006(measured)s 2996(from)s 3536(the)s 3900(trailing)s -4658(edge)s 5181(of)s 5468(the)s 5832(\207rst)s 6279(object)s -6939(to)s 7194(the)s 7558(leading)s 8331(edge)s 8855(of)s -0 3157(the)m 347(second.)s 1174(Edge-to-edge)s 2516(is)s 2725(the)s -3071(def)s 2(ault)k 3790(mode:)s 4486(the)s 220 fnt35 -4833 3154(e)m 240 fnt82 5005 3157(may)m 5469(be)s 5749(omitted.)s -6642(Hyphenation)s 7934(g)s 1(ap)k 8330(mode)s 8916(is)s -0 2869(similar)m 9(,)k 760(e)s 3(xcept)k 1441(as)s -1691(e)s 3(xplained)k 2676(at)s 2908(the)s 3256(end)s -3660(of)s 3931(this)s 4327(section.)s 480 2495(Mark-to-mark,)m 1957(o)s 3(v)k 3(erstrik)k 2(e,)k -3028(and)s 3450(k)s 2(erning)k 4249(measure)s 5118(the)s -5484(length)s 6156(from)s 6698(the)s 7063(last)s 7471(mark)s -8041(of)s 8329(the)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 2207(object)m 648(to)s -892(the)s 1245(\207rst)s 1680(mark)s 2237(of)s 2513(the)s -2865(second.)s 3699(In)s 3960(the)s 4312(case)s 4784(of)s -5060(mark-to-mark,)s 6497(if)s 6719(the)s 7072(length)s 7731(is)s -7946(too)s 8310(small)s 8887(to)s 0 1919(pre)m 6(v)k 3(ent)k -771(the)s 1123(objects)s 1855(almost)s 2556(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlapping,)k -3804(it)s 4000(is)s 4214(widened)s 5087(until)s 5584(the)s 3(y)k -6051(no)s 6348(longer)s 7023(do.)s 7431(\(The)s 7942(e)s 3(xtra)k -240 fnt83 8480 1921(l/10)m 240 fnt82 8916 1919(is)m 0 1631(not)m -362(applied)s 1119(when)s 1690(plain)s 2220(te)s 3(xt)k -2630(output)s 3298(is)s 3503(in)s 3741(ef)s 6(fect.\))k -4520(K)s 6(erning)k 5346(also)s 5780(widens,)s 6560(with)s -7037(the)s 7380(aim)s 7793(of)s 8059(pre)s 6(v)k 3(enting)k -0 1343(the)m 372(mark)s 948(of)s 1243(either)s 1870(object)s -2539(from)s 3087(o)s 3(v)k 3(erlapping)k 4301(the)s -4673(other)s 5248(object;)s 5969(this)s 6389(mode)s 7001(is)s -7235(used)s 7756(for)s 8119(subscripts)s 0 1055(and)m 404(superscripts.)s -558 681(T)m 19(ab)k 4(ulation)k 1646(ignores)s 2419(the)s -2785(\207rst)s 3234(object)s 3896(and)s 4318(places)s 4984(the)s -5350(leading)s 6125(edge)s 6651(of)s 6940(the)s 7306(second)s -8047(object)s 8709(at)s 8960(a)s 0 393(distance)m 240 fnt83 -842 395(l)m 240 fnt82 971 393(from)m 1498(the)s 1849(left)s -2229(edge)s 2740(of)s 3014(the)s 3365(whole)s 4009(concatenation)s -5397(object.)s 6148(It)s 6356(is)s 6569(the)s 6920(main)s -7458(user)s 7919(of)s 8193(the)s 220 fnt35 8544 390(b)m -240 fnt82 8722 393(and)m 220 fnt35 0 102(r)m 240 fnt82 -141 105(units)m 666(of)s 945(measurement;)s 2340(for)s 2686(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 3609 102(|1r)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 3994 105(will)m -4429(right-justify)s 5631(the)s 5988(follo)s 6(wing)k 6973(component,)s -8153(and)s 220 fnt35 8566 102(|0.5r)m -8(t)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 38 44 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(38)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s gsave -0 13282 translate -240 fnt82 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 13368 translate -240 fnt82 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 13113 translate -240 fnt82 0 169 0 60 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 13027 translate -240 fnt82 0 86 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -170 13368 translate -240 fnt82 169 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 13116(c)m -gsave -339 13368 translate -240 fnt82 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -509 13368 translate -240 fnt82 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -679 13368 translate -240 fnt82 8217 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -240 fnt82 679 13119(Centimetres.)m 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 8896 13368 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 13282 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 169 0 60 240 288 60 9066 13113 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 13027 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 12941 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 166 0 57 240 288 60 0 12775 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 12689 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 12775(i)m 240 fnt82 -679 12778(Inches.)m 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 12941 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 166 0 57 240 288 60 9066 12775 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 12689 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 12603 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 211 0 102 240 288 60 0 12392 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 12306 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 12437(p)m 240 fnt82 679 12440(Points)m -1328(\()s 220 fnt35 1401 12437(72p)m 240 fnt82 1819 12440(=)m -220 fnt35 2007 12437(1i)m 240 fnt82 2163 12440(\).)m 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 12603 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 211 0 102 240 288 60 9066 12392 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 12306 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 12220 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 204 0 96 240 288 60 0 12016 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 11930 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 -170 12055(m)m 240 fnt82 679 12058(Ems)m 1155(\()s 220 fnt35 -1228 12055(12m)m 240 fnt82 1701 12058(=)m 220 fnt35 1889 12055(1i)m -240 fnt82 2045 12058(\).)m 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 12220 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 204 0 96 240 288 60 9066 12016 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 11930 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 11844 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 0 11341 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 11255 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 11678(f)m 240 fnt82 -679 11681(One)m 220 fnt35 1123 11678(f)m 240 fnt82 1229 11681(equals)m -1879(the)s 2215(size)s 2631(of)s 2890(the)s 3226(current)s -3950(font,)s 4431(as)s 4669(speci\207ed)s 5565(by)s 5847(the)s -220 fnt35 6184 11678(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 6884 11681(symbol)m -7632(\(Section)s 8473(3.3\).)s 679 11393(This)m 1155(unit)s 1587(is)s -1797(appropriate)s 2941(for)s 3279(lengths)s 4021(that)s 4439(should)s -5136(change)s 5870(with)s 6352(the)s 6700(font)s 7145(size.)s -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 11844 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 9066 11341 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 11255 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 11169 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 0 10666 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 10580 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 11003(s)m 240 fnt82 679 11006(One)m 220 fnt35 -1125 11003(s)m 240 fnt82 1279 11006(equals)m 1932(the)s 2271(preferred)s -3194(g)s 1(ap)k 3582(between)s 4427(tw)s 2(o)k -4828(w)s 2(ords)k 5453(in)s 5687(the)s 6025(current)s -6752(font,)s 7235(as)s 7476(speci\207ed)s 8375(in)s 8608(the)s -679 10718(de\207nition)m 1653(of)s 1924(the)s 2272(font,)s 2764(or)s -3023(by)s 3317(the)s 220 fnt35 3665 10715(@Space)m 240 fnt82 -4562 10718(symbol)m 5322(\(Section)s 6175(3.4\).)s 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 11169 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 9066 10666 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 10580 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 10494 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 791 0 682 240 288 60 0 9703 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 9617 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 10328(v)m -240 fnt82 679 10331(One)m 220 fnt35 1149 10328(v)m 240 fnt82 -1334 10331(equals)m 2011(the)s 2375(current)s 3126(g)s 1(ap)k -3540(between)s 4410(lines)s 4927(introduced)s 6024(during)s 6717(paragraph)s -7746(breaking,)s 8706(as)s 679 10043(speci\207ed)m 1574(by)s 1854(the)s -220 fnt35 2188 10040(@Break)m 240 fnt82 3030 10043(symbol)m 3777(\(Section)s -4616(3.4\).)s 5145(This)s 5607(unit)s 6026(is)s 6222(appropriate)s -7352(for)s 7676(lengths,)s 8460(such)s 679 9755(as)m 929(the)s -1277(spaces)s 1952(between)s 2806(paragraphs,)s 3962(which)s 4604(should)s -5301(change)s 6035(with)s 6517(the)s 6865(inter)s 4(-line)k -7791(g)s 1(ap.)k 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 10494 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 791 0 682 240 288 60 9066 9703 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 9617 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 9531 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 454 0 345 240 288 60 0 9077 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 8991 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 9365(w)m 240 fnt82 -679 9368(One)m 220 fnt35 1167 9365(w)m 240 fnt82 1416 9368(equals)m -2111(the)s 2493(width)s 3128(of)s 3432(the)s 3813(follo)s 6(wing)k -4824(component,)s 6028(or)s 6320(its)s 6629(height)s 7321(if)s -7571(the)s 7952(symbol)s 8746(is)s 679 9080(v)m 3(ertical)k -1446(concatenation.)s 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 9531 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 454 0 345 240 288 60 9066 9077 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 8991 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 8905 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 454 0 345 240 288 60 0 8451 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 8365 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 8739(b)m 240 fnt82 679 8742(One)m -220 fnt35 1133 8739(b)m 240 fnt82 1305 8742(equals)m 1965(the)s -2311(width)s 2912(of)s 3181(the)s 3527(whole)s 4166(concatenation)s -5550(object,)s 6239(or)s 6496(its)s 6770(height)s 7427(if)s -7642(the)s 7988(symbol)s 8746(is)s 679 8454(v)m 3(ertical)k -1446(concatenation.)s 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 8905 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 454 0 345 240 288 60 9066 8451 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 8365 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 8279 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 0 7776 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 7690 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 8113(r)m 240 fnt82 679 8116(One)m -220 fnt35 1176 8113(r)m 240 fnt82 1352 8116(equals)m 2057(one)s -220 fnt35 2502 8113(b)m 240 fnt82 2718 8116(minus)m 3397(one)s -220 fnt35 3842 8113(w)m 240 fnt82 3998 8116(.)m 4205(This)s -4723(unit)s 5198(is)s 5451(used)s 5991(for)s 6371(centring,)s -7304(and)s 7751(for)s 8132(left)s 8552(and)s 679 7828(right)m -1190(justi\207cation.)s 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 8279 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 503 0 394 240 288 60 9066 7776 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 7690 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 7604 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 215 0 106 240 288 60 0 7389 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 7303 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 7438(d)m 240 fnt82 679 7441(De)m 3(grees.)k -1623(This)s 2099(unit)s 2531(may)s 2997(only)s 3477(be)s -3759(used)s 4256(with)s 4738(the)s 220 fnt35 5086 7438(@Rotate)m -240 fnt82 6007 7441(symbol.)m 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 7604 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 215 0 106 240 288 60 9066 7389 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 7303 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 7217 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 504 0 394 240 288 60 0 6713 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 6627 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 7050(y)m 240 fnt82 -679 7053(One)m 220 fnt35 1129 7050(y)m 240 fnt82 1292 7053(equals)m -1949(the)s 2292(current)s 3023(v)s 6(alue)k 3586(set)s -3906(by)s 4195(the)s 220 fnt35 4538 7050(@YUnit)m 240 fnt82 -5347 7053(symbol)m 6102(\(Section)s 6950(3.6\).)s 7488(This)s 7959(unit)s -8386(is)s 8590(not)s 679 6765(used)m 1176(internally)s 2145(by)s -2439(Lout;)s 3003(it)s 3195(is)s 3405(included)s 4287(for)s -4625(the)s 4973(con)s 9(v)k 3(enience)k 6213(of)s -6484(application)s 7603(packages.)s 0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 7217 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 504 0 394 240 288 60 9066 6713 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 6627 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 0 6541 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 504 0 394 240 288 60 0 6037 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 0 5951 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -170 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 5951 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -220 fnt35 170 6374(z)m gsave -170 5951 translate -240 fnt82 169 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -339 5951 translate -240 fnt82 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -509 5951 translate -240 fnt82 170 0 0 0 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -240 fnt82 -679 6377(One)m 220 fnt35 1130 6374(z)m 240 fnt82 1290 6377(equals)m -1948(the)s 2292(current)s 3024(v)s 6(alue)k 3588(set)s -3909(by)s 4199(the)s 220 fnt35 4543 6374(@ZUnit)m 240 fnt82 -5341 6377(symbol)m 6097(\(Section)s 6946(3.6\).)s 7485(This)s 7957(unit)s -8385(is)s 8590(not)s 679 6089(used)m 1176(internally)s 2145(by)s -2439(Lout;)s 3003(it)s 3195(is)s 3405(included)s 4287(for)s -4625(the)s 4973(con)s 9(v)k 3(enience)k 6213(of)s -6484(application)s 7603(packages.)s 8217 0 0 0 240 288 60 679 5951 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -170 0 0 0 240 288 60 8896 5951 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 86 240 288 60 9066 6541 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 504 0 394 240 288 60 9066 6037 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 86 0 0 240 288 60 9066 5951 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -240 fnt84 1231 5361(Figur)m 4(e)k -1960(3.1.)s 2431(The)s 2886(thirteen)s 3750(units)s 4308(of)s -4580(measur)s 4(ement)k 6016(pr)s 4(o)k 2(vided)k -6982(by)s 7291(Lout.)s 240 fnt82 0 4724(will)m 426(centre)s -1065(it.)s 480 4350(The)m 914(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 -1488 4347(|0r)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 1871 4350(separating)m 2913(the)s -3267(\207rst)s 3704(and)s 4115(second)s 4844(items)s 5418(in)s -5667(a)s 5840(sequence)s 6779(of)s 7056(horizontally)s 8272(concate)s -8998(-)s 0 4062(nated)m 572(objects)s 1296(is)s 1502(some)s 6(what)k -2522(special)s 3236(in)s 3475(that)s 3889(it)s 4077(denotes)s -4855(left)s 5228(justi\207cation)s 6409(of)s 6676(the)s 7020(object)s -7660(to)s 7895(its)s 8167(left)s 8540(in)s 8778(the)s -0 3774(a)m 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 902(space.)s 1590(This)s -2059(is)s 2262(identical)s 3132(with)s 220 fnt35 3607 3771(|0ie)m -240 fnt82 4001 3774(when)m 4570(the)s 4911(object)s 5548(to)s -5780(the)s 6121(left)s 6491(also)s 6922(has)s 7285(the)s -7626(principal)s 8523(mark;)s 0 3486(b)m 4(ut)k 354(when)s -922(it)s 1105(does)s 1587(not,)s 220 fnt35 1991 3483(|0r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 2360 3486(will)m 2777(cause)s 3356(the)s 3695(object)s -4331(to)s 4561(the)s 4901(left)s 5269(to)s 5500(appear)s -6188(further)s 6889(to)s 7119(the)s 7459(left)s 7827(than)s -8288(it)s 8471(w)s 2(ould)k 0 3198(otherwise)m 985(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1486(done,)s 2059(if)s 2276(space)s 2863(to)s 3102(do)s -3395(so)s 3661(is)s 3871(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable.)k -480 2824(A)m 744(g)s 1(ap)k 1177(is)s 1421(optionally)s -2480(concluded)s 3557(with)s 4073(an)s 4391(indication)s 5439(of)s -5744(unbreakability)s 15(,)k 7252(which)s 7929(is)s 8173(a)s -8374(letter)s 220 fnt35 8958 2821(u)m 240 fnt82 0 2536(appended)m -976(to)s 1215(the)s 1563(g)s 1(ap.)k 2072(A)s -2303(paragraph)s 3316(will)s 3742(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -4324(be)s 4607(brok)s 2(en)k 5327(at)s 5559(an)s -5842(unbreakable)s 7068(g)s 1(ap,)k 7520(nor)s 7899(will)s -8325(a)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 2248(be)m -293(brok)s 2(en)k 1025(across)s 1684(tw)s 2(o)k -2106(tar)s 4(gets)k 2800(at)s 3044(such)s 3551(a)s -3729(g)s 1(ap.)k 4249(Basser)s 4958(Lout')s 13(s)k -5631(implementation)s 7200(is)s 7421(slightly)s 8204(defecti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 1960(in)m 242(that)s 659(it)s 849(ignores)s 1603(an)s 3(y)k -1999(unbreakable)s 3222(indication)s 4234(in)s 4476(the)s 4822(g)s 1(ap)k -5219(separating)s 6253(the)s 6599(\207rst)s 7029(component)s 8151(promoted)s -0 1672(into)m 425(an)s 3(y)k 822(tar)s 4(get)k -1421(from)s 1945(the)s 2293(second.)s 480 1298(When)m 1111(tw)s 2(o)k -1523(objects)s 2254(are)s 2603(separated)s 3566(only)s 4048(by)s -4345(zero)s 4811(or)s 5072(more)s 5622(white)s 6211(space)s -6801(characters)s 7821(\(spaces,)s 8634(tabs,)s 0 1010(ne)m 6(wlines,)k -983(and)s 1420(formfeeds\),)s 2607(Lout)s 3152(inserts)s 220 fnt35 -3859 1007(&)m 240 fnt83 4001 1012(k)m 220 fnt35 4111 1007(s)m -240 fnt82 4307 1010(between)m 5194(the)s 5575(tw)s 2(o)k -6018(objects,)s 6835(where)s 240 fnt83 7508 1012(k)m 240 fnt82 -7711 1010(is)m 7954(the)s 8335(number)s 0 722(of)m 291(spaces.)s -1100(Precisely)s 15(,)k 240 fnt83 2087 724(k)m 240 fnt82 -2278 722(is)m 2509(determined)s 3662(by)s 3977(discarding)s 5047(all)s -5360(space)s 5968(characters)s 7007(and)s 7431(tabs)s 7888(that)s -8327(precede)s 0 434(ne)m 6(wlines)k 903(\(these)s 1537(are)s -1892(in)s 9(visible)k 2771(so)s 3045(are)s 3400(better)s -4012(ignored\),)s 4937(then)s 5414(counting)s 6313(1)s 6477(for)s -6823(each)s 7326(ne)s 6(wline,)k 8193(formfeed)s 0 146(or)m -259(space,)s 897(and)s 1301(8)s 1468(for)s 1806(each)s -2301(tab)s 2646(character)s 13(.)k 3671(The)s 4099(g)s 1(ap)k -4497(will)s 4923(be)s 5205(unbreakable)s 6430(if)s 240 fnt83 -6647 148(k)m 240 fnt82 6817 146(is)m 7027(zero.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 39 45 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.2.)m 454(Concatenation)s 1918(symbols)s 2744(and)s -3170(par)s 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aphs)k 240 fnt84 -8832 13840(39)m gsave -1450 5884 translate -240 fnt82 6166 7484 0 7484 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -0 6710(Edge-to-edge)m 220 fnt35 1786 6707(|)m 240 fnt83 -1843 6712(l)m 220 fnt35 1929 6707(e)m 240 fnt82 0 5558(Hyphenation)m -220 fnt35 1786 5555(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 5560(l)m 220 fnt35 -1929 5555(h)m 240 fnt82 0 4406(Ov)m 3(erstrik)k 2(e)k -220 fnt35 1786 4403(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 4408(l)m 220 fnt35 -1929 4403(o)m 240 fnt82 0 3254(Mark-to-mark)m 220 fnt35 1786 3251(|)m -240 fnt83 1843 3256(l)m 220 fnt35 1929 3251(x)m 240 fnt82 -0 2102(K)m 6(erning)k 220 fnt35 1786 2099(|)m 240 fnt83 -1843 2104(l)m 220 fnt35 1929 2099(k)m 240 fnt82 0 950(T)m 19(ab)k 4(ulation)k -220 fnt35 1786 947(|)m 240 fnt83 1843 952(l)m 220 fnt35 -1929 947(t)m gsave -2764 0 translate -240 fnt82 3402 7484 0 7484 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -567 6748 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 6634 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 6748 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 6634 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2267 6658 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6658 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6658 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 6658 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 1732 6455(l)m gsave -567 5596 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 5482 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 5596 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 5482 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2267 5506 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 5506 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 5506 translate -180 fnt82 1020 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -1247 5506 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1732 5303(l)m gsave -567 4444 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4330 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 4444 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 4330 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 4297 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4297 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4297 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 4297 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1590 4095(l)m -gsave -567 3242 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3128 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3242 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 3128 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 3095 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3095 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3095 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3095 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt82 975 2892(max\()m 180 fnt83 1383 2893(l,)m 1503(a+b+l/10)s -180 fnt82 2205 2892(\))m gsave -1247 3719 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -567 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3719 translate -30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -567 0 0 0 180 288 45 680 3719 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 3719 translate --30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 920 3787(a)m gsave -2551 3719 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3719 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3719 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 3719 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -2366 3743(b)m -gsave -567 2090 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 1976 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 2090 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 1976 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 1943 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 1943 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 1943 translate -180 fnt82 1871 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 1943 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt82 1203 1740(max\()m 180 fnt83 1611 1741(l,)m 1731(a,)s -1891(b)s 180 fnt82 1977 1740(\))m gsave -1247 2567 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -567 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2567 translate -30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -567 0 0 0 180 288 45 680 2567 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 2567 translate --30.0000 rotate -68 0 0 0 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -180 fnt83 920 2635(a)m -gsave -2551 2567 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 2567 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 2567 translate -180 fnt82 283 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 2567 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -2366 2591(b)m gsave -567 938 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -680 824 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 938 translate -180 fnt82 680 340 0 340 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2551 824 translate -180 fnt82 0 567 0 567 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -2268 734 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 2268 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate -180 fnt82 2268 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 734 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1587 532(l)m gsave -3402 234 translate -180.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 3402 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 0 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 234 translate -30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 234 translate -180 fnt82 3402 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 234 translate --30.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -180 fnt82 68 0 0 0 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -1189 23(curr)m 6(ent)k 1759(bound)s - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -2063 5294(Figur)m 4(e)k 2792(3.2.)s 3263(The)s 3718(six)s -4054(gap)s 4480(modes)s 5185(pr)s 4(o)k 2(vided)k -6151(by)s 6460(Lout.)s 240 fnt82 480 4655(A)m 724(sequence)s -1672(of)s 1958(tw)s 2(o)k 2383(or)s 2657(more)s -3219(objects)s 3962(separated)s 4936(by)s 220 fnt35 5245 4652(&)m -240 fnt82 5462 4655(symbols)m 6326(is)s 6551(a)s 240 fnt83 -6732 4657(par)m 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aph)k 240 fnt82 -7745 4655(.)m 7924(Lout)s 8451(breaks)s 0 4367(paragraphs)m 1100(into)s -1526(lines)s 2029(automatically)s 3384(as)s 3635(required,)s 4539(by)s -4834(con)s 9(v)k 3(erting)k 5898(some)s 6460(of)s -6732(the)s 220 fnt35 7081 4364(&)m 240 fnt82 7284 4367(symbols)m -8134(into)s 220 fnt35 8560 4364(//1vx)m 240 fnt82 9022 4367(.)m -0 4079(Unbreakable)m 1279(g)s 1(aps)k 1769(are)s 2117(not)s -2485(eligible)s 3258(for)s 3597(this)s 3995(con)s 9(v)k 3(ersion.)k -5198(`Optimal')s 6173(line)s 6588(breaks)s 7265(are)s 7613(chosen,)s -8386(using)s 8960(a)s 0 3791(method)m 776(adapted)s 1578(from)s -2102(T)s 2198 3743(E)m 2306 3791(X)m 2535([5)s 2720(].)s -480 3417(If)m 735(an)s 220 fnt35 1043 3414(&)m 240 fnt82 -1271 3417(symbol)m 2056(whose)s 2750(g)s 1(ap)k 3173(has)s -3568(h)s 1(yphenation)k 4834(mode)s 5447(is)s 5683(chosen)s -6430(for)s 6793(replacement)s 8046(by)s 220 fnt35 8365 3414(//1vx)m -240 fnt82 8827 3417(,)m 8960(a)s 0 3129(h)m 1(yphen)k -755(will)s 1174(be)s 1448(appended)s 2417(to)s 2649(the)s -2989(preceding)s 3978(object,)s 4661(unless)s 5303(that)s 5714(object)s -6350(is)s 6553(a)s 6712(w)s 2(ord)k 7252(which)s -7887(already)s 8636(ends)s 0 2841(with)m 482(a)s 648(h)s 1(yphen.)k -1517(F)s 3(or)k 1906(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 2344(Long)m 1017(w)s 2(ords)k 1654(ma)s 6(y)k -2122(be)s 2419(h)s 6(yph &0ih enat &0ih ed.)k 240 fnt82 0 1845(could)m -590(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 1091(the)s 1439(follo)s 6(wing)k -2416(result,)s 3053(depending)s 4104(where)s 4744(the)s 5092(line)s -5506(breaks)s 6181(f)s 2(all:)k 480 1342(Long)m 1038(w)s 2(ords)k -1670(may)s 2135(be)s 2415(h)s 1(yphenat)k 3292(-)s -480 1054(ed.)m 0 601(Basser)m 702(Lout)s 1219(inserts)s 1898(h)s 1(yphenation)k -3143(g)s 1(aps)k 3637(automatically)s 4996(as)s 5251(required,)s -6159(ag)s 1(ain)k 6738(follo)s 6(wing)k 7720(the)s -8073(method)s 8855(of)s 0 313(T)m 96 265(E)m 204 313(X)m -373(,)s 479(which)s 1120(approximates)s 2458(the)s 2804(h)s 1(yphenations)k -4130(in)s 4372(W)s 19(ebster')k 13(s)k 5358(dictionary)s 15(.)k -6474(T)s 19(o)k 6773(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k -7540(the)s 7886(h)s 1(yphenation)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 40 46 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-BoldItalic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-BoldItalic -/Times-BoldItalicfnt85 vec2 /Times-BoldItalic LoutRecode -/fnt85 { /Times-BoldItalicfnt85 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(40)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(of)m -268(a)s 430(single)s 1053(w)s 2(ord,)k 1646(enclose)s -2416(it)s 2604(in)s 2843(quotes.)s 3628(Further)s 4387(control)s -5116(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 5591(paragraph)s 6600(breaking)s -7486(and)s 7886(h)s 1(yphenation)k 0 12917(is)m 210(pro)s 3(vided)k -1116(by)s 1410(the)s 220 fnt35 1758 12914(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -2614 12917(and)m 220 fnt35 3018 12914(@Space)m 240 fnt82 3915 12917(symbols)m -4764(\(Sections)s 5704(3.4)s 6058(and)s 6462(3.5\).)s 240 fnt84 -0 12124(3.3.)m 471(@F)s 6(ont)k 1226(and)s 1667(@Char)s -240 fnt82 480 11692(A)m 240 fnt83 728 11694(font)m 240 fnt82 -1182 11692(is)m 1410(a)s 1594(collection)s 2611(of)s 2900(characters)s -3936(which)s 4596(may)s 5080(be)s 5380(printed.)s 6239(Man)s 3(y)k -6867(fonts)s 7414(come)s 8006(in)s 240 fnt83 8268 11694(families)m -240 fnt82 9019 11692(,)m 0 11404(which)m 634(are)s 973(groups)s -1667(of)s 1930(fonts)s 2450(that)s 2860(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3352(been)s 3853(designed)s 4754(to)s 4984(go)s 5269(together)s 13(.)k -6194(F)s 3(or)k 6575(e)s 3(xample,)k 7480(the)s -7820(T)s 8(imes)k 8451(f)s 2(amily)k 0 11116(includes)m -848(the)s 1196(follo)s 6(wing)k 2173(fonts:)s 480 10613(T)m 8(imes)k -1120(Base)s 240 fnt83 480 10327(T)m 13(imes)k 1093(Slope)s -240 fnt84 480 10036(T)m 4(imes)k 1154(Bold)s 240 fnt85 -480 9748(T)m 8(imes)k 1116(BoldSlope)s 240 fnt82 0 9246(Thus,)m -586(each)s 1080(font)s 1524(has)s 1893(tw)s 2(o)k -2303(names:)s 3019(its)s 240 fnt83 3294 9248(family)m 3946(name)s -240 fnt82 4518 9246(\(T)m 8(imes,)k 5292(Helv)s 3(etica,)k -6310(etc.\))s 6775(and)s 7179(its)s 240 fnt83 7454 9248(face)m -7904(name)s 240 fnt82 8475 9246(\(Base,)m 0 8958(Slope,)m 682(etc.\).)s -1294(T)s 8(imes)k 1964(Base)s 2516(is)s 2756(more)s -3334(commonly)s 4443(called)s 5101(T)s 8(imes)k 5772(Roman,)s -6601(and)s 7036(T)s 8(imes)k 7706(Slope)s 8338(is)s -8579(more)s 0 8670(commonly)m 1085(called)s 1720(T)s 8(imes)k -2367(Italic.)s 3027(Lout)s 3547(a)s 4(v)k 4(oids)k -4222(these)s 4776(names)s 5445(in)s 5695(f)s 2(a)k 4(v)k 4(our)k -6377(of)s 6655(generic)s 7418(names)s 8087(which)s 8737(can)s -0 8382(be)m 282(applied)s 1044(to)s 1283(man)s 3(y)k -1866(font)s 2311(f)s 2(amilies.)k 480 8008(Lig)m 1(atures,)k -1488(such)s 1984(as)s 2234(\210)s 2420(for)s 2758(f)s -2849(l)s 2970(and)s 3375(\207)s 3560(for)s 3898(f)s -3989(i,)s 4163(are)s 4510(considered)s 5604(by)s 5899(Basser)s -6596(Lout)s 7108(to)s 7348(be)s 7630(an)s 7913(inte)s 3(gral)k -8695(part)s 0 7720(of)m 257(the)s 591(font:)s 1128(if)s -1331(the)s 1665(font)s 2096(de\207nition)s 3056(\(see)s 3482(belo)s 6(w\))k -4175(mentions)s 5089(them,)s 5660(the)s 3(y)k 6109(will)s -6521(be)s 6789(used.)s 7378(Similarly)s 15(,)k 8344(k)s 2(erning)k -0 7432(\(\207ne)m 510(adjustment)s 1636(of)s 1924(the)s 2289(space)s -2893(between)s 3764(adjacent)s 4637(characters)s 5672(to)s 5928(impro)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -6792(the)s 7157(appearance\))s 8377(is)s 8604(done)s 0 7144(whene)m 6(v)k 3(er)k -988(indicated)s 1929(in)s 2179(the)s 2535(font)s 2987(de\207nition.)s -4075(Enclosing)s 5092(one)s 5502(of)s 5780(the)s 6135(letters)s -6775(in)s 220 fnt35 7026 7141(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 8045 7144(is)m -8262(one)s 8672(sure)s 0 6856(w)m 2(ay)k 451(to)s -690(disable)s 1423(a)s 1589(lig)s 1(ature)k 2373(or)s -2632(k)s 2(ern.)k 480 6482(The)m 220 fnt35 908 6479(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 1620 6482(symbol)m 2380(returns)s 3094(its)s 3370(right)s -3881(parameter)s 4895(in)s 5138(a)s 5304(font)s 5749(and)s -6153(size)s 6580(speci\207ed)s 7488(by)s 7782(its)s 8058(left:)s -220 fnt35 480 5974({ )m 11(Times Base 12p } @F)k 6(ont)k 240 fnt83 -3155 5979(object)m 240 fnt82 0 5478(The)m 417(f)s 2(amily)k -1080(and)s 1473(f)s 2(ace)k 1912(names)s 2563(must)s -3076(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3565(appeared)s 4475(together)s -5306(in)s 5538(a)s 220 fnt35 5692 5475(f)m 6(ontdef)k -240 fnt82 6354 5478(;)m 6454(the)s 6791(size)s 7206(is)s -7405(arbitrary)s 8268(and)s 8660(may)s 0 5190(be)m 283(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -865(in)s 1109(an)s 3(y)k 1508(one)s 1911(of)s -2184(the)s 220 fnt35 2533 5187(c)m 240 fnt82 2638 5190(,)m -220 fnt35 2747 5187(i)m 240 fnt82 2781 5190(,)m 220 fnt35 -2889 5187(p)m 240 fnt82 3003 5190(,)m 220 fnt35 3112 5187(m)m -240 fnt82 3281 5190(,)m 220 fnt35 3389 5187(f)m 240 fnt82 -3447 5190(,)m 220 fnt35 3556 5187(s)m 240 fnt82 3659 5190(,)m -3767(and)s 220 fnt35 4173 5187(v)m 240 fnt82 4343 5190(units)m -4861(of)s 5133(measurement)s 6469(\(Section)s 7323(3.2\),)s 7811(although)s -220 fnt35 8708 5187(10p)m 240 fnt82 0 4902(and)m 220 fnt35 -407 4899(12p)m 240 fnt82 828 4902(are)m 1178(the)s 1530(most)s -2058(common)s 2956(sizes)s 3475(for)s 3816(te)s 3(xt.)k -4338(There)s 4954(may)s 5424(be)s 5709(empty)s 6364(objects)s -7096(and)s 220 fnt35 7503 4899(@Null)m 240 fnt82 8151 4902(objects)m -8883(in)s 0 4614(the)m 348(left)s 725(parameter)s 1739(of)s -220 fnt35 2010 4611(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 2662 4614(;)m -2774(these)s 3321(are)s 3668(ignored.)s 480 4240(When)m 1114(a)s -220 fnt35 1286 4237(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 2004 4240(symbol)m -2769(is)s 2985(nested)s 3660(inside)s 4293(the)s 4646(right)s -5163(parameter)s 6183(of)s 6459(another)s 220 fnt35 7242 4237(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 7960 4240(symbol,)m 8778(the)s 0 3952(inner)m 555(one)s -961(determines)s 2065(the)s 2417(font)s 2867(of)s 3142(its)s -3423(o)s 6(wn)k 3891(right)s 4406(parameter)s 13(.)k -5516(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -6480(it)s 6677(may)s 7147(be)s 7434(abbre)s 6(viated)k -8605(so)s 8876(as)s 0 3664(to)m 239(inherit)s 922(part)s -1353(of)s 1624(the)s 1972(outer)s 2523(symbol:)s 220 fnt35 -480 3163({ )m 11(Times Base 12p } @F)k 6(ont)k 480 2875({ hello)m 8(, Slope @F)k 6(ont hello)k 8(, 15p @F)k 6(ont hello })k -240 fnt82 0 2379(has)m 370(result)s 480 1898(hello,)m 240 fnt83 -1065 1900(hello,)m 300 fnt82 1636 1885(hello)m 240 fnt82 0 1414(The)m -457(\207rst)s 918(inner)s 220 fnt35 1498 1411(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 2240 1414(inherits)m 3037(the)s 3414(outer)s 3995(f)s 2(amily)k -4699(and)s 5133(size,)s 5641(changing)s 6601(only)s 7111(the)s -7488(f)s 2(ace;)k 8025(the)s 8403(second)s 0 1126(inherits)m -754(the)s 1089(outer)s 1627(f)s 2(amily)k 2289(and)s -2680(f)s 2(ace.)k 3225(When)s 3841(a)s 3994(f)s 2(amily)k -4656(name)s 5217(is)s 5413(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en,)k -6030(it)s 6209(must)s 6721(be)s 6990(follo)s 6(wed)k -7878(immediately)s 0 838(by)m 294(a)s 460(f)s 2(ace)k -911(name.)s 1593(A)s 1823(size)s 2250(change)s 2984(may)s -3450(appear)s 4147(\207rst)s 4578(or)s 4837(last.)s 480 464(Sizes)m -1035(of)s 1307(the)s 1656(form)s 2180(+)s 240 fnt83 -2308 466(length)m 240 fnt82 2962 464(and)m 3367(\211)s 240 fnt83 -3487 466(length)m 240 fnt82 4140 464(may)m 4607(also)s 5046(be)s -5328(used,)s 5875(meaning)s 6753(that)s 7171(the)s 7520(font)s -7966(size)s 8393(is)s 8604(to)s 8844(be)s 240 fnt83 -0 178(length)m 240 fnt82 649 176(lar)m 4(ger)k 1257(or)s -1512(smaller)s 2269(than)s 2734(the)s 3078(inherited)s 3981(v)s 6(alue.)k -4652(F)s 3(or)k 5037(e)s 3(xample,)k 5947(\211)s -220 fnt35 6067 173(2p)m 240 fnt82 6359 176(is)m 6564(often)s -7108(used)s 7601(for)s 7934(superscripts)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 41 47 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.3.)m 454(@F)s 25(ont)k 1165(and)s -1591(@Char)s 240 fnt84 8839 13840(41)m 240 fnt82 0 13250(and)m -407(subscripts.)s 1530(These)s 2161(forms)s 2772(are)s 3123(highly)s -3792(recommended,)s 5257(since)s 5808(the)s 3(y)k 6274(don')s 4(t)k -6839(need)s 7352(to)s 7594(be)s 7880(changed)s 8739(if)s -8960(a)s 0 12962(decision)m 854(is)s 1064(made)s 1638(to)s -1877(alter)s 2360(the)s 2708(font)s 3153(size)s 3580(of)s -3851(the)s 4199(document)s 5203(as)s 5453(a)s 5619(whole.)s -480 12588(The)m 220 fnt35 908 12585(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 -1620 12588(symbol)m 2380(also)s 2818(switches)s 3692(to)s 3931(and)s -4335(from)s 4859(small)s 5431(capitals:)s 220 fnt35 480 12087(smallcaps @F)m 6(ont ...)k -480 11799(nosmallcaps @F)m 6(ont ...)k 240 fnt82 0 11303(These)m 639(may)s -1118(be)s 1412(nested,)s 2143(and)s 2559(the)s 3(y)k -3035(cooperate)s 4033(with)s 4527(other)s 5091(font)s 5548(changes.)s -6496(The)s 6936(precise)s 7681(ef)s 6(fect)k 8290(depends)s -0 11015(on)m 293(the)s 637(font)s 1078(\(see)s 1514(belo)s 6(w\).)k -2331(There)s 2940(is)s 3146(a)s 3308(def)s 2(ault)k -4024(v)s 6(alue)k 4588(\()s 220 fnt35 4661 11012(nosmallcaps)m -240 fnt82 5873 11015(\),)m 6055(so)s 6317(it)s 6504(is)s -6710(not)s 7072(necessary)s 8051(to)s 8285(mention)s 0 10727(this)m -396(attrib)s 4(ute)k 1243(when)s 1819(gi)s 6(ving)k -2478(an)s 2761(initial)s 3372(font.)s 480 10353(There)m 1080(are)s -1413(tw)s 2(o)k 1810(prede\207ned)s 2864(symbols,)s 220 fnt35 -3756 10350(@CurrF)m 11(amily)k 240 fnt82 5083 10353(and)m 220 fnt35 -5474 10350(@CurrF)m 11(ace)k 240 fnt82 6592 10353(,)m 6685(which)s -7314(respecti)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 8499(return)s 0 10065(the)m -337(f)s 2(amily)k 1000(and)s 1392(f)s 2(ace)k -1831(names)s 2482(of)s 2741(the)s 3077(current)s 3801(font.)s -4339(F)s 3(or)k 4716(e)s 3(xample,)k 5618(right)s -6117(no)s 6(w)k 220 fnt35 6567 10062(@CurrF)m 11(amily)k -240 fnt82 7896 10065(is)m 8094(T)s 8(imes)k 8722(and)s -220 fnt35 0 9774(@CurrF)m 11(ace)k 240 fnt82 1178 9777(is)m -1388(Base.)s 480 9403(When)m 1109(Lout)s 1621(runs,)s 2140(the)s -2488(\207rst)s 2919(thing)s 3464(it)s 3656(reads)s 4211(is)s -4421(a)s 4587(list)s 4938(of)s 5209(font)s 5654(de\207nitions,)s -6771(lik)s 2(e)k 7183(these:)s 220 fnt35 480 8895(f)m 6(ontdef )k 11(Times Base {)k -240 fnt83 2842 8900(implementation-dependent)m 220 fnt35 5517 8895(})m 480 8607(f)m 6(ontdef )k 11(Times Slope {)k -240 fnt83 2841 8612(implementation-dependent)m 220 fnt35 5516 8607(})m 240 fnt82 -0 8111(Each)m 552(line)s 983(tells)s 1449(Lout)s 1978(of)s -2267(the)s 2632(e)s 3(xistence)k 3591(of)s 3880(a)s -4063(font,)s 4573(and)s 4994(assigns)s 5754(it)s 5963(a)s -6146(f)s 2(amily)k 6839(name)s 7430(and)s 7852(a)s -8035(f)s 2(ace)k 8504(name.)s 0 7823(There)m 617(are)s -969(a)s 1140(fe)s 6(w)k 1551(fonts)s 2085(which)s -2732(are)s 3084(the)s 3437(only)s 3921(members)s 4853(of)s -5129(their)s 5631(f)s 2(amilies;)k 6514(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -7019(though)s 7747(these)s 8299(fonts)s 8833(do)s 0 7535(not)m -357(need)s 857(a)s 1013(f)s 2(ace)k 1455(name,)s -2070(the)s 3(y)k 2523(must)s 3039(be)s 3311(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3881(one)s 4274(by)s 4558(their)s 220 fnt35 5045 7532(f)m 6(ontdef)k -240 fnt82 5707 7535(.)m 5862(The)s 6280(part)s 6701(between)s -7546(braces)s 8197(may)s 8653(v)s 6(ary)k 0 7247(with)m -486(dif)s 6(ferent)k 1365(implementations)s 3013(of)s 3288(Lout;)s -3856(it)s 4052(is)s 4267(supposed)s 5221(to)s 5464(contain)s -6229(the)s 6581(information)s 7770(Lout)s 8286(needs)s 8887(to)s -0 6959(w)m 2(ork)k 551(with)s 1033(the)s 1381(font.)s -480 6585(In)m 735(Basser)s 1431(Lout)s 1941(V)s 26(ersion)k -2728(3,)s 2954(this)s 3348(implementation-dependent)s 5970(part)s 6400(consists)s -7206(of)s 7476(a)s 7641(PostScript)s 8681(font)s 0 6297(name,)m -635(an)s 928(Adobe)s 1634(font)s 2089(metrics)s 2852(\(formerly)s -3831(AFM\))s 4488(\207le)s 4859(whose)s 5538(F)s 3(ontName)k -6611(entry)s 7166(must)s 7702(agree)s 8285(with)s 8778(the)s -0 6009(PostScript)m 1034(font)s 1471(name)s 2037(just)s 2433(mentioned,)s -3542(the)s 3882(name)s 4448(of)s 4710(a)s 4868(Lout)s -5372(Character)s 6352(Mapping)s 7261(\(LCM\))s 7979(\207le,)s 8383(and)s -8778(the)s 0 5721(w)m 2(ord)k 220 fnt35 548 5718(Recode)m -240 fnt82 1356 5721(or)m 220 fnt35 1615 5718(NoRecode)m 240 fnt82 -2643 5721(:)m 220 fnt35 480 5266(f)m 6(ontdef )k 11(Times Base { )k 11(Times-Roman )k 11(Ti-Ro LtLatin1.LCM Recode })k -240 fnt82 0 4772(It)m 226(seems)s 883(to)s 1143(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1666(become)s 2487(an)s 2792(in)s 9(v)k 6(ariable)k -3810(rule)s 4258(at)s 4512(Adobe)s 5228(Systems)s 6098(that)s -6538(the)s 6907(font)s 7374(name)s 7969(and)s 8395(the)s -8765(\207le)s 0 4484(name)m 591(should)s 1305(be)s 1605(the)s -1970(same,)s 2585(b)s 4(ut)k 2965(some)s 3543(operating)s -4517(systems)s 5342(do)s 5652(not)s 6036(permit)s 6736(such)s -7249(long)s 7746(\207le)s 8124(names,)s 8860(so)s 0 4196(Lout)m -526(does)s 1031(not)s 1411(use)s 1801(them.)s 2457(The)s -2900(\207les)s 3363(are)s 3725(searched)s 4633(for)s 4986(in)s -5243(standard)s 6126(places.)s 6901(Consult)s 7721(the)s 8084(PostScript)s -0 3908(Reference)m 1064(Manual)s 1891([1)s 2065(])s 2224(for)s -2603(general)s 3401(information)s 4627(about)s 5260(fonts)s 5830(and)s -6274(encoding)s 7246(v)s 3(ectors;)k 8086(brie\210y)s 15(,)k -8843(an)s 0 3620(8-bit)m 520(character)s 1464(code)s 240 fnt83 -1981 3622(c)m 240 fnt82 2153 3620(in)m 2405(Lout')s 13(s)k -3077(input)s 3638(is)s 3858(mapped)s 4683(to)s 4932(the)s -5289(character)s 6233(in)s 6485(the)s 6843(Adobe)s 7547(font)s -8002(metrics)s 8765(\207le)s 0 3332(whose)m 677(name)s 1260(appears)s -2050(on)s 2356(the)s 2714(line)s 3137(labelled)s 240 fnt83 -3960 3334(c)m 240 fnt82 4131 3332(in)m 4384(the)s 4741(LCM)s -5323(\207le.)s 5801(The)s 6239(LCM)s 6821(\207le)s 7191(also)s -7638(de\207nes)s 8377(v)s 6(arious)k 0 3044(character)m 4(-to-character)k -2162(mappings,)s 3215(such)s 3726(as)s 3991(upper)s 4(-case)k -5093(to)s 5347(lo)s 6(wer)k 4(-case,)k 6493(which)s -7150(are)s 7512(used)s 8024(for)s 8377(v)s 6(arious)k -0 2756(purposes,)m 947(such)s 1431(as)s 1669(the)s 2005(production)s -3087(of)s 3346(small)s 3906(capitals.)s 4787(If)s 5005(the)s -5341(w)s 2(ord)k 220 fnt35 5877 2753(NoRecode)m 240 fnt82 -6953 2756(appears,)m 7778(Lout)s 8278(assumes)s 0 2468(that)m 428(the)s -786(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 1376(encoding)s 2317(v)s 3(ector)k -2981(is)s 3201(already)s 3968(associated)s 5018(with)s 5510(this)s -5916(font)s 6371(in)s 6624(the)s 6982(PostScript)s 8035(interpreter)s 9(,)k -0 2180(and)m 404(optimizes)s 1384(its)s 1660(output)s 2332(accordingly)s 15(.)k -480 1806(If)m 723(there)s 1270(are)s 1630(tw)s 2(o)k -2054(font)s 2512(de\207nitions)s 3587(with)s 4083(the)s 4444(same)s -5005(f)s 2(amily)k 5693(and)s 6111(f)s 2(ace)k -6576(name,)s 7214(it)s 7420(is)s 7643(an)s 7940(error)s -8477(unless)s 0 1518(the)m 371(second)s 1117(one)s 1542(has)s -1936(the)s 2307(same)s 2877(font)s 3346(name)s 3943(and)s -4370(\207le)s 4755(name)s 5352(as)s 5625(the)s 5997(\207rst,)s -6498(in)s 6764(which)s 7430(case)s 7920(it)s 8135(is)s -8369(silently)s 0 1230(ignored.)m 902(A)s 1139(PostScript)s 2188(font)s -2640(name)s 3221(and)s 3632(\207le)s 4000(may)s 4474(appear)s -5178(in)s 5428(tw)s 2(o)k 5845(or)s 6111(more)s -6665(font)s 7117(de\207nitions,)s 8242(allo)s 6(wing)k 0 942(one)m -402(PostScript)s 1444(font)s 1889(to)s 2128(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2629(tw)s 2(o)k 3039(or)s 3298(more)s 3845(equally)s -4603(v)s 6(alid)k 5133(Lout)s 5645(names,)s 6363(and)s -6767(dif)s 6(ferent)k 7642(LCM)s 8215(\207les.)s 480 568(The)m -220 fnt35 917 565(@Char)m 240 fnt82 1685 568(symbol)m 2454(allo)s 6(ws)k -3133(a)s 3309(character)s 4252(to)s 4501(be)s 4792(speci\207ed)s -5710(by)s 6014(its)s 6299(name)s 6883(\(its)s 7247(PostScript)s -8299(name)s 8883(in)s 0 280(Basser)m 697(Lout\))s 1277(rather)s -1893(than)s 2362(by)s 2656(its)s 2932(code:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 42 48 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(42)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 220 fnt35 480 13207(@Char nine)m -240 fnt82 0 12752(is)m 215(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -1265(to)s 220 fnt35 1510 12749(9)m 240 fnt82 1689 12752(in)m -1938(most)s 2469(fonts.)s 3117(This)s 3599(is)s 3815(useful)s -4460(as)s 4716(a)s 4888(documentation)s 6373(aid)s 6729(and)s -7139(to)s 7384(be)s 7672(sure)s 8132(of)s 8409(getting)s -0 12464(the)m 347(right)s 856(character)s 1788(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2286(if)s 2501(the)s 2848(encoding)s 3777(v)s 3(ector)k -4429(of)s 4698(the)s 5044(font)s 5488(is)s 5696(changed.)s -6656(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 220 fnt35 -7576 12461(@Char)m 240 fnt82 8332 12464(will)m 8756(f)s 2(ail)k -0 12176(if)m 217(the)s 565(character)s 1499(named)s 2195(is)s -2405(not)s 2771(in)s 3014(the)s 3362(encoding)s 4293(v)s 3(ector)k -4947(of)s 5218(the)s 5566(current)s 6302(font.)s 240 fnt84 -0 11383(3.4.)m 471(@Br)s 4(eak)k 240 fnt82 480 10951(The)m -220 fnt35 898 10948(@Break)m 240 fnt82 1744 10951(symbol)m 2493(in\210uences)s -3504(the)s 3842(appearance)s 4962(of)s 5223(paragraphs)s 6313(\(Section)s -7155(3.2\),)s 7631(of)s 6(fering)k 8437(a)s 8592(\207x)s 3(ed)k -0 10663(set)m 325(of)s 596(nine)s 1064(styles:)s 220 fnt35 -1275 10155(adjust)m 1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 10160(object)m 240 fnt82 -3600 10158(Break)m 4301(the)s 4718(paragraphs)s 5887(of)s 240 fnt83 -6228 10160(object)m 240 fnt82 6945 10158(into)m 7439(lines,)s 8066(and)s -8540(apply)s 220 fnt35 3600 9867(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 -4633 9870(\(Section)m 5511(3.15\))s 6084(to)s 6348(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -6949(line)s 7388(e)s 3(xcept)k 8094(the)s 8467(last)s -8883(in)s 3600 9582(each)m 4095(paragraph;)s 220 fnt35 1128 9074(outdent)m -1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 9079(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 9077(Lik)m 2(e)k -220 fnt35 4122 9074(adjust)m 240 fnt82 4703 9077(,)m 4840(e)s 3(xcept)k -5551(that)s 220 fnt35 6000 9074(2.0f @Wide {} &0i)m 240 fnt82 7809 9077(is)m -8049(inserted)s 8894(at)s 3600 8789(the)m 3981(be)s 3(ginning)k -5022(of)s 5326(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 5935(line)s -6382(e)s 3(xcept)k 7096(the)s 7477(\207rst,)s 7988(creating)s -8843(an)s 3600 8501(outdented)m 4602(paragraph;)s 220 fnt35 1187 7993(r)m 2(agged)k -1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 7998(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 7996(Break)m -4222(the)s 4559(paragraphs)s 5648(of)s 240 fnt83 5908 7998(object)m -240 fnt82 6545 7996(into)m 6960(lines,)s 7507(b)s 4(ut)k -7858(do)s 8140(not)s 8495(adjust)s 3600 7708(the)m 3948(lines)s -4450(\(`ragged)s 5317(right'\);)s 220 fnt35 1077 7200(cr)m 2(agged)k -1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 7205(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 7203(Lik)m 2(e)k -220 fnt35 4125 7200(r)m 2(agged)k 240 fnt82 4794 7203(,)m -4934(e)s 3(xcept)k 5648(that)s 6099(each)s 6628(line)s -7075(will)s 7534(be)s 7849(centred)s 8644(with)s 3600 6915(respect)m -4336(to)s 4575(the)s 4923(others;)s 220 fnt35 1114 6407(rr)m 2(agged)k -1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 6412(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 6410(Lik)m 2(e)k -220 fnt35 4115 6407(r)m 2(agged)k 240 fnt82 4784 6410(,)m -4914(e)s 3(xcept)k 5618(that)s 6059(each)s 6577(line)s -7014(will)s 7463(be)s 7768(right-justi\207ed)s 3600 6122(with)m 4082(respect)s -4818(to)s 5057(the)s 5405(others)s 6040(\(`ragged)s 6907(left'\);)s -220 fnt35 1065 5614(or)m 2(agged)k 1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 -2772 5619(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 5617(The)m 4028(ob)s 3(vious)k -4835(combination)s 6088(of)s 220 fnt35 6359 5614(r)m 2(agged)k -240 fnt82 7088 5617(and)m 220 fnt35 7492 5614(outdent)m 240 fnt82 -8220 5617(;)m 220 fnt35 1413 5110(lines)m 1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 -2772 5115(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 5113(Break)m 4284(the)s 4685(paragraphs)s -5837(of)s 240 fnt83 6161 5115(object)m 240 fnt82 6861 5113(into)m -7339(lines)s 7893(at)s 8178(the)s 8579(same)s 3600 4825(points)m -4235(that)s 4651(the)s 3(y)k 5113(are)s 5458(brok)s 2(en)k -6177(into)s 6600(lines)s 7101(in)s 7342(the)s 7689(input,)s -8286(and)s 8688(also)s 3600 4537(at)m 3819(concatenation)s 5190(symbols)s -6026(of)s 6283(the)s 6617(form)s 220 fnt35 7128 4534(&)m -240 fnt83 7270 4539(k)m 220 fnt35 7380 4534(b)m 240 fnt82 -7540 4537(for)m 7865(an)s 3(y)k 240 fnt83 8248 4539(k)m -240 fnt82 8404 4537(greater)m 3600 4249(than)m 4069(1.)s 4354(Do)s -4700(not)s 5067(adjust)s 5698(the)s 6047(lines.)s 6663(An)s 3(y)k -7127(spaces)s 7803(at)s 8035(the)s 8384(start)s 8855(of)s -3600 3961(a)m 3766(line)s 4180(other)s 4731(than)s 5200(the)s -5548(\207rst)s 5979(line)s 6393(will)s 6819(appear)s 7516(in)s -7759(the)s 8107(output;)s 220 fnt35 1303 3453(clines)m 1916(@Break)s -240 fnt83 2772 3458(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 3456(Break)m 4288(the)s -4693(paragraphs)s 5849(of)s 240 fnt83 6177 3458(object)m 240 fnt82 -6881 3456(into)m 7363(lines)s 7921(as)s 8228(for)s 220 fnt35 -8623 3453(lines)m 3600 3165(@Break)m 240 fnt82 4396 3168(,)m 4503(then)s -4972(centre)s 5611(each)s 6106(line)s 6520(with)s 7002(respect)s -7738(to)s 7977(the)s 8325(others;)s 220 fnt35 1337 2660(r)m -3(lines)k -1916(@Break)s 240 fnt83 2772 2665(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 2663(Break)m -4288(the)s 4693(paragraphs)s 5849(of)s 240 fnt83 6177 2665(object)m -240 fnt82 6881 2663(into)m 7363(lines)s 7921(as)s 8228(for)s -220 fnt35 8623 2660(lines)m 3600 2372(@Break)m 240 fnt82 4396 2375(,)m -4535(then)s 5036(right-)s 5555(justify)s 6251(each)s 6778(line)s -7224(with)s 7738(respect)s 8506(to)s 8778(the)s 3600 2087(others.)m -0 1634(If)m 235(the)s 588(paragraph)s 1606(w)s 2(as)k -2032(an)s 2320(entire)s 2924(component)s 4053(of)s 4329(a)s -4501(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 5178(so)s -5449(will)s 5880(each)s 6380(of)s 6656(its)s 6937(lines)s -7444(be;)s 7787(otherwise)s 8778(the)s 0 1346(lines)m 502(are)s -849(enclosed)s 1744(in)s 1987(a)s 220 fnt35 2153 1343(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 3284 1346(symbol)m 4044(after)s 4540(breaking.)s 480 972(The)m -911(length)s 1570(of)s 1845(the)s 2196(g)s 1(ap)k -2598(used)s 3099(to)s 3341(separate)s 4183(the)s 4535(lines)s -5040(produced)s 5993(by)s 6291(paragraph)s 7307(breaking)s 8201(is)s -8415(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 220 fnt35 0 681(1v)m -240 fnt82 231 684(.)m 395(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -1355(the)s 220 fnt35 1703 681(v)m 240 fnt82 1872 684(unit)m -2304(itself)s 2852(and)s 3256(the)s 3604(g)s 1(ap)k -4002(mode)s 4590(may)s 5056(be)s 5338(changed:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 43 49 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.4.)m 454(@Br)s 8(eak)k 240 fnt84 -8833 13840(43)m 240 fnt83 1503 13249(gap)m 220 fnt35 1916 13244(@Break)m -240 fnt83 2772 13249(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 13247(W)m 9(ithin)k -240 fnt83 4312 13249(object)m 240 fnt82 4900 13247(,)m 5008(tak)s 2(e)k -5460(the)s 5809(v)s 6(alue)k 6377(of)s 6649(the)s -220 fnt35 6998 13244(v)m 240 fnt82 7167 13247(unit)m 7600(to)s -7839(be)s 8122(the)s 8471(length)s 3600 12959(of)m 240 fnt83 -3871 12961(gap)m 240 fnt82 4224 12959(;)m 1375 12458(+)m 240 fnt83 -1503 12460(gap)m 220 fnt35 1916 12455(@Break)m 240 fnt83 2772 12460(object)m -240 fnt82 3600 12458(W)m 9(ithin)k 240 fnt83 4320 12460(object)m -240 fnt82 4908 12458(,)m 5024(tak)s 2(e)k 5485(the)s -5841(v)s 6(alue)k 6418(of)s 6698(the)s 220 fnt35 -7054 12455(v)m 240 fnt82 7232 12458(unit)m 7673(to)s 7920(be)s -8211(lar)s 4(ger)k 8832(by)s 3600 12170(the)m 3948(length)s -4603(of)s 240 fnt83 4874 12172(gap)m 240 fnt82 5287 12170(than)m -5756(it)s 5948(w)s 2(ould)k 6603(otherwise)s 7588(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8089(been;)s 1383 11665(\211)m 240 fnt83 1503 11667(gap)m 220 fnt35 -1916 11662(@Break)m 240 fnt83 2772 11667(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 11665(W)m 9(ithin)k -240 fnt83 4309 11667(object)m 240 fnt82 4897 11665(,)m 5000(tak)s 2(e)k -5448(the)s 5792(v)s 6(alue)k 6356(of)s 6623(the)s -220 fnt35 6968 11662(v)m 240 fnt82 7133 11665(unit)m 7561(to)s -7796(be)s 8074(smaller)s 8832(by)s 3600 11377(the)m 3948(length)s -4603(of)s 240 fnt83 4874 11379(gap)m 240 fnt82 5287 11377(than)m -5756(it)s 5948(w)s 2(ould)k 6603(otherwise)s 7588(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8089(been.)s 0 10872(In)m 256(each)s 751(case,)s 1269(the)s -1617(mode)s 2205(of)s 240 fnt83 2476 10874(gap)m 240 fnt82 -2889 10872(is)m 3099(adopted)s 3915(within)s 240 fnt83 4583 10874(object)m -240 fnt82 5171 10872(.)m 480 10498(The)m 220 fnt35 908 10495(@Break)m -240 fnt82 1764 10498(symbol)m 2524(also)s 2962(controls)s 3783(h)s 1(yphenation:)k -220 fnt35 1141 9990(h)m 6(yphen @Break)k 240 fnt83 2772 9995(object)m -240 fnt82 3600 9993(Permit)m 4296(h)s 1(yphenation)k 5536(within)s -6204(the)s 6552(paragraphs)s 7652(of)s 240 fnt83 7923 9995(object)m -240 fnt82 8511 9993(;)m 220 fnt35 897 9485(noh)m 6(yphen @Break)k -240 fnt83 2772 9490(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 9488(Prohibit)m 4440(h)s 1(yphenation)k -5691(within)s 6370(the)s 6729(paragraphs)s 7840(of)s 240 fnt83 -8122 9490(object)m 240 fnt82 8710 9488(;)m 8833(all)s 3600 9200(h)m 1(yphenation)k -4897(g)s 1(aps)k 5443(without)s 6291(e)s 3(xception)k -7332(re)s 6(v)k 3(ert)k 7996(to)s 8292(edge-)s -8812(to-)s 3600 8912(edge)m 4108(mode.)s 0 8409(The)m 220 fnt35 -428 8406(@Break)m 240 fnt82 1284 8409(also)m 1722(has)s 2092(options)s -2848(which)s 3490(control)s 4222(wido)s 6(w)k 4922(and)s -5326(orphan)s 6048(lines:)s 220 fnt35 480 7901(unbreakab)m 4(le\207rst @Break)k -240 fnt83 3058 7906(ob)m 240 fnt82 3292 7904(-)m 240 fnt83 -480 7618(ject)m 240 fnt82 3600 7904(Pre)m 6(v)k 3(ent)k -4431(column)s 5256(and)s 5710(page)s 6268(breaks)s 6993(\(i.e.)s -7458(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k 8276(a)s 8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -3600 7616(from)m 4147(splitting\))s 5081(between)s 5959(the)s 6330(\207rst)s -6784(and)s 7212(second)s 7958(lines)s 8483(of)s 8778(the)s -3600 7328(paragraphs)m 4700(of)s 240 fnt83 4971 7330(object)m 240 fnt82 -5559 7328(;)m 220 fnt35 480 6820(unbreakab)m 4(lelast @Break)k 240 fnt83 -3058 6825(ob)m 240 fnt82 3292 6823(-)m 240 fnt83 480 6537(ject)m -240 fnt82 3600 6823(Pre)m 6(v)k 3(ent)k 4429(column)s -5252(and)s 5704(page)s 6261(breaks)s 6984(between)s 7886(the)s -8282(last)s 8722(and)s 3600 6535(second)m 4323(last)s 4714(lines)s -5216(of)s 5487(the)s 5835(paragraphs)s 6935(of)s 240 fnt83 -7206 6537(object)m 240 fnt82 7794 6535(.)m 0 6032(These)m 688(options)s -1506(w)s 2(ork)k 2119(by)s 2475(adding)s 3241(the)s -220 fnt35 3651 6029(u)m 240 fnt82 3881 6032(\(unbreakable\))m 5319(suf\207x)s -5980(to)s 6281(the)s 6691(appropriate)s 7897(g)s 1(aps)k -8448(during)s 0 5744(paragraph)m 1017(breaking,)s 1966(so)s 2237(their)s -2738(precise)s 3475(ef)s 6(fect)k 4076(is)s 4290(as)s -4545(described)s 5524(for)s 5866(this)s 6267(suf\207x.)s 6981(These)s -7612(options)s 8373(may)s 8844(be)s 0 5456(countermanded)m 1533(by)s -220 fnt35 1827 5453(breakab)m 4(le\207rst @Break)k 240 fnt82 4057 5456(and)m -220 fnt35 4461 5453(breakab)m 4(lelast @Break.)k 240 fnt82 480 5082(Se)m 6(v)k 3(eral)k -1310(options)s 2135(may)s 2669(be)s 3020(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3668(to)s 3976(the)s 220 fnt35 4392 5079(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -5317 5082(symbol)m 6145(simultaneously)s 15(,)k 7754(in)s 8065(an)s 3(y)k -8531(order)s 13(.)k 0 4794(F)m 3(or)k 389(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 4293({ adjust 1.2fx h)m 6(yphen } @Break ...)k 240 fnt82 0 3795(is)m -210(a)s 375(typical)s 1079(initial)s 1689(v)s 6(alue.)k -2365(There)s 2977(may)s 3442(be)s 3723(empty)s 4375(objects)s -5102(and)s 220 fnt35 5505 3792(@Null)m 240 fnt82 6149 3795(objects)m -6877(in)s 7119(the)s 7466(left)s 7842(parameter)s 8855(of)s -220 fnt35 0 3504(@Break)m 240 fnt82 796 3507(;)m 908(these)s -1455(are)s 1802(ignored.)s 240 fnt84 0 2714(3.5.)m 471(@Space)s -240 fnt82 480 2237(The)m 220 fnt35 911 2234(@Space)m 240 fnt82 -1812 2237(symbol)m 2576(changes)s 3402(the)s 3754(v)s 6(alue)k -4326(of)s 4601(the)s 220 fnt35 4953 2234(s)m 240 fnt82 -5120 2237(unit)m 5556(of)s 5831(measurement)s 7169(\(Section)s 8026(3.2\))s -8458(within)s 0 1949(its)m 276(right)s 787(parameter)s 1801(to)s -2040(the)s 2388(v)s 6(alue)k 2956(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3536(by)s 3830(the)s 4178(left)s 4555(parameter:)s 220 fnt35 -480 1448(1c @Space { a b c d })m 240 fnt82 0 952(has)m 370(result)s 480 499(a)m -1153(b)s 1833(c)s 2499(d)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 44 50 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(44)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(As)m -311(for)s 643(the)s 220 fnt35 985 13202(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -1835 13205(symbol,)m 2641(the)s 2982(left)s 3353(parameter)s 4361(of)s -220 fnt35 4626 13202(@Space)m 240 fnt82 5517 13205(may)m 5976(be)s -6252(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6826(relati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -7582(to)s 7815(the)s 8156(enclosing)s 220 fnt35 0 12914(s)m -240 fnt82 163 12917(unit,)m 642(and)s 1046(it)s 1238(may)s -1704(include)s 2464(a)s 2630(g)s 1(ap)k 3028(mode.)s -3724(Note)s 4245(that)s 4663(the)s 220 fnt35 5011 12914(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 5723 12917(symbol)m 6483(also)s 6921(sets)s 7330(the)s -220 fnt35 7678 12914(s)m 240 fnt82 7841 12917(unit.)m 480 12543(The)m -906(left)s 1280(parameter)s 2292(of)s 2560(the)s 220 fnt35 -2906 12540(@Space)m 240 fnt82 3800 12543(symbol)m 4558(may)s 5021(also)s -5456(hold)s 5938(an)s 3(y)k 6332(one)s 6732(of)s -7000(the)s 7346(\207v)s 3(e)k 7755(special)s 8470(v)s 6(alues)k -220 fnt35 0 12252(lout)m 240 fnt82 349 12255(,)m 220 fnt35 -461 12252(compress)m 240 fnt82 1406 12255(,)m 220 fnt35 1518 12252(separ)m 2(ate)k -240 fnt82 2362 12255(,)m 220 fnt35 2474 12252(troff)m 240 fnt82 -2849 12255(,)m 2961(and)s 220 fnt35 3371 12252(te)m 6(x)k -240 fnt82 3656 12255(,)m 3768(which)s 4415(control)s 5152(the)s -5505(w)s 2(ay)k 5962(in)s 6210(which)s 6857(Lout)s -7374(treats)s 7946(white)s 8539(space)s 0 11967(separating)m 1047(tw)s 2(o)k -1470(objects.)s 2324(The)s 2764(names)s 220 fnt35 3439 11964(troff)m -240 fnt82 3887 11967(and)m 220 fnt35 4304 11964(te)m 6(x)k -240 fnt82 4661 11967(indicate)m 5486(that)s 5917(the)s 6278(beha)s 4(viour)k -7303(of)s 7587(these)s 8147(options)s 8916(is)s 0 11679(inspired)m -828(by)s 1122(these)s 1669(other)s 2220(document)s 3224(formatting)s -4285(systems.)s 480 11305(The)m 897(def)s 2(ault)k 1607(setting,)s -220 fnt35 2339 11302(lout)m 240 fnt82 2688 11305(,)m 2784(produces)s -3687(as)s 3926(man)s 3(y)k 4498(spaces)s 5161(in)s -5393(the)s 5729(output)s 6390(as)s 6629(there)s 7150(are)s -7486(in)s 7717(the)s 8054(input.)s 8698(The)s 220 fnt35 -0 11014(compress)m 240 fnt82 1017 11017(setting)m 1719(causes)s 2407(all)s -2712(sequences)s 3746(of)s 4029(tw)s 2(o)k 4452(or)s -4723(more)s 5283(white)s 5882(space)s 6482(characters)s 7512(to)s -7764(be)s 8058(treated)s 8778(the)s 0 10729(same)m 556(as)s -815(one)s 1227(white)s 1823(space)s 2419(character)s 13(.)k -3454(The)s 220 fnt35 3891 10726(separ)m 2(ate)k 240 fnt82 -4804 10729(setting)m 5504(is)s 5723(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 -6144 10726(compress)m 240 fnt82 7159 10729(b)m 4(ut)k 7530(also)s -7977(causes)s 8662(zero)s 0 10441(white)m 587(spaces)s 1263(between)s -2118(tw)s 2(o)k 2529(objects)s 3258(\(b)s 4(ut)k -3700(not)s 4067(within)s 4736(one)s 5138(w)s 2(ord\))k -5757(to)s 5997(be)s 6280(treated)s 6988(the)s 7337(same)s -7885(as)s 8136(one)s 8539(white)s 0 10153(space)m 587(character)s 13(.)k -480 9779(The)m 220 fnt35 902 9776(troff)m 240 fnt82 1330 9779(setting)m -2013(is)s 2216(the)s 2557(same)s 3097(as)s 220 fnt35 -3340 9776(lout)m 240 fnt82 3742 9779(e)m 3(xcept)k 4416(that)s -4828(where)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 5761(a)s 5920(sentence)s -6792(ends)s 7275(at)s 7500(the)s 7841(end)s 8238(of)s -8502(a)s 8661(line,)s 0 9491(one)m 415(e)s 3(xtra)k -962(space)s 1562(is)s 1785(added.)s 2535(F)s 3(ormally)k 15(,)k -3513(when)s 4102(tw)s 2(o)k 4525(objects)s 5266(are)s -5627(separated)s 6600(by)s 6907(white)s 7507(space)s 8108(characters)s -0 9203(which)m 660(include)s 1439(at)s 1689(least)s 2205(one)s -2625(ne)s 6(wline)k 3451(character)s 9(,)k 4442(and)s -4864(the)s 5231(\207rst)s 5680(object)s 6343(is)s 6572(a)s -6756(w)s 2(ord)k 7323(ending)s 8046(in)s 8308(an)s 3(y)k -8724(one)s 0 8915(of)m 288(a)s 471(certain)s 1194(set)s -1536(of)s 1824(sequences)s 2862(of)s 3150(characters,)s 4241(the)s -4606(e)s 3(xtra)k 5157(space)s 5761(is)s 5988(added.)s -6741(The)s 7186(set)s 7528(of)s 7816(sequences)s 8855(of)s -0 8627(characters)m 1025(depends)s 1868(on)s 2173(the)s 2528(current)s -3272(language)s 4199(and)s 4610(is)s 4828(de\207ned)s 5598(in)s -5849(the)s 220 fnt35 6204 8624(langdef)m 240 fnt82 6987 8627(for)m -7333(that)s 7758(language)s 8686(\(see)s 0 8339(Section)m 774(3.8\).)s -480 7965(The)m 220 fnt35 930 7962(te)m 6(x)k 240 fnt82 -1297 7965(option)m 1989(is)s 2221(the)s 2592(most)s 3139(complicated.)s -4494(First,)s 5060(the)s 220 fnt35 5430 7962(compress)m 240 fnt82 -6458 7965(option)m 7149(is)s 7382(applied.)s 8272(Then,)s 8894(at)s -0 7677(e)m 6(v)k 3(ery)k 576(sentence)s 1455(ending,)s -2213(whether)s 3043(or)s 3302(not)s 3667(at)s 3899(the)s -4246(end)s 4650(of)s 4921(a)s 5086(line,)s 5551(one)s -5952(e)s 3(xtra)k 6486(space)s 7073(is)s 7282(added.)s -8018(A)s 8247(sentence)s 0 7389(ending)m 709(is)s 923(de\207ned)s -1690(as)s 1944(for)s 220 fnt35 2286 7386(troff)m 240 fnt82 -2726 7389(e)m 3(xcept)k 3411(that,)s 3880(in)s 4127(addition)s -4972(to)s 5215(the)s 5568(preceding)s 6568(w)s 2(ord)k -7120(ha)s 4(ving)k 7825(to)s 8068(end)s 8476(in)s -8724(one)s 0 7101(of)m 268(a)s 431(certain)s 1134(set)s -1456(of)s 1724(sequences)s 2742(of)s 3010(characters,)s 4081(the)s -4426(character)s 5357(preceding)s 6350(that)s 6765(sequence)s 7695(must)s -8217(e)s 3(xist)k 8722(and)s 0 6813(must)m 525(be)s -807(a)s 973(lo)s 6(wer)k 4(-case)k 2053(letter)s 13(.)k -2693(A)s 2924(character)s 3858(is)s 4068(a)s 4234(lo)s 6(wer)k 4(-case)k -5314(letter)s 5864(if,)s 6116(in)s 6359(the)s 6707(Lout)s -7219(Character)s 8208(Mapping)s 0 6525(\207le)m 393(\(Section)s 1278(3.3\))s -1738(associated)s 2810(with)s 3325(the)s 3705(current)s 4473(font,)s -4997(an)s 5313(upper)s 4(-case)k 6432(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -7508(of)s 7811(the)s 8192(character)s 0 6237(is)m 210(de\207ned.)s -240 fnt84 0 5494(3.6.)m 471(@YUnit)s 1378(and)s 1819(@ZUnit)s -240 fnt82 480 5062(The)m 220 fnt35 917 5059(@YUnit)m 240 fnt82 -1741 5062(symbol)m 2510(changes)s 3342(the)s 3699(v)s 6(alue)k -4277(of)s 4557(the)s 220 fnt35 4915 5059(y)m 240 fnt82 -5092 5062(unit)m 5534(of)s 5814(measurement)s 7158(\(Section)s 8020(3.2\))s -8458(within)s 0 4774(its)m 276(right)s 787(parameter)s 1801(to)s -2040(the)s 2388(v)s 6(alue)k 2956(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -3536(by)s 3830(the)s 4178(left)s 4555(parameter:)s 220 fnt35 -480 4273(1c @YUnit { ...)m 13( })k 240 fnt82 0 3779(ensures)m 760(that)s -1170(the)s 1510(v)s 6(alue)k 2070(of)s 220 fnt35 -2333 3776(1y)m 240 fnt82 2615 3779(within)m 3275(the)s 3615(right)s -4118(parameter)s 5124(will)s 5542(be)s 220 fnt35 5816 3776(1c)m -240 fnt82 6043 3779(.)m 6199(The)s 220 fnt35 6619 3776(@ZUnit)m -240 fnt82 7413 3779(symbol)m 8165(is)s 8366(similar)s 9(,)k -0 3491(setting)m 688(the)s 1034(v)s 6(alue)k 1600(of)s -1869(the)s 220 fnt35 2215 3488(z)m 240 fnt82 2376 3491(unit)m -2806(in)s 3047(its)s 3321(right)s 3830(parameter)s 13(.)k -4933(Both)s 5453(units)s 5967(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6466(def)s 2(ault)k 7185(v)s 6(alue)k 7751(zero.)s -8324(The)s 8749(left)s 0 3203(parameter)m 1011(may)s 1473(not)s -1836(include)s 2592(a)s 2755(g)s 1(ap)k 3149(mode,)s -3784(nor)s 4160(may)s 4622(it)s 4811(use)s 5182(the)s -220 fnt35 5526 3200(w)m 240 fnt82 5682 3203(,)m 220 fnt35 -5786 3200(b)m 240 fnt82 5900 3203(,)m 220 fnt35 6003 3200(r)m -240 fnt82 6076 3203(,)m 6180(or)s 6435(of)s 6702(course)s -220 fnt35 7379 3200(d)m 240 fnt82 7545 3203(units,)m 8114(b)s 4(ut)k -8472(it)s 8660(may)s 0 2915(be)m 3(gin)k 577(with)s -220 fnt35 1050 2912(+)m 240 fnt82 1220 2915(or)m 220 fnt35 -1470 2912(-)m 240 fnt82 1584 2915(to)m 1814(indicate)s 2616(that)s -3025(v)s 6(alue)k 3583(is)s 3784(to)s 4014(be)s -4286(added)s 4907(to)s 5136(or)s 5386(subtracted)s 6416(from)s -6931(the)s 7269(current)s 7996(v)s 6(alue.)k 8662(An)s 3(y)k -0 2627(ne)m 3(g)k 1(ati)k 6(v)k 3(e)k -853(result)s 1443(of)s 1714(using)s 220 fnt35 2286 2624(-)m -240 fnt82 2410 2627(will)m 2836(be)s 3118(silently)s 3875(replaced)s -4742(by)s 5036(zero.)s 480 2253(These)m 1123(units)s 1655(are)s -2018(not)s 2400(used)s 2913(internally)s 3898(by)s 4208(Lout.)s -4840(The)s 3(y)k 5399(are)s 5762(supplied)s 6647(as)s -6913(part)s 7360(of)s 7647(the)s 8011(style)s 8534(infor)s -8998(-)s 0 1965(mation)m 731(for)s 1080(the)s 1439(con)s 9(v)k 3(enience)k -2690(of)s 2972(application)s 4102(packages.)s 5154(F)s 3(or)k -5554(e)s 3(xample,)k 6479(the)s 6838(Eq)s 7173(equation)s -8065(formatting)s 0 1677(package)m 840(uses)s 1303(them)s 1841(to)s -2080(\207ne-)s 2507(tune)s 2975(the)s 3323(appearance)s 4454(of)s -4725(equations.)s 240 fnt84 0 884(3.7.)m 471(@SetColour)s 1788(and)s -2229(@SetColor)s 240 fnt82 480 452(The)m 220 fnt35 927 449(@SetColour)m -240 fnt82 2204 452(and)m 220 fnt35 2628 449(@SetColor)m 240 fnt82 -3783 452(symbols,)m 4708(which)s 5370(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -5891(identical)s 6788(ef)s 6(fect,)k 7451(return)s 8098(their)s -8615(right)s 0 164(parameter)m 1047(in)s 1323(the)s 1704(colour)s -2408(speci\207ed)s 3349(by)s 3676(their)s 4206(left)s 4617(parameter)s 13(.)k -5755(The)s 6216(form)s 6773(of)s 7077(the)s 7458(left)s -7868(parameter)s 8916(is)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 45 51 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.7.)m 454(@SetColour)s 1710(and)s 2136(@SetColor)s -240 fnt84 8833 13840(45)m 240 fnt82 0 13250(implementation-dependent;)m 2693(in)s -2954(Basser)s 3670(Lout)s 4200(it)s 4410(must)s 4954(be)s -5254(an)s 5555(object)s 6218(whose)s 6904(v)s 6(alue)k -7490(is)s 7719(a)s 7903(sequence)s 8855(of)s 0 12962(w)m 2(ords)k -634(comprising)s 1763(a)s 1929(PostScript)s 2971(command)s 3973(for)s -4311(setting)s 5001(colour)s 13(.)k 5763(F)s 3(or)k -6152(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 12461({ 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor } @SetColour { hello)m 8(, w)k 2(or)k -3(ld })k -240 fnt82 0 11962(produces)m 915(the)s 1263(red)s 1626(result)s -1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 480 11459(hello,)m 1065(w)s 2(orld)k 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor -0 10975(Of)m 322(course,)s 1050(a)s 1213(colour)s 1881(output)s -2550(de)s 6(vice)k 3222(is)s 3429(needed)s 4162(to)s -4398(see)s 4756(the)s 5101(ef)s 6(fect;)k 5747(on)s -6041(a)s 6204(monochrome)s 7520(de)s 6(vice)k 8191(the)s -8536(result)s 0 10687(will)m 422(be)s 700(some)s 1257(shade)s -1854(of)s 2121(gre)s 3(y)k 15(.)k 2688(The)s -220 fnt35 3112 10684(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 4365 10687(command)m 5363(will)s -5785(not)s 6147(accept)s 6813(an)s 7092(empty)s 7740(left)s -8112(parameter)s 0 10399(\(it)m 273(refuses)s 1002(to)s 1243(belie)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1983(that)s 2403(this)s 2801(could)s 3393(cause)s 3983(a)s -4151(change)s 4887(of)s 5161(colour\),)s 5960(b)s 4(ut)k -6324(otherwise)s 7311(it)s 7506(trusts)s 8076(the)s 8426(user)s -8887(to)s 0 10111(supply)m 693(something)s 1743(sensible.)s 480 9737(The)m -220 fnt35 901 9734(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 2151 9737(command)m 3145(accepts)s -3892(the)s 4232(special)s 4943(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 -5504 9734(nochange)m 240 fnt82 6512 9737(for)m 6843(the)s 7183(left)s -7553(parameter)s 13(.)k 8650(This)s 0 9449(v)m 6(alue)k -574(causes)s 1256(the)s 1611(right)s 2129(parameter)s 3150(to)s -3396(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3904(the)s 4258(colour)s -4936(it)s 5135(w)s 2(ould)k 5797(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6305(had)s 6716(without)s 7514(the)s 220 fnt35 7869 9446(@SetColour)m -240 fnt82 0 9161(command.)m 480 8787(There)m 1132(is)s 1382(no)s -1715(def)s 2(ault)k 2476(colour)s 9(,)k 3225(so)s -3530(the)s 3918(user)s 4416(must)s 4981(ensure)s 5701(that)s -6159(the)s 6546(root)s 7031(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -7705(or)s 8004(each)s 8539(of)s 8850(its)s 0 8499(components)m -1208(is)s 1418(enclosed)s 2313(in)s 2556(a)s 220 fnt35 -2722 8496(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 3979 8499(symbol)m 4739(whose)s 5407(left)s -5784(parameter)s 6798(is)s 7008(not)s 220 fnt35 7374 8496(nochange)m -240 fnt82 8330 8499(.)m 480 8125(Lout)m 1023(mak)s 2(es)k -1715(no)s 2039(attempt)s 2847(to)s 3117(understand)s 4257(colour)s 9(,)k -4998(it)s 5221(simply)s 5958(prints)s 6584(the)s 6964(PostScript)s -8038(commands)s 0 7837(when)m 601(appropriate.)s 1879(This)s 2381(has)s -2776(the)s 3150(adv)s 6(antage)k 4196(of)s 4492(permitting)s -5566(access)s 6253(to)s 6517(an)s 3(y)k 6940(of)s -7237(PostScript')s 13(s)k 8455(colour)s 0 7549(models)m 768(\(some)s -1434(require)s 2192(initialization)s 3481(which)s 4149(can)s 4564(be)s -4872(supplied)s 5767(using)s 220 fnt35 6365 7546(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 8178 7549(\),)m 8390(b)s 4(ut)k 8778(the)s -0 7261(disadv)m 6(antage)k 1299(of)s 1570(of)s 6(fering)k -2386(no)s 2679(w)s 2(ay)k 3130(to)s 3369(mak)s 2(e)k -3941(relati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4703(changes)s 5525(\(`as)s -5933(before)s 6599(only)s 7079(redder)s 9(,)k 16(')k -7836(and)s 8240(so)s 8506(on\).)s 480 6887(F)m 3(or)k -870(those)s 1432(who)s 1899(wish)s 2409(to)s 2649(obtain)s -3305(colour)s 3977(without)s 4769(w)s 2(orking)k 5619(v)s 3(ery)k -6096(hard,)s 6629(the)s 220 fnt35 6978 6884(setrgbcolor)m 240 fnt82 -8124 6887(command)m 0 6599(used)m 496(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -1117(is)s 1325(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 2232(in)s -2474(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 3048(v)s 3(ersion)k -3805(of)s 4075(PostScript,)s 5162(requires)s 5981(no)s 6273(initialization,)s -7584(and)s 7987(is)s 8196(simple)s 8887(to)s 0 6311(use.)m -485(The)s 915(three)s 1450(numbers,)s 2384(which)s 3028(range)s -3617(from)s 4143(0.0)s 4501(to)s 4742(1.0,)s 5151(determine)s -6164(the)s 6515(intensity)s 7394(of)s 7667(red,)s 8081(green,)s -8722(and)s 0 6023(blue)m 468(respecti)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(.)k -1762(Some)s 2363(useful)s 3002(v)s 6(alues)k 3658(for)s -3996(the)s 4344(left)s 4721(parameter)s 5735(are)s 220 fnt35 -480 5458(1.0)m 838(0.0)s 1196(0.0)s 1554(setrgbcolor)s 240 fnt83 -2979 5463(r)m 8(ed)k 220 fnt35 480 5139(0.0)m 838(1.0)s -1196(0.0)s 1554(setrgbcolor)s 240 fnt83 2979 5144(gr)m 8(een)k -220 fnt35 480 4809(0.0)m 838(0.0)s 1196(1.0)s 1554(setrgbcolor)s -240 fnt83 2979 4814(blue)m 220 fnt35 480 4479(1.0)m 838(1.0)s -1196(1.0)s 1554(setrgbcolor)s 240 fnt83 2979 4484(white)m 220 fnt35 -480 4160(0.5)m 837(0.5)s 1194(0.5)s 1551(setrgbcolor)s 240 fnt83 -2979 4165(gr)m 8(e)k 7(y)k 220 fnt35 480 3830(0.0)m -838(0.0)s 1196(0.0)s 1554(setrgbcolor)s 240 fnt83 2979 3835(blac)m 4(k)k -240 fnt82 0 3274(Colouring)m 1042(an)s 1344(object)s 2007(white)s -2613(is)s 2841(useful)s 3499(for)s 3856(producing)s 4899(an)s -5200(empty)s 5871(space)s 6477(whose)s 7164(size)s 7609(is)s -7838(that)s 8275(of)s 8565(some)s 0 2986(object.)m 240 fnt84 -0 2193(3.8.)m 471(@Language)s 1762(and)s 2203(@CurrLang)s 240 fnt82 -480 1716(The)m 220 fnt35 905 1713(@Language)m 240 fnt82 2153 1716(symbol)m -2910(informs)s 3701(Lout)s 4210(that)s 4625(its)s 4898(right)s -5406(parameter)s 6417(is)s 6624(written)s 7354(in)s 7594(the)s -7939(language)s 8855(of)s 0 1428(its)m 276(left)s 653(parameter:)s -220 fnt35 480 927(Danish @Language { ...)m 13( })k 240 fnt82 0 428(Basser)m -706(Lout)s 1228(V)s 26(ersion)k 2025(3)s 2199(uses)s -2671(this)s 3077(information)s 4271(in)s 4524(tw)s 2(o)k -4943(w)s 2(ays:)k 5609(to)s 5857(h)s 1(yphenate)k -6906(w)s 2(ords)k 7549(appropriately)s 8887(to)s 0 140(that)m -418(language,)s 1389(and)s 1793(to)s 2032(change)s 2766(the)s -3114(v)s 6(alue)k 3682(of)s 3953(the)s 220 fnt35 -4301 137(@CurrLang)m 240 fnt82 5486 140(symbol)m 6246(\(see)s 6686(belo)s 6(w\).)k -7508(Other)s 8112(uses,)s 8630(such)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 46 52 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(46)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(as)m -250(right-to-left)s 1422(formatting)s 2483(of)s 2754(certain)s 3460(languages,)s -4524(may)s 4990(be)s 5272(added)s 5902(in)s 6145(the)s -6493(future.)s 480 12831(The)m 953(left)s 1375(parameter)s 2434(must)s -3004(either)s 3652(be)s 3979(empty)s 4676(\(which)s 5442(means)s -6149(to)s 6433(lea)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7031(the)s -7424(current)s 8206(language)s 0 12543(unchanged\))m 1167(or)s 1428(else)s -1857(it)s 2051(must)s 2578(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3080(been)s 3591(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 4173(in)s -4418(a)s 220 fnt35 4586 12540(langdef)m 240 fnt82 5363 12543(language)m -6285(de\207nition)s 7261(at)s 7495(the)s 7845(be)s 3(ginning)k -8855(of)s 0 12255(the)m 348(input:)s 220 fnt35 480 11747(langdef Danish Dansk {)m -240 fnt83 2993 11752(implementation-dependent)m 220 fnt35 5608 11747(})m 240 fnt82 -0 11248(After)m 220 fnt35 571 11245(langdef)m 240 fnt82 1355 11248(comes)m -2025(a)s 2199(sequence)s 3140(of)s 3419(one)s 3829(or)s -4096(more)s 4651(simple)s 5352(w)s 2(ords,)k 6050(which)s -6700(are)s 7055(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 8117(names)s -8788(for)s 0 10960(the)m 347(language)s 1265(being)s 1849(de\207ned.)s -2716(F)s 3(ollo)k 6(wing)k 3743(them)s 4279(comes)s -4940(an)s 5221(implementation-dependent)s 7843(part)s 8272(between)s 0 10672(braces.)m -760(In)s 1001(Basser)s 1684(Lout)s 2181(V)s 26(ersion)k -2955(3)s 3104(this)s 3486(part)s 3902(contains)s 4736(the)s -5069(name)s 5629(of)s 5885(the)s 6219(Lout)s 6716(h)s 1(yphenation)k -7941(information)s 0 10384(\207le)m 383(\(minus)s 1121(its)s 1419(.lh)s -1745(suf\207x\))s 2441(to)s 2702(be)s 3007(used)s 3527(when)s -4125(h)s 1(yphenating)k 5384(w)s 2(ords)k 6040(in)s -6306(this)s 6725(language,)s 7718(follo)s 6(wed)k 8643(by)s -8960(a)s 0 10096(sequence)m 933(of)s 1204(w)s 2(ords)k -1838(which)s 2480(de\207ne)s 3121(the)s 3469(ends)s 3959(of)s -4230(sentences.)s 5310(F)s 3(or)k 5699(e)s 3(xample:)k -220 fnt35 480 9596(langdef English { english .)m 13( :)k 11( ? ! .\) ?\) !\) })k 240 fnt82 -0 9097(de\207nes)m 748(a)s 934(language)s 1874(called)s 2522(English)s -3329(with)s 3831(h)s 1(yphenation)k 5091(patterns)s 5918(\207le)s -220 fnt35 6298 9094(english.lh)m 240 fnt82 7289 9097(and)m 7713(se)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8326(w)s 2(ays)k 8887(to)s 0 8809(end)m 424(a)s -610(sentence.)s 1617(The)s 2065(use)s 2460(of)s 2751(these)s -3318(sentence)s 4217(endings)s 5034(is)s 5264(described)s 6258(in)s -6521(Section)s 7315(3.5.)s 7799(If)s 8049(there)s 8602(is)s -8833(no)s 0 8521(h)m 1(yphenation)k 1236(\207le)s 1592(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k -2546(this)s 2937(is)s 3143(indicated)s 4072(by)s 4361(writing)s -220 fnt35 5099 8518(-)m 240 fnt82 5219 8521(for)m 5552(the)s -5895(\207le)s 6251(name;)s 6877(if)s 7089(there)s 7617(are)s -7959(no)s 8247(sentence)s 0 8233(ends,)m 546(the)s 3(y)k -1009(are)s 1356(simply)s 2061(omitted.)s 480 7859(The)m 220 fnt35 -913 7856(@CurrLang)m 240 fnt82 2103 7859(symbol,)m 2920(which)s 3567(has)s -3942(no)s 4240(parameters,)s 5399(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k -6332(to)s 6576(the)s 6929(\207rst)s 7365(name)s 7944(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8529(in)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 7568(langdef)m 240 fnt82 -776 7571(of)m 1047(the)s 1395(language)s 2315(in)s 2558(force)s -3104(at)s 3336(the)s 3684(point)s 4236(where)s 4876(it)s -5068(is)s 5278(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed:)k -220 fnt35 480 7070(Dansk @Language { )m 11(This is @CurrLang.)k 13( })k 240 fnt82 -0 6571(has)m 370(result)s 480 6118(This)m 956(is)s 1166(Danish.)s -0 5665(It)m 205(is)s 415(typically)s 1305(used)s 1802(with)s -2284(the)s 220 fnt35 2632 5662(@Case)m 240 fnt82 3419 5665(symbol)m -4179(lik)s 2(e)k 4591(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 5164(@CurrLang @Case {)m -480 4876( Danish @Y)m 4(ield tirsdag)k 480 4588( English @Y)m 4(ield )k 11(T)k 26(uesda)k 6(y)k -480 4300( F)m 9(rench @Y)k 4(ield Mardi)k 480 4012(})m 240 fnt82 -0 3518(This)m 476(e)s 3(xample)k 1339(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k -2267(to)s 2506(the)s 2854(name)s 3428(of)s 3699(the)s -4047(third)s 4556(day)s 4956(of)s 5227(the)s 5575(week)s -6141(in)s 6384(the)s 6732(current)s 7468(language.)s 480 3144(The)m -908(current)s 1644(language)s 2563(is)s 2773(part)s 3204(of)s -3474(the)s 3822(style)s 4329(of)s 4599(an)s 4882(object,)s -5573(lik)s 2(e)k 5984(its)s 6260(font.)s 6809(As)s -7125(e)s 3(xplained)k 8110(in)s 8352(Section)s 0 2856(2.6,)m -419(style)s 939(is)s 1162(inherited)s 2081(through)s 2896(the)s -3257(point)s 3822(of)s 4105(appearance,)s 5300(which)s 5955(for)s -6305(language)s 7238(can)s 7640(be)s 7935(une)s 3(xpected.)k -0 2568(F)m 3(or)k 380(e)s 3(xample,)k 1284(an)s -1557(inde)s 3(x)k 2131(entry)s 2666(which)s 3298(originates)s -4281(in)s 4514(a)s 4671(French)s 5382(chapter)s 6135(b)s 4(ut)k -6487(appears)s 7258(in)s 7491(an)s 7764(English)s 8542(inde)s 3(x)k -0 2280(will)m 426(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 927(English)s -1715(for)s 2053(its)s 2329(language,)s 3300(so)s 3566(must)s -4091(be)s 4373(e)s 3(xplicitly)k 5326(set)s 5651(to)s -5890(French)s 6611(using)s 220 fnt35 7183 2277(@Language)m 240 fnt82 -8374 2280(.)m 240 fnt84 0 1487(3.9.)m 471(@OneCol)s 1533(and)s -1974(@OneRo)s 2(w)k 240 fnt82 480 1055(The)m 220 fnt35 -913 1052(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 2049 1055(symbol)m 2814(returns)s -3533(its)s 3814(right)s 4330(parameter)s 5350(modi\207ed)s 6264(so)s -6535(that)s 6958(only)s 7443(the)s 7796(principal)s 8706(ro)s 6(w)k -0 767(mark)m 540(protrudes.)s 1595(This)s 2059(is)s 2257(normally)s -3162(the)s 3498(\207rst)s 3917(ro)s 6(w)k 4324(mark,)s -4910(b)s 4(ut)k 5260(another)s 6025(one)s 6415(may)s -6869(be)s 7139(chosen)s 7849(by)s 8130(preceding)s 0 479(it)m -192(with)s 220 fnt35 674 476(^/)m 240 fnt82 901 479(or)m -220 fnt35 1160 476(^//)m 240 fnt82 1388 479(.)m 1552(F)s 3(or)k -1941(e)s 3(xample,)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 47 53 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.9.)m 454(@OneCol)s 1479(and)s 1905(@OneRow)s -240 fnt84 8831 13840(47)m 220 fnt35 480 13252(@OneRo)m 3(w { |0.5r)k -8(t Slope @F)k 6(ont x + 2 ^//1p @HLine //1p |0.5r)k -8(t 5 })k -240 fnt82 0 12756(has)m 370(result)s 468 371 0 188 240 288 60 480 11777 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -468 371 0 188 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -468 371 0 188 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -240 fnt83 0 211(x)m -240 fnt82 166 209(+)m 354(2)s 468 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 188 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -181 3(5)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 11061(with)m -482(one)s 884(ro)s 6(w)k 1304(mark)s 1856(protruding)s -2919(from)s 3443(the)s 3791(bar)s 4156(as)s 4406(sho)s 6(wn.)k -5190(Compare)s 6123(this)s 6519(with)s 220 fnt35 480 10560(@OneRo)m 3(w { |0.5r)k -8(t Slope @F)k 6(ont x + 2 //1p @HLine //1p |0.5r)k -8(t 5 })k -240 fnt82 0 10064(where)m 640(the)s 988(mark)s 1540(protrudes)s -2494(from)s 3018(the)s 3366(numerator:)s 468 371 0 263 240 288 60 480 9085 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -468 371 0 263 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -468 371 0 263 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -240 fnt83 0 211(x)m -240 fnt82 166 209(+)m 354(2)s 468 0 0 0 240 288 60 0 188 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke -grestore - -grestore -181 3(5)m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -220 fnt35 -0 8631(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 1016 8634(has)m 1391(the)s 1744(same)s -2296(ef)s 6(fect)k 2897(on)s 3198(columns)s 4065(as)s -220 fnt35 4320 8631(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 5456 8634(does)m -5951(on)s 6252(ro)s 6(ws,)k 6823(with)s 7310(the)s -7663(symbols)s 220 fnt35 8517 8631(^|)m 240 fnt82 8722 8634(and)m -220 fnt35 0 8343(^||)m 240 fnt82 257 8346(\(or)m 220 fnt35 -595 8343(^&)m 240 fnt82 840 8346(\))m 968(determining)s 2176(which)s -2818(mark)s 3370(is)s 3580(chosen.)s 240 fnt84 0 7553(3.10.)m -591(@W)s 4(ide)k 1411(and)s 1852(@High)s 240 fnt82 -480 7076(The)m 220 fnt35 910 7073(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 1687 7076(symbol)m -2450(returns)s 3167(its)s 3446(right)s 3960(parameter)s 4977(modi\207ed)s -5888(to)s 6130(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6634(the)s -6985(width)s 7590(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 8173(by)s -8470(its)s 8749(left)s 0 6788(parameter)m 9(,)k 1058(which)s -1707(must)s 2238(be)s 2527(a)s 2699(length)s 3361(\(Section)s -4220(3.2\))s 4655(whose)s 5329(unit)s 5768(of)s 6045(measurement)s -7386(is)s 220 fnt35 7602 6785(c)m 240 fnt82 7707 6788(,)m -220 fnt35 7821 6785(i)m 240 fnt82 7855 6788(,)m 220 fnt35 -7968 6785(p)m 240 fnt82 8082 6788(,)m 220 fnt35 8196 6785(m)m -240 fnt82 8365 6788(,)m 220 fnt35 8478 6785(f)m 240 fnt82 -8536 6788(,)m 220 fnt35 8650 6785(s)m 240 fnt82 8753 6788(,)m -8867(or)s 220 fnt35 0 6497(v)m 240 fnt82 109 6500(.)m -278(If)s 513(the)s 867(right)s 1383(parameter)s 2403(is)s -2618(not)s 2990(as)s 3245(wide)s 3772(as)s 4027(required,)s -4936(white)s 5528(space)s 6121(is)s 6336(added)s 6972(at)s -7209(the)s 7563(right;)s 8131(if)s 8354(it)s 8551(is)s -8767(too)s 0 6212(wide,)m 585(its)s 875(paragraphs)s 1988(are)s -2349(brok)s 2(en)k 3083(\(Section)s 3949(3.4\))s 4391(so)s -4670(that)s 5102(it)s 5308(\207ts.)s 5777(A)s 220 fnt35 -6021 6209(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 7046 6212(operation)m 8020(is)s 8244(included)s -0 5924(in)m 257(the)s 620(ef)s 6(fect)k 1231(of)s -220 fnt35 1517 5921(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 2231 5924(,)m 2353(since)s -2915(it)s 3122(does)s 3627(not)s 4008(mak)s 2(e)k -4595(sense)s 5184(for)s 5537(an)s 5835(object)s 6494(of)s -6780(\207x)s 3(ed)k 7329(width)s 7946(to)s 8200(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8716(tw)s 2(o)k 0 5636(column)m 775(marks.)s 552 5262(The)m -220 fnt35 993 5259(@High)m 240 fnt82 1725 5262(symbol)m 2498(similarly)s -3413(ensures)s 4194(that)s 4625(its)s 4914(result)s 5517(is)s -5740(of)s 6024(a)s 6203(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -6796(height,)s 7514(by)s 7821(adding)s 8539(white)s 0 4974(space)m -573(at)s 790(the)s 1123(bottom.)s 1950(In)s 2191(this)s -2572(case)s 3024(it)s 3201(is)s 3396(an)s 3664(error)s -4172(for)s 4495(the)s 4828(right)s 5324(parameter)s 6323(to)s -6547(be)s 6814(too)s 7158(lar)s 4(ge.)k 7780(A)s -220 fnt35 7995 4971(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 0 4686(operation)m -960(is)s 1170(included.)s 240 fnt84 0 3893(3.11.)m 591(@HShift)s -1550(and)s 1991(@VShift)s 240 fnt82 480 3461(The)m 220 fnt35 -917 3458(@HShift)m 240 fnt82 1802 3461(symbol)m 2572(returns)s 3296(its)s -3582(right)s 4103(parameter)s 5127(with)s 5619(principal)s 6533(mark)s -7095(shifted)s 7813(as)s 8073(prescribed)s 0 3173(by)m 294(its)s -570(left)s 947(parameter:)s 220 fnt35 1124 2665(+)m 240 fnt83 -1244 2670(length)m 220 fnt35 1897 2665(@HShift)m 240 fnt83 2772 2670(object)m -240 fnt82 3600 2668(Principal)m 4517(mark)s 5069(shifted)s 5777(to)s -6016(the)s 6364(right)s 6875(by)s 240 fnt83 7169 2670(length)m -240 fnt82 7762 2668(;)m 220 fnt35 1180 2160(-)m 240 fnt83 -1244 2165(length)m 220 fnt35 1897 2160(@HShift)m 240 fnt83 2772 2165(object)m -240 fnt82 3600 2163(Principal)m 4517(mark)s 5069(shifted)s 5777(to)s -6016(the)s 6364(left)s 6741(by)s 240 fnt83 7035 2165(length)m -240 fnt82 7628 2163(;)m 240 fnt83 1244 1660(length)m 220 fnt35 -1897 1655(@HShift)m 240 fnt83 2772 1660(object)m 240 fnt82 3600 1658(Principal)m -4512(mark)s 5058(shifted)s 5760(so)s 6020(as)s 6264(to)s -6497(lie)s 240 fnt83 6786 1660(length)m 240 fnt82 7433 1658(to)m -7666(the)s 8008(right)s 8513(of)s 8778(the)s 3600 1370(left)m -3977(edge)s 4485(of)s 240 fnt83 4756 1372(object)m 240 fnt82 -5344 1370(;)m 0 867(In)m 256(each)s 751(chase)s 220 fnt35 -1338 864(@HShift)m 240 fnt82 2213 867(includes)m 3061(a)s 220 fnt35 -3227 864(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 4239 867(ef)m 6(fect.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 48 54 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(48)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 480 13203(The)m -916(units)s 1440(of)s 1720(measurement)s 3062(of)s 240 fnt83 -3342 13205(length)m 240 fnt82 4003 13203(may)m 4478(be)s 220 fnt35 -4768 13200(c)m 240 fnt82 4873 13203(,)m 220 fnt35 4989 13200(i)m -240 fnt82 5023 13203(,)m 220 fnt35 5138 13200(p)m 240 fnt82 -5252 13203(,)m 220 fnt35 5368 13200(m)m 240 fnt82 5537 13203(,)m -220 fnt35 5652 13200(f)m 240 fnt82 5710 13203(,)m 220 fnt35 -5825 13200(s)m 240 fnt82 5928 13203(,)m 220 fnt35 6044 13200(v)m -240 fnt82 6153 13203(,)m 6268(or)s 220 fnt35 6536 13200(w)m -240 fnt82 6692 13203(.)m 6864(In)s 7129(the)s 7485(latter)s -8043(case,)s 220 fnt35 8569 13200(1w)m 240 fnt82 8916 13203(is)m -0 12915(tak)m 2(en)k 579(to)s 825(be)s 1113(the)s -1468(width)s 2076(of)s 2354(the)s 2708(right)s 3226(parameter)s 9(,)k -4285(so)s 4557(that,)s 5029(for)s 5373(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 6294 12912(0.5w @HShift)m 240 fnt82 7699 12915(will)m 8132(centre)s -8778(the)s 0 12627(principal)m 904(column)s 1679(mark)s 2231(within)s -2899(the)s 3247(right)s 3758(parameter)s 13(.)k 548 12253(The)m -220 fnt35 984 12250(@VShift)m 240 fnt82 1855 12253(symbol)m 2624(is)s -2842(similar)s 3572(e)s 3(xcept)k 4261(that)s 4688(it)s -4888(applies)s 5624(v)s 3(ertically)k 6584(to)s 6832(the)s -7188(principal)s 8100(ro)s 6(w)k 8529(mark:)s 220 fnt35 -0 11962(+)m 240 fnt83 120 11967(length)m 240 fnt82 771 11965(shifts)m -1337(it)s 1527(do)s 6(wn,)k 220 fnt35 2159 11962(-)m -240 fnt83 2223 11967(length)m 240 fnt82 2874 11965(shifts)m 3440(it)s -3629(up,)s 3974(and)s 240 fnt83 4376 11967(length)m 240 fnt82 -5027 11965(shifts)m 5593(it)s 5783(to)s 240 fnt83 6019 11967(length)m -240 fnt82 6670 11965(belo)m 6(w)k 7301(the)s 7647(top)s -8004(edge)s 8510(of)s 8778(the)s 0 11677(object.)m 748(W)s 9(ith)k -220 fnt35 1274 11674(@VShift)m 240 fnt82 2077 11677(,)m 220 fnt35 -2184 11674(1w)m 240 fnt82 2522 11677(is)m 2732(tak)s 2(en)k -3305(to)s 3544(be)s 3826(the)s 4174(height)s 4832(of)s -5103(the)s 5451(right)s 5962(parameter)s 13(.)k 240 fnt84 -0 10884(3.12.)m 591(@HExpand)s 1854(and)s 2295(@VExpand)s 240 fnt82 -558 10407(The)m 220 fnt35 1004 10404(@HExpand)m 240 fnt82 2195 10407(symbol)m -2973(causes)s 3666(its)s 3961(right)s 4490(parameter)s 5522(to)s -5779(be)s 6079(as)s 6348(wide)s 6887(as)s 7155(it)s -7365(possibly)s 8235(could)s 8844(be)s 0 10119(without)m 784(violating)s -1679(a)s 220 fnt35 1837 10116(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 2603 10119(symbol)m -3355(or)s 3606(intruding)s 4528(into)s 4945(the)s 5285(space)s -5864(occupied)s 6778(by)s 7064(neighbouring)s 8386(g)s 1(aps)k -8867(or)s 0 9831(objects.)m 841(The)s 220 fnt35 1269 9828(@VExpand)m -240 fnt82 2430 9831(symbol)m 3190(is)s 3400(similar)s 9(,)k -4160(b)s 4(ut)k 4522(it)s 4714(af)s 6(fects)k -5394(height.)s 6156(F)s 3(or)k 6545(e)s 3(xample,)k -7459(in)s 7702(the)s 8050(object)s 220 fnt35 480 9330(8i @Wide 11i @High {)m -480 9042( //1i ||1i @HExpand @VExpand x ||1i)m 480 8754( //1i)m 480 8466(})m 240 fnt82 0 7972(object)m -220 fnt35 655 7969(x)m 240 fnt82 834 7972(could)m 1435(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1947(an)s 3(y)k 2356(size)s 2794(up)s 3098(to)s -3348(six)s 3694(inches)s 4367(wide)s 4899(by)s 5204(nine)s -5683(inches)s 6357(high,)s 6901(so)s 7178(the)s 220 fnt35 -7537 7969(@HExpand)m 240 fnt82 8722 7972(and)m 220 fnt35 0 7681(@VExpand)m -240 fnt82 1166 7684(symbols)m 2021(cause)s 2614(it)s 2812(to)s -3057(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3564(e)s 3(xactly)k -4311(this)s 4713(size.)s 5254(This)s 5736(is)s 5952(important,)s -6994(for)s 7338(e)s 3(xample,)k 8258(if)s 220 fnt35 -8481 7681(x)m 240 fnt82 8655 7684(con)m 8998(-)s 0 7396(tains)m -220 fnt35 502 7393(|1r)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 879 7396(or)m -220 fnt35 1138 7393(/1r)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 1459 7396(;)m -1571(without)s 2362(the)s 2710(e)s 3(xpansion)k 3735(these)s -4282(might)s 4900(not)s 5266(mo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -5848(as)s 6098(f)s 2(ar)k 6420(across)s 7068(or)s -7327(do)s 6(wn)k 7911(as)s 8161(e)s 3(xpected.)k -480 7022(As)m 809(Section)s 1595(2.6)s 1961(e)s 3(xplains)k -2818(in)s 3074(detail,)s 3723(most)s 4260(objects)s 5001(are)s -5360(already)s 6130(as)s 6392(lar)s 4(ge)k 6933(as)s -7196(the)s 3(y)k 7671(possibly)s 8536(could)s 0 6734(be.)m -379(Consequently)s 1738(these)s 2273(symbols)s 3110(are)s 3446(needed)s -4170(only)s 4638(rarely)s 15(.)k 220 fnt35 5331 6731(@HExpand)m -240 fnt82 6493 6734(includes)m 7329(a)s 220 fnt35 7483 6731(@OneCol)m -240 fnt82 8483 6734(ef)m 6(fect,)k 0 6446(and)m 220 fnt35 -404 6443(@VExpand)m 240 fnt82 1565 6446(includes)m 2413(a)s 220 fnt35 -2579 6443(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 3710 6446(ef)m 6(fect.)k -240 fnt84 0 5657(3.13.)m 591(@HContract)s 1976(and)s 2417(@VContract)s -240 fnt82 542 5225(The)m 220 fnt35 972 5222(@HContr)m 2(act)k -240 fnt82 2239 5225(symbol)m 3001(reduces)s 3784(the)s 4135(size)s -4564(of)s 4837(its)s 5116(right)s 5629(parameter)s 6645(to)s -6887(a)s 7055(reasonable)s 8136(minimum)s 0 4937(\(after)m 575(paragraph)s -1588(breaking\).)s 2668(F)s 3(or)k 3057(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 4436(5i @Wide @HContr)m 2(act { A |1r)k -8(t B })k 240 fnt82 -0 3942(has)m 370(result)s 480 3491(A)m 650(B)s 0 3040(in)m -233(which)s 864(the)s 1201(B)s 1393(is)s 1592(much)s -2170(closer)s 2789(to)s 3017(the)s 3354(A)s 3574(than)s -4032(it)s 4213(w)s 2(ould)k 4857(otherwise)s 5831(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6321(been.)s 220 fnt35 6926 3037(@VContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 -8167 3040(is)m 8366(similar)s 9(,)k 0 2752(b)m 4(ut)k -362(in)s 605(a)s 771(v)s 3(ertical)k 1538(direction.)s -2551(See)s 2952(Section)s 3726(2.6)s 4079(for)s 4417(a)s -4583(more)s 5130(e)s 3(xtensi)k 6(v)k 3(e)k -6077(discussion.)s 240 fnt84 0 2008(3.14.)m 591(@HLimited)s 1864(and)s -2305(@VLimited)s 240 fnt82 579 1576(The)m 220 fnt35 1047 1573(@HLimited)m -240 fnt82 2221 1576(symbol)m 3021(limits)s 3654(the)s 4042(width)s -4684(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5631(to)s 5910(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -6871(and)s 7315(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 8277(symbols)s -0 1288(within)m 692(its)s 993(right)s 1529(parameter)s 2567(to)s -2831(whate)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 3783(is)s 4018(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -4950(without)s 5766(increasing)s 6826(the)s 7198(e)s 3(xisting)k -8030(size)s 8482(of)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 997(@HLimited)m -240 fnt82 1138 1000(object.)m 1890(So)s 2199(this)s 2599(symbol)s -3362(acts)s 3788(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 4204 997(@Wide)m -240 fnt82 4981 1000(with)m 5467(respect)s 6206(to)s 6449(limiting)s -7261(the)s 7613(space)s 8204(occupied)s 0 712(by)m 315(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1258(and)s 1684(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 2627(symbols,)s -3553(e)s 3(xcept)k 4256(that)s 4695(instead)s 5451(of)s -5744(enforcing)s 6734(a)s 6921(\207x)s 3(ed)k 7477(constant)s -8355(limit,)s 8934(it)s 0 424(enforces)m 860(whate)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -1787(size)s 2214(is)s 2424(already)s 3181(in)s 3424(place.)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 49 55 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.14.)m 574(@HLimited)s 1763(and)s 2189(@VLimited)s -240 fnt84 8832 13840(49)m 240 fnt82 480 13249(The)m 220 fnt35 -904 13246(@VLimited)m 240 fnt82 2022 13249(symbol)m 2778(is)s 2983(e)s 3(xactly)k -3719(the)s 4063(same,)s 4656(e)s 3(xcept)k 5332(that)s -5746(it)s 5933(applies)s 6656(v)s 3(ertically)k 7604(rather)s -8215(than)s 8679(hor)s 8998(-)s 0 12961(izontally)m 15(.)k -240 fnt84 0 12168(3.15.)m 591(@HAdjust,)s 1804(@V)s 32(Adjust,)k -2972(and)s 3413(@P)s 17(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 551 11692(These)m -1189(symbols)s 2050(spread)s 2743(their)s 3252(right)s 3774(parameter)s -4800(apart)s 5348(until)s 5852(it)s 6056(occupies)s 6955(all)s -7260(the)s 7619(space)s 8218(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -0 11404(to)m 268(it;)s 220 fnt35 602 11401(@HAdjust)m 240 fnt82 -1678 11404(adjusts)m 220 fnt35 2422 11401(|)m 240 fnt82 2549 11404(sequences,)m -220 fnt35 3656 11401(@V)m 17(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 4702 11404(adjusts)m -220 fnt35 5447 11401(/)m 240 fnt82 5601 11404(sequences,)m 6707(and)s -220 fnt35 7141 11401(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 8179 11404(adjusts)m -220 fnt35 8924 11401(&)m 240 fnt82 0 11116(sequences.)m 1134(F)s 3(or)k -1523(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 10615(4i @Wide @P)m 26(Adjust { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 })k -240 fnt82 0 10118(has)m 370(result)s 480 9663(1)m 1274(2)s -2088(3)s 2892(4)s 3706(5)s 4512(6)s 5325(7)s -6133(8)s 0 9209(More)m 571(precisely)s 15(,)k 1521(the)s -1865(widening)s 2806(is)s 3012(ef)s 6(fected)k 3828(by)s -4119(enlar)s 4(ging)k 5067(the)s 5411(size)s 5835(of)s -6102(each)s 6593(component)s 7714(e)s 3(xcept)k 8391(the)s -8735(last)s 0 8921(by)m 284(an)s 556(equal)s 1118(fraction)s -1907(of)s 2167(the)s 2504(space)s 3080(that)s 3488(w)s 2(ould)k -4132(otherwise)s 5106(be)s 5377(left)s 5744(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -6212(\211)s 6381(just)s 6775(the)s 7113(opposite)s 7969(of)s -8229(the)s 8566(usual)s 0 8633(procedure,)m 1063(which)s 1705(assigns)s -2447(all)s 2740(the)s 3088(lefto)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -3884(space)s 4471(to)s 4710(the)s 5058(last)s 5449(component)s -6573(\(Section)s 7426(2.6\).)s 220 fnt35 480 8256(@P)m 26(Adjust)k -240 fnt82 1497 8259(is)m 1716(used)s 2222(by)s 2525(the)s -220 fnt35 2883 8256(adjust)m 240 fnt82 3533 8259(and)m 220 fnt35 -3946 8256(outdent)m 240 fnt82 4743 8259(options)m 5508(of)s 5789(the)s -220 fnt35 6146 8256(@Break)m 240 fnt82 7011 8259(symbol)m 7780(\(Section)s -8643(3.4\).)s 0 7971(It)m 213(has)s 591(a)s 765(slight)s -1364(peculiarity:)s 2559(it)s 2759(will)s 3193(not)s 3567(enlar)s 4(ge)k -4330(components)s 5546(when)s 6130(the)s 6486(immediately)s 7742(follo)s 6(wing)k -8728(g)s 1(ap)k 0 7683(has)m 398(width)s 1029(0.)s -1342(This)s 1847(is)s 2086(to)s 2354(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k -3151(space)s 3767(from)s 4320(appearing)s 5345(\(for)s 5791(e)s 3(xample\))k -6755(between)s 7638(a)s 7833(w)s 2(ord)k 8410(and)s -8843(an)s 0 7395(immediately)m 1248(follo)s 6(wing)k 2225(comma.)s -3093(The)s 3521(other)s 4072(tw)s 2(o)k 4482(symbols)s -5331(will)s 5757(enlar)s 4(ge)k 6512(such)s 7008(components.)s -240 fnt84 0 6602(3.16.)m 591(@HScale)s 1587(and)s 2028(@VScale)s -220 fnt35 538 6167(@HScale)m 240 fnt82 1516 6170(causes)m 2189(its)s -2462(right)s 2970(parameter)s 3982(to)s 4218(e)s 3(xpand)k -4962(to)s 5199(\207ll)s 5516(the)s 5861(space)s 6446(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k -7402(by)s 7693(geometricallly)s 0 5882(scaling)m 730(it:)s 220 fnt35 -480 5381(4i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 })m 240 fnt82 0 4887(has)m 370(result)s gsave -480 0 translate -4.4965 1.0000 scale -0 4432(1)m -155(2)s 329(3)s 493(4)s 667(5)s 833(6)s -1006(7)s 1174(8)s -grestore -0 3978(and)m 220 fnt35 480 3527(0.5i @Wide @HScale { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 })m -240 fnt82 0 3033(has)m 370(result)s gsave -480 0 translate -0.5621 1.0000 scale -0 2578(1)m 155(2)s -329(3)s 493(4)s 667(5)s 833(6)s 1006(7)s -1174(8)s -grestore -220 fnt35 0 2121(@HScale)m 240 fnt82 980 2124(\207rst)m -1409(applies)s 220 fnt35 2136 2121(@HContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 -3398 2124(to)m 3635(its)s 3910(parameter)s 9(,)k 4960(then)s -5427(horizontally)s 6635(scales)s 7254(it)s 7444(to)s 7682(the)s -8028(actual)s 8651(size.)s 0 1836(The)m 433(principal)s 1342(mark)s -1899(of)s 2175(the)s 2528(right)s 3044(parameter)s 4063(has)s -4438(no)s 4736(ef)s 6(fect)k 5337(on)s 5639(the)s -5992(result;)s 6639(the)s 6992(parameter)s 8011(is)s 8226(scaled)s -8887(to)s 0 1548(the)m 365(actual)s 1007(size)s 1451(and)s -1872(positioned)s 2944(to)s 3200(\207ll)s 3537(the)s 3902(space)s -4506(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable.)k 5539(\(T)s 19(aking)k -6347(account)s 7168(of)s 7456(alignment)s 8489(of)s 8778(the)s -0 1260(principal)m 904(mark)s 1456(only)s 1936(causes)s 2611(trouble)s -3344(in)s 3587(practice.\))s 220 fnt35 480 883(@VScale)m 240 fnt82 -1460 886(is)m 1681(similar)s 9(,)k 2452(b)s 4(ut)k -2825(in)s 3080(a)s 3257(v)s 3(ertical)k 4035(direction.)s -220 fnt35 5059 883(@HScale)m 240 fnt82 6051 886(and)m 220 fnt35 -6467 883(@VScale)m 240 fnt82 7447 886(each)m 7953(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8465(both)s 8960(a)s 220 fnt35 0 595(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 -1012 598(and)m 1416(a)s 220 fnt35 1582 595(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 2713 598(ef)m 6(fect.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 50 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(50)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt84 0 13203(3.17.)m -591(@HCo)s 2(v)k 2(er)k 1679(and)s 2120(@VCo)s 2(v)k 2(er)k -240 fnt82 529 12771(The)m 220 fnt35 946 12768(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 1941 12771(symbol)m 2690(v)s 3(ertically)k 3631(scales)s -4241(its)s 4506(right)s 5006(parameter)s 6009(so)s 6264(that)s -6671(it)s 6852(co)s 3(v)k 3(ers)k 7510(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -8075(object)s 8708(that)s 0 12483(shares)m 648(its)s 924(ro)s 6(w)k -1344(mark.)s 1999(F)s 3(or)k 2388(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 11982(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er \( 45d @Rotate Hello @VCo)k 3(v)k 5(er \))k -240 fnt82 0 11486(produces)m 748 843 0 396 240 288 60 480 10303 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -748 843 0 396 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -0 396 translate -1.0000 4.1328 scale -0 -54(\()m -grestore -gsave -210 396 translate -45.0000 rotate -0 -54(Hello)m -grestore -gsave -680 396 translate -1.0000 4.1328 scale -0 -54(\))m - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 9852(The)m 428(ro)s 6(w)k 848(mark)s 1400(has)s -1770(been)s 2279(added)s 2909(to)s 3148(sho)s 6(w)k -3702(clearly)s 4405(where)s 5045(it)s 5237(lies.)s 5732(This)s -6208(should)s 6905(be)s 7187(compared)s 8188(with)s 220 fnt35 -480 9351(@VScale \( 45d @Rotate Hello @VScale \))m 240 fnt82 0 8855(which)m 642(produces)s 748 486 0 39 240 288 60 480 8029 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -748 486 0 39 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -0 229 translate -1.0000 2.3824 scale -0 -54(\()m - -grestore -gsave -210 39 translate -45.0000 rotate -0 -54(Hello)m -grestore -gsave -0 229 translate -1.0000 2.3824 scale -680 -54(\))m -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -0 7578(Scaling)m 786(abandons)s 1759(mark)s -2328(alignment)s 3361(and)s 3782(so)s 4065(is)s 4292(able)s -4763(to)s 5018(e)s 3(xactly)k 5776(co)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -6378(the)s 6743(rest)s 7164(of)s 7452(the)s 7817(ro)s 6(w)k 15(,)k -8292(whereas)s 0 7290(co)m 3(v)k 3(ering)k 896(preserv)s 3(es)k -1859(mark)s 2424(alignment)s 3453(and)s 3869(so)s 4148(is)s -4371(obliged)s 5160(in)s 5415(general)s 6186(to)s 6438(more)s -6998(than)s 7479(co)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 8077(the)s -8438(rest)s 8855(of)s 0 7002(the)m 348(ro)s 6(w)k 15(.)k -480 6628(If)m 700(the)s 1038(parameter)s 2042(of)s 220 fnt35 -2303 6625(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k 240 fnt82 3299 6628(has)m -3658(zero)s 4112(v)s 3(ertical)k 4869(size,)s 5337(this)s -5723(is)s 5923(tak)s 2(en)k 6485(to)s 6714(mean)s -7279(that)s 7687(co)s 3(v)k 3(ering)k 8561(is)s -8760(not)s 0 6340(required)m 863(after)s 1368(all)s 1670(and)s -2083(the)s 220 fnt35 2441 6337(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 3456 6340(is)m 3675(silently)s 4441(ignored.)s 5345(If)s -5585(ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 6463(the)s -6820(parameter)s 7843(has)s 8223(non-zero)s 0 6052(size)m 434(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -1064(the)s 1420(mark)s 1980(b)s 4(ut)k 2350(zero)s -2822(size)s 3256(belo)s 6(w)k 15(,)k 3935(or)s -4202(vice)s 4664(v)s 3(ersa,)k 5280(this)s 5684(is)s -5901(tak)s 2(en)k 6482(to)s 6729(be)s 7019(an)s -7310(error)s 7841(since)s 8396(scaling)s 0 5764(cannot)m 698(mak)s 2(e)k -1270(the)s 1618(parameter)s 2632(co)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -3217(the)s 3565(rest)s 3969(of)s 4240(the)s 4588(ro)s 6(w)k 15(.)k -220 fnt35 480 5387(@HCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k 240 fnt82 -1505 5390(is)m 1722(similar)s 9(,)k 2489(horizontally)s 3705(co)s 3(v)k 3(ering)k -4596(all)s 4896(objects)s 5631(that)s 6056(share)s 6623(its)s -6906(column)s 7688(mark.)s 8350(Neither)s 0 5102(symbol)m 753(w)s 2(orks)k -1379(well)s 1837(near)s 2300(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2926(tar)s 4(gets,)k 3658(because)s 4463(the)s 4803(scale)s -5328(f)s 2(actor)k 5934(to)s 6166(apply)s 6744(is)s -6946(determined)s 8071(before)s 8729(an)s 3(y)k 0 4814(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -634(\210ushing)s 1459(tak)s 2(es)k 1999(place.)s 240 fnt84 -0 4021(3.18.)m 591(@StartHSpan,@StartVSpan,)s 3642(@StartHVSpan,)s 5374(@HSpan,)s 6416(and)s -6857(@VSpan)s 240 fnt82 556 3544(These)m 1199(symbols)s 2065(w)s 2(ork)k -2632(together)s 3492(to)s 3747(produce)s 4591(spanning)s 5525(columns)s -6403(and)s 6824(ro)s 6(ws)k 7350(in)s 7610(a)s -7792(more)s 8356(\210e)s 3(xible)k 0 3256(w)m 2(ay)k -451(than)s 920(is)s 1130(possible)s 1970(in)s 2213(practice)s -3024(with)s 220 fnt35 3506 3253(//)m 240 fnt82 3691 3256(and)m -220 fnt35 4095 3253(||)m 240 fnt82 4189 3256(.)m 4353(An)s -4703(object)s 220 fnt35 480 2755(@Star)m -8(tHSpan object)k 240 fnt82 -0 2258(causes)m 220 fnt35 682 2255(object)m 240 fnt82 1330 2258(to)m -1577(be)s 1866(printed,)s 2658(b)s 4(ut)k 3027(occup)s 2(ying)k -4084(all)s 4384(the)s 4740(horizontal)s 5771(space)s 6366(to)s -6612(the)s 6968(right)s 7486(on)s 7791(the)s 8146(ro)s 6(w)k -8574(mark)s 0 1970(on)m 289(which)s 922(it)s 1105(lies)s -1478(up)s 1762(to)s 1992(and)s 2387(including)s 3335(the)s -3675(rightmost)s 220 fnt35 4642 1967(@HSpan)m 240 fnt82 5572 1970(symbol)m -6323(on)s 6611(that)s 7020(mark)s 7563(not)s 7920(preceded)s -8832(by)s 220 fnt35 0 1679(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k 240 fnt82 -1496 1682(,)m 220 fnt35 1603 1679(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 -2953 1682(,)m 220 fnt35 3059 1679(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 -4397 1682(,)m 4503(or)s 220 fnt35 4761 1679(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 -5628 1682(.)m 5791(The)s 6218(column)s 6992(mark)s 7543(of)s -7813(this)s 8208(spanning)s 0 1394(object)m 644(is)s 854(not)s -1220(constrained)s 2380(to)s 2619(align)s 3154(with)s 3636(an)s 3(y)k -4033(of)s 4304(the)s 4652(column)s 5427(marks)s 6062(of)s -6333(the)s 6681(columns)s 7543(it)s 7735(spans.)s 480 1020(If)m -739(there)s 1301(is)s 1541(no)s 220 fnt35 1863 1017(@HSpan)m -240 fnt82 2831 1020(symbol)m 3621(an)s 3(ywhere)k 4633(to)s -4901(the)s 5279(right)s 5819(of)s 220 fnt35 6119 1017(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k -240 fnt82 7469 1020(,)m 7606(then)s 8104(the)s 8482(object)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 51 57 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.18.)m 574(@StartHSpan,@StartVSpan,)s 3376(@StartHVSpan,)s 4953(@HSpan,)s -5919(and)s 6345(@VSpan)s 240 fnt84 8839 13840(51)m 240 fnt82 -0 13205(spans)m 585(only)s 1067(its)s 1345(o)s 6(wn)k -1811(column.)s 2695(This)s 3173(means)s 3837(that)s 4257(it)s -4451(occupies)s 5341(that)s 5761(column)s 6538(as)s 6790(usual)s -7352(b)s 4(ut)k 7716(its)s 7994(mark)s 8548(is)s -8760(not)s 0 12917(constrained)m 1160(to)s 1399(align)s 1934(with)s -2416(those)s 2977(of)s 3248(the)s 3596(other)s 4147(objects)s -4875(in)s 5118(the)s 5466(column.)s 480 12543(Similarly)m 15(,)k -1457(the)s 220 fnt35 1801 12540(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 -3196 12543(symbol)m 3952(causes)s 4624(its)s 4896(object)s 5537(to)s -5772(occup)s 2(y)k 6513(all)s 6802(the)s 7147(v)s 3(ertical)k -7910(space)s 8493(belo)s 6(w)k 0 12255(it)m 191(on)s -486(the)s 832(column)s 1605(mark)s 2155(on)s 2451(which)s -3091(it)s 3281(lies,)s 3717(do)s 6(wn)k 4299(to)s -4537(and)s 4939(including)s 5894(the)s 6240(bottommost)s 220 fnt35 -7441 12252(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 8366 12255(symbol)m 0 11967(on)m 294(that)s -708(mark)s 1256(not)s 1618(preceded)s 2535(by)s 2825(a)s -220 fnt35 2987 11964(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k 240 fnt82 4483 11967(,)m -220 fnt35 4586 11964(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 5936 11967(,)m -220 fnt35 6039 11964(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 7377 11967(,)m -7480(or)s 220 fnt35 7735 11964(@HSpan)m 240 fnt82 8614 11967(;)m -8722(and)s 0 11679(if)m 206(there)s 728(is)s 927(no)s -220 fnt35 1209 11676(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 2125 11679(symbol)m 2874(an)s 3(ywhere)k -3846(belo)s 6(w)k 4468(it)s 4649(on)s 4935(that)s -5342(mark,)s 5929(then)s 6387(the)s 6724(object)s 7357(spans)s -7929(only)s 8398(its)s 8662(o)s 6(wn)k 0 11391(ro)m 6(w)k 15(,)k -458(occup)s 2(ying)k 1507(its)s 1783(ro)s 6(w)k -2203(b)s 4(ut)k 2565(with)s 3047(its)s 3323(mark)s -3875(not)s 4241(constrained)s 5401(to)s 5640(align)s 6175(with)s -6657(the)s 7005(ro)s 6(w)k 7425(mark.)s 480 11017(The)m -220 fnt35 949 11014(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k 240 fnt82 2547 11017(symbol)m -3349(combines)s 4359(the)s 4748(ef)s 6(fects)k 5470(of)s -220 fnt35 5783 11014(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 7235 11017(and)m -220 fnt35 7681 11014(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 9019 11017(,)m -0 10729(allo)m 6(wing)k 884(an)s 1167(object)s 1811(to)s -2050(span)s 2546(both)s 3029(columns)s 3891(and)s 4295(ro)s 6(ws)k -4805(simultaneously)s 15(.)k 6402(F)s 3(or)k 6791(e)s 3(xample,)k -7705(in)s 220 fnt35 480 10228(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan x | | @HSpan)k 480 9940(/)m -480 9652(@VSpan | |)m 240 fnt82 0 9156(the)m 378(object)s 220 fnt35 -1052 9153(x)m 240 fnt82 1250 9156(will)m 1706(occup)s 2(y)k -2481(a)s 2677(rectangular)s 3841(area)s 4328(spanning)s 5276(three)s -5840(columns,)s 6788(tw)s 2(o)k 7228(ro)s 6(ws,)k -7824(and)s 8258(the)s 8637(g)s 1(aps)k 0 8868(between)m -854(them.)s 480 8494(The)m 908(objects)s 1636(lying)s 2182(in)s -2425(the)s 2774(re)s 3(gion)k 3439(spanned)s 4283(should)s -4980(all)s 5274(be)s 5556(empty)s 15(,)k 6247(or)s -6506(the)s 220 fnt35 6855 8491(@HSpan)m 240 fnt82 7794 8494(and)m -220 fnt35 8199 8491(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 0 8206(symbols)m 865(can)s -1271(be)s 1570(used)s 2084(to)s 2340(document)s 3360(the)s -3725(spanning)s 4660(that)s 5095(is)s 5322(occurring.)s 6418(At)s -6734(present)s 7501(there)s 8051(may)s 8534(be)s 8833(no)s -0 7918(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 639(tar)s 4(gets)k -1328(or)s 1593(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 2521(symbols)s -3376(within)s 4050(the)s 4404(right)s 4921(parameter)s 5941(of)s -220 fnt35 6218 7915(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 7568 7918(,)m -220 fnt35 7681 7915(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 9019 7918(,)m -0 7630(or)m 220 fnt35 246 7627(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k 240 fnt82 -1742 7630(.)m 1892(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -2838(the)s 3172(right)s 3670(parameter)s 4670(may)s 5122(otherwise)s -6093(be)s 6362(an)s 6631(arbitrary)s 7492(object,)s 8169(including)s -0 7342(paragraphs)m 1100(of)s 1371(te)s 3(xt)k 1786(that)s -2204(require)s 2936(breaking.)s 480 6968(If)m 722(the)s 1082(right)s -1605(parameter)s 2631(of)s 220 fnt35 2914 6965(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k -240 fnt82 4264 6968(,)m 220 fnt35 4383 6965(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k -240 fnt82 5721 6968(,)m 5840(or)s 220 fnt35 6111 6965(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k -240 fnt82 7679 6968(occupies)m 8579(more)s 0 6680(horizontal)m 1022(or)s -1279(v)s 3(ertical)k 2044(space)s 2629(than)s 3095(all)s -3386(of)s 3655(the)s 4001(spanned)s 4842(columns)s 5701(or)s -5958(ro)s 6(ws)k 6466(combined)s 7466(require,)s 8247(the)s -8592(e)s 3(xtra)k 0 6392(space)m 601(goes)s 1106(into)s -1546(the)s 1908(last)s 2314(spanned)s 3172(column)s 3962(or)s -4235(ro)s 6(w)k 15(.)k 4765(Ov)s 3(erlapping)k -6026(spanning)s 6958(ro)s 6(ws)k 7483(and)s 7902(columns)s -8779(are)s 0 6104(permitted.)m 1081(Gaps)s 1626(spanned)s 2471(by)s -2767(span)s 3266(objects)s 3996(are)s 4345(unbreakable)s 5572(\(their)s -220 fnt35 6151 6101(u)m 240 fnt82 6321 6104(indicator)m 7232(is)s -7444(set)s 7772(automatically)s 0 5816(and)m 404(cannot)s 1102(be)s -1384(re)s 6(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed\).)k 240 fnt84 -0 5033(3.19.)m 591(@Scale)s 240 fnt82 588 4601(This)m 1112(symbol)s -1920(geometrically)s 3335(scales)s 4004(its)s 4328(right)s 4887(parameter)s -5949(by)s 6291(the)s 6687(scale)s 7268(f)s 2(actor)k -7930(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 8558(in)s 8850(its)s -0 4313(left)m 377(parameter:)s 220 fnt35 480 3812(1.0 @Scale Hello 2.0 @Scale Hello 0.5 @Scale Hello)m 240 fnt82 -0 3357(has)m 370(result)s gsave -480 2849 translate -1.0000 1.0000 scale -0 -54(Hello)m -grestore -gsave -1124 2849 translate -2.0000 2.0000 scale -0 -54(Hello)m -grestore -gsave -2292 2849 translate -0.5000 0.5000 scale -0 -54(Hello)m - -grestore -0 2286(The)m 433(left)s 815(parameter)s 1834(can)s 2228(be)s -2515(tw)s 2(o)k 2930(scale)s 3468(f)s 2(actors,)k -4227(in)s 4475(which)s 5122(case)s 5594(the)s 5947(\207rst)s -6383(applies)s 7116(horizontally)s 15(,)k 8368(and)s 8778(the)s -0 1998(second)m 723(v)s 3(ertically:)k 220 fnt35 480 1497({0.5 2.0} @Scale Hello)m -240 fnt82 0 1003(has)m 370(result)s gsave -480 495 translate -0.5000 2.0000 scale -0 -54(Hello)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 52 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(52)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(The)m -433(left)s 815(parameter)s 1834(may)s 2305(be)s 2592(empty)s 15(,)k -3287(in)s 3535(which)s 4182(case)s 4654(Lout)s 5171(will)s -5602(scale)s 6140(the)s 6493(object)s 7142(by)s 7441(a)s -7612(common)s 8512(f)s 2(actor)k 0 12917(horizontally)m 1209(and)s -1613(v)s 3(ertically)k 2565(so)s 2831(as)s 3081(to)s -3320(occup)s 2(y)k 4064(all)s 4357(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5265(horizontal)s 6289(space:)s 220 fnt35 480 12416({} @Scale { Hello w)m 2(or)k -3(ld })k -240 fnt82 0 11922(has)m 370(result)s gsave -0 10765 translate -7.9609 7.9609 scale -0 -54(Hello)m 583(w)s 2(orld)k - -grestore -0 9861(The)m 433(right)s 949(parameter)s 1969(may)s 2440(be)s -2728(an)s 3(y)k 3130(object.)s 220 fnt35 3884 9858(@Scale)m -240 fnt82 4712 9861(has)m 5088(both)s 5576(a)s 220 fnt35 -5748 9858(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 6765 9861(and)m 7175(a)s 220 fnt35 -7346 9858(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 8483 9861(ef)m 6(fect,)k -0 9573(and)m 404(the)s 752(marks)s 1387(of)s 1658(the)s -2006(result)s 2596(coincide)s 3462(with)s 3944(the)s 4292(principal)s -5196(marks)s 5831(of)s 6102(the)s 6450(right)s 6961(parameter)s 13(.)k -240 fnt84 0 8780(3.20.)m 591(@Rotate)s 240 fnt82 542 8348(The)m -220 fnt35 973 8345(@Rotate)m 240 fnt82 1897 8348(symbol)m 2660(will)s -3089(rotate)s 3691(its)s 3970(right)s 4484(parameter)s 5501(counterclockwise)s -7233(an)s 7519(amount)s 8300(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8883(in)s 0 8060(de)m 3(grees)k 778(\(positi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -1661(or)s 1920(ne)s 3(g)k 1(ati)k 6(v)k 3(e\))k -2845(by)s 3139(its)s 3415(left)s 3792(parameter)s 13(.)k -4897(F)s 3(or)k 5286(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 7559(30d @Rotate { hello)m 8(, w)k 2(or)k -3(ld })k 240 fnt82 -0 7065(has)m 370(result)s gsave -534 6112 translate -30.0000 rotate -0 -54(hello,)m 583(w)s 2(orld)k - -grestore -0 5586(Before)m 710(rotating)s 1511(the)s 1863(object,)s 220 fnt35 -2559 5583(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 3576 5586(and)m 220 fnt35 3984 5583(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 5120 5586(are)m 5471(applied)s 6238(to)s 6482(it.)s -6782(The)s 7215(result)s 7809(is)s 8024(a)s 8195(rectangle)s -0 5298(whose)m 668(marks)s 1303(pass)s 1766(through)s 2568(the)s -2916(point)s 3468(where)s 4108(the)s 4456(original)s 5254(marks)s -5889(crossed:)s 1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 480 4075 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt78 2547 4128(\336)m gsave -3256 3921 translate -240 fnt82 1515 1037 379 267 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1515 1037 379 267 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1515 1037 379 267 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -gsave -379 267 translate -30.0000 rotate -1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 -340 -113 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -1587 283 340 113 240 288 60 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -240 fnt82 0 3470(As)m -324(this)s 728(e)s 3(xample)k 1598(sho)s 6(ws,)k -2306(rotation)s 3113(by)s 3415(an)s 3705(angle)s 4287(other)s -4845(than)s 5322(a)s 5495(multiple)s 6355(of)s 6633(ninety)s -7293(de)s 3(grees)k 8079(introduces)s 0 3182(quite)m 534(a)s -700(lot)s 1012(of)s 1283(white)s 1870(space.)s 2565(So,)s -2925(for)s 3263(e)s 3(xample,)k 4177(the)s 4525(result)s -5115(of)s 220 fnt35 480 2674(-30d)m 968(@Rotate)s 1890(30d)s -2305(@Rotate)s 240 fnt83 3286 2679(object)m 240 fnt82 0 2176(is)m -210(a)s 376(much)s 965(lar)s 4(ger)k 1577(object)s -2221(than)s 240 fnt83 2690 2178(object)m 240 fnt82 3278 2176(,)m -3385(despite)s 4118(the)s 4466(f)s 2(act)k 4881(that)s -5299(one)s 5701(rotation)s 6501(cancels)s 7255(the)s 7603(other)s 13(.)k -480 1802(Rotation)m 1362(of)s 1634(objects)s 2363(containing)s 3427(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4350(and)s 4755(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 5678(symbols)s -6528(is)s 6739(permitted,)s 7762(b)s 4(ut)k 8125(for)s -8464(angles)s 0 1514(other)m 553(than)s 1024(multiples)s 1967(of)s -2240(ninety)s 2894(de)s 3(grees)k 3675(it)s 3869(is)s -4082(best)s 4529(to)s 4770(mak)s 2(e)k 5345(the)s -5695(size)s 6125(of)s 6398(the)s 6748(rotated)s 7472(object)s -8118(clear)s 8644(with)s 220 fnt35 0 1223(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 -774 1226(and)m 220 fnt35 1178 1223(@High)m 240 fnt82 1897 1226(symbols:)m -220 fnt35 480 725(30d @Rotate 5i @Wide 4i @High)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 53 59 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13845(3.20.)m 574(@Rotate)s 240 fnt84 8833 13842(53)m -220 fnt35 480 13253({ //1i @T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 480 12965( //1i)m -480 12677(})m 240 fnt82 0 12183(This)m 532(is)s 798(because)s -1667(for)s 2061(angles)s 2779(other)s 3386(than)s 3911(multiples)s -4907(of)s 5234(ninety)s 5942(de)s 3(grees)k 6776(the)s -7180(space)s 7823(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 8788(for)s -220 fnt35 0 11892(@T)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 -1218 11895(to)m 1457(occup)s 2(y)k 2201(is)s 2411(indeterminate,)s -3831(and)s 4235(the)s 4583(result)s 5173(is)s 5383(poor)s 13(.)k -240 fnt84 0 11102(3.21.)m 591(@Backgr)s 4(ound)k 240 fnt82 -577 10625(The)m 220 fnt35 1042 10622(@Bac)m 4(kg)k 2(round)k -240 fnt82 2515 10625(symbol)m 3312(will)s 3775(print)s 4323(its)s -4637(left)s 5051(parameter)s 6102(in)s 6382(the)s 6767(background)s -7993(of)s 8301(its)s 8615(right)s 0 10337(parameter)m 13(.)k -1115(That)s 1624(is,)s 1901(the)s 2260(result)s 2860(has)s -3241(the)s 3600(size)s 4038(of)s 4319(the)s 4678(right)s -5200(parameter)s 9(,)k 6263(b)s 4(ut)k 6635(the)s -6994(left)s 7382(parameter)s 8407(will)s 8844(be)s 0 10049(printed)m -735(\207rst)s 1166(in)s 1409(the)s 1757(same)s 2304(space,)s -2942(with)s 3424(its)s 3700(marks)s 4335(aligned)s 5097(with)s -5579(the)s 5927(marks)s 6562(of)s 6833(the)s 7181(right)s -7692(parameter)s 13(.)k 240 fnt84 0 9256(3.22.)m 591(@K)s 6(er)k 3(nShrink)k -240 fnt82 541 8824(This)m 1018(symbol)s 1779(returns)s 2495(its)s -2772(right)s 3284(parameter)s 4300(unchanged)s 5397(in)s 5641(appearance)s -6774(b)s 4(ut)k 7137(occup)s 2(ying)k 8187(a)s -8355(slightly)s 0 8536(smaller)m 770(bounding)s 1737(box.)s 2269(The)s -2705(reduction)s 3673(is)s 3891(by)s 4193(the)s 4549(amount)s -5335(of)s 5614(k)s 2(erning)k 6404(that)s 6830(w)s 2(ould)k -7493(be)s 7783(applied)s 8553(if)s 8778(the)s 0 8248(right)m -511(parameter)s 1525(w)s 2(as)k 1946(immediately)s 240 fnt83 -3194 8250(followed)m 240 fnt82 4084 8248(by)m 4378(the)s 4726(left)s -5103(parameter)s 13(.)k 6208(F)s 3(or)k 6597(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 7747(.)m 13( @K)k 8(er)k -5(nShr)k -3(ink P)k -240 fnt82 0 7292(has)m 370(result)s 104 158 0 54 240 288 60 480 6844 LoutGr2 -LoutBox stroke -grestore -0 0(P)m -grestore -0 6393(where)m -649(a)s 824(box)s 1249(of)s 1529(size)s 1965(0)s -2150(has)s 2529(been)s 3048(dra)s 3(wn)k 3709(around)s -4441(the)s 4799(result)s 5398(to)s 5647(mak)s 2(e)k -6228(its)s 6513(e)s 3(xtent)k 7164(clear)s 13(.)k -7787(Compare)s 8730(this)s 0 6105(with)m 482(`P')s 806(alone:)s -130 158 0 54 240 288 60 480 5656 LoutGr2 -LoutBox stroke -grestore -0 0(P)m -grestore -0 5205(in)m 243(which)s 885(the)s 1232(bounding)s -2191(box)s 2605(e)s 3(xactly)k 3346(encloses)s 4206(the)s -4554(object,)s 5245(or)s 5503(at)s 5735(least)s 6231(is)s -6441(supposed)s 7390(to.)s 7740(The)s 8167(bounding)s 0 4917(box)m -415(is)s 625(smaller)s 1387(on)s 1684(the)s 2032(right)s -2543(by)s 2837(the)s 3185(amount)s 3963(of)s 4234(k)s 2(erning)k -5016(that)s 5434(w)s 2(ould)k 6089(be)s 6371(applied)s -7133(between)s 7987(`P')s 8311(and)s 8715(`.)s 16('.)k -480 4543(The)m 916(only)s 1405(kno)s 6(wn)k 2117(use)s -2501(for)s 2847(this)s 3252(symbol)s 4020(is)s 4239(to)s -4486(produce)s 5322(tuck)s 2(ed-in)k 6288(subscripts)s 7304(in)s -7555(the)s 7912(Eq)s 8245(equation)s 0 4255(formatting)m 1061(package.)s -240 fnt84 0 3462(3.23.)m 591(@Common,)s 1872(@Rump,)s 2847(and)s -3288(@Meld)s 240 fnt82 540 2985(The)m 220 fnt35 968 2982(@Common)m -240 fnt82 2127 2985(and)m 220 fnt35 2531 2982(@Rump)m 240 fnt82 -3391 2985(symbols)m 4240(compare)s 5119(tw)s 2(o)k 5529(paragraph)s -6542(objects:)s 220 fnt35 480 2484({ Aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(k, 29 } @Common { Aardv)k 5(ar)k -3(k, 359 })k -240 fnt82 0 1990(If)m 234(either)s 842(parameter)s 1860(is)s -2075(not)s 2446(a)s 2616(paragraph)s 3634(object,)s 4329(it)s -4526(is)s 4741(con)s 9(v)k 3(erted)k 5734(into)s -6164(a)s 6334(single-object)s 7633(paragraph)s 8651(\207rst.)s 0 1702(The)m -418(result)s 998(of)s 220 fnt35 1259 1699(@Common)m 240 fnt82 -2408 1702(is)m 2608(the)s 2946(common)s 3831(pre\207x)s 4433(of)s -4694(the)s 5032(tw)s 2(o)k 5432(paragraphs;)s 6583(that)s -6991(is,)s 7247(those)s 7798(initial)s 8398(objects)s 0 1414(which)m -640(are)s 985(equal)s 1555(in)s 1796(the)s 2142(tw)s 2(o)k -2549(paragraphs.)s 3760(In)s 4013(the)s 4359(e)s 3(xample)k -5220(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k 5890(the)s 6236(result)s -6824(is)s 220 fnt35 7031 1411(Aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(k,)k -240 fnt82 7949 1414(.)m 8111(The)s 8536(result)s 0 1126(of)m -220 fnt35 271 1123(@Rump)m 240 fnt82 1131 1126(is)m 1341(that)s -1759(part)s 2190(of)s 2461(the)s 2809(second)s 3532(object)s -4176(which)s 4818(is)s 5028(not)s 5394(included)s 6276(in)s -220 fnt35 6519 1123(@Common)m 240 fnt82 7618 1126(;)m 7730(the)s -8078(result)s 8668(of)s 220 fnt35 480 625({ Aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(k, 29 } @Rump { Aardv)k 5(ar)k -3(k, 359 })k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 54 60 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(54)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(is)m -220 fnt35 210 13202(359)m 240 fnt82 567 13205(.)m 480 12831(If)m -698(the)s 1034(tw)s 2(o)k 1431(objects)s 2147(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2635(nothing)s 3408(in)s 3638(common,)s 4571(the)s 4907(result)s -5484(of)s 220 fnt35 5743 12828(@Common)m 240 fnt82 6889 12831(will)m -7303(be)s 7572(an)s 7843(empty)s 8482(object)s 0 12543(and)m -400(the)s 744(result)s 1330(of)s 220 fnt35 1597 12540(@Rump)m -240 fnt82 2453 12543(will)m 2874(be)s 3152(the)s 3496(second)s -4215(object.)s 4959(If)s 5185(the)s 5528(tw)s 2(o)k -5934(objects)s 6658(are)s 7001(identical,)s 7926(the)s 8270(result)s -8855(of)s 220 fnt35 0 12252(@Common)m 240 fnt82 1159 12255(will)m -1585(be)s 1867(the)s 2215(\207rst)s 2646(object,)s 3337(and)s -3741(the)s 4089(result)s 4679(of)s 220 fnt35 4950 12252(@Rump)m -240 fnt82 5810 12255(will)m 6236(be)s 6518(an)s 6801(empty)s -7453(object.)s 480 11881(The)m 933(only)s 1438(kno)s 6(wn)k -2167(use)s 2567(for)s 220 fnt35 2930 11878(@Rump)m 240 fnt82 -3815 11881(and)m 220 fnt35 4244 11878(@Common)m 240 fnt82 5428 11881(is)m -5663(to)s 5927(implement)s 7034(mer)s 4(ged)k 7830(inde)s 3(x)k -8439(entries)s 0 11593(\(Section)m 853(2.8\).)s 480 11219(The)m 220 fnt35 -947 11216(@Meld)m 240 fnt82 1732 11219(symbol)m 2531(returns)s 3284(the)s -3671(minimum)s 4700(meld)s 5275(of)s 5585(tw)s 2(o)k -6034(paragraphs,)s 7229(that)s 7686(is)s 7935(the)s 8323(shortest)s -0 10931(paragraph)m 1013(that)s 1431(contains)s 2279(the)s 2627(tw)s 2(o)k -3037(original)s 3835(paragraphs)s 4935(as)s 5185(subsequences.)s 6652(F)s 3(or)k -7041(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 10430({ Aardv)m 5(ar)k -3(k , 1 , 2 } @Meld { Aardv)k 5(ar)k -3(k , 2 , 3 })k -240 fnt82 0 9936(produces)m 480 9433(Aardv)m 6(ark)k 1438(,)s -1545(1)s 1700(,)s 1807(2)s 1981(,)s 2088(3)s -0 8949(The)m 455(result)s 1073(is)s 1310(related)s 2045(to)s -2312(the)s 2687(well-kno)s 6(wn)k 3909(longest)s 4688(common)s -5610(substring,)s 6622(in)s 6893(that)s 7338(the)s 7714(meld)s -8278(contains)s 0 8661(e)m 6(v)k 3(erything)k 1076(not)s -1451(in)s 1704(the)s 2061(lcs)s 2387(plus)s 2846(one)s -3257(cop)s 2(y)k 3785(of)s 4065(e)s 6(v)k 3(erything)k -5142(in)s 5394(the)s 5751(lcs.)s 6190(This)s 6675(function)s -7539(is)s 7758(well-suited)s 8887(to)s 0 8373(melding)m 830(comple)s 3(x)k -1698(inde)s 3(x)k 2274(entries.)s 3067(Note)s 3580(that)s -3990(there)s 4515(must)s 5033(be)s 5307(a)s 5465(non-zero)s -6360(amount)s 7131(of)s 7394(space)s 7973(before)s 8631(each)s -0 8085(comma,)m 805(otherwise)s 1783(each)s 2271(will)s 2690(become)s -3484(part)s 3908(of)s 4172(the)s 4513(preceding)s 5502(w)s 2(ord,)k -6093(and,)s 6539(since)s 220 fnt35 7079 8082(@Meld)m 240 fnt82 -7818 8085(compares)m 8778(the)s 0 7797(tw)m 2(o)k 410(paragraphs)s -1510(w)s 2(ord)k 2058(by)s 2352(w)s 2(ord,)k -2949(the)s 3297(result)s 3887(will)s 4313(be)s 4595(dif)s 6(ferent)k -5470(and)s 5874(less)s 6283(satisf)s 2(actory)k 15(.)k -240 fnt84 0 7004(3.24.)m 591(@Insert)s 240 fnt82 541 6572(The)m -220 fnt35 970 6569(@Inser)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 1808 6572(symbol)m -2569(inserts)s 3245(its)s 3522(left)s 3901(parameter)s 4916(at)s -5149(the)s 5499(be)s 3(ginning)k 6508(of)s 6781(the)s -7130(\207rst)s 7563(paragraph)s 8577(of)s 8850(its)s 0 6284(right)m -511(parameter:)s 220 fnt35 480 5783(X @Inser)m -8(t { A B // C // D })k 240 fnt82 -0 5289(is)m 210(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k 1254(to)s -220 fnt35 480 4788({ XA B // C // D })m 240 fnt82 0 4294(Notice)m 707(that)s -1139(a)s 1320(zero-width)s 2426(space)s 3028(separates)s 220 fnt35 -3968 4291(X)m 240 fnt82 4185 4294(from)m 4723(the)s 5085(\207rst)s -5531(paragraph,)s 6608(so)s 6889(if)s 7120(some)s 7696(wider)s -8314(space)s 8916(is)s 0 4006(required)m 857(it)s 1052(must)s -1580(be)s 1865(placed)s 2550(at)s 2785(the)s 3137(end)s -3544(of)s 220 fnt35 3818 4003(X)m 240 fnt82 3960 4006(.)m -4127(The)s 220 fnt35 4558 4003(@Inser)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -5397 4006(operation)m 6361(is)s 6574(applied)s 7339(to)s 7581(the)s -7932(v)s 6(alue)k 8503(of)s 8778(the)s 0 3718(right)m -511(parameter)s 1525(after)s 2021(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluation.)k -480 3344(The)m 917(only)s 1407(kno)s 6(wn)k 2121(use)s -2506(for)s 2853(this)s 3259(symbol)s 4029(is)s 4249(to)s -4498(attach)s 5134(something)s 6194(lik)s 2(e)k 240 fnt84 -6616 3343(Figur)m 4(e)k 7355(6)s 240 fnt82 7538 3344(to)m -7787(the)s 8145(front)s 8679(of)s 8960(a)s 0 3056(multi-paragraph)m -1596(caption.)s 240 fnt84 0 2263(3.25.)m 591(@OneOf)s 240 fnt82 -534 1831(The)m 220 fnt35 956 1828(@OneOf)m 240 fnt82 1877 1831(symbol)m -2631(returns)s 3339(one)s 3734(of)s 3999(the)s 4341(sequence)s -5268(of)s 5533(objects)s 6254(which)s 6890(is)s 7094(its)s -7364(right)s 7869(parameter)s 8876(as)s 0 1543(its)m 276(result:)s -220 fnt35 480 1092(@OneOf {)m 480 804( @ResultA)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 55 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13845(3.25.)m 574(@OneOf)s 240 fnt84 8833 13842(55)m -220 fnt35 480 13209( @ResultB)m 480 12921( @ResultC)m 480 12633(})m 240 fnt82 -0 12139(The)m 451(choice)s 1155(is)s 1388(made)s 1986(to)s -2248(ensure)s 2952(that)s 3393(whate)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -4344(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5001(tar)s 4(get)k -5624(is)s 5857(required)s 6735(at)s 6990(the)s 7362(moment)s -8229(is)s 8463(found.)s 0 11851(F)m 3(or)k 389(e)s 3(xample,)k -1304(if)s 1522(we)s 1858(are)s 2206(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluating)k -220 fnt35 3244 11848(@OneOf)m 240 fnt82 4172 11851(as)m 4423(part)s -4855(of)s 5127(an)s 5411(attempt)s 6188(to)s 6428(attach)s -7056(a)s 7223(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 7858(whose)s -8527(tar)s 4(get)k 0 11563(is)m 220 fnt35 222 11560(@SomeT)m 26(arget)k -240 fnt82 1622 11563(,)m 1741(then)s 2223(the)s 2583(result)s -3186(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k 3820(will)s 4259(be)s -220 fnt35 4553 11560(@ResultA)m 240 fnt82 5613 11563(if)m 5843(it)s -6047(contains)s 220 fnt35 6908 11560(@SomeT)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 -8308 11563(,)m 8427(or)s 8699(else)s 220 fnt35 0 11272(@ResultB)m -240 fnt82 1042 11275(if)m 1260(it)s 1453(contains)s 220 fnt35 -2302 11272(@SomeT)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 3702 11275(,)m 3810(or)s -4070(else)s 220 fnt35 4498 11272(@ResultC)m 240 fnt82 5552 11275(\(whether)m -6462(or)s 6722(not)s 7089(it)s 7282(contains)s 8131(the)s -8480(tar)s 4(get,)k 0 10987(or)m 259(if)s 476(there)s -1009(is)s 1219(no)s 1512(tar)s 4(get\).)k 480 10613(Use)m -930(of)s 220 fnt35 1224 10610(@OneOf)m 240 fnt82 2174 10613(in)m -2440(conjunction)s 3650(with)s 4155(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5100(symbols)s 5972(can)s 6384(lead)s 6863(to)s 7125(problems.)s -8202(Consider)s 0 10325(this)m 396(e)s 3(xample:)k 220 fnt35 -480 9824(def @Recursiv)m 5(e {)k 480 9248( def @ChoiceA { @APlace // @Recursiv)m 5(e })k 480 8672( def @ChoiceB { @BPlace // @Recursiv)m 5(e })k -480 8096( @OneOf {)m 480 7808( @ChoiceA)m 480 7520( @ChoiceB)m 480 7232( })m 480 6944(})m -240 fnt82 0 6450(Lout)m 523(belie)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -1360(that)s 1790(e)s 3(xpanding)k 220 fnt35 2849 6447(@Recursiv)m 5(e)k -240 fnt82 4106 6450(is)m 4328(the)s 4687(right)s 5210(thing)s -5767(to)s 6017(do)s 6322(when)s 6910(searching)s 7890(for)s -8240(either)s 8855(of)s 0 6162(the)m 380(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1046(tar)s 4(gets)k 220 fnt35 1762 6159(@APlace)m 240 fnt82 -2763 6162(and)m 220 fnt35 3199 6159(@BPlace)m 240 fnt82 4108 6162(.)m -4305(When)s 4966(searching)s 5968(for)s 220 fnt35 6338 6159(@BPlace)m -240 fnt82 7339 6162(this)m 7768(leads)s 8342(Lout)s 8887(to)s -0 5874(e)m 3(xpand)k 220 fnt35 760 5871(@Recursiv)m 5(e)k -240 fnt82 1945 5874(,)m 2065(then)s 220 fnt35 2547 5871(@ChoiceA)m -240 fnt82 3596 5874(,)m 3717(then)s 4199(the)s 220 fnt35 -4560 5871(@Recursiv)m 5(e)k 240 fnt82 5818 5874(symbol)m 6592(within)s -220 fnt35 7273 5871(@ChoiceA)m 240 fnt82 8322 5874(,)m 8442(and)s -8860(so)s 0 5586(on)m 320(in\207nitely)s 15(.)k 1355(This)s -1854(problem)s 2734(can)s 3146(be)s 3451(a)s 4(v)k 4(oided)k -4283(by)s 4600(attaching)s 5552(a)s 220 fnt35 5741 5583(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -240 fnt82 7291 5586(symbol)m 8074(to)s 8336(each)s 8855(of)s -0 5298(the)m 357(inner)s 220 fnt35 918 5295(@Recursiv)m 5(e)k -240 fnt82 2172 5298(symbols:)m 3146(these)s 3703(are)s 4059(then)s -4538(not)s 4914(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5831(for)s -6179(e)s 3(xpansion)k 7214(until)s 7716(a)s 7892(decision)s -8756(has)s 0 5010(been)m 510(made)s 1085(to)s 1326(e)s 3(xpand)k -2074(the)s 2424(symbol)s 3185(the)s 3(y)k 3650(lie)s -3945(within.)s 4721(In)s 4979(this)s 5376(particular)s 6352(e)s 3(xample)k -7216(it)s 7410(w)s 2(ould)k 8066(be)s 8350(simpler)s -0 4722(to)m 239(write)s 220 fnt35 480 4270(def @Recursiv)m 5(e {)k -480 3694( @OneOf {)m 480 3406( @APlace)m 480 3118( @BPlace)m 480 2830( })m 480 2542( // @Recursiv)m 5(e)k -480 2254(})m 240 fnt82 0 1760(b)m 4(ut)k 378(this)s -791(f)s 2(actoring)k 1720(is)s 1947(not)s 2329(possible)s -3186(when)s 3778(the)s 4143(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -5081(calls)s 5586(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 6103(parameters)s -7218(that)s 7652(are)s 8016(required)s 8887(to)s 0 1472(dif)m 6(fer)k -583(in)s 826(the)s 1174(tw)s 2(o)k 1584(cases.)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 56 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(56)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt84 0 13203(3.26.)m -591(@Next)s 240 fnt82 535 12771(The)m 220 fnt35 957 12768(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 1676 12771(symbol)m 2430(returns)s 3138(its)s 3409(parameter)s -4417(plus)s 4861(one.)s 5366(It)s 5565(is)s 5769(rather)s -6380(cle)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 7008(at)s 7234(w)s 2(orking)k -8078(this)s 8468(out:)s 8934(it)s 0 12483(hunts)m 570(through)s -1372(the)s 1720(parameter)s 2734(from)s 3258(right)s 3769(to)s -4008(left,)s 4432(looking)s 5217(for)s 5555(a)s 5721(number)s -6512(to)s 6751(increment:)s 220 fnt35 480 11982(@Ne)m 6(xt \(3.99\))k -240 fnt82 0 11486(has)m 404(result)s 1029(\(3.100\).)s 1925(If)s -220 fnt35 2190 11483(@Ne)m 6(xt)k 240 fnt82 2949 11486(cannot)m -3681(\207nd)s 4147(a)s 4348(digit)s 4880(inside)s 5542(its)s -5852(parameter)s 9(,)k 6939(it)s 7166(is)s 7410(an)s -7728(error)s 13(.)k 8377(Roman)s 0 11198(numerals)m 925(are)s -1270(handled)s 2084(by)s 2376(storing)s 3091(them)s 3627(in)s -3868(a)s 4032(database,)s 4960(as)s 5208(e)s 3(xplained)k -6191(in)s 6432(Section)s 7204(4.2;)s 220 fnt35 7614 11195(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 8336 11198(will)m 8760(not)s 0 10910(increment)m 1015(a)s -1181(Roman)s 1930(numeral.)s 240 fnt84 0 10167(3.27.)m 591(@Case)s -240 fnt82 540 9735(The)m 220 fnt35 968 9732(@Case)m 240 fnt82 -1755 9735(symbol)m 2515(selects)s 3202(its)s 3478(result)s 4068(from)s -4592(a)s 4758(list)s 5109(of)s 5380(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(es,)k -6578(depending)s 7629(on)s 7926(a)s 8092(tag:)s 220 fnt35 -480 9234(@Da)m 6(y @Case {)k 480 8946( { 1 21 31 } @Y)m 4(ield st)k 480 8658( { 2 22 } @Y)m 4(ield nd)k -480 8370( { 3 23 } @Y)m 4(ield rd)k 480 8082( else @Y)m 4(ield th)k 480 7794(})m -240 fnt82 0 7300(In)m 257(this)s 654(e)s 3(xample)k -1518(the)s 1868(result)s 2459(will)s 2886(be)s 3169(st)s -3390(if)s 220 fnt35 3608 7297(@Da)m 6(y)k 240 fnt82 -4274 7300(is)m 4485(1,)s 4714(21,)s 5062(or)s 5322(31,)s -5670(and)s 6076(nd)s 6375(if)s 220 fnt35 6593 7297(@Da)m 6(y)k -240 fnt82 7259 7300(is)m 7471(2)s 7646(or)s 7906(22,)s -8254(etc.)s 8698(The)s 0 7012(ef)m 6(fect)k 594(is)s -801(similar)s 1520(to)s 1756(accessing)s 2722(a)s 2885(database,)s -3812(though)s 4532(in)s 4773(a)s 4936(more)s 5480(compact)s -6347(form.)s 6972(The)s 7397(right)s 7905(parameter)s 8916(is)s -0 6724(a)m 171(sequence)s 1109(of)s 220 fnt35 1385 6721(@Y)m 4(ield)k -240 fnt82 2143 6724(symbols,)m 3053(each)s 3553(with)s 4040(a)s -4211(left)s 4594(parameter)s 5613(whose)s 6286(v)s 6(alue)k -6859(is)s 7074(a)s 7245(sequence)s 8183(of)s 8459(one)s -8867(or)s 0 6436(more)m 547(juxtapositions)s 1940(of)s 2211(simple)s -2904(w)s 2(ords,)k 3594(and)s 3998(a)s 4164(right)s -4675(parameter)s 5689(which)s 6331(may)s 6797(be)s 7079(an)s 3(y)k -7476(object.)s 480 6062(W)m 19(e)k 895(\207rst)s 1372(describe)s -2271(the)s 2665(beha)s 4(viour)k 3725(when)s 4347(the)s -4742(v)s 6(alue)k 5356(of)s 5674(the)s 6068(left)s -6492(parameter)s 7552(of)s 220 fnt35 7870 6059(@Case)m 240 fnt82 -8703 6062(is)m 8960(a)s 0 5774(juxtaposition)m 1302(of)s 1568(one)s -1965(or)s 2220(more)s 2762(simple)s 3450(w)s 2(ords.)k -4193(Then)s 4737(the)s 5080(result)s 5666(of)s 5932(the)s -220 fnt35 6275 5771(@Case)m 240 fnt82 7058 5774(is)m 7263(the)s -7606(right)s 8112(parameter)s 0 5486(of)m 287(the)s 652(\207rst)s -220 fnt35 1100 5483(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 1870 5486(whose)m -2554(left)s 2948(parameter)s 3979(contains)s 4844(either)s 5463(the)s -5828(v)s 6(alue)k 6413(of)s 6701(the)s 7065(left)s -7459(parameter)s 8490(of)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 5195(@Case)m -240 fnt82 727 5198(,)m 834(or)s 1093(the)s 1441(special)s -2159(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 2727 5195(else)m 240 fnt82 -3121 5198(.)m 3285(If)s 3515(there)s 4048(is)s 4258(no)s -4551(such)s 220 fnt35 5047 5195(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 -5800 5198(it)m 5992(is)s 6202(an)s 6485(error)s 13(.)k -480 4824(When)m 1133(the)s 1506(left)s 1908(parameter)s 2946(of)s -220 fnt35 3242 4821(@Case)m 240 fnt82 4054 4824(is)m 4288(not)s -4679(a)s 4870(juxtaposition)s 6200(of)s 6496(simple)s 7214(w)s 2(ords,)k -7928(the)s 8301(result)s 8916(is)s 0 4536(the)m 350(right)s -864(parameter)s 1881(of)s 2155(the)s 2506(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 -2940 4533(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 3696 4536(whose)m 4367(left)s -4746(parameter)s 5763(is)s 220 fnt35 5976 4533(else)m 240 fnt82 -6370 4536(,)m 6480(or)s 6742(an)s 7028(error)s 7554(otherwise.)s -8650(This)s 0 4248(permits)m 767(e)s 3(xamples)k 1718(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 480 3747(@RunningTitle @Case {)m 480 3459( dft @Y)m 4(ield @Title)k 480 3171( else @Y)m 4(ield @RunningTitle)k -480 2883(})m 240 fnt82 0 2389(where)m 661(a)s 848(running)s -1667(title)s 2115(is)s 2346(returned)s 3221(unless)s 3892(it)s -4105(has)s 4496(the)s 4866(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 -5455 2386(dft)m 240 fnt82 5776 2389(\(which)m 6519(presumably)s 7710(means)s -8393(that)s 8833(no)s 0 2101(running)m 798(title)s 1224(w)s 2(as)k -1645(supplied\),)s 2642(in)s 2885(which)s 3527(case)s 3994(an)s -4277(ordinary)s 5141(title)s 5567(is)s 5777(returned)s 6631(instead.)s -480 1727(When)m 1126(a)s 1310(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -2250(symbol)s 3028(is)s 3256(placed)s 3955(within)s 4641(a)s -220 fnt35 4825 1724(@Case)m 240 fnt82 5552 1727(,)m 5677(it)s -5887(should)s 6601(be)s 6901(included)s 7801(in)s 8062(each)s -8575(alter)s 8998(-)s 0 1439(nati)m 6(v)k 3(e,)k -695(since)s 1255(otherwise)s 2254(Basser)s 2964(Lout)s 3490(may)s -3969(become)s 4783(confused)s 5718(when)s 6308(trying)s 6945(to)s -7198(predict)s 7934(whether)s 8778(the)s 0 1151(symbol)m 755(will)s -1176(be)s 1453(a)s 1613(part)s 2039(of)s 2305(the)s -2648(result)s 3232(or)s 3486(not.)s 3951(Alternati)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(,)k -5288(if)s 5500(it)s 5687(can)s 6071(be)s 6347(guaranteed)s -7449(that)s 7862(the)s 8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -0 863(symbol)m 764(will)s 1195(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -1782(be)s 2069(searched)s 2967(for)s 3310(when)s 3891(the)s -4244(cases)s 4804(that)s 5226(it)s 5423(does)s 5918(not)s -6289(lie)s 6587(within)s 7260(are)s 7612(selected,)s 8493(that)s -8916(is)s 0 575(all)m 293(right)s 804(too.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 57 63 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13845(3.28.)m 574(@Moment)s 240 fnt84 8831 13842(57)m -0 13250(3.28.)m 591(@Moment)s 240 fnt82 480 12818(The)m 908(prede\207ned)s -1976(symbol)s 220 fnt35 2736 12815(@Moment)m 240 fnt82 3808 12818(has)m -4178(the)s 4526(follo)s 6(wing)k 5503(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 -480 12317(def @Moment)m 480 12029( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 11741( named @Second {})m 480 11453( named @Min)m 2(ute {})k -480 11165( named @Hour {})m 480 10877( named @Da)m 6(y {})k 480 10589( named @Month {})m 480 10301( named @Y)m 30(ear {})k -480 10013( named @Centur)m -6(y {})k 480 9725( named @W)m 6(eekDa)k 6(y {})k -480 9437( named @Y)m 30(earDa)k 6(y {})k 480 9149( named @Da)m 6(ylightSa)k 4(ving {})k -480 8861({})m 240 fnt82 0 8367(It)m 208(may)s 677(be)s -962(used)s 1463(lik)s 2(e)k 1878(an)s 3(y)k -2278(other)s 2832(symbol.)s 3705(Lout)s 4220(pro)s 3(vides)k -5095(an)s 5381(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 6439(of)s -220 fnt35 6713 8364(@Moment)m 240 fnt82 7788 8367(with)m 8273(tag)s -220 fnt35 8622 8364(no)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 9019 8367(,)m -0 8079(whose)m 668(other)s 1219(parameters)s 2317(are)s 2664(numbers)s -3539(encoding)s 4470(the)s 4818(current)s 5554(date)s 6008(and)s -6412(time:)s 220 fnt35 480 7514(@Second)m 240 fnt82 2482 7517(the)m -2830(current)s 3566(second,)s 4338(usually)s 5083(between)s 5937(00)s -6232(and)s 6636(59)s 220 fnt35 480 7183(@Min)m 2(ute)k -240 fnt82 2482 7186(the)m 2830(current)s 3566(minute,)s 4337(between)s -5191(00)s 5486(and)s 5890(59)s 220 fnt35 480 6873(@Hour)m -240 fnt82 2482 6876(the)m 2830(current)s 3566(hour)s 9(,)k -4103(between)s 4957(00)s 5252(and)s 5656(23)s 220 fnt35 -480 6563(@Da)m 6(y)k 240 fnt82 2482 6566(the)m 2830(current)s -3566(day)s 3966(of)s 4237(the)s 4585(month,)s 5304(between)s -6158(1)s 6313(and)s 6717(31)s 220 fnt35 480 6234(@Month)m -240 fnt82 2482 6237(the)m 2830(current)s 3566(month,)s 4285(between)s -5139(1)s 5294(\(January\))s 6245(and)s 6649(12)s 6943(\(December\))s -220 fnt35 480 5905(@Y)m 30(ear)k 240 fnt82 2482 5908(the)m -2830(current)s 3566(year)s 4037(of)s 4308(the)s 4656(century)s 15(,)k -5465(between)s 6319(00)s 6614(and)s 7018(99)s 220 fnt35 -480 5576(@Centur)m -6(y)k 240 fnt82 2482 5579(the)m 2830(current)s -3566(century)s 15(,)k 4375(e.g.)s 4765(19)s 5056(or)s -5315(20)s 220 fnt35 480 5247(@W)m 6(eekDa)k 6(y)k -240 fnt82 2482 5250(the)m 2830(current)s 3566(day)s 3966(of)s -4237(the)s 4585(week,)s 5197(between)s 6051(1)s 6206(\(Sunday\))s -7132(and)s 7536(7)s 7704(\(Saturday\))s 220 fnt35 480 4916(@Y)m 30(earDa)k 6(y)k -240 fnt82 2482 4919(the)m 2830(current)s 3566(day)s 3966(of)s -4237(the)s 4585(year)s 9(,)k 5094(between)s 5948(0)s -6123(and)s 6527(365)s 220 fnt35 480 4587(@Da)m 6(ylightSa)k 4(ving)k -240 fnt82 2482 4590(an)m 2784(implementation-dependent)s 5427(number)s 6237(that)s -6675(may)s 7160(encode)s 7914(the)s 8282(daylight)s 2482 4302(sa)m 4(ving)k -3156(currently)s 4072(in)s 4315(ef)s 6(fect)k 0 3741(Unix)m -519(manual)s 1262(entries)s 1934(state)s 2411(that)s 220 fnt35 -2814 3738(@Second)m 240 fnt82 3813 3741(can)m 4186(be)s 4453(as)s -4687(high)s 5155(as)s 5389(61,)s 5720(to)s 5944(allo)s 6(w)k -6507(for)s 6830(leap)s 7265(seconds.)s 8171(Judicious)s 0 3453(use)m -375(of)s 646(databases)s 1613(can)s 2002(con)s 9(v)k 3(ert)k -2767(these)s 3314(numbers)s 4189(into)s 4614(useful)s 5253(dates.)s -5908(F)s 3(or)k 6297(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 2952(@Moment&&no)m 3(w @Open { @Da)k 6(y {@Months&&@Month}, @Centur)k -6(y{@Y)k 30(ear} })k -240 fnt82 0 2454(produces)m 915(something)s 1965(lik)s 2(e)k -2377(17)s 2665(September)s 9(,)k 3785(1999)s 4316(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -4896(a)s 5062(suitable)s 5861(database)s 6740(of)s 7011(months.)s -240 fnt84 0 1661(3.29.)m 591(@Null)s 240 fnt82 480 1229(This)m -979(symbol)s 1762(pro)s 3(vides)k 2657(a)s 2846(con)s 9(v)k 3(enient)k -3967(w)s 2(ay)k 4441(to)s 4703(remo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -5493(unw)s 2(anted)k 6503(concatenation)s 7911(symbols.)s 8896(If)s -0 941(there)m 544(is)s 765(a)s 942(concatenation)s 2339(symbol)s -3110(preceding)s 220 fnt35 4117 938(@Null)m 240 fnt82 4702 941(,)m -4821(the)s 220 fnt35 5180 938(@Null)m 240 fnt82 5836 941(and)m -6252(the)s 6611(concatenation)s 8007(symbol)s 8779(are)s 0 653(both)m -482(deleted.)s 1335(Otherwise,)s 2423(if)s 2638(there)s 3170(is)s -3379(a)s 3544(follo)s 6(wing)k 4519(concatenation)s 5903(symbol,)s -6714(it)s 6905(and)s 7307(the)s 220 fnt35 7654 650(@Null)m -240 fnt82 8298 653(are)m 8643(both)s 0 365(deleted.)m 794(Otherwise,)s -220 fnt35 1883 362(@Null)m 240 fnt82 2528 365(becomes)m 3416(an)s -3699(empty)s 4351(object.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 58 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(58)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 480 13205(These)m -1107(rules)s 1622(apply)s 2208(to)s 2447(a)s 2613(fully)s -3118(parenthesized)s 4490(v)s 3(ersion)k 5248(of)s 5519(the)s -5867(e)s 3(xpression.)k 7051(F)s 3(or)k 7440(e)s 3(xample,)k -8354(in)s 220 fnt35 480 12704(...)m 13( //1vx @Null |0.5i ...)k 240 fnt82 -0 12249(it)m 202(is)s 423(the)s 782(horizontal)s 1817(concatenation)s -3213(symbol)s 3984(follo)s 6(wing)k 220 fnt35 4972 12246(@Null)m -240 fnt82 5628 12249(that)m 6057(disappears,)s 7184(because)s 8008(in)s -8262(the)s 8621(fully)s 0 11961(parenthesized)m 1372(v)s 3(ersion)k -220 fnt35 480 11460(...)m 13( //1vx { @Null |0.5i ...)k 13( })k 240 fnt82 -0 10966(there)m 533(is)s 743(no)s 1036(concatenation)s 2421(symbol)s -3181(preceding)s 4177(the)s 220 fnt35 4525 10963(@Null)m 240 fnt82 -5110 10966(.)m 240 fnt84 0 10173(3.30.)m 591(@Galley)s 1534(and)s -1975(@F)s 6(or)k 4(ceGalley)k 240 fnt82 480 9696(These)m -1131(symbols)s 2004(both)s 2511(act)s 2874(as)s 3148(a)s -3338(placeholder)s 4538(for)s 4900(a)s 5090(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -5844(That)s 6366(is,)s 6656(the)s 3(y)k 7144(may)s -7634(be)s 7940(replaced)s 8832(by)s 0 9408(components)m 1210(of)s -1483(a)s 1651(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -2383(In)s 2641(the)s 2991(case)s 3460(of)s 220 fnt35 -3734 9405(@F)m 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 5189 9408(the)m -5539(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6175(will)s 6604(then)s -7075(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 7578(a)s 7746(forcing)s -8492(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 9120(ef)m 6(fect)k -583(at)s 802(this)s 1184(point)s 1723(although)s 2604(it)s -2783(need)s 3280(not)s 3632(be)s 3901(declared)s 4754(using)s -220 fnt35 5313 9117(f)m 6(orce into)k 240 fnt82 6202 9120(.)m -6353(See)s 6740(Section)s 7501(2.7)s 7835(for)s 8160(a)s -8312(detailed)s 0 8832(discussion)m 1054(of)s 1325(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k -2105(forcing)s 2848(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys,)k 3628(and)s -4032(tar)s 4(gets.)k 240 fnt84 0 8039(3.31.)m 591(@NotRe)s 3(v)k 2(ealed)k -240 fnt82 480 7607(The)m 220 fnt35 938 7604(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -240 fnt82 2495 7607(symbol)m 3285(e)s 3(x)k 3(erts)k -3931(\207ne)s 4376(control)s 5138(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -5647(the)s 6026(process)s 6824(of)s 7125(e)s 3(xpanding)k -8204(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 0 7319(symbols.)m 955(It)s -1152(may)s 1611(appear)s 2300(only)s 2773(within)s 3433(the)s -3774(body)s 4300(of)s 4564(a)s 4722(de\207nition,)s 5739(immediately)s -6979(follo)s 6(wing)k 7949(the)s 8289(name)s 8855(of)s -0 7031(a)m 166(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 1088(symbol.)s -1957(F)s 3(or)k 2346(e)s 3(xample:)k 220 fnt35 -480 6530(def A { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 5954(def B { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 5378(def ABList)m -480 5090({)m 480 4802( A)m 480 4514( // B @NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -480 4226( // ABList)m 480 3938(})m 240 fnt82 0 3444(The)m 424(meaning)s -1297(is)s 1503(that)s 1916(the)s 2260(symbol)s 3016(immediately)s -4259(preceding)s 220 fnt35 5251 3441(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -240 fnt82 6718 3444(,)m 220 fnt35 6821 3441(B)m 240 fnt82 -7015 3444(in)m 7253(this)s 7645(e)s 3(xample,)k 8555(is)s -8760(not)s 0 3156(re)m 6(v)k 3(ealed)k 851(to)s -1083(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1800(which)s 2435(encounter)s -220 fnt35 3431 3153(ABList)m 240 fnt82 4113 3156(while)m 4693(searching)s -5655(for)s 5986(tar)s 4(gets;)k 6723(to)s 6955(such)s -7444(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 8161(it)s 8345(appears)s -0 2868(that)m 220 fnt35 408 2865(ABList)m 240 fnt82 1086 2868(contains)m -220 fnt35 1923 2865(A)m 240 fnt82 2116 2868(only)m 15(,)k -2624(not)s 220 fnt35 2979 2865(B)m 240 fnt82 3117 2868(,)m -3213(hence)s 3816(only)s 4286(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -4999(tar)s 4(geted)k 5811(to)s 220 fnt35 6039 2865(A)m -240 fnt82 6233 2868(will)m 6648(e)s 3(xpand)k 220 fnt35 -7384 2865(ABList)m 240 fnt82 8013 2868(.)m 8166(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -0 2580(after)m 220 fnt35 496 2577(ABList)m 240 fnt82 1185 2580(is)m -1395(e)s 3(xpanded)k 2368(by)s 2662(such)s 3158(a)s -3324(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 220 fnt35 -3996 2577(B)m 240 fnt82 4194 2580(will)m 4620(be)s 4902(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5810(as)s 6060(a)s 6226(tar)s 4(get)k 6825(in)s -7068(the)s 7416(usual)s 7976(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k -480 2206(Apart)m 1081(from)s 1602(this)s 1994(meaning,)s 220 fnt35 -2922 2203(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k 240 fnt82 4445 2206(has)m -4812(no)s 5102(ef)s 6(fect)k 5694(at)s 5923(all,)s -6264(and)s 6665(the)s 7010(body)s 7540(of)s 7808(the)s -8152(de\207nition)s 0 1918(may)m 501(be)s 819(understood)s 1976(by)s -2306(deleting)s 220 fnt35 3164 1915(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -240 fnt82 4727 1918(and)m 5166(an)s 3(y)k 5599(preceding)s -6630(space.)s 7361(Thus,)s 7982(the)s 8366(symbol)s 0 1630(preceding)m -220 fnt35 1001 1627(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k 240 fnt82 -2533 1630(may)m 3004(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 3510(named)s -4211(and)s 4620(right)s 5136(parameters)s 6239(in)s 6487(the)s -6840(usual)s 7405(w)s 2(ay;)k 7919(these)s 8471(w)s 2(ould)k -0 1342(follo)m 6(w)k 672(after)s 1168(the)s 220 fnt35 -1516 1339(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k 240 fnt82 3043 1342(symbol.)m -480 968(This)m 944(symbol)s 1692(w)s 2(as)k 2101(introduced)s -3169(to)s 3396(o)s 3(v)k 3(ercome)k 4377(a)s -4530(problem)s 5375(with)s 5845(\210oating)s 6616(\207gures)s 7306(treated)s -8001(as)s 8238(displays.)s 0 680(It)m 205(turned)s 874(out)s -1240(to)s 1479(be)s 1761(essential)s 2638(to)s 2877(specify)s -3621(the)s 3969(layout)s 4627(of)s 4898(a)s 5064(column)s -5839(\(in)s 6161(part\))s 6660(as)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 59 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.31.)m 574(@NotRe)s 3(vealed)k 240 fnt84 -8832 13840(59)m 220 fnt35 480 13251(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -480 12963(// @FigurePlace)m 480 12675(// @BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 480 12387(// @FigurePlace)m -480 12099(// @BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 480 11811(...)m 240 fnt82 -0 11360(so)m 256(that)s 664(\207gures)s 1356(could)s 1935(alternate)s -2802(with)s 3274(body)s 3798(te)s 3(xt)k 4202(do)s 6(wn)k -4776(the)s 5114(column.)s 5986(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -6935(some)s 7486(means)s 8138(w)s 2(as)k 8548(need)s -8998(-)s 0 11072(ed)m 291(to)s 538(ensure)s 1226(that)s -1652(in)s 1903(the)s 2259(absence)s 3080(of)s 3359(an)s 3(y)k -3764(\207gures)s 4474(there)s 5015(could)s 5613(only)s 6101(be)s -6391(one)s 220 fnt35 6801 11069(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 8527 11072(in)m 8778(the)s 0 10784(column,)m 831(since)s -1385(otherwise)s 2377(v)s 6(arious)k 3132(problems)s 4080(arose,)s -4698(for)s 5042(e)s 3(xample)k 5912(the)s 220 fnt35 -6267 10781(@NP)m 240 fnt82 6851 10784(symbol)m 7618(merely)s 8342(causing)s -0 10496(a)m 174(skip)s 634(from)s 1167(one)s 220 fnt35 -1577 10493(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 3303 10496(to)m -3551(the)s 3907(ne)s 3(xt)k 4385(in)s 4636(the)s -4992(same)s 5548(column,)s 6381(rather)s 7006(than)s 7483(to)s -7730(the)s 8087(\207rst)s 8526(in)s 8778(the)s 0 10208(ne)m 3(xt)k -490(column.)s 1394(Also,)s 1974(without)s 2787(this)s 3204(feature)s -3944(the)s 4314(optimal)s 5120(page)s 5650(break)s 2(er')k 13(s)k -6595(attempts)s 7477(to)s 7737(end)s 8163(a)s 8351(column)s -0 9920(early)m 545(w)s 2(ould)k 1214(be)s 1510(frustrated)s -2496(by)s 2805(Lout)s 3331(then)s 3814(disco)s 3(v)k 3(ering)k -4991(that)s 5423(plenty)s 6090(of)s 6375(space)s 6976(e)s 3(xisted)k -7722(at)s 7968(a)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k 220 fnt35 -0 9629(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k 240 fnt82 1703 9632(in)m -1931(the)s 2263(same)s 2795(column.)s 3662(The)s 4074(solution)s -4887(is)s 5082(based)s 5669(on)s 220 fnt35 5951 9629(ABList)m -240 fnt82 6625 9632(abo)m 3(v)k 3(e;)k 7287(each)s -7767(occurrence)s 8855(of)s 220 fnt35 0 9341(@BodyT)m 26(e)k 6(xtPlace)k -240 fnt82 1712 9344(after)m 2201(a)s 220 fnt35 2361 9341(@FigurePlace)m -240 fnt82 3798 9344(is)m 4002(not)s 4361(re)s 6(v)k 3(ealed)k -5213(in)s 5449(the)s 5791(enclosing)s 6754(de\207nition,)s 7772(and)s -8169(so)s 8428(cannot)s 0 9056(be)m 282(found)s 899(by)s -1193(body)s 1727(te)s 3(xt)k 2142(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -2866(unless)s 3515(a)s 3682(\207gure)s 4296(has)s 4666(pre)s 6(viously)k -5724(attached)s 6578(to)s 6817(the)s 7165(preceding)s 220 fnt35 -8162 9053(@Figure)m 240 fnt82 8998 9056(-)m 220 fnt35 0 8765(Place)m -240 fnt82 540 8768(.)m 240 fnt84 0 8021(3.32.)m 591(The)s -1046(cr)s 4(oss)k 1614(r)s 4(efer)k 4(ence)k -2616(symbols)s 3494(&&)s 3941(and)s 4382(&&&)s 240 fnt82 -480 7544(The)m 941(cross)s 1516(reference)s 2493(symbol)s 220 fnt35 -3286 7541(&&)m 240 fnt82 3668 7544(tak)m 2(es)k 4241(the)s -4623(name)s 5230(of)s 5534(a)s 5734(symbol)s 6527(\(not)s -7006(an)s 7322(object\))s 8068(for)s 8439(its)s 8749(left)s -0 7256(parameter)m 9(,)k 1068(and)s 1489(an)s 1788(object)s -2449(whose)s 3134(v)s 6(alue)k 3718(must)s 4260(be)s -4559(a)s 4741(simple)s 5451(w)s 2(ord,)k 6064(or)s -6340(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 7079(simple)s 7788(w)s 2(ords,)k -8495(for)s 8850(its)s 0 6968(right)m 519(parameter)s 13(.)k -1633(The)s 2069(result)s 2668(is)s 2887(a)s 3061(cross)s -3612(reference,)s 4615(which)s 5265(may)s 5740(be)s 6030(thought)s -6831(of)s 7111(as)s 7369(an)s 7661(arro)s 6(w)k -8275(pointing)s 0 6680(from)m 524(the)s 872(cross)s 1414(reference)s -2357(symbol)s 3117(to)s 3356(the)s 3704(be)s 3(ginning)k -4712(of)s 4983(an)s 5266(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -6320(of)s 6591(the)s 6939(named)s 7635(symbol.)s 480 6306(The)m -894(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 1934(pointed)s 2696(to,)s -2975(kno)s 6(wn)k 3665(as)s 3901(the)s 240 fnt83 -4235 6308(tar)m 8(g)k 2(et)k 240 fnt82 4846 6306(of)m -5103(the)s 5437(cross)s 5965(reference,)s 6945(is)s 7141(generally)s -8070(one)s 8458(whose)s 220 fnt35 0 6015(@T)m 26(ag)k -240 fnt82 643 6018(parameter)m 1677(has)s 2067(v)s 6(alue)k -2655(equal)s 3248(to)s 3507(the)s 3875(right)s 4406(parameter)s -5440(of)s 5731(the)s 6099(cross)s 6661(reference)s 7624(symbol.)s -8513(Three)s 0 5730(special)m 759(tags,)s 220 fnt35 1292 5727(preceding)m -240 fnt82 2243 5730(,)m 220 fnt35 2391 5727(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 3221 5730(,)m 3369(and)s 220 fnt35 3814 5727(f)m 6(oll_or_prec)k -240 fnt82 4948 5730(,)m 5097(point)s 5690(respecti)s 6(v)k 3(ely)k -6930(to)s 7210(the)s 7599(\207rst)s 8072(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -0 5442(preceding)m 1006(the)s 1365(cross)s 1918(reference)s 2872(in)s -3126(the)s 3485(\207nal)s 3976(printed)s 4721(document,)s 5783(to)s -6033(the)s 6392(\207rst)s 6834(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -7899(follo)s 6(wing)k 8887(it,)s 0 5154(and)m 404(to)s -643(the)s 991(\207rst)s 1422(follo)s 6(wing)k 2399(it)s -2591(if)s 2808(such)s 3304(e)s 3(xists)k 3896(else)s -4323(to)s 4562(the)s 4910(\207rst)s 5341(preceding)s 6337(it.)s -480 4780(A)m 709(cross)s 1249(reference)s 2190(may)s 2654(be)s -2935(used)s 3430(in)s 3671(four)s 4127(w)s 2(ays:)k -4782(where)s 5420(an)s 5701(object)s 6343(is)s 6552(e)s 3(xpected,)k -7504(in)s 7745(which)s 8385(case)s 8850(its)s 0 4492(v)m 6(alue)k -576(is)s 795(a)s 970(cop)s 2(y)k 1497(of)s -1777(the)s 2134(tar)s 4(get;)k 2794(with)s 3285(the)s -220 fnt35 3642 4489(@Open)m 240 fnt82 4457 4492(and)m 220 fnt35 -4870 4489(@Use)m 240 fnt82 5544 4492(symbols;)m 6463(with)s 6954(the)s -220 fnt35 7311 4489(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 8309 4492(symbol;)m -0 4204(and)m 414(in)s 667(the)s 220 fnt35 1025 4201(into)m -240 fnt82 1441 4204(clause)m 2105(or)s 220 fnt35 2374 4201(@T)m 26(arget)k -240 fnt82 3271 4204(symbol)m 4041(of)s 4323(a)s 4499(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5143(de\207nition,)s 6177(in)s 6430(which)s 7083(case)s 7560(the)s -7918(v)s 6(alue)k 8496(of)s 8778(the)s 0 3916(tag)m -345(must)s 870(be)s 220 fnt35 1152 3913(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -2103 3916(,)m 220 fnt35 2210 3913(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 3040 3916(,)m 3147(or)s 220 fnt35 3406 3913(f)m 6(oll_or_prec)k -240 fnt82 4540 3916(.)m 480 3542(W)m 9(ithin)k 1233(an)s -220 fnt35 1557 3539(into)m 240 fnt82 2004 3542(clause)m 2698(or)s -220 fnt35 2999 3539(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 3927 3542(symbol,)m -4780(the)s 5169(alternati)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 6265(form)s -220 fnt35 6830 3539(&&&)m 240 fnt82 7365 3542(is)m 7616(acceptable)s -8722(and)s 0 3254(indicates)m 900(a)s 1066(forcing)s 1809(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2443(\(Section)s 3296(2.7\).)s 480 2880(Except)m 1203(within)s 1870(an)s -220 fnt35 2151 2877(into)m 240 fnt82 2556 2880(clause)m 3208(or)s -220 fnt35 3465 2877(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 4351 2880(symbol,)m -5162(the)s 5508(symbol)s 6267(referred)s 7078(to)s 7315(must)s -7839(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 8339(a)s 220 fnt35 -8503 2877(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 0 2592(parameter)m 13(.)k -1100(This)s 1570(is)s 1775(so)s 2035(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -2530(if)s 2741(the)s 3084(right)s 3589(parameter)s 4597(of)s -4863(the)s 5205(cross)s 5742(reference)s 6679(is)s 220 fnt35 -6884 2589(preceding)m 240 fnt82 7835 2592(,)m 220 fnt35 7936 2589(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 8766 2592(,)m 8867(or)s 220 fnt35 0 2301(f)m 6(oll_or_prec)k -240 fnt82 1134 2304(.)m 240 fnt84 0 1515(3.33.)m 591(@T)s 22(agged)k -240 fnt82 480 1038(The)m 220 fnt35 924 1035(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 1929 1038(symbol)m 2705(tak)s 2(es)k 3261(a)s -3444(cross)s 4002(reference)s 4961(for)s 5315(its)s 5607(left)s -6001(parameter)s 7031(and)s 7451(an)s 7750(object,)s 8458(whose)s -0 750(v)m 6(alue)k 565(must)s 1087(be)s 1366(a)s -1528(juxtaposition)s 2831(of)s 3099(simple)s 3788(w)s 2(ords,)k -4475(or)s 4731(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 5450(w)s 2(ords,)k -6136(or)s 6392(an)s 6672(empty)s 7320(object,)s 8008(for)s -8343(its)s 8615(right)s 0 462(parameter)m 13(.)k 1104(It)s -1307(has)s 1675(the)s 2021(ef)s 6(fect)k 2615(of)s -2885(attaching)s 3812(its)s 4086(right)s 4595(parameter)s 5607(as)s -5856(an)s 6137(additional)s 7146(tag)s 7489(to)s 7726(the)s -8072(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 0 174(denoted)m 819(by)s -1117(its)s 1397(left)s 1778(parameter)s 9(,)k 2834(unless)s -3487(the)s 3839(right)s 4353(parameter)s 5371(is)s 5585(empty)s 15(,)k -6279(in)s 6526(which)s 7172(case)s 220 fnt35 7643 171(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 8636 174(does)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 60 66 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(60)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(nothing.)m -896(The)s 1324(result)s 1914(of)s 220 fnt35 2185 13202(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 3174 13205(is)m 3384(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -220 fnt35 4095 13202(@Null)m 240 fnt82 4680 13205(,)m 4787(which)s -5429(mak)s 2(es)k 6089(it)s 6281(ef)s 6(fecti)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k -7340(in)s 9(visible.)k 240 fnt84 0 12412(3.34.)m 591(@Open and @Use)s -240 fnt82 480 11935(The)m 220 fnt35 904 11932(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -1706 11935(symbol)m 2462(tak)s 2(es)k 2998(a)s 3159(cross)s -3697(reference)s 4636(or)s 4891(symbol)s 5647(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -6696(for)s 7030(its)s 7302(left)s 7675(parameter)s 9(,)k -8722(and)s 0 11647(an)m 269(arbitrary)s 1130(object,)s 1807(which)s -2435(must)s 2946(be)s 3214(enclosed)s 4095(in)s 4324(braces,)s -5027(for)s 5351(its)s 5613(right)s 6110(parameter)s 13(.)k -7201(The)s 7615(right)s 8112(parameter)s 0 11359(may)m 462(refer)s -966(to)s 1201(the)s 1544(e)s 3(xported)k 2432(parameters)s -3525(and)s 3925(nested)s 4589(de\207nitions)s 5646(of)s 5912(the)s -6256(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 7305(denoted)s 8117(by)s -8406(the)s 8749(left)s 0 11071(parameter)m 9(,)k 1050(and)s -1452(its)s 1725(v)s 6(alue)k 2291(is)s 2499(the)s -220 fnt35 2844 11068(@Open)m 240 fnt82 3648 11071(symbol')m 13(s)k -4560(result.)s 5252(The)s 5678(tar)s 4(get)k 6274(of)s -6543(the)s 6889(cross)s 7428(reference)s 8369(may)s 8832(lie)s -0 10783(in)m 234(an)s 507(e)s 3(xternal)k 1318(database)s -2187(\(Section)s 3031(3.35\).)s 3684(An)s 3(y)k 4138(symbol)s -4888(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 5787(outside)s 6524(the)s -220 fnt35 6862 10780(@Open)m 240 fnt82 7658 10783(which)m 8290(happens)s -0 10495(to)m 239(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 741(the)s -1089(same)s 1637(name)s 2212(as)s 2462(one)s 2865(of)s -3137(the)s 3485(symbols)s 4335(made)s 4910(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5818(by)s 6113(the)s 220 fnt35 6462 10492(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -7268 10495(will)m 7695(be)s 7978(una)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -0 10207(within)m 668(the)s 220 fnt35 1016 10204(@Open)m 240 fnt82 -1762 10207(.)m 538 9833(The)m 220 fnt35 963 9830(@Use)m 240 fnt82 -1625 9833(symbol)m 2382(is)s 2589(an)s 220 fnt35 2869 9830(@Open)m -240 fnt82 3672 9833(symbol)m 4429(in)s 4669(a)s 4832(dif)s 6(ferent)k -5704(form.)s 6329(It)s 6531(may)s 6994(only)s 7471(appear)s -8165(among)s 8867(or)s 0 9545(after)m 502(the)s 857(de\207nitions)s -1925(in)s 2175(Lout')s 13(s)k 2844(input,)s 3450(and)s -3861(it)s 4060(is)s 4277(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -5328(to)s 5574(enclosing)s 6551(the)s 6906(remainder)s 7941(of)s -8219(the)s 8574(input)s 0 9257(in)m 243(an)s 220 fnt35 -526 9254(@Open)m 240 fnt82 1332 9257(symbol.)m 2201(F)s 3(or)k -2590(e)s 3(xample,)k 240 fnt83 480 8754(de\207nitions)m 220 fnt35 -480 8461(@Use)m 1145({)s 240 fnt83 1269 8466(x)m 220 fnt35 -1435 8461(})m 480 8173(@Use)m 1145({)s 240 fnt83 1269 8178(y)m -220 fnt35 1431 8173(})m 240 fnt83 480 7890(r)m 8(est)k -894(of)s 1175(input)s 240 fnt82 0 7389(is)m 210(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -1254(to)s 240 fnt83 480 6886(de\207nitions)m 480 6598(x)m 220 fnt35 -646 6593(@Open)m 480 6305({)m 240 fnt83 960 6310(y)m 220 fnt35 -1122 6305(@Open)m 960 6017({)m 240 fnt83 1084 6022(r)m 8(est)k -1498(of)s 1779(input)s 220 fnt35 960 5729(})m 480 5441(})m -240 fnt82 0 4947(The)m 220 fnt35 424 4944(@Use)m 240 fnt82 -1085 4947(symbol)m 1841(allo)s 6(ws)k 2506(a)s 2668(set)s -2989(of)s 3256(standard)s 4120(packages)s 5044(to)s 5279(be)s -5557(opened)s 6303(without)s 7090(the)s 7434(incon)s 9(v)k 3(enience)k -8855(of)s 0 4659(enclosing)m 974(the)s 1327(entire)s 1931(document)s -2939(in)s 220 fnt35 3187 4656(@Open)m 240 fnt82 3998 4659(symbols.)m -4964(Such)s 5505(enclosure)s 6482(could)s 7076(cause)s 7668(Basser)s -8370(Lout)s 8887(to)s 0 4371(run)m 376(out)s 742(of)s -1013(memory)s 15(.)k 240 fnt84 0 3578(3.35.)m 591(@Database and @SysDatabase)s -240 fnt82 529 3101(The)m 220 fnt35 945 3098(@Database)m 240 fnt82 -2148 3101(symbol)m 2896(is)s 3095(used)s 3580(to)s 3808(declare)s -4541(the)s 4877(e)s 3(xistence)k 5808(of)s 6067(a)s -6222(\207le)s 6571(of)s 6831(symbol)s 7579(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -8708(that)s 0 2813(Lout)m 512(may)s 978(refer)s 1487(to)s -1726(when)s 2302(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluating)k 3339(cross)s -3881(references.)s 5025(In)s 5281(Basser)s 5978(Lout,)s 6537(for)s -6875(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 2312(@Database @Months @W)m 6(eekDa)k 6(ys { standard })k -240 fnt82 0 1814(means)m 690(that)s 1137(there)s 1698(is)s -1937(a)s 2131(\207le)s 2521(called)s 220 fnt35 3177 1811(standard.ld)m -240 fnt82 4339 1814(containing)m 5430(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -6600(of)s 6899(the)s 7276(pre)s 6(viously)k 8363(de\207ned)s -0 1526(symbols)m 220 fnt35 846 1523(@Months)m 240 fnt82 1838 1526(and)m -220 fnt35 2238 1523(@W)m 6(eekDa)k 6(ys)k 240 fnt82 -3503 1526(.)m 3663(A)s 220 fnt35 3889 1523(@Database)m 240 fnt82 -5100 1526(symbol)m 5856(may)s 6318(appear)s 7011(an)s 3(ywhere)k -7990(a)s 8152(de\207nition)s 0 1238(or)m 252(a)s 220 fnt35 -411 1235(@Use)m 240 fnt82 1069 1238(symbol)m 1822(may)s 2281(appear)s 13(.)k -3062(Dif)s 6(ferent)k 3982(de\207nitions)s 5036(packages)s 5957(may)s -6416(refer)s 6918(to)s 7150(a)s 7309(common)s 8196(database,)s -0 950(pro)m 3(vided)k 935(the)s 1312(de\207nitions)s 2402(the)s 3(y)k -2894(gi)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 3382(for)s 3749(its)s -4054(symbols)s 4932(are)s 5308(compatible.)s 6563(An)s 6942(entry)s -7516(is)s 7755(interpreted)s 8876(as)s 0 662(though)m 756(it)s -981(appears)s 1795(at)s 2060(the)s 2441(point)s 3026(where)s -3699(the)s 4080(cross)s 4655(reference)s 5631(that)s 6082(retrie)s 6(v)k 3(es)k -6978(it)s 7203(does,)s 7782(which)s 8457(allo)s 6(ws)k -0 374(symbols)m 866(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 1296 371(@I)m -240 fnt82 1639 374(for)m 220 fnt35 1995 371(Slope @F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 3346 374(to)m 3602(be)s 3902(used)s 4417(in)s -4678(databases.)s 5776(The)s 6221(database)s 7118(\207le)s 7497(may)s -7981(not)s 8365(contain)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 61 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.35.)m 574(@Database and @SysDatabase)s 240 fnt84 8839 13840(61)m -220 fnt35 0 13202(@Database)m 240 fnt82 1214 13205(or)m 220 fnt35 -1473 13202(@Include)m 240 fnt82 2455 13205(symbols,)m 3360(and)s 3764(each)s -4259(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 5313(within)s 5981(it)s -6173(must)s 6698(be)s 6980(enclosed)s 7875(in)s 8118(braces.)s -480 12831(Basser)m 1198(Lout)s 1732(constructs)s 2773(an)s 240 fnt83 -3078 12833(inde)m 4(x)k 3674(\207le)s 240 fnt82 3959 12831(,)m -4087(which)s 4751(in)s 5016(this)s 5433(e)s 3(xample)k -6318(is)s 6550(called)s 220 fnt35 7199 12828(standard.li)m 240 fnt82 -8196 12831(,)m 8325(the)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 12543(time)m 481(it)s -675(e)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 1139(encounters)s 2227(the)s -2577(database,)s 3509(as)s 3761(an)s 4045(aid)s 4397(to)s -4638(searching)s 5608(it.)s 5906(If)s 6138(the)s 6488(database)s -7368(\207le)s 7731(is)s 7943(changed,)s 8850(its)s 0 12255(inde)m 3(x)k -586(\207le)s 950(must)s 1477(be)s 1762(deleted)s 2512(by)s -2809(the)s 3159(user)s 3620(so)s 3888(that)s 4309(Basser)s -5008(Lout)s 5523(kno)s 6(ws)k 6196(to)s 6438(reconstruct)s -7561(it.)s 7860(There)s 8475(is)s 8688(also)s 0 11967(an)m -300(installation)s 1435(option)s 2121(which)s 2780(allo)s 6(ws)k -3466(this)s 3879(deletion)s 4723(to)s 4979(be)s 5278(done)s -5817(automatically)s 7188(on)s 7502(suitable)s 8318(systems)s 0 11679(\(including)m -1036(Unix\).)s 480 11305(Basser)m 1210(Lout)s 1756(searches)s 2649(for)s -3021(databases)s 4021(in)s 4298(the)s 4679(current)s 5449(directory)s -6398(\207rst,)s 6910(then)s 7412(in)s 7689(a)s 7888(sequence)s -8855(of)s 0 11017(standard)m 868(places.)s 1629(T)s 19(o)k -1929(search)s 2596(the)s 2944(standard)s 3812(places)s 4460(only)s 15(,)k -4978(use)s 220 fnt35 5353 11014(@SysDatabase)m 240 fnt82 6873 11017(.)m -240 fnt84 0 10224(3.36.)m 591(@Graphic)s 240 fnt82 556 9747(Lout)m -1084(does)s 1590(not)s 1972(pro)s 3(vide)k 2772(the)s -3136(v)s 6(ast)k 3592(repertoire)s 4591(of)s 4878(graphical)s -5838(objects)s 6582(\(lines,)s 7235(circles,)s 7980(box)s 3(es,)k -8660(etc.\))s 0 9459(required)m 846(by)s 1132(diagrams.)s 2163(Instead,)s -2952(it)s 3135(pro)s 3(vides)k 3999(an)s 4274(escape)s -4958(route)s 5497(to)s 5727(some)s 6280(other)s 6823(language)s -7734(that)s 8144(does)s 8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -0 9171(these)m 547(features,)s 1409(via)s 1761(its)s 220 fnt35 -2037 9168(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 3081 9171(symbol:)m 220 fnt35 -480 8673({ 0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto)k 480 8385( 0 ysiz)m 3(e lineto)k -480 8097( xsiz)m 3(e ysiz)k 3(e lineto)k 480 7809( xsiz)m 3(e 0 lineto)k -480 7521( closepath)m 480 7233( strok)m 4(e)k 480 6945(})m 480 6657(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k -480 6369({ //0.2c)m 480 6081( ||0.2c hello)m 8(, w)k 2(or)k -3(ld ||0.2c)k -480 5793( //0.2c)m 480 5505(})m 240 fnt82 0 5011(The)m 428(result)s -1018(of)s 1289(the)s 1637(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -2259(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 3313(of)s 3584(the)s -3932(symbol)s 220 fnt35 4692 5008(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -5736 5011(is)m 1365 422 0 422 240 288 60 480 4249 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto -0 ysize lineto -xsize ysize lineto -xsize 0 lineto -closepath -stroke -grestore -113 146(hello,)m 698(w)s 2(orld)k -grestore -480 3533(The)m -909(right)s 1421(parameter)s 2437(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -3149(appears)s 3931(as)s 4183(part)s 4615(of)s 4888(the)s -5237(result,)s 5875(and)s 6281(indeed)s 6978(the)s 7327(result)s -7919(is)s 8130(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 8843(an)s -0 3245(object)m 651(whose)s 1327(size)s 1761(is)s 1979(identical)s -2863(to)s 3110(the)s 3465(size)s 3900(of)s 4178(the)s -4534(right)s 5052(parameter)s 6074(with)s 220 fnt35 6563 3242(@OneCol)m -240 fnt82 7583 3245(and)m 220 fnt35 7995 3242(@OneRo)m 3(w)k -240 fnt82 0 2957(applied)m 762(to)s 1001(it.)s 1297(From)s -1875(no)s 6(w)k 2336(on)s 2633(we)s 2968(refer)s -3477(to)s 3716(this)s 4112(part)s 4543(of)s 4814(the)s -5162(result)s 5752(as)s 6002(the)s 240 fnt83 6350 2959(base)m -240 fnt82 6782 2957(.)m 480 2583(The)m 898(left)s 1264(parameter)s -2267(is)s 2466(implementation-dependent:)s 5184(that)s 5591(is,)s 5847(its)s -6112(meaning)s 6978(is)s 7177(not)s 7532(de\207ned)s 8284(by)s -8567(Lout,)s 0 2295(and)m 421(dif)s 6(ferent)k 1313(implementations)s -2975(could)s 3582(require)s 4332(dif)s 6(ferent)k 5224(v)s 6(alues)k -5898(for)s 6253(it.)s 6567(The)s 7012(follo)s 6(wing)k -8007(description)s 0 2007(applies)m 752(to)s 1016(Basser)s 1737(Lout,)s -2321(which)s 2988(uses)s 3475(the)s 3848(PostScript)s 4914(page)s -5447(description)s 6591(language)s 7535([1)s 7709(].)s 7977(Similar)s -8764(b)s 4(ut)k 0 1719(more)m 559(restricted)s 1517(possibilities)s -2722(e)s 3(xist)k 3243(with)s 3737(the)s 4098(PDF)s -4608(back)s 5134(end)s 5550(\(see)s 6003(a)s 6182(separate)s -7033(document)s 8050(distrib)s 4(uted)k 0 1431(with)m 482(Lout\);)s -1125(to)s 1364(include)s 2124(both,)s 2657(use)s 3032(the)s -220 fnt35 3380 1428(@Bac)m 4(kEnd)k 240 fnt82 4525 1431(symbol)m -5285(lik)s 2(e)k 5697(this:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 62 68 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(62)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 220 fnt35 480 13207({ @Bac)m 4(kEnd @Case {)k -480 12919( P)m 11(ostScr)k -3(ipt @Y)k 4(ield)k 480 12631( {)m -480 12343( ...)m 480 12055( })m 480 11767( PDF @Y)m 4(ield)k 480 11479( {)m -480 11191( ...)m 480 10903( })m 480 10615( })m 480 10327( @Gr)m 2(aphic)k -480 10039( {)m 480 9751( ...)m 480 9463( })m 480 9175(})m 240 fnt82 -0 8681(Returning)m 1039(to)s 1307(PostScript,)s 2425(the)s 2802(left)s -3208(parameter)s 4251(refers)s 4874(to)s 5142(a)s 5337(coordinate)s -6431(system)s 7184(whose)s 7881(origin)s 8538(is)s 8778(the)s -0 8393(bottom)m 773(left-hand)s 1728(corner)s 2433(of)s 2740(the)s -3123(base.)s 3747(It)s 3987(may)s 4489(use)s 4899(the)s -5282(symbols)s 220 fnt35 6166 8390(xsiz)m 3(e)k 240 fnt82 -6751 8393(and)m 220 fnt35 7190 8390(ysiz)m 3(e)k 240 fnt82 -7774 8393(to)m 8048(denote)s 8778(the)s 0 8105(horizontal)m 1031(and)s -1442(v)s 3(ertical)k 2216(size)s 2650(of)s 2928(the)s -3283(base;)s 3827(similarly)s 15(,)k 220 fnt35 4774 8102(xmar)m -3(k)k -240 fnt82 5442 8105(and)m 220 fnt35 5853 8102(ymar)m -3(k)k -240 fnt82 6521 8105(denote)m 7222(the)s 7577(positions)s 8499(of)s -8778(the)s 0 7817(base')m 13(s)k 635(column)s 1410(and)s -1814(ro)s 6(w)k 2234(marks:)s gsave -480 5454 translate -180 fnt82 3570 2072 0 1994 180 288 45 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -180 fnt83 107 1955(ysize)m -0 1388(ymark)m 180 fnt82 364 253(0)m 2551 1701 850 1134 180 288 45 676 293 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -2551 1701 850 1134 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfiglightgrey [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -2551 1701 850 1134 180 288 45 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.015 cm setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigdashed [ -0.3 cm ymark -xsize ymark 0.3 cm 0 lfigpadd [] -xmark -0.3 cm -xmark ysize 0 0.3 cm lfigpadd ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore -676 14(0)m 180 fnt83 -1526 15(xmark)m 3227(xsize)s end end restore -grestore -0 5003(In)m 265(addition)s 1115(to)s -1363(these)s 1920(four)s 2387(symbols)s 3245(and)s 3658(0,)s -3895(lengths)s 4646(may)s 5121(be)s 5412(denoted)s 6238(in)s -6490(centimetres,)s 7706(inches,)s 8434(points,)s 0 4715(ems,)m 492(f)s -13(')k 13(s,)k -850(v')s 13(s)k 1180(and)s 1584(s')s 13(s)k -1887(using)s 2459(the)s 2807(notation)s 240 fnt83 480 4179(l)m -220 fnt35 666 4174(cm)m 240 fnt82 1197 4177(instead)m 1932(of)s -2203(Lout')s 13(s)k 240 fnt83 3045 4179(l)m 240 fnt82 -3111 4177(c)m 240 fnt83 480 3891(l)m 220 fnt35 666 3886(in)m -240 fnt82 1197 3889(instead)m 1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k -240 fnt83 3045 3891(l)m 240 fnt82 3111 3889(i)m 240 fnt83 -480 3603(l)m 220 fnt35 666 3598(pt)m 240 fnt82 1197 3601(instead)m -1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k 240 fnt83 3045 3603(l)m -240 fnt82 3111 3601(p)m 240 fnt83 480 3315(l)m 220 fnt35 -666 3310(em)m 240 fnt82 1197 3313(instead)m 1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k -240 fnt83 3045 3315(l)m 240 fnt82 3111 3313(m)m 240 fnt83 -480 3027(l)m 220 fnt35 666 3022(ft)m 240 fnt82 1197 3025(instead)m -1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k 240 fnt83 3045 3027(l)m -240 fnt82 3111 3025(f)m 240 fnt83 480 2739(l)m 220 fnt35 -666 2734(vs)m 240 fnt82 1197 2737(instead)m 1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k -240 fnt83 3045 2739(l)m 240 fnt82 3111 2737(v)m 240 fnt83 -480 2451(l)m 220 fnt35 666 2446(sp)m 240 fnt82 1197 2449(instead)m -1932(of)s 2203(Lout')s 13(s)k 240 fnt83 3045 2451(l)m -240 fnt82 3111 2449(s)m 0 1908(Note)m 521(that)s 939(there)s -1472(must)s 1997(be)s 2279(a)s 2445(space)s 3032(between)s -3886(the)s 4234(number)s 5025(and)s 5429(its)s 5705(unit,)s -6184(unlik)s 2(e)k 6836(Lout)s 7348(proper)s 13(.)k -480 1534(A)m 732(point)s 1306(within)s 1996(the)s 2366(base)s -2869(\(and,)s 3423(with)s 3927(care,)s 4453(a)s 4642(point)s -5216(outside)s 5985(it\))s 6267(may)s 6755(be)s 7059(denoted)s -7897(by)s 8213(a)s 8401(pair)s 8855(of)s 0 1246(lengths.)m -855(F)s 3(or)k 1244(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 749(xmar)m -3(k ymar)k -3(k)k 240 fnt82 0 251(is)m -210(the)s 558(point)s 1110(where)s 1750(the)s 2098(marks)s -2733(cross,)s 3331(and)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 63 69 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.36.)m 574(@Gr)s 3(aphic)k 240 fnt84 -8833 13840(63)m 220 fnt35 480 13214(0 2 cm)m 240 fnt82 0 12759(is)m -195(a)s 346(point)s 883(on)s 1164(the)s 1497(left)s -1859(edge,)s 2402(tw)s 2(o)k 2797(centimetres)s 3933(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -4539(the)s 4872(bottom)s 5595(left-hand)s 6499(corner)s 13(.)k -7245(These)s 7857(tw)s 2(o)k 8251(numbers)s 0 12471(are)m -347(called)s 975(the)s 240 fnt83 1323 12473(x)m 1489(coor)s 8(dinate)k -240 fnt82 2571 12471(and)m 2975(the)s 240 fnt83 3323 12473(y)m -3485(coor)s 8(dinate)k 240 fnt82 4567 12471(of)m 4838(the)s -5186(point.)s 480 12097(The)m 906(\207rst)s 1335(step)s 1770(in)s -2011(specifying)s 3057(a)s 3221(graphic)s 3988(object)s 4630(is)s -4837(to)s 5074(de\207ne)s 5712(a)s 240 fnt83 5876 12099(path)m -240 fnt82 6297 12097(.)m 6458(A)s 6686(path)s 7152(can)s -7539(be)s 7818(thought)s 8608(of)s 8876(as)s 0 11809(the)m -349(track)s 888(of)s 1161(a)s 1328(pen)s 1733(mo)s 3(ving)k -2516(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 2996(the)s 3346(page.)s -3963(The)s 4393(pen)s 4797(may)s 5265(be)s 5548(up)s -5842(\(not)s 6289(dra)s 3(wing\))k 7199(or)s 7460(do)s 6(wn)k -8045(\(dra)s 3(wing)k 8960(a)s 0 11521(line)m 414(or)s -673(curv)s 3(e\))k 1329(as)s 1579(it)s 1771(mo)s 3(v)k 3(es.)k -2554(The)s 2982(entire)s 3581(path)s 4050(is)s 4260(a)s -4426(sequence)s 5359(of)s 5630(the)s 5978(follo)s 6(wing)k -6955(items:)s 240 fnt83 1847 11149(x)m 2013(y)s 220 fnt35 -2175 11144(mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto)k 240 fnt82 3120 11147(Lift)m -3537(the)s 3885(pen)s 4288(and)s 4692(mo)s 3(v)k 3(e)k -5274(it)s 5466(to)s 5705(the)s 6053(indicated)s 6987(point.)s -240 fnt83 2036 10790(x)m 2202(y)s 220 fnt35 2364 10785(lineto)m -240 fnt82 3120 10788(Put)m 3557(the)s 3963(pen)s 4424(do)s 6(wn)k -5066(and)s 5528(dra)s 3(w)k 6115(a)s 6339(straight)s -7173(line)s 7645(to)s 7942(the)s 8348(indicat)s 8998(-)s -3120 10500(ed)m 3404(point.)s 240 fnt83 702 10141(x)m 868(y)s -1030(r)s 1188(angle1)s 1879(angle2)s 220 fnt35 2580 10136(arc)m -240 fnt82 3120 10139(Put)m 3502(the)s 3853(pen)s 4259(do)s 6(wn)k -4846(and)s 5253(dra)s 3(w)k 5785(a)s 5954(circular)s -6745(arc)s 7092(whose)s 7763(centre)s 8405(has)s 8779(co)s -8998(-)s 3120 9851(ordinates)m 240 fnt83 4058 9853(x)m 240 fnt82 -4235 9851(and)m 240 fnt83 4650 9853(y)m 240 fnt82 4823 9851(and)m -5238(whose)s 5917(radius)s 6563(is)s 240 fnt83 6784 9853(r)m -240 fnt82 6882 9851(.)m 7057(The)s 7496(arc)s 7851(be)s 3(gins)k -8535(at)s 8778(the)s 3120 9563(angle)m 240 fnt83 3727 9565(angle1)m -240 fnt82 4451 9563(measuring)m 5533(counterclockwise)s 7295(from)s 7852(the)s -8233(point)s 8818(di)s 8998(-)s 3120 9275(rectly)m 3714(to)s -3949(the)s 4294(right)s 4801(of)s 5069(the)s 5413(centre,)s -6100(and)s 6500(proceeds)s 7397(counterclockwise)s 3120 8987(to)m 240 fnt83 -3361 8989(angle2)m 240 fnt82 4002 8987(.)m 4168(If)s 4401(the)s -4751(arc)s 5098(is)s 5310(not)s 5679(the)s 6029(\207rst)s -6462(thing)s 7010(on)s 7309(the)s 7660(path,)s 8181(a)s -8350(straight)s 3120 8699(line)m 3549(will)s 3990(be)s 4287(dra)s 3(wn)k -4954(connecting)s 6072(the)s 6435(current)s 7186(point)s 7753(to)s -8007(the)s 8370(start)s 8855(of)s 3120 8411(the)m 3468(arc.)s -240 fnt83 589 8102(x)m 755(y)s 917(r)s 1075(angle1)s -1766(angle2)s 220 fnt35 2467 8097(arcn)m 240 fnt82 3120 8100(As)m -3437(for)s 3775(arc,)s 4173(b)s 4(ut)k 4535(the)s -4883(arc)s 5227(goes)s 5717(clockwise)s 6729(from)s 240 fnt83 -7253 8102(angle1)m 240 fnt82 7944 8100(to)m 240 fnt83 8183 8102(angle2)m -240 fnt82 8824 8100(.)m 220 fnt35 1955 7738(closepath)m 240 fnt82 -3120 7741(Dra)m 3(w)k 3702(a)s 3868(straight)s 4644(line)s -5058(back)s 5571(to)s 5810(the)s 6158(point)s 6710(most)s -7235(recently)s 8058(mo)s 3(v)k 3(ed)k 8762(to.)s -0 7367(The)m 428(\207rst)s 860(item)s 1344(should)s 2042(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -2753(be)s 3036(a)s 220 fnt35 3202 7364(mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto)k -240 fnt82 3907 7367(,)m 220 fnt35 4015 7364(arc)m 240 fnt82 -4315 7367(,)m 4422(or)s 220 fnt35 4682 7364(arcn)m 240 fnt82 -5095 7367(.)m 5259(It)s 5465(should)s 6162(be)s 6445(clear)s -6968(from)s 7493(this)s 7889(that)s 8308(the)s 8657(path)s -0 7079(gi)m 6(v)k 3(en)k 580(earlier:)s 220 fnt35 -480 6585(0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto)k 480 6297(0 ysiz)m 3(e lineto)k -480 6009(xsiz)m 3(e ysiz)k 3(e lineto)k 480 5721(xsiz)m 3(e 0 lineto)k -480 5433(closepath)m 240 fnt82 0 4937(traces)m 607(around)s 1330(the)s -1678(boundary)s 2637(of)s 2908(the)s 3256(base)s 3737(with)s -4219(the)s 4567(pen)s 4970(do)s 6(wn.)k 480 4563(Once)m -1039(a)s 1203(path)s 1670(is)s 1877(set)s 2200(up,)s -2545(we)s 2877(are)s 3222(ready)s 3805(to)s 240 fnt83 -4041 4565(paint)m 240 fnt82 4595 4563(it)m 4785(onto)s 5262(the)s -5607(page.)s 6221(There)s 6832(are)s 7176(tw)s 2(o)k -7584(choices:)s 8405(we)s 8737(can)s 0 4275(either)m 240 fnt83 -618 4277(str)m 10(ok)k 2(e)k 240 fnt82 1259 4275(it,)m -1514(which)s 2172(means)s 2850(to)s 3105(display)s 3866(it)s -4074(as)s 4340(described;)s 5383(or)s 5658(we)s 6009(can)s -240 fnt83 6414 4277(\207ll)m 240 fnt82 6742 4275(it,)m 6997(which)s -7655(means)s 8333(to)s 8588(paint)s 0 3987(e)m 6(v)k 3(erything)k -1067(inside)s 1694(it)s 1886(gre)s 3(y)k 2362(or)s -2621(black.)s 3303(F)s 3(or)k 3692(stroking)s 4529(the)s -4877(tw)s 2(o)k 5287(main)s 5822(options)s 6578(are)s -240 fnt83 1581 3484(length)m 220 fnt35 2234 3479(setline)m 4(width)k -240 fnt82 3600 3482(The)m 4028(pen)s 4431(will)s 4857(dra)s 3(w)k -5386(lines)s 5888(of)s 6159(the)s 6507(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -7087(width.)s 220 fnt35 1553 2974([)m 240 fnt83 1668 2979(length)m -220 fnt35 2321 2974(])m 2430(0)s 2605(setdash)s 240 fnt82 -3600 2977(The)m 4034(pen)s 4444(will)s 4876(dra)s 3(w)k -5412(dashed)s 6142(lines)s 6650(when)s 7233(it)s 7432(is)s -7648(do)s 6(wn,)k 8289(with)s 8778(the)s 3600 2689(dashes)m -4289(each)s 4784(of)s 5055(the)s 5403(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -5983(length.)s 0 2186(These)m 627(options)s 1383(are)s 1730(follo)s 6(wed)k -2632(by)s 2926(the)s 3274(w)s 2(ord)k 220 fnt35 -3822 2183(strok)m 4(e)k 240 fnt82 4408 2186(.)m 4572(So,)s -4932(for)s 5270(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 1688({ 0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto xsiz)k 3(e 0 lineto)k -480 1400( 2 pt setline)m 4(width [ 5 pt ] 0 setdash strok)k 4(e)k 480 1112(})m 480 824(@Gr)m 2(aphic { 3i @Wide })k -240 fnt82 0 328(has)m 370(result)s 4320 0 0 0 240 288 60 480 38 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -2 pt setlinewidth [ 5 pt ] 0 setdash stroke -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 64 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(64)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 480 12940(When)m -1106(\207lling)s 1726(in)s 1965(the)s 2310(re)s 3(gion)k -2971(enclosed)s 3862(by)s 4153(a)s 4315(path,)s 4830(the)s -5175(main)s 5706(option)s 6371(is)s 220 fnt35 6578 12937(setg)m 2(r)k 2(a)k 6(y)k -240 fnt82 7286 12940(,)m 7389(which)s 8027(determines)s 0 12652(the)m -348(shade)s 949(of)s 1220(gre)s 3(y)k 1696(to)s -1935(use,)s 2361(on)s 2658(a)s 2824(scale)s 3357(from)s -3881(0)s 4056(\(black\))s 4781(to)s 5020(1)s 5175(\(white\).)s -6028(So,)s 6388(for)s 6726(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 -480 12154({ 0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto xsiz)k 3(e 0 lineto 0 ysiz)k 3(e lineto closepath)k -480 11866( 0.8 setg)m 2(r)k 2(a)k 6(y \207ll)k 480 11578(})m -480 11290(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 480 11002({ 2c @Wide 2c @High })m 240 fnt82 0 10503(has)m -370(result)s 1134 1134 0 1134 240 288 60 480 9079 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath -0.8 setgray fill -grestore - -grestore -480 8363(There)m 1107(are)s 1468(man)s 3(y)k -2066(other)s 2631(options.)s 3515(The)s 3957(v)s 6(alue)k -4540(of)s 4825(the)s 5188(left)s 5579(parameter)s 6608(of)s -220 fnt35 6893 8360(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 7952 8363(may)m -8432(be)s 8729(an)s 3(y)k 0 8075(fragment)m 922(of)s -1193(the)s 1541(PostScript)s 2583(page)s 3091(description)s 4210(language)s -5130([1)s 5304(].)s 5547(Here)s 6067(are)s 6414(tw)s 2(o)k -6824(other)s 7375(e)s 3(xamples:)k 220 fnt35 480 7578(xsiz)m 3(e)k -1030(2)s 1203(div)s 240 fnt82 0 7124(denoting)m 891(a)s -1057(length)s 1712(equal)s 2285(to)s 2524(half)s 2967(the)s -3315(horizontal)s 4339(size)s 4766(of)s 5037(the)s 5385(base,)s -5917(and)s 220 fnt35 480 6625(gsa)m 4(v)k 5(e)k -1110(\207ll)s 1363(g)s 2(restore)k 2219(strok)s 4(e)k -240 fnt82 0 6126(which)m 648(both)s 1138(\207lls)s 1554(and)s -1965(strok)s 2(es)k 2698(the)s 3053(path.)s 3636(Since)s -4230(Basser)s 4933(Lout)s 5452(does)s 5949(not)s 6322(check)s -6948(that)s 7373(the)s 7728(left)s 8112(parameter)s 0 5838(is)m -209(v)s 6(alid)k 737(PostScript,)s 1824(it)s 2014(is)s -2222(possible)s 3061(to)s 3298(cause)s 3883(mysterious)s 4981(errors)s -5586(in)s 5828(the)s 6174(printing)s 6982(de)s 6(vice,)k -7705(resulting)s 8592(in)s 8833(no)s 0 5550(output,)m 708(if)s -914(an)s 1186(incorrect)s 2083(v)s 6(alue)k 2640(is)s -2839(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en.)k 3515(It)s 3709(is)s -3908(a)s 4063(good)s 4590(idea)s 5037(to)s 5265(encapsulate)s -6425(graphics)s 7275(objects)s 7992(in)s 8224(carefully)s 0 5262(tested)m -635(de\207nitions,)s 1772(lik)s 2(e)k 2205(those)s 2786(of)s -3078(the)s 3446(Diag)s 3985(\207gure)s 4619(dra)s 3(wing)k -5473(package)s 6334([4)s 6527(,)s 6654(Chapter)s 7492(9],)s -7818(to)s 8078(be)s 8380(sure)s 8855(of)s 0 4974(a)m 4(v)k 4(oiding)k -883(these)s 1430(errors.)s 480 4600(PostScript)m 1543(e)s 3(xperts)k -2302(may)s 2789(\207nd)s 3241(the)s 3610(follo)s 6(wing)k -4608(information)s 5814(helpful)s 6567(when)s 7164(designing)s 8170(adv)s 6(anced)k -0 4312(graphics)m 861(features.)s 1780(The)s 2208(left)s 2585(parameter)s -3599(of)s 220 fnt35 3870 4309(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -4914 4312(may)m 5380(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 5881(tw)s 2(o)k -6291(parts,)s 6862(separated)s 7822(by)s 220 fnt35 8116 4309(//)m -240 fnt82 8241 4312(:)m 220 fnt35 480 3804({)m 240 fnt83 -604 3809(\207r)m 2(st)k 1038(part)s 220 fnt35 1501 3804(//)m -240 fnt83 1686 3809(second)m 2417(part)s 220 fnt35 2880 3804(} @Gr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt83 4058 3809(object)m 240 fnt82 0 3308(If)m 230(there)s -763(is)s 973(no)s 220 fnt35 1266 3305(//)m 240 fnt82 -1391 3308(,)m 1498(the)s 1846(second)s 2569(part)s 3000(is)s -3210(tak)s 2(en)k 3783(to)s 4022(be)s 4304(empty)s 15(.)k -5051(The)s 5479(PostScript)s 6521(output)s 7193(has)s 7563(the)s -7911(form)s 220 fnt35 480 2851(gsa)m 4(v)k 5(e)k -240 fnt83 480 2568(x)m 646(y)s 220 fnt35 808 2563(tr)m 2(anslate)k -240 fnt83 480 2280(Code)m 1039(whic)s 3(h)k 1663(de\207nes)s -220 fnt35 2383 2275(xsiz)m 3(e)k 240 fnt83 2872 2280(,)m -220 fnt35 2965 2275(ysiz)m 3(e)k 240 fnt83 3454 2280(,)m -220 fnt35 3547 2275(xmar)m -3(k)k 240 fnt83 4148 2280(,)m -220 fnt35 4241 2275(ymar)m -3(k)k 240 fnt83 4842 2280(,)m -220 fnt35 4935 2275(ft)m 240 fnt83 5053 2280(,)m 220 fnt35 -5146 2275(vs)m 240 fnt83 5359 2280(,)m 5452(and)s 220 fnt35 -5878 2275(sp)m 480 1987(gsa)m 4(v)k 5(e)k 240 fnt83 -480 1704(\207r)m 2(st)k 914(part)s 220 fnt35 480 1411(g)m 2(restore)k -240 fnt83 480 1128(Code)m 1039(whic)s 3(h)k 1663(r)s 8(ender)k 2(s)k -2439(the)s 2784(right)s 3313(par)s 3(ameter)k 4372(in)s -4612(tr)s 3(anslated)k 5645(coor)s 8(dinates)k 480 840(second)m -1211(part)s 220 fnt35 480 547(g)m 2(restore)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 65 71 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.36.)m 574(@Gr)s 3(aphic)k 240 fnt84 -8833 13840(65)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(where)m 240 fnt83 628 13207(x)m -240 fnt78 733 13199(,)m 240 fnt83 802 13207(y)m 240 fnt82 -952 13205(is)m 1149(the)s 1485(position)s 2300(of)s 2558(the)s -2894(lo)s 6(wer)k 3479(left)s 3843(corner)s 4501(of)s -4759(the)s 5095(base.)s 5671(Ha)s 4(ving)k 6412(tw)s 2(o)k -6810(parts)s 7312(permits)s 8066(brack)s 2(eting)k 0 12917(operations,)m -1112(lik)s 2(e)k 220 fnt35 1533 12914(sa)m 4(v)k 5(e)k -240 fnt82 2049 12917(and)m 220 fnt35 2462 12914(restore)m 240 fnt82 -3206 12917(or)m 220 fnt35 3474 12914(begin)m 240 fnt82 4065 12917(and)m -220 fnt35 4478 12914(end)m 240 fnt82 4832 12917(,)m 4949(to)s -5197(enclose)s 5979(an)s 6271(object.)s 7028(See)s 7438(the)s -7795(source)s 8484(\207le)s 8855(of)s 0 12629(the)m 348(Diag)s -866(package)s 1706(for)s 2044(e)s 3(xamples.)k 240 fnt84 -0 11836(3.37.)m 591(@PlainGraphic)s 240 fnt82 567 11359(The)m 220 fnt35 -1023 11356(@PlainGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 2580 11359(symbol)m 3368(is)s -3606(a)s 4(v)k 3(ery)k 4211(rudimentary)s 5461(analogue)s -6408(for)s 6774(plain)s 7337(te)s 3(xt)k 7779(output)s -8479(of)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 11068(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 1037 11071(symbol)m 1789(for)s 2119(PostScript)s 3153(output.)s -3921(Its)s 4202(result)s 4784(is)s 4986(its)s 5254(right)s -5757(parameter)s 6763(printed)s 7490(on)s 7779(a)s 7937(background)s -0 10783(created)m 747(by)s 1041(repeated)s 1908(printings)s 2809(of)s -3080(its)s 3356(left)s 3733(parameter)s 9(,)k 4785(which)s -5427(must)s 5952(be)s 6234(a)s 6400(simple)s 7093(w)s 2(ord.)k -7747(F)s 3(or)k 8136(e)s 3(xample,)k 480 10278("." @PlainGraphic 5s @W)m 9(ide)k -0 9775(w)m 2(ould)k 676(produce)s 1525(\207v)s 3(e)k -1959(dots.)s 220 fnt35 2544 9772(@PlainGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -4096 9775(is)m 4328(used)s 4847(in)s 5112(the)s 220 fnt35 -5482 9772(tb)m 4(l)k 240 fnt82 5777 9775(table-dra)m 3(wing)k -7176(package)s 8038(to)s 8299(produce)s 0 9487(plain-te)m 3(xt)k -972(rules.)s 240 fnt84 0 8694(3.38.)m 591(@IncludeGraphic)s 2491(and)s -2932(@SysIncludeGraphic)s 240 fnt82 540 8217(These)m 1167(symbols)s 2016(instruct)s -2792(Lout)s 3304(to)s 3543(incorporate)s 4687(a)s 4853(separately)s -5875(created)s 6622(illustration:)s 220 fnt35 480 7716(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic "m)k 3(ypor)k -8(tr)k 2(ait.eps")k -240 fnt82 0 7218(The)m 457(parameter)s 1500(is)s 1739(implementation-dependent;)s -4443(in)s 4715(Basser)s 5441(Lout)s 5982(it)s 6203(is)s -6442(an)s 6754(object)s 7427(whose)s 8124(v)s 6(alue)k -8721(is)s 8960(a)s 0 6930(simple)m 705(w)s 2(ord)k -1265(denoting)s 2168(the)s 2528(name)s 3114(of)s 3397(a)s -3575(\207le.)s 4056(This)s 4544(\207le)s 4917(should)s 5626(ideally)s -6342(be)s 6636(a)s 6814(PostScript)s 7868(EPS)s 8338(V)s 26(ersion)k -0 6642(3.0)m 345(\207le)s 696([1)s 870(],)s 1045(since)s -1582(then)s 2040(Lout)s 2542(will)s 2957(k)s 2(eep)k -3450(careful)s 4156(track)s 4684(of)s 4944(what)s 5459(resources)s -6401(are)s 6738(required)s 7581(for)s 7909(printing)s 8708(that)s -0 6354(\207le.)m 473(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -1437(an)s 3(y)k 1838(PostScript)s 2885(\207le)s 3250(containing)s -4317(the)s 220 fnt35 4669 6351(%%BoundingBo)m 6(x:)k 240 fnt82 -6464 6354(comment)m 7418(and)s 7826(not)s 8197(requiring)s 0 6066(unusual)m -800(resources)s 1753(is)s 1963(lik)s 2(ely)k 2559(to)s -2798(w)s 2(ork.)k 480 5692(The)m 924(result)s 1530(of)s -220 fnt35 1817 5689(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 3584 5692(is)m -3811(an)s 4110(ordinary)s 4990(Lout)s 5518(object)s 6179(with)s -6677(marks)s 7328(through)s 8146(its)s 8439(centre.)s 0 5404(It)m -202(may)s 665(be)s 944(rotated,)s 1711(scaled,)s 2412(and)s -2813(generally)s 3753(treated)s 4456(lik)s 2(e)k 4865(an)s 3(y)k -5259(other)s 5807(object.)s 6552(Basser)s 7246(Lout)s 7755(determines)s -8850(its)s 0 5116(size)m 434(by)s 735(consulting)s 1792(the)s -2147(bounding)s 3113(box)s 3536(information)s 4728(in)s 4978(the)s -5333(\207le.)s 5809(If)s 6047(this)s 6450(cannot)s 7155(be)s -7444(found,)s 8117(a)s 8291(w)s 2(arning)k 0 4828(message)m -866(is)s 1076(printed)s 1811(and)s 2215(the)s 2563(result)s -3153(object)s 3797(has)s 4167(zero)s 4631(size.)s 220 fnt35 -480 4451(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 2228 4454(searches)m 3085(the)s -3429(same)s 3973(directories)s 5027(that)s 220 fnt35 5442 4451(@Include)m -240 fnt82 6421 4454(does)m 6907(\(Section)s 7757(3.40\).)s 220 fnt35 -8416 4451(@Sys)m 240 fnt82 8998 4454(-)m 220 fnt35 0 4163(IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 1562 4166(is)m 1806(the)s 2188(same)s 2769(as)s -220 fnt35 3053 4163(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 4744 4166(,)m -4885(e)s 3(xcept)k 5600(that)s 6052(it)s 6278(searches)s -7172(only)s 7686(the)s 8068(directories)s 0 3878(searched)m 894(by)s -220 fnt35 1188 3875(@SysInclude)m 240 fnt82 2476 3878(.)m 480 3504(If)m -720(the)s 1079(\207le)s 1450(name)s 2035(ends)s 2536(in)s -2789(an)s 3(y)k 3197(of)s 220 fnt35 3478 3501(.gz)m -240 fnt82 3765 3504(,)m 220 fnt35 3883 3501(-gz)m 240 fnt82 -4182 3504(,)m 220 fnt35 4300 3501(.z)m 240 fnt82 4465 3504(,)m -220 fnt35 4582 3501(-z)m 240 fnt82 4759 3504(,)m 220 fnt35 -4877 3501(_z)m 240 fnt82 5103 3504(,)m 5220(or)s 220 fnt35 -5490 3501(.Z)m 240 fnt82 5680 3504(,)m 5798(the)s 6156(\207le)s -6528(will)s 6964(\207rst)s 7406(be)s 7699(uncompressed)s 0 3216(using)m -565(the)s 220 fnt35 906 3213(gunzip)m 240 fnt82 1597 3216(command)m -2592(into)s 3010(a)s 3169(temporary)s 4198(\207le)s 4552(called)s -220 fnt35 5173 3213(lout.eps)m 240 fnt82 5987 3216(in)m 6223(the)s -6564(current)s 7293(directory)s 15(.)k 8297(This)s 8765(\207le)s -0 2928(is)m 210(remo)s 3(v)k 3(ed)k 1099(immediately)s -2347(after)s 2843(it)s 3035(is)s 3245(copied)s 3941(into)s -4366(the)s 4714(output)s 5386(\207le.)s 240 fnt84 0 2135(3.39.)m -591(@Pr)s 4(ependGraphic and @SysPr)k 4(ependGraphic)k 240 fnt82 582 1658(These)m -1252(symbols,)s 2200(which)s 2885(may)s 3394(appear)s 4134(an)s 3(ywhere)k -5160(that)s 5621(a)s 5830(de\207nition)s 6847(or)s 220 fnt35 -7149 1655(@Use)m 240 fnt82 7857 1658(symbol)m 8660(may)s 0 1370(appear)m 9(,)k -738(tell)s 1101(Lout)s 1617(to)s 1860(include)s 2624(the)s -2976(contents)s 3828(of)s 4103(a)s 4273(\207le)s 4637(in)s -4884(the)s 5236(preamble)s 6185(of)s 6460(its)s 6740(output.)s -7520(F)s 3(or)k 7913(Basser)s 8614(Lout)s 0 1082(this)m -418(means)s 1102(that)s 1542(the)s 1912(\207le)s 2295(must)s -2843(contain)s 3626(PostScript)s 4690(\(and)s 5195(ideally)s 5921(it)s -6136(w)s 2(ould)k 6813(be)s 3(gin)k 7421(and)s -7847(end)s 8273(with)s 8778(the)s 220 fnt35 0 791(%%BeginResource)m -240 fnt82 1941 794(and)m 220 fnt35 2345 791(%%EndResource)m 240 fnt82 -4116 794(comments)m 5150(of)s 5421(DSC)s 5939(3.0\).)s 6482(F)s 3(or)k -6871(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 293(@SysPrependGr)m 2(aphic { diagf)k 6(.lpg })k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 66 72 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(66)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(appears)m -818(at)s 1088(the)s 1474(start)s 1981(of)s 2290(the)s -2676(Diag)s 3231(package;)s 4165(the)s 4551(\207le)s 220 fnt35 -4949 13202(diagf)m 6(.lpg)k 240 fnt82 5857 13205(contains)m 6743(a)s -6946(number)s 7775(of)s 8084(PostScript)s 0 12917(de\207nitions)m 1048(used)s -1532(by)s 1812(Diag)s 2317(for)s 2642(dra)s 3(wing)k -3462(diagrams.)s 4489(It)s 4680(sa)s 4(v)k 3(es)k -5229(a)s 5382(lot)s 5680(of)s 5938(space)s 6511(to)s -6737(include)s 7484(them)s 8008(just)s 8400(once)s 8894(at)s -0 12629(the)m 334(start)s 789(lik)s 2(e)k 1186(this,)s -1624(rather)s 2225(than)s 2679(with)s 3146(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k -3708(diagram.)s 220 fnt35 4640 12626(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -6498 12629(and)m 220 fnt35 6887 12626(@SysPrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -0 12341(search)m 667(for)s 1005(the)s 1353(\207le)s 1714(in)s -1957(the)s 2305(same)s 2852(places)s 3500(as)s 220 fnt35 -3750 12338(@Include)m 240 fnt82 4732 12341(and)m 220 fnt35 5136 12338(@SysInclude)m -240 fnt82 6484 12341(respecti)m 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(.)k -240 fnt84 0 11548(3.40.)m 591(@Include and @SysInclude)s 240 fnt82 562 11071(These)m -1212(symbols)s 2083(instruct)s 2882(Lout)s 3417(to)s 3678(temporarily)s -4869(switch)s 5572(to)s 5834(reading)s 6627(another)s 7426(\207le,)s -7861(whose)s 8552(name)s 0 10783(appears)m 781(in)s 1024(braces)s -1685(follo)s 6(wing)k 2662(the)s 3010(symbol.)s 3879(F)s 3(or)k -4268(e)s 3(xample,)k 220 fnt35 480 10282(@Include { "/usr/lout/f)m 6(ontdefs" })k -240 fnt82 0 9788(will)m 434(cause)s 1030(the)s 1386(contents)s -2243(of)s 2522(\207le)s 2892(/usr/lout/fontdefs)s 4596(to)s 4844(be)s -5134(read)s 5612(at)s 5852(the)s 6209(point)s 6769(it)s -6970(occurs.)s 7766(After)s 8338(that)s 8765(\207le)s 0 9500(is)m -214(read,)s 736(the)s 1089(current)s 1829(\207le)s 2194(is)s -2409(resumed.)s 3387(The)s 3819(included)s 4706(\207le)s 5071(may)s -5541(contain)s 6307(arbitrary)s 7186(Lout)s 7702(te)s 3(xt,)k -8169(including)s 0 9212(other)m 220 fnt35 566 9209(@Include)m 240 fnt82 -1564 9212(commands.)m 2780(The)s 3224(\207le)s 3600(is)s 3826(searched)s -4735(for)s 5089(\207rst)s 5535(in)s 5794(the)s 6157(current)s -6909(directory)s 15(,)k 7878(then)s 8363(in)s 8621(a)s -8803(se)s 8998(-)s 0 8924(quence)m 732(of)s 1001(standard)s -1866(places)s 2512(which)s 3151(are)s 3496(not)s 3859(necessarily)s -4972(the)s 5318(same)s 5862(places)s 6508(that)s 6923(databases)s -7888(are)s 8232(searched)s 0 8636(for)m 13(.)k 220 fnt35 -429 8633(@SysInclude)m 240 fnt82 1777 8636(searches)m 2637(the)s 2985(standard)s -3853(places)s 4501(only)s 15(.)k 240 fnt84 0 7843(3.41.)m -591(@BackEnd)s 1814(and)s 2255(the)s 2629(PlainT)s 22(ext)k -3663(and)s 4104(PDF)s 4623(back)s 5172(ends)s 240 fnt82 -547 7411(The)m 220 fnt35 983 7408(@Bac)m 4(kEnd)k 240 fnt82 -2136 7411(symbol,)m 2955(which)s 3605(tak)s 2(es)k 4153(no)s -4454(parameters,)s 5615(has)s 5993(for)s 6339(its)s 6623(result)s -7220(a)s 7394(string)s 7999(naming)s 8778(the)s 0 7123(back)m -523(end)s 938(currently)s 1865(in)s 2119(use.)s 2613(Three)s -3237(back)s 3761(ends)s 4262(are)s 4620(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k -5590(PostScript,)s 6690(PDF)s 7198(and)s 7613(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt.)k -8698(The)s 0 6835(symbol)m 760(is)s 970(generally)s 1913(used)s -2410(lik)s 2(e)k 2822(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 6334(@Bac)m 4(kEnd @Case {)k -480 6046( PlainT)m 26(e)k 6(xt @Y)k 4(ield { ...)k 13( })k -480 5758( P)m 11(ostScr)k -3(ipt @Y)k 4(ield { ...)k 13( })k -480 5470( PDF @Y)m 4(ield { ...)k 13( })k 480 5182(})m 240 fnt82 -0 4688(to)m 255(obtain)s 926(dif)s 6(ferent)k 1817(objects)s -2561(depending)s 3628(on)s 3941(the)s 4305(back)s 4834(end.)s -5360(No)s 220 fnt35 5722 4685(else)m 240 fnt82 6192 4688(is)m -6418(required)s 7288(since)s 7851(these)s 8414(are)s 8778(the)s -0 4400(only)m 480(possible)s 1320(v)s 6(alues.)k 480 4026(When)m -1101(a)s 220 fnt35 1259 4023(@Case)m 240 fnt82 2037 4026(symbol)m -2789(has)s 220 fnt35 3151 4023(@Bac)m 4(kEnd)k 240 fnt82 -4287 4026(for)m 4617(its)s 4885(left)s 5253(parameter)s 6259(and)s -6655(the)s 6994(left)s 7363(parameter)s 8369(of)s 8631(each)s -220 fnt35 0 3735(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 768 3738(symbol)m -1544(within)s 2228(it)s 2435(consists)s 3259(of)s 3546(a)s -3728(sequence)s 4676(of)s 4963(one)s 5381(or)s 5656(more)s -6218(literal)s 6844(w)s 2(ords)k 7494(\(including)s 220 fnt35 -8546 3735(else)m 240 fnt82 8940 3738(\),)m 0 3450(Lout)m 531(will)s -976(optimize)s 1888(by)s 2201(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluating)k -3258(the)s 220 fnt35 3625 3447(@Case)m 240 fnt82 4432 3450(symbol)m -5211(at)s 5463(the)s 5830(time)s 6330(it)s 6541(is)s -6771(read.)s 7365(This)s 7861(optimization)s 0 3162(ensures)m 789(that)s -1228(there)s 1782(is)s 2013(only)s 2514(a)s 2701(small)s -3294(once-only)s 4326(performance)s 5610(penalty)s 6389(for)s 6748(multiple)s -7621(back)s 8155(ends,)s 8722(and)s 0 2874(it)m 206(permits)s -987(these)s 220 fnt35 1548 2871(@Case)m 240 fnt82 2350 2874(symbols)m -3213(\(b)s 4(ut)k 3668(no)s 3976(other)s 4541(symbols\))s -5481(to)s 5734(appear)s 6446(within)s 7128(the)s 7490(object)s -8149(follo)s 6(wing)k 220 fnt35 0 2583(@Include)m 240 fnt82 -982 2586(and)m 220 fnt35 1386 2583(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -3259 2586(symbols.)m 480 2212(The)m 918(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt)k -1899(back)s 2423(end)s 2837(dif)s 6(fers)k 3515(from)s -4050(the)s 4409(PostScript)s 5461(one)s 5874(in)s 6128(tw)s 2(o)k -6548(main)s 7094(respects.)s 8038(First,)s 8593(there)s 0 1924(is)m -226(ef)s 6(fecti)k 6(v)k 3(ely)k 1302(just)s -1724(one)s 2143(font:)s 2711(although)s 3622(all)s 3932(the)s -4297(font)s 4759(commands)s 5864(w)s 2(ork)k 6431(e)s 3(xactly)k -7189(as)s 7456(usual,)s 8085(the)s 3(y)k 8565(don')s 4(t)k -0 1636(actually)m 817(change)s 1558(an)s 3(ything.)k 2565(Each)s -3107(character)s 4049(in)s 4299(this)s 4702(font)s 5155(is)s -5372(tak)s 2(en)k 5953(to)s 6199(be)s 6488(one)s -6898(tenth)s 7440(of)s 7719(one)s 8128(inch)s 8605(wide)s -0 1348(and)m 404(20)s 699(points)s 1335(high.)s 1925(Second,)s -2737(the)s 3085(output)s 3757(is)s 3967(an)s 4250(ordinary)s -5114(te)s 3(xt)k 5529(\207le,)s 5941(not)s 6307(a)s -6473(PostScript)s 7515(\207le.)s 480 974(Clearly)m 15(,)k 1306(with)s -1820(ordinary)s 2716(te)s 3(xt)k 3162(output)s 3866(the)s -4246(possibility)s 5327(of)s 5630(adv)s 6(anced)k 6618(graphics)s -7510(features)s 8348(such)s 8876(as)s 0 686(rotation)m 829(and)s -1262(scaling)s 2022(is)s 2261(curtailed.)s 3290(Ne)s 6(v)k 3(ertheless,)k -4651(all)s 4974(symbols)s 5852(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -6383(well-de\207ned)s 7665(\(possibly)s 8626(null\))s 0 398(ef)m 6(fects)k -706(in)s 976(the)s 1351(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt)k -2348(back)s 2888(end,)s 3368(so)s 3661(there)s 4221(is)s -4457(no)s 4777(additional)s 5815(danger)s 6553(of)s 6851(crashing)s -7741(the)s 8116(system)s 8867(or)s 0 110(obtaining)m 957(grossly)s -1702(unreasonable)s 3020(output)s 3692(by)s 3986(a)s 4152(change)s -4886(to)s 5125(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 67 73 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(3.41.)m 574(@Bac)s 4(kEnd)k 1720(and)s -2146(the)s 2491(PlainT)s 22(e)k 4(xt)k 3458(and)s -3884(PDF)s 4417(bac)s 4(k)k 4929(ends)s 240 fnt84 -8831 13840(67)m 240 fnt82 480 13249(The)m 905(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt)k -1872(back)s 2382(end)s 2783(is)s 2990(obtained)s 3869(by)s -4160(the)s 220 fnt35 4505 13246(-p)m 240 fnt82 4749 13249(option)m -5415(to)s 5651(Basser)s 6345(Lout.)s 6958(The)s 7383(character)s -8314(size)s 8737(can)s 0 12961(be)m 282(changed)s 1138(by)s -1432(adding)s 2137(tw)s 2(o)k 2547(lengths)s 3289(to)s -3528(the)s 220 fnt35 3876 12958(-p)m 240 fnt82 4123 12961(option,)m -4842(lik)s 2(e)k 5254(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 12464(lout -p0.1i12p ...)m -240 fnt82 0 11968(which)m 650(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es)k -1439(the)s 1795(PlainT)s 16(e)k 3(xt)k 2773(back)s -3294(end)s 3706(with)s 4196(each)s 4699(character)s 5641(being)s -6234(0.1)s 6577(inches)s 7247(wide)s 7776(and)s 8188(12)s -8490(points)s 0 11680(high.)m 595(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -1561(e)s 3(xperience)k 2655(suggests)s 3523(that)s 3947(the)s -4301(best)s 4752(approach)s 5691(is)s 5907(to)s 6152(de\207ne)s -6799(all)s 7098(horizontal)s 8128(lengths)s 8876(as)s 0 11392(multiples)m -943(of)s 1218(the)s 220 fnt35 1569 11389(s)m 240 fnt82 -1736 11392(unit)m 2171(\(the)s 2602(width)s 3208(of)s 3482(a)s -3652(space,)s 4293(hence)s 4911(the)s 5262(width)s 5868(of)s -6143(all)s 6439(characters\))s 7538(and)s 7945(to)s 8188(de\207ne)s -8833(all)s 0 11104(v)m 3(ertical)k 777(lengths)s 1530(as)s -1791(multiples)s 2742(of)s 3023(the)s 220 fnt35 3382 11101(f)m -240 fnt82 3511 11104(unit)m 3954(\(the)s 4391(font)s 4847(size,)s -5336(equal)s 5920(to)s 6169(the)s 6528(height)s 7197(of)s -7479(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 8066(character\),)s 0 10816(and)m -404(not)s 770(to)s 1009(change)s 1743(the)s 2091(character)s -3025(size)s 3452(in)s 3695(the)s 4043(command)s 5045(line.)s -480 10442(There)m 1098(is)s 1314(a)s 220 fnt35 1486 10439(-P)m -240 fnt82 1762 10442(option)m 2437(which)s 3085(is)s 3301(identical)s -4184(with)s 4671(the)s 220 fnt35 5025 10439(-p)m 240 fnt82 -5278 10442(option)m 5953(e)s 3(xcept)k 6640(that)s 7064(it)s -7262(inserts)s 7942(a)s 8114(form-feed)s 0 10154(character)m 934(between)s -1788(each)s 2283(tw)s 2(o)k 2693(components)s 3901(of)s -4172(the)s 4520(output,)s 5239(b)s 4(ut)k 5601(not)s -5967(before)s 6633(the)s 6981(\207rst)s 7412(or)s 7671(after)s -8167(the)s 8515(last.)s 480 9780(The)m 911(PDF)s 1412(back)s -1928(end)s 2336(is)s 2549(obtained)s 3435(by)s 3732(typing)s -220 fnt35 4401 9777(lout -Z)m 240 fnt82 5017 9780(.)m 5185(It)s -5393(is)s 5607(similar)s 6332(to)s 6575(PostScript)s 7620(b)s 4(ut)k -7986(much)s 8579(more)s 0 9492(limited)m 755(in)s 1019(functionality)s 15(.)k -2411(Consult)s 3237(a)s 3425(separate)s 4284(document)s 5309(distrib)s 4(uted)k -6407(with)s 6910(Lout)s 7444(for)s 7803(further)s 8534(infor)s -8998(-)s 0 9204(mation.)m 240 fnt84 0 8461(3.42.)m 591(@V)s 24(erbatim and @RawV)k 24(erbatim)k -240 fnt82 543 8029(These)m 1173(symbols)s 2026(instruct)s 2805(Lout)s -3321(to)s 3563(read)s 4036(the)s 4387(follo)s 6(wing)k -5367(te)s 3(xt)k 5786(\(enclosed)s 6763(in)s 7010(braces\))s -7751(v)s 3(erbatim,)k 8708(that)s 0 7741(is,)m 266(turning)s -1010(of)s 6(f)k 1354(all)s 1647(special)s 2365(character)s -3299(meanings.)s 4380(F)s 3(or)k 4769(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 7240(@V)m 17(erbatim { "hello" })k 240 fnt82 0 6746(produces)m -480 6243("hello")m 220 fnt35 0 5787(@V)m 17(erbatim)k 240 fnt82 -1178 5790(ignores)m 1983(all)s 2325(characters)s 3393(after)s 3938(the)s -4336(opening)s 5210(brace)s 5833(up)s 6175(to)s 6464(b)s 4(ut)k -6875(not)s 7291(including)s 8297(the)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 5502(non-white-space)m -1654(character)s 13(.)k 220 fnt35 2697 5499(@Ra)m 4(wV)k 17(erbatim)k -240 fnt82 4278 5502(dif)m 6(fers)k 4964(from)s 220 fnt35 -5506 5499(@V)m 17(erbatim)k 240 fnt82 6653 5502(only)m 7151(in)s -7413(that)s 7849(it)s 8059(ignores)s 8833(all)s 0 5214(characters)m -1018(after)s 1514(the)s 1862(opening)s 2687(brace)s 3261(up)s -3554(to)s 3793(b)s 4(ut)k 4155(not)s 4521(including)s -5479(the)s 5827(\207rst)s 6258(non-white-space)s 7894(character)s 9(,)k -8867(or)s 0 4926(up)m 302(to)s 551(and)s 965(including)s -1931(the)s 2289(\207rst)s 2730(ne)s 6(wline)k 3547(character)s 9(,)k -4528(whiche)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 5585(comes)s 6257(\207rst.)s -6802(This)s 7287(v)s 6(ariant)k 8014(is)s 8234(useful)s -8883(in)s 0 4638(cases)m 555(such)s 1051(as)s 220 fnt35 -480 4187(@Ra)m 4(wV)k 17(erbatim {)k 480 3899( v)m 5(ar x:)k 11( Real)k -480 3611(begin)m 480 3323(})m 240 fnt82 0 2829(where)m 662(the)s -1033(\207rst)s 1486(line)s 1923(of)s 2217(the)s 2587(v)s 3(erbatim)k -3516(te)s 3(xt)k 3954(be)s 3(gins)k 4649(with)s -5154(white)s 5763(space)s 6373(which)s 7038(w)s 2(ould)k -7715(be)s 8020(ignored)s 8832(by)s 220 fnt35 0 2538(@V)m 17(erbatim)k -240 fnt82 1069 2541(.)m 1232(Both)s 1754(symbols)s 2602(ignore)s -3268(all)s 3560(white)s 4146(spaces)s 4820(at)s 5051(the)s -5398(end)s 5801(of)s 6071(the)s 6418(v)s 3(erbatim)k -7323(te)s 3(xt,)k 7784(preceding)s 8778(the)s 0 2253(closing)m -744(brace.)s 240 fnt84 0 1460(3.43.)m 591(@Underline)s 240 fnt82 -533 1028(The)m 220 fnt35 953 1025(@Under)m -3(line)k 240 fnt82 -2160 1028(symbol)m 2912(underlines)s 3951(its)s 4219(right)s 4722(parameter)s 9(,)k -5767(b)s 4(ut)k 6121(only)s 6593(if)s 6802(that)s -7212(parameter)s 8218(is)s 8420(a)s 8578(w)s 2(ord)k -0 740(or)m 259(a)s 425(paragraph:)s 220 fnt35 480 239(W)m 6(e @Under)k -3(line { really do } mean this)k 3(.)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 68 74 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(68)m 240 fnt83 6081 13843(Chapter)m 6931(3.)s -7205(Pr)s 8(ede\207ned)k 8300(symbols)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(produces)m -480 12702(W)m 19(e)k 849(really)s 849 1679 12678 12 ul -1446(do)s 1739(mean)s -2314(this.)s 0 12199(It)m 204(is)s 412(not)s 776(possible)s -1614(to)s 1851(underline)s 2808(an)s 3089(arbitrary)s 3962(object)s -4604(using)s 5174(this)s 5568(symbol;)s 6383(the)s 220 fnt35 -6729 12196(@Under)m -3(line)k 240 fnt82 7942 12199(symbol)m 8700(will)s -0 11911(be)m 282(ignored)s 1071(if)s 1288(this)s 1684(is)s -1894(attempted.)s 480 11537(It)m 731(is)s 987(v)s 3(ery)k -1509(easy)s 2034(to)s 240 fnt83 2319 11539(de\207ne)m 240 fnt82 -2990 11537(a)m 3202(symbol)s 4008(which)s 4696(will)s 5168(underline)s -6173(an)s 6502(arbitrary)s 7423(object,)s 8160(using)s 8778(the)s -220 fnt35 0 11246(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 1045 11249(symbol.)m -1915(This)s 2393(raises)s 2988(the)s 3337(question)s 4207(of)s -4479(wh)s 1(y)k 220 fnt35 4946 11246(@Under)m -3(line)k -240 fnt82 6163 11249(is)m 6374(needed)s 7111(at)s 7345(all.)s -7748(The)s 8177(answer)s 8916(is)s 0 10961(that)m 220 fnt35 -418 10958(@Under)m -3(line)k 240 fnt82 1633 10961(has)m 2003(tw)s 2(o)k -2413(properties)s 3419(that)s 3837(distinguish)s 4944(it)s 5136(from)s -5660(symbols)s 6509(based)s 7112(on)s 220 fnt35 7409 10958(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 8393 10961(.)m 480 10587(First,)m 1021(when)s 220 fnt35 -1594 10584(@Under)m -3(line)k 240 fnt82 2806 10587(both)m 3286(contains)s -4130(a)s 4293(paragraph)s 5303(and)s 5704(is)s 5911(used)s -6404(within)s 7069(a)s 7232(paragraph,)s 8292(as)s 8539(in)s -8778(the)s 0 10299(e)m 3(xample)k 875(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e,)k -1561(the)s 1921(inner)s 2485(and)s 2901(outer)s 3465(paragraphs)s -4577(are)s 4937(mer)s 4(ged)k 5720(into)s 6158(one,)s -6623(permitting)s 7684(the)s 8045(underlined)s 0 10011(te)m 3(xt)k -412(to)s 647(break)s 1236(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -1711(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 2430(lines.)s 3041(This)s -3513(is)s 3720(ho)s 6(w)k 4177(the)s 220 fnt35 -4522 10008(@F)m 6(ont)k 240 fnt82 5230 10011(symbol)m 5986(w)s 2(orks)k -6617(too,)s 7026(b)s 4(ut)k 7385(symbols)s 8230(based)s -8829(on)s 220 fnt35 0 9720(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -1044 9723(do)m 1337(not)s 1703(permit)s 2386(this)s 2782(mer)s 4(ging.)k -480 9349(Second,)m 1292(Adobe)s 1987(font)s 2432(\207les)s 2881(specify)s -3625(the)s 3973(correct)s 4694(position)s 5522(and)s 5926(thickness)s -6867(of)s 7138(underlining)s 8294(for)s 8631(each)s 0 9061(font,)m -501(and)s 914(the)s 220 fnt35 1272 9058(@Under)m -3(line)k -240 fnt82 2496 9061(symbol)m 3266(follo)s 6(ws)k 4037(these)s -4593(speci\207cations.)s 6068(The)s 6505(font)s 6960(used)s 7466(is)s -7685(the)s 8043(font)s 8497(of)s 8778(the)s 0 8773(\207rst)m -431(object)s 1075(underlined,)s 2205(if)s 2422(it)s 2614(is)s -2824(a)s 2990(simple)s 3683(w)s 2(ord,)k 4280(or)s -4539(else)s 4966(the)s 5314(font)s 5759(of)s 6030(the)s -6378(enclosing)s 7348(paragraph.)s 240 fnt84 0 7980(3.44.)m 591(@P)s 2(ageLabel)k -240 fnt82 533 7503(The)m 220 fnt35 953 7500(@P)m 8(ageLabel)k -240 fnt82 2255 7503(symbol)m 3007(associates)s 4005(a)s 4164(page)s -4664(label)s 5176(in)s 5411(the)s 5751(PostScript)s 6786(output)s -7450(\207le)s 7804(with)s 8278(the)s 8618(page)s 0 7215(within)m -688(which)s 1350(\(or)s 1708(just)s 2133(before)s 2819(which\))s -3552(the)s 3920(symbol)s 4700(occurs,)s 5451(so)s 5737(that)s -6175(PostScript)s 7237(vie)s 6(wers)k 8045(are)s 8412(able)s -8887(to)s 0 6927(inde)m 3(x)k 587(the)s 939(page)s -1450(by)s 1748(this)s 2148(label.)s 2779(\(The)s 3290(label)s -3813(is)s 4026(printed)s 4765(in)s 5011(the)s 220 fnt35 -5363 6924(%%P)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 6313 6927(comment)m 7266(preceding)s -8266(the)s 8618(page)s 0 6639(in)m 243(the)s 591(PostScript)s -1633(output)s 2305(\207le.\))s 2858(F)s 3(or)k 3247(e)s 3(xample,)k -220 fnt35 480 6138(@P)m 8(ageLabel iv)k 240 fnt82 0 5639(associates)m -1018(the)s 1379(label)s 220 fnt35 1910 5636(iv)m 240 fnt82 -2140 5639(with)m 2634(the)s 2995(page.)s 3623(The)s 4064(label)s -4595(may)s 5074(be)s 5368(an)s 5664(arbitrary)s 6551(object;)s -7260(if)s 7489(its)s 7778(v)s 6(alue)k 8358(is)s -8581(not)s 8960(a)s 0 5351(simple)m 693(w)s 2(ord,)k -1290(it)s 1482(will)s 1908(be)s 2190(replaced)s 3057(by)s -220 fnt35 3351 5348(?)m 240 fnt82 3459 5351(.)m 220 fnt35 -480 4974(@P)m 8(ageLabel)k 240 fnt82 1799 4977(is)m 2019(unrelated)s -2977(to)s 3226(Lout')s 13(s)k 3899(cross)s 4451(referencing)s -5602(mechanism;)s 6813(it)s 7016(is)s 7236(for)s 7585(communicating)s -0 4689(a)m 176(label)s 706(to)s 956(the)s 1315(PostScript)s -2368(output)s 3051(\207le,)s 3474(not)s 3851(to)s 4101(other)s -4662(parts)s 5188(of)s 5470(Lout.)s 6097(The)s 6536(result)s -7137(of)s 220 fnt35 7419 4686(@P)m 8(ageLabel)k 240 fnt82 -8739 4689(is)m 8960(a)s 0 4401(null)m 427(object.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 69 75 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Chapter)m 1819(4.)s 2400(Examples)s 240 fnt82 -0 12004(This)m 503(chapter)s 1294(presents)s 2156(some)s 2744(e)s 3(xamples)k -3723(tak)s 2(en)k 4324(from)s 4875(the)s 5251(v)s 6(arious)k -6028(packages)s 6983(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 7919(with)s -8429(Basser)s 0 11716(Lout.)m 661(The)s 1134(reader)s 1835(who)s -2346(masters)s 3171(these)s 3763(e)s 3(xamples)k 4759(will)s -5230(be)s 5557(well)s 6068(prepared)s 7007(to)s 7291(read)s -7805(the)s 8198(packages)s 0 11428(themselv)m 3(es.)k 1223(The)s -1650(e)s 3(xamples)k 2600(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3100(not)s 3465(been)s 3973(simpli\207ed)s 4986(in)s 5229(an)s 3(y)k -5625(w)s 2(ay)k 15(,)k 6113(since)s 6659(an)s -6941(important)s 7929(part)s 8359(of)s 8629(their)s 0 11140(purpose)m -814(is)s 1024(to)s 1263(sho)s 6(w)k 1817(Lout)s -2329(in)s 2572(actual)s 3197(practice.)s 240 fnt84 0 10347(4.1.)m -471(An)s 833(equation)s 1779(f)s 6(ormatting)k 2930(package)s -240 fnt82 480 9870(In)m 751(this)s 1162(section)s 1911(we)s -2261(describe)s 3128(the)s 3491(design)s 4189(and)s 4608(implementation)s -6180(of)s 6466(the)s 6829(Eq)s 7168(equation)s 8065(formatting)s -0 9582(package.)m 976(Equation)s 1925(formatting)s 3014(mak)s 2(es)k -3702(a)s 3896(natural)s 4642(\207rst)s 5101(e)s 3(xample,)k -6043(partly)s 6682(because)s 7523(its)s 7828(requirements)s 0 9294(ha)m 4(v)k 3(e)k -514(strongly)s 1366(in\210uenced)s 2435(the)s 2797(design)s 3493(of)s -3778(Lout,)s 4351(and)s 4769(partly)s 5394(because)s 6221(no)s -6528(cross)s 7084(references)s 8129(or)s 8402(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -0 9006(are)m 347(required.)s 480 8632(T)m 19(o)k 777(the)s -1122(author')s 13(s)k 1939(kno)s 6(wledge,)k 3088(Eq)s -3409(is)s 3615(the)s 3960(\207rst)s 4388(equation)s 5265(formatter)s -6209(to)s 6445(be)s 6723(implemented)s 8026(as)s 8273(a)s -8435(collec)s 8998(-)s 0 8344(tion)m 430(of)s 702(high-)s -1196(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k 1707(de\207nitions.)s 2883(This)s -3360(approach)s 4295(has)s 4666(signi\207cant)s 5724(adv)s 6(antages:)k -6948(the)s 7297(basics)s 7933(of)s 8206(language)s 0 8056(and)m -426(layout)s 1106(are)s 1475(tri)s 6(vial,)k 2167(so)s -2456(the)s 2826(implementor)s 4129(can)s 4540(concentrate)s 5720(on)s -6039(\207ne-)s 6466(tuning;)s 7212(and)s 7638(the)s 8009(de\207nitions,)s -0 7768(being)m 585(readily)s 1302(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable,)k -2261(can)s 2650(be)s 2932(impro)s 3(v)k 3(ed,)k -3950(e)s 3(xtended,)k 4918(or)s 5177(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -5677(replaced.)s 480 7394(As)m 808(described)s 1793(in)s 2048(the)s -2407(User')s 13(s)k 3079(Guide)s 3732([4)s 3925(],)s -4122(an)s 4416(equation)s 5309(is)s 5530(entered)s 6302(in)s -6557(a)s 6734(format)s 7441(based)s 8056(on)s 8364(the)s -8724(one)s 0 7106(introduced)m 1081(by)s 1375(the)s 1723(eqn)s -2126(language)s 3046(of)s 3317(K)s 6(ernighan)k 4378(and)s -4782(Cherry)s 5500([2)s 5693(]:)s 220 fnt35 480 6605(@Eq { { x sup 2 + y sup 2 } o)m 3(v)k 5(er 2 })k -240 fnt82 0 6107(The)m 428(result)s 1018(is)s 168 fnt78 -586 5702(2)m 240 fnt83 480 5642(x)m 240 fnt78 738 5634(+)m -168 fnt78 1041 5702(2)m 240 fnt83 939 5642(y)m 641 0 0 0 240 288 12 480 5544 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -240 fnt78 -743 5316(2)m 240 fnt82 0 4805(In)m 256(outline,)s 1027(the)s -1375(de\207nition)s 2349(of)s 2620(the)s 220 fnt35 2968 4802(@Eq)m -240 fnt82 3506 4805(symbol)m 4266(is)s 220 fnt35 480 4308(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t sup o)k 3(v)k 5(er "+" "2" "<=")k -480 4020(def @Eq)m 480 3732( body @Body)m 480 3444({)m 480 3156( def sup precedence 60 left x r)m -3(ight y { ...)k 13( })k -480 2868( def o)m 3(v)k 5(er precedence 54 left x r)k -3(ight y { ...)k 13( })k -480 2580( def "2" { Base @F)m 6(ont "2" })k 480 2292( def "+" { {Symbol Base} @F)m 6(ont "+" })k 480 2004( def "<=" { {Symbol Base} @F)m 6(ont "\\243" })k -480 1716( ...)m 480 1140( Slope @F)m 6(ont 1.2f @Break 0c @Space @Body)k 480 852(})m 192 fnt84 -4439 2(69)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 70 76 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(70)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(A)m 259(body)s 822(parameter)s -1865(is)s 2104(used)s 2630(to)s 2898(restrict)s 3649(the)s -4026(visibility)s 4958(of)s 5258(the)s 5635(equation)s 6545(formatting)s -7635(symbols)s 8514(\(there)s 0 12917(are)m 366(hundreds)s 1315(of)s -1606(them\).)s 2347(The)s 2794(equation)s 3695(as)s 3965(a)s -4151(whole)s 4811(is)s 5041(set)s 5386(in)s 5649(Slope)s -6269(\(i.e.)s 6704(Italic\))s 7341(font,)s 7853(and)s 8277(symbols)s -0 12629(such)m 515(as)s 220 fnt35 784 12626("2")m 240 fnt82 -1127 12629(and)m 220 fnt35 1550 12626("+")m 240 fnt82 1899 12629(are)m -2265(de\207ned)s 3048(when)s 3643(other)s 4213(fonts)s 4762(are)s -5128(needed.)s 5990(Precedences)s 7241(are)s 7608(used)s 8124(to)s -8383(resolv)s 3(e)k 0 12341(ambiguities)m 1170(such)s 1670(as)s -220 fnt35 1925 12338(a sup b o)m 3(v)k 5(er c)k 240 fnt82 -3291 12341(.)m 3459(Eq)s 3788(tak)s 2(es)k 4332(all)s -4630(spacing)s 5418(decisions)s 6363(on)s 6665(itself,)s 7252(so)s -7523(to)s 7766(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k 8539(white)s -0 12053(space)m 574(typed)s 1151(by)s 1432(the)s 1767(user)s -2212(from)s 2723(interfering,)s 3824(the)s 4158(equation)s 5026(is)s -5223(enclosed)s 6105(in)s 220 fnt35 6335 12050(0c @Space)m 240 fnt82 -7465 12053(.)m 7616(W)s 19(e)k 7972(will)s 8384(discuss)s -0 11765(the)m 220 fnt35 348 11762(1.2f @Break)m 240 fnt82 1631 11765(later)m 13(.)k -480 11391(Thus)m 1015(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 1521(we)s -1861(disposed)s 2762(of)s 3038(the)s 3391(language)s 4316(design)s -5003(part)s 5439(of)s 5715(the)s 6068(equation)s 6954(formatting)s -8020(problem;)s 8934(it)s 0 11103(remains)m 807(no)s 6(w)k -1268(to)s 1507(de\207ne)s 2148(the)s 2496(twenty)s 3201(or)s -3460(so)s 3726(symbols)s 4575(with)s 5057(parameters,)s 6211(and)s -6615(get)s 6967(the)s 7315(layout)s 7973(right.)s 480 10729(Ev)m 3(ery)k -1115(equation)s 2010(has)s 2393(an)s 240 fnt83 2690 10731(axis)m -240 fnt82 3070 10729(:)m 3250(an)s 3546(imaginary)s 4583(horizontal)s -5620(line)s 6048(through)s 6864(the)s 7225(centre)s 7878(of)s -8163(v)s 6(ariables,)k 0 10441(through)m 795(the)s 1136(bar)s -1494(of)s 1757(b)s 4(uilt-up)k 2556(fractions,)s 3491(and)s -3888(so)s 4146(on.)s 4543(W)s 19(e)k 4905(can)s -5287(satisfy)s 5956(this)s 6345(requirement)s 7552(by)s 7839(ensuring)s -8708(that)s 0 10153(the)m 362(result)s 966(of)s 1251(each)s -1761(symbol)s 2535(has)s 2919(a)s 3100(single)s 3741(ro)s 6(w)k -4175(mark,)s 4788(on)s 5099(the)s 5461(axis.)s 6025(F)s 3(or)k -6428(e)s 3(xample,)k 7356(the)s 7719(superscripting)s 0 9865(symbol)m -760(is)s 970(de\207ned)s 1733(as)s 1983(follo)s 6(ws:)k -220 fnt35 480 9366(def sup)m 480 9078( precedence 60)m 480 8790( associativity left)m 480 8502( left x)m -480 8214( named gap { @SupGap })m 480 7926( r)m -3(ight y)k 480 7638({)m 480 7350( @HContr)m 2(act @VContr)k 2(act {)k -480 7062( | @Smaller y)m 480 6774( ^/gap x)m 480 6486( })m 480 6198(})m 240 fnt82 -0 5704(The)m 220 fnt35 430 5701(@VContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 -1684 5704(and)m 220 fnt35 2091 5701(^/)m 240 fnt82 2320 5704(symbols)m -3171(together)s 4017(ensure)s 4699(that)s 5119(the)s 5470(axis)s -5908(of)s 6181(the)s 6532(result)s 7124(is)s 7336(the)s -7687(axis)s 8125(of)s 8398(the)s 8749(left)s 0 5416(parameter)m 13(.)k -1119(A)s 220 fnt35 1363 5413(gap)m 240 fnt82 1795 5416(parameter)m -2823(has)s 3207(been)s 3730(pro)s 3(vided)k 4650(for)s -5002(v)s 6(arying)k 5794(the)s 6156(height)s 6828(of)s -7113(the)s 7475(superscript,)s 8644(with)s 0 5128(def)m 2(ault)k -709(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 1265 5125(@SupGap)m 240 fnt82 -2393 5128(de\207ned)m 3144(else)s 6(where)k 4137(as)s 220 fnt35 -4375 5125(0.40fk)m 240 fnt82 4973 5128(.)m 5124(It)s 5317(is)s -5515(important)s 6492(that)s 6898(such)s 7382(g)s 1(aps)k -7859(be)s 8128(e)s 3(xpressed)k 0 4840(in)m 232(units)s -736(that)s 1142(v)s 6(ary)k 1603(with)s 2073(the)s -2410(font)s 2843(size,)s 3309(so)s 3563(that)s 3969(the)s 3(y)k -4420(remain)s 5129(correct)s 5839(when)s 6403(the)s 6739(size)s -7154(changes.)s 8077(Collecting)s 0 4552(the)m 351(def)s 2(ault)k -1076(v)s 6(alues)k 1735(into)s 2164(symbols)s 3016(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 3432 4549(@SupGap)m 240 fnt82 4515 4552(ensures)m 5287(consistenc)s 3(y)k -6457(and)s 6865(assists)s 7529(when)s 8109(tuning)s 8778(the)s -0 4264(v)m 6(alues.)k 769(Here)s 1289(is)s 1499(another)s -2276(characteristic)s 3600(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 480 3814(def o)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -480 3526( precedence 54)m 480 3238( associativity left)m 480 2950( left x)m 480 2662( named gap { 0.2f })m 480 2374( r)m -3(ight y)k -480 2086({)m 480 1798( @HContr)m 2(act @VContr)k 2(act {)k 480 1510( |0.5r)m -8(t @OneCol x)k -480 1222( ^//gap @HLine)m 480 934( //gap |0.5r)m -8(t @OneCol y)k 480 646( })m 480 358(})m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 71 77 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.1.)m 454(An)s 774(equation)s 1666(formatting)s -2730(pac)s 4(ka)k 2(g)k 2(e)k 240 fnt84 -8839 13840(71)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(Both)m 518(parameters)s 1611(are)s -1953(centred,)s 2758(since)s 3299(we)s 3629(do)s 3917(not)s -4278(kno)s 6(w)k 4853(which)s 5490(will)s 5911(be)s -6188(the)s 6530(wider;)s 7181(we)s 7511(use)s 220 fnt35 -7881 13202(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 8887 13205(to)m 0 12917(mak)m 2(e)k -570(sure)s 1021(that)s 1437(the)s 1782(entire)s 2379(parameter)s -3390(is)s 3598(centred,)s 4405(not)s 4769(just)s 5171(its)s -5445(\207rst)s 5873(column,)s 6696(and)s 220 fnt35 7097 12914(@HContr)m 2(act)k -240 fnt82 8358 12917(ensures)m 0 12629(that)m 428(the)s 787(fraction)s -1597(will)s 2034(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 2627(e)s 3(xpand)k -3385(to)s 3635(\207ll)s 3966(all)s 4269(the)s 4628(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -5547(space,)s 6196(as)s 6457(Lout)s 6980(objects)s 7719(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -8231(a)s 8408(natural)s 0 12341(tendenc)m 3(y)k 915(to)s -1154(do)s 1447(\(Section)s 2300(2.6\).)s 220 fnt35 2843 12338(@HLine)m -240 fnt82 3690 12341(is)m 3900(a)s 4066(horizontal)s 5090(line)s -5504(of)s 5775(the)s 6123(width)s 6725(of)s 6996(the)s -7344(column:)s 220 fnt35 480 11840(def @HLine)m 480 11552( named line { "0.05 ft setline)m 4(width" })k -480 11264({ )m 480 10976( { "0 0 mo)m 3(v)k 5(eto xsiz)k 3(e 0 lineto" line "strok)k 4(e" } @Gr)k 2(aphic {})k -480 10688(})m 240 fnt82 0 10194(Here)m 520(we)s 855(are)s -1202(relying)s 1932(on)s 2229(the)s 2577(e)s 3(xpanding)k -3625(tendenc)s 3(y)k 4540(just)s 4945(mentioned.)s 480 9820(The)m -906(remaining)s 1925(symbols)s 2772(are)s 3116(quite)s 3647(similar)s -4367(to)s 4603(these)s 5148(ones.)s 5748(W)s 19(e)k -6114(conclude)s 7032(with)s 7511(a)s 7675(fe)s 6(w)k -8078(\207ne)s 8490(points)s 0 9532(of)m 271(mathematical)s 1612(typesetting)s -2714(mentioned)s 3782(by)s 4076(a)s 4242(leading)s 4999(authority)s 15(,)k -5954(D.)s 6231(E.)s 6481(Knuth)s 7137([5)s 7322(].)s -480 9158(Some)m 1090(symbols,)s 2004(such)s 2509(as)s 240 fnt78 -2768 9152(\243)m 240 fnt82 2963 9158(and)m 240 fnt78 3376 9152(\271)m -240 fnt82 3505 9158(,)m 3621(should)s 4327(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4837(a)s 5012(thick)s 5560(space)s 6156(on)s 6462(each)s -6966(side;)s 7472(others,)s 8172(such)s 8677(as)s 240 fnt78 -8937 9152(+)m 240 fnt82 0 8870(and)m 240 fnt78 397 8864(-)m -240 fnt82 525 8870(,)m 625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1119(a)s 1278(medium)s 2115(space;)s 2751(others)s 3379(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -3873(a)s 4032(thin)s 4454(space)s 5034(on)s 5324(the)s -5665(right)s 6169(only)s 15(.)k 6737(This)s 7206(w)s 2(ould)k -7854(be)s 8129(easy)s 8601(to)s 8833(do)s 0 8582(e)m 3(xcept)k -681(that)s 1099(these)s 1646(spaces)s 2321(are)s 2668(not)s -3034(w)s 2(anted)k 3781(in)s 4024(superscripts)s 5216(and)s -5620(subscripts:)s 168 fnt83 578 8135(n)m 168 fnt78 680 8129(+)m -793(1)s 240 fnt83 480 8037(r)m 240 fnt78 931 8029(-)m -1131(1)s 240 fnt82 0 7578(In)m 271(ef)s 6(fect,)k -929(the)s 1292(de\207nition)s 2281(of)s 2568(such)s 3079(symbols)s -3943(changes)s 4780(depending)s 5846(on)s 6159(the)s 6522(conte)s 3(xt;)k -7350(b)s 4(ut)k 7727(Lout)s 8254(does)s 8760(not)s -0 7290(permit)m 682(such)s 1176(a)s 1340(change.)s 2180(Luckily)s 15(,)k -3015(the)s 3361(so-called)s 4279(`style')s 4919(information)s 6102(set)s -6426(by)s 6718(the)s 220 fnt35 7064 7287(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 7716 7290(,)m 220 fnt35 7821 7287(@Break)m 240 fnt82 -8617 7290(,)m 8722(and)s 220 fnt35 0 6999(@Space)m 240 fnt82 -891 7002(symbols)m 1734(can)s 2116(change)s 2844(in)s 3080(this)s -3470(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k 4009(Accordingly)s 15(,)k -5291(Eq)s 5608(uses)s 6065(the)s 220 fnt35 6406 6999(y)m -240 fnt82 6568 7002(unit,)m 7040(which)s 7676(is)s 7879(part)s -8304(of)s 8568(style,)s 0 6714(for)m 338(these)s 885(spaces:)s -220 fnt35 480 6213(def @MedGap { 0.20y })m 480 5637(def "+" { &@MedGap plus &@MedGap })m 480 5061(def @HSqueez)m 3(e r)k -3(ight x { 0.2f @YUnit x })k -240 fnt82 0 4562(In)m 261(the)s 615(equation)s 1502(as)s -1758(a)s 1929(whole,)s 2627(the)s 2981(y)s 3161(unit)s -3599(is)s 3814(initially)s 4616(set)s 4947(to)s 220 fnt35 -5192 4559(1f)m 240 fnt82 5372 4562(,)m 5484(and)s 5894(so)s -220 fnt35 6166 4559(@MedGap)m 240 fnt82 7289 4562(ordinarily)m 8291(supplies)s -0 4274(20%)m 495(of)s 777(this)s 1184(amount.)s 2077(But)s -2494(superscripts)s 3697(and)s 4112(subscripts)s 5130(are)s 5488(enclosed)s -6394(in)s 6648(the)s 220 fnt35 7007 4271(@HSqueez)m 3(e)k -240 fnt82 8314 4274(symbol,)m 0 3986(which,)m 744(by)s 1091(changing)s -2075(the)s 2476(y)s 2703(unit,)s 3235(ensures)s 4056(that)s -4527(an)s 3(y)k 220 fnt35 4977 3983(@MedGap)m 240 fnt82 -6147 3986(within)m 6868(them)s 7459(is)s 7722(much)s 8364(smaller)s -0 3698(than)m 469(usual.)s 240 fnt84 0 2955(4.2.)m 471(P)s 2(aragraphs,)k -1780(displays,)s 2718(and)s 3159(lists)s 240 fnt82 480 2478(The)m -914(remaining)s 1942(sections)s 2770(of)s 3047(this)s 3449(chapter)s -4219(are)s 4572(all)s 4871(based)s 5481(on)s 5784(V)s 26(ersion)k -6578(2)s 6759(of)s 7036(the)s 7391(DocumentLayout)s 0 2190(package.)m -941(V)s 26(ersion)k 1722(3,)s 1942(which)s 2577(is)s -2779(similar)s 3494(b)s 4(ut)k 3849(more)s 4389(elaborate,)s -5364(is)s 5566(described)s 6533(from)s 7050(the)s 7391(user')s 13(s)k -7991(perspecti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 0 1902(in)m 249(the)s -604(User')s 13(s)k 1272(Guide)s 1920([4)s 2113(].)s -2363(In)s 2625(26)s 2925(pages)s 3528(of)s 3806(Lout,)s -4372(the)s 4726(DocumentLaytout)s 6534(package)s 7381(de\207nes)s 8117(man)s 3(y)k -8707(fea)s 8998(-)s 0 1614(tures)m 506(required)s 1350(in)s -1583(the)s 1921(formatting)s 2972(of)s 3233(simple)s 3916(documents,)s -5050(technical)s 5957(reports,)s 6717(and)s 7111(books,)s 7781(including)s -8728(dis)s 8998(-)s 0 1326(plays,)m 603(lists,)s 1085(page)s -1584(layout,)s 2280(cross)s 2813(references,)s 3891(tables)s 4490(of)s -4752(contents,)s 5647(footnotes,)s 6635(\207gures,)s 7384(tables,)s 8039(references,)s -0 1038(chapters,)m 903(sections,)s 1780(and)s 2184(sorted)s 2826(inde)s 3(x)k 3(es.)k -480 664(The)m 939(symbols)s 1819(used)s 2347(for)s 2716(separating)s -3782(paragraphs)s 4913(and)s 5348(producing)s 6403(displays)s 7269(and)s -7704(lists)s 8170(may)s 8667(lack)s 0 376(the)m 351(e)s 3(xcitement)k -1459(of)s 1733(more)s 2284(e)s 3(xotic)k 2921(features,)s -3786(b)s 4(ut)k 4152(the)s 3(y)k 4618(can)s -5010(teach)s 5574(some)s 6139(important)s 7131(lessons)s 7876(about)s -8472(rob)s 4(ust)k 0 88(design.)m 786(The)s 1211(follo)s 6(wing)k -2185(macro)s 2832(for)s 3167(separating)s 4199(paragraphs)s 5296(produces)s -6207(a)s 6370(0.3)s 6711(cm)s 7060(v)s 3(ertical)k -7824(space)s 8408(and)s 8809(a)s 8971(1)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 72 78 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(72)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(cm)m 352(indent)s 1010(on)s -1307(the)s 1655(follo)s 6(wing)k 2632(line,)s 3097(and)s -3501(is)s 3711(clearly)s 4414(on)s 4711(the)s 5059(right)s -5570(track:)s 220 fnt35 480 12704(macro @PP { //0.3c &1c })m 240 fnt82 0 12210(Ne)m 6(v)k 3(ertheless)k -1276(it)s 1468(has)s 1838(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k -2560(major)s 3177(problems.)s 480 11836(The)m 220 fnt35 926 11833(&)m -240 fnt82 1147 11836(symbol)m 1926(is)s 2154(subject)s 2910(to)s -3168(widening)s 4130(during)s 4827(line)s 5260(adjustment,)s 6434(so)s -6719(it)s 6930(should)s 7645(be)s 7946(replaced)s 8832(by)s -220 fnt35 0 11545(1c @Wide {})m 240 fnt82 1213 11548(.)m 1387(But)s -1804(then)s 2284(white)s 2882(space)s 3480(follo)s 6(wing)k -4468(the)s 4827(symbol)s 5597(will)s 6034(af)s 6(fect)k -6641(the)s 7000(result,)s 7648(so)s 7925(an)s 8219(e)s 3(xtra)k -220 fnt35 8764 11545(&0i)m 240 fnt82 0 11260(must)m 528(be)s -814(added.)s 1553(If)s 1787(the)s 2138(document)s 3146(is)s -3359(printed)s 4098(double)s 4810(spaced,)s 5571(this)s 5971(paragraph)s -6987(g)s 1(ap)k 7389(will)s 7818(f)s 2(ail)k -8192(to)s 8435(widen:)s 0 10972(it)m 204(should)s 914(be)s -1208(e)s 3(xpressed)k 2219(in)s 2475(terms)s 3068(of)s -3352(the)s 220 fnt35 3712 10969(v)m 240 fnt82 3894 10972(unit,)m -4386(with)s 4880(mark-to-mark)s 6280(spacing)s 7076(mode.)s 7785(Similarly)s 15(,)k -8778(the)s 0 10684(paragraph)m 1013(indent)s 1671(should)s 2368(probably)s -3273(be)s 3555(made)s 4129(proportional)s 5366(to)s 5605(the)s -5953(font)s 6398(size.)s 480 10310(`Magic)m 1211(numbers')s 2135(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 2535 10307(0.3c)m 240 fnt82 2993 10310(should)m 3678(not)s -4032(be)s 4302(b)s 4(uried)k 4955(in)s 5186(de\207nitions)s -6235(where)s 6863(the)s 3(y)k 7314(cannot)s 8000(be)s -8270(changed)s 0 10022(easily)m 15(,)k 649(or)s 908(k)s 2(ept)k -1378(consistent)s 2394(with)s 2876(similar)s 3598(de\207nitions)s 4659(during)s -5337(tuning.)s 6113(The)s 3(y)k 6656(are)s 7003(much)s -7592(better)s 8195(placed)s 8876(as)s 0 9734(symbols,)m 905(possibly)s -1757(parameters)s 2855(of)s 3126(the)s 3474(enclosing)s 4444(package:)s -220 fnt35 480 9233(def @DocumentLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k 480 8945( named @P)m 8(ar)k 2(aGap { 1.3vx })k -480 8657( named @P)m 8(ar)k 2(aIndent { 2f })k 480 8369( ...)m 480 8081(@Begin)m -480 7505( macro @PP { //@P)m 8(ar)k 2(aGap @P)k 8(ar)k 2(aIndent @Wide &0i })k -480 7217( macro @LP { //@P)m 8(ar)k 2(aGap })k 480 6929( ...)m 480 6641(@End @DocumentLa)m 6(y)k 4(out)k -240 fnt82 0 6143(and)m 404(we)s 739(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -1240(arri)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k 1965(at)s 2197(the)s -2545(de\207nition)s 3519(of)s 220 fnt35 3790 6140(@PP)m 240 fnt82 -4356 6143(as)m 4606(it)s 4798(appears)s 5579(in)s 5822(the)s -6170(DocumentLayout)s 7905(package.)s 480 5769(A)m 710(display)s 1455(is)s -1665(a)s 1831(table)s 2351(in)s 2594(which)s 3236(the)s -3584(\207rst)s 4015(column)s 4790(is)s 5000(blank:)s 240 fnt83 -480 5266(pr)m 8(eceding)k 1483(te)s 4(xt)k 220 fnt35 -480 4973(//@DispGap |@DispIndent)m 240 fnt83 3183 4978(display)m 220 fnt35 480 4685(//@DispGap)m -240 fnt83 480 4402(following)m 1438(te)s 4(xt)k 240 fnt82 -0 3901(Edge-to-edge)m 1345(is)s 1557(the)s 1906(appropriate)s 3052(spacing)s -3838(mode)s 4427(before)s 5095(and)s 5500(after)s 5998(displays,)s -6891(since)s 7439(the)s 7789(display)s 8536(could)s 0 3613(be)m -273(a)s 430(table)s 941(or)s 1191(\207gure)s 1796(whose)s -2455(mark)s 2998(does)s 3479(not)s 3836(correspond)s 4948(to)s -5178(a)s 5335(baseline.)s 6273(Thus,)s 220 fnt35 6850 3610(1v)m -240 fnt82 7132 3613(is)m 7333(a)s 7490(reasonable)s 8558(v)s 6(alue)k -0 3325(for)m 220 fnt35 338 3322(@DispGap)m 240 fnt82 1406 3325(.)m -480 2951(The)m 957(ordinary)s 1871(user)s 2379(cannot)s 3126(be)s -3458(e)s 3(xpected)k 4413(to)s 4702(type)s 5219(the)s -5617(Lout)s 6179(source)s 6908(sho)s 6(wn)k 7635(abo)s 3(v)k 3(e;)k -8363(a)s 8579(more)s 0 2663(appropriate)m 1144(syntax)s 1824(is)s -240 fnt83 480 2160(pr)m 8(eceding)k 1483(te)s 4(xt)k -220 fnt35 480 1867(@IndentedDispla)m 6(y {)k 240 fnt83 2514 1872(display)m -220 fnt35 3321 1867(})m 240 fnt83 480 1584(following)m 1438(te)s 4(xt)k -240 fnt82 0 1083(This)m 491(presents)s 1340(a)s 1521(problem:)s -2499(if)s 220 fnt35 2731 1080(@IndentedDispla)m 6(y)k 240 fnt82 -4593 1083(is)m 4819(made)s 5408(a)s 5589(de\207nition)s 6578(with)s -7075(a)s 7256(right)s 7782(parameter)s 9(,)k 8850(its)s -0 795(result)m 598(will)s 1032(be)s 1322(an)s 1613(object)s -2265(separated)s 3233(from)s 3765(the)s 4121(surrounding)s 5339(te)s 3(xt)k -5762(only)s 6250(by)s 6552(white)s 7147(space,)s 7793(hence)s -8415(part)s 8855(of)s 0 507(the)m 343(paragraph;)s 1405(while)s -1986(if)s 2197(it)s 2383(is)s 2587(a)s 2747(macro,)s -3445(the)s 3787(\207nal)s 220 fnt35 4261 504(//@DispGap)m 240 fnt82 -5505 507(cannot)m 6197(be)s 6473(included)s 7349(in)s 7586(it.)s -7876(The)s 8298(solution)s 0 219(adopted)m 816(in)s 1059(the)s -1407(DocumentLayout)s 3142(package)s 3982(uses)s 4445(a)s 4611(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -5245(and)s 5649(a)s 5815(macro:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 73 79 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.2.)m 454(P)s 19(ar)k 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aphs,)k -1665(displays,)s 2542(and)s 2968(lists)s 240 fnt84 8833 13840(73)m -220 fnt35 480 13207( def @DispPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 12919( def @Disp into { @DispPlace&&preceding })m 480 12631( r)m -3(ight x)k -480 12343( {)m 480 12055( @OneRo)m 3(w x)k 480 11767( })m 480 11191( macro @IndentedDispla)m 6(y)k -480 10903( {)m 480 10615( //@DispGap |@DispIndent @DispPlace |)m 480 10327( //@DispGap // @Disp)m 480 10039( })m 0 9542(@DispPlace)m -240 fnt82 1257 9545(and)m 220 fnt35 1657 9542(@Disp)m 240 fnt82 -2366 9545(are)m 2709(not)s 3070(e)s 3(xported,)k 4007(so)s -4269(there)s 4798(is)s 5003(no)s 5292(danger)s 5999(of)s -6266(a)s 6427(name)s 6997(clash)s 7541(with)s 8019(some)s -8575(other)s 0 9257(symbol.)m 869(The)s 1297(ordinary)s 2161(user')s 13(s)k -2769(syntax)s 3449(e)s 3(xpands)k 4282(to)s 240 fnt83 -480 8754(pr)m 8(eceding)k 1483(te)s 4(xt)k 220 fnt35 -480 8461(//@DispGap |@DispIndent @DispPlace |)m 480 8173(//@DispGap // @Disp {)m 240 fnt83 2890 8178(display)m 220 fnt35 -3637 8173(})m 240 fnt83 480 7890(following)m 1438(te)s 4(xt)k -240 fnt82 0 7389(and)m 397(the)s 220 fnt35 737 7386(@Disp)m -240 fnt82 1442 7389(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 2068(appears)s -2842(at)s 3066(the)s 3406(preceding)s 220 fnt35 4394 7386(@DispPlace)m -240 fnt82 5595 7389(,)m 5694(being)s 6272(itself)s 6812(replaced)s -7671(by)s 220 fnt35 7957 7386(@Null)m 240 fnt82 8542 7389(.)m -8698(The)s 220 fnt35 0 7098(//)m 240 fnt82 184 7101(symbol)m -942(protects)s 1748(the)s 2094(preceding)s 220 fnt35 3088 7098(//@DispGap)m -240 fnt82 4337 7101(from)m 4859(being)s 5443(deleted)s 6189(by)s -6481(this)s 220 fnt35 6876 7098(@Null)m 240 fnt82 7519 7101(when)m -8094(there)s 8625(is)s 8833(no)s 0 6813(follo)m 6(wing)k -977(te)s 3(xt.)k 480 6439(An)m 858(automatically)s 2240(numbered)s -3283(list)s 3662(could)s 4280(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -4809(an)s 5121(arbitrarily)s 6156(lar)s 4(ge)k 6713(number)s -7532(of)s 7831(items,)s 8483(so,)s 8832(by)s 0 6151(analogy)m -812(with)s 1294(sequences)s 2315(of)s 2586(pages,)s 3238(we)s -3573(see)s 3934(immmediately)s 5368(that)s 5786(recursion)s 6732(must)s -7257(be)s 7539(in)s 9(v)k 4(olv)k 3(ed:)k -220 fnt35 480 5650(def @List r)m -3(ight n)k 2(um)k 480 5362({)m -480 5074( @DispIndent @Wide n)m 2(um.)k 13( | @ItemPlace)k 480 4786( //@DispGap @List @Ne)m 6(xt n)k 2(um)k -480 4498(})m 240 fnt82 0 4004(Notice)m 689(ho)s 6(w)k -1146(the)s 220 fnt35 1490 4001(@Ne)m 6(xt)k 240 fnt82 -2210 4004(symbol)m 2965(w)s 2(orks)k 3595(in)s 3834(conjunction)s -5017(with)s 5495(the)s 5838(recursion)s 6780(to)s 7015(produce)s -7838(an)s 8116(ascending)s 0 3716(sequence)m 933(of)s 1204(numbers;)s -2140(the)s 2488(result)s 3078(of)s 220 fnt35 3349 3713(@List 1)m -240 fnt82 4113 3716(will)m 4539(be)s 220 fnt35 480 3215(1.)m 13( @ItemPlace)k -480 2927(2.)m 13( @ItemPlace)k 480 2639(3.)m 13( @ItemPlace)k 480 2351(...)m -240 fnt82 0 1900(W)m 19(e)k 362(can)s 744(follo)s 6(w)k -1408(this)s 1797(with)s 2271(items)s 2832(which)s 3466(are)s -3806(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 4522(tar)s 4(geted)k -5338(to)s 220 fnt35 5569 1897(@ItemPlace&&preceding)m 240 fnt82 8010 1900(,)m -8110(and)s 220 fnt35 8506 1897(@List)m 240 fnt82 0 1612(will)m -426(e)s 3(xpand)k 1173(just)s 1578(enough)s 2341(to)s -2580(accommodate)s 3964(them.)s 480 1238(The)m 908(usual)s 1468(problem)s -2325(with)s 2807(recursi)s 6(v)k 3(e-)k 3741(recepti)s 6(v)k 3(e)k -4663(symbols)s 5513(no)s 6(w)k 5974(arises:)s 6683(there)s -7216(is)s 7426(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k 8137(one)s -8540(une)s 3(x)k 8998(-)s 0 950(panded)m 220 fnt35 -753 947(@List)m 240 fnt82 1313 950(,)m 1424(and)s 1832(until)s -2329(it)s 2525(can)s 2917(be)s 3203(remo)s 3(v)k 3(ed)k -4096(the)s 4448(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5086(containing)s -6152(it)s 6348(will)s 6778(appear)s 7479(to)s 7722(be)s -8008(incomplete)s 0 662(and)m 394(will)s 810(be)s 1081(pre)s 6(v)k 3(ented)k -2063(at)s 2285(that)s 2692(point)s 3234(from)s 3747(\210ushing)s -4562(into)s 4977(its)s 5242(parent)s 5889(\(see)s 6318(page)s -6816(29\).)s 7289(W)s 19(e)k 7647(adopt)s 8229(the)s -8566(usual)s 0 374(solution:)m 937(a)s 1104(forcing)s 1847(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2482(into)s 2908(a)s 3074(later)s 3558(tar)s 4(get)k -4158(will)s 4584(replace)s 5330(the)s 5679(last)s 220 fnt35 -6070 371(@List)m 240 fnt82 6691 374(by)m 220 fnt35 6986 371(@Null)m -240 fnt82 7571 374(.)m 7735(This)s 8212(brings)s 8862(us)s -0 86(to)m 239(the)s 587(de\207nitions)s 1648(as)s 1898(the)s 3(y)k -2361(appear)s 3058(in)s 3301(DocumentLayout:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 74 80 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(74)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @ItemPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 12919(def @ListItem into { @ItemPlace&&preceding })m -480 12631( r)m -3(ight x)k 480 12343({ x })m 480 11851(def @EndListPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k -480 11563(def @EndList f)m 6(orce into { @EndListPlace&&preceding })k 480 11275({})m 480 10783(def @Ra)m 4(wIndentedList)k -480 10495( named style r)m -3(ight tag {})k 480 10207( named indent { @DispIndent })m 480 9919( named gap { @DispGap })m 480 9631( named star)m -8(t { 1 })k -480 9343({)m 480 9055( def @IList r)m -3(ight n)k 2(um)k 480 8767( {)m -480 8479( indent @Wide {style n)m 2(um} | @ItemPlace)k 480 8191( //gap @IList @Ne)m 6(xt n)k 2(um)k -480 7903( })m 480 7327( @IList star)m -8(t // @EndListPlace)k 480 7039(})m 240 fnt82 -0 6545(No)m 6(w)k 514(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -1094(the)s 1442(input)s 220 fnt35 480 6044(@Ra)m 4(wIndentedList)k -480 5756(@ListItem { \207rst item })m 480 5468(@ListItem { second item })m 480 5180(...)m 480 4892(@ListItem { last item })m 480 4604(@EndList)m -0 4146(@Ra)m 4(wIndentedList)k 240 fnt82 1908 4149(will)m 2334(e)s 3(xpand)k -3081(to)s 3320(recei)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 4056(the)s -4404(items,)s 5028(and)s 5432(will)s 5858(be)s 6140(closed)s -6809(of)s 6(f)k 7153(by)s 220 fnt35 7447 4146(@EndList)m -240 fnt82 8397 4149(.)m 480 3775(The)m 220 fnt35 913 3772(indent)m -240 fnt82 1506 3775(,)m 220 fnt35 1619 3772(gap)m 240 fnt82 -1977 3775(,)m 2089(and)s 220 fnt35 2499 3772(star)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 2996 3775(parameters)m 4099(are)s 4452(straightforw)s 2(ard)k -5986(\(note)s 6538(that)s 6962(the)s 7316(b)s 4(urden)k -8039(of)s 8316(typing)s 220 fnt35 8987 3772(1)m 240 fnt82 -0 3487(has)m 378(been)s 895(lifted)s 1464(from)s 1996(the)s -2352(ordinary)s 3224(user\),)s 3816(b)s 4(ut)k 4186(the)s -220 fnt35 4543 3484(style)m 240 fnt82 5054 3487(parameter)m 6076(has)s -6454(a)s 6628(parameter)s 7650(of)s 7929(its)s 8213(o)s 6(wn)k -8686(\(see)s 0 3199(page)m 508(16\).)s 991(It)s 1196(is)s -1406(used)s 1903(lik)s 2(e)k 2315(this:)s 220 fnt35 -480 2698(def @Ra)m 4(wNumberedList { @Ra)k 4(wIndentedList style { tag.)k 13( } })k 480 2410(def @Ra)m 4(wP)k 8(arenNumberedList { @Ra)k 4(wIndentedList style { \(tag\) } })k -240 fnt82 0 1911(In)m 220 fnt35 276 1908(@Ra)m 4(wNumberedList)k -240 fnt82 2294 1911(,)m 220 fnt35 2422 1908(style)m 240 fnt82 -2946 1911(is)m 3176(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3777(the)s -4146(v)s 6(alue)k 220 fnt35 4734 1908(tag.)m 240 fnt82 -5081 1911(,)m 5209(where)s 220 fnt35 5870 1908(tag)m 240 fnt82 -6243 1911(is)m 6474(its)s 6771(o)s 6(wn)k 7255(right)s -7787(parameter)s 9(,)k 8860(so)s 0 1623(the)m 348(v)s 6(alue)k -916(of)s 220 fnt35 1187 1620({style n)m 2(um})k 240 fnt82 -2321 1623(within)m 220 fnt35 2989 1620(@IList)m 240 fnt82 3670 1623(is)m -220 fnt35 3880 1620(n)m 2(um.)k 240 fnt82 4347 1623(;)m -4459(while)s 5046(in)s 220 fnt35 5289 1620(@Ra)m 4(wP)k 8(arenNumberedList)k -240 fnt82 7884 1623(,)m 220 fnt35 7992 1620({style n)m 2(um})k -240 fnt82 0 1335(is)m 220 fnt35 219 1332(\(n)m 2(um\))k -240 fnt82 776 1335(.)m 949(In)s 1215(this)s 1620(w)s 2(ay)k -2080(we)s 2425(achie)s 6(v)k 3(e)k 3211(an)s -3503(unlimited)s 4487(v)s 6(ariety)k 5207(of)s 5487(numbering)s -6587(formats)s 7376(without)s 8176(ha)s 4(ving)k 8887(to)s -0 1047(re)m 6(write)k 220 fnt35 725 1044(@Ra)m 4(wIndentedList)k -240 fnt82 2633 1047(o)m 3(v)k 3(er)k 3112(and)s -3516(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k 13(.)k 480 673(These)m -1113(list)s 1470(symbols)s 2325(are)s 2678(objects)s 3412(without)s -4209(surrounding)s 5425(space,)s 6069(so)s 6341(macros)s 7088(similar)s -7816(to)s 8061(those)s 8629(used)s 0 385(for)m 338(displays)s -1173(are)s 1520(needed:)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 75 81 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.2.)m 454(P)s 19(ar)k 3(a)k 2(gr)k 3(aphs,)k -1665(displays,)s 2542(and)s 2968(lists)s 240 fnt84 8833 13840(75)m -220 fnt35 480 13207(macro @NumberedList { //@DispGap @Ra)m 4(wNumberedList //@DispGap })k 480 12919(macro @P)m 8(arenNumberedList { //@DispGap @Ra)k 4(wP)k 8(arenNumberedList //@DispGap })k -240 fnt82 0 12423(and)m 404(so)s 670(on.)s 480 12049(Lists)m -994(numbered)s 2007(by)s 2300(Roman)s 3047(numerals)s 3973(present)s -4721(a)s 4886(problem,)s 5788(because)s 220 fnt35 6600 12046(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 7322 12049(will)m 7747(not)s 8111(increment)s 0 11761(Roman)m -749(numerals.)s 1789(Instead,)s 2586(the)s 3(y)k 3049(must)s -3574(be)s 3856(stored)s 4498(in)s 4741(a)s 4907(database:)s -220 fnt35 480 11260(def @Roman)m 480 10972( left @T)m 26(ag)k 480 10684( r)m -3(ight @V)k 15(al)k -480 10396({ @V)m 15(al })k 480 9820(@SysDatabase @Roman { standard })m 0 9319(@SysDatabase)m 240 fnt82 -1602 9322(is)m 1835(preferred)s 2790(o)s 3(v)k 3(er)k -220 fnt35 3292 9319(@Database)m 240 fnt82 4529 9322(here)m 5019(because)s -5855(this)s 6274(database)s 7176(should)s 7896(be)s 8201(k)s 2(ept)k -8694(in)s 8960(a)s 0 9034(standard)m 880(place)s 1452(and)s -1868(shared)s 2562(by)s 2868(e)s 6(v)k 3(eryone.)k -3912(The)s 4352(database)s 5243(itself,)s 5838(a)s 6016(\207le)s -6389(called)s 220 fnt35 7029 9031(standard.ld)m 240 fnt82 8174 9034(in)m -8429(Basser)s 0 8746(Lout,)m 559(contains)s 1407(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -2548(of)s 220 fnt35 2819 8743(@Roman)m 240 fnt82 3735 8746(,)m -3842(each)s 4337(enclosed)s 5232(in)s 5475(braces:)s 220 fnt35 -480 8264({ 1 @Roman i })m 480 7976({ 2 @Roman ii })m 480 7688(...)m 480 7400({ 100 @Roman c })m 240 fnt82 -0 6906(Then)m 220 fnt35 549 6903(@Roman&&12)m 240 fnt82 2065 6906(for)m -2403(e)s 3(xample)k 3266(has)s 3636(v)s 6(alue)k -4204(xii,)s 4563(and)s 220 fnt35 480 6405(def @Ra)m 4(wRomanList { @Ra)k 4(wIndentedList style { {@Roman&&tag}.)k 13( } })k -240 fnt82 0 5906(produces)m 922(a)s 1096(list)s 1454(numbered)s -2477(by)s 2779(Roman)s 3535(numerals.)s 4583(The)s 5019(counting)s -5917(still)s 6337(proceeds)s 7246(in)s 7496(Arabic,)s 8261(b)s 4(ut)k -8631(each)s 0 5618(Arabic)m 719(numeral)s 1573(is)s 1799(con)s 9(v)k 3(erted)k -2804(to)s 3059(Roman)s 3824(by)s 4134(the)s 4498(cross)s -5056(reference.)s 6123(Since)s 6726(arbitrary)s 7617(objects)s 8361(may)s -8844(be)s 0 5330(stored)m 642(in)s 885(databases,)s 1908(arbitrary)s -2783(\207nite)s 3330(sequences)s 4351(of)s 4622(objects)s 5350(may)s -5816(be)s 6098(`counted')s 7047(in)s 7290(this)s 7686(w)s 2(ay)k 15(.)k -240 fnt84 0 4538(4.3.)m 471(P)s 2(age)k 1017(lay)s 6(out)k -240 fnt82 480 4061(The)m 921(page)s 1443(layout)s 2115(de\207nitions)s -3190(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 3783(in)s 4040(Section)s -4828(1.2,)s 5249(although)s 6158(correct,)s 6940(are)s 7301(v)s 3(ery)k -7791(basic.)s 8460(In)s 8730(this)s 0 3773(section)m 726(we)s -1053(present)s 1795(the)s 2135(de\207nitions)s 3187(used)s 3676(by)s -3962(the)s 4302(DocumentLayout)s 6029(package)s 6860(for)s 7190(laying)s -7833(out)s 8191(the)s 8530(pages)s 0 3485(of)m 271(books,)s -950(including)s 1906(running)s 2704(page)s 3211(headers)s 3991(and)s -4394(footers,)s 5164(dif)s 6(ferent)k 6038(formats)s 6817(for)s -7155(odd)s 7572(and)s 7975(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8474(pages,)s 0 3197(and)m 404(so)s 670(on.)s 1074(The)s -1502(present)s 2252(document)s 3256(is)s 3466(produced)s 4415(with)s -4897(these)s 5444(de\207nitions.)s 480 2823(W)m 19(e)k 846(be)s 3(gin)k -1429(with)s 1908(a)s 2071(fe)s 6(w)k 2474(de\207nitions)s -3531(which)s 4170(permit)s 4850(the)s 5195(user)s 5650(to)s -5885(create)s 6507(cross)s 7046(references)s 8074(of)s 8342(the)s -8686(`see)s 0 2535(page)m 509(27')s 863(v)s 6(ariety)k -1576(which)s 2220(will)s 2647(be)s 2931(k)s 2(ept)k -3403(up)s 3698(to)s 3938(date)s 4394(automatically)s 15(.)k -5845(The)s 6275(user)s 6734(marks)s 7371(the)s 7721(tar)s 4(get)k -8322(page)s 8832(by)s 0 2247(placing)m 220 fnt35 756 2244(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k intro)k -240 fnt82 2454 2247(,)m 2560(for)s 2897(e)s 3(xample,)k -3810(at)s 4041(the)s 4388(point)s 4939(of)s 5209(interest,)s -6017(and)s 6420(refers)s 7012(to)s 7250(the)s 7597(mark)s 2(ed)k -8369(page)s 8876(as)s 220 fnt35 0 1956(@P)m 8(ageOf intro)k -240 fnt82 1499 1959(else)m 6(where:)k 220 fnt35 480 1459(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k -480 1171(def @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er r)k -3(ight @T)k 26(ag { @Null })k -480 674(def @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k r)k -3(ight x)k 480 386({)m -480 98( @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged x)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 76 82 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(76)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13210(})m 480 12718(def @P)m 8(ageOf r)k -3(ight x)k -480 12430({)m 480 12142( @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&x @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -480 11854(})m 240 fnt82 0 11360(W)m 19(e)k 385(will)s -828(see)s 1206(belo)s 6(w)k 1856(that)s 2291(an)s -2591(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 3662(of)s 220 fnt35 -3949 11357(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er)k 240 fnt82 -5435 11360(appears)m 6233(before)s 6916(each)s 7428(page,)s 8004(with)s -220 fnt35 8503 11357(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 0 11072(parameter)m -1014(equal)s 1587(to)s 1826(the)s 2174(page)s 2682(number)s 13(.)k -3564(Suppose)s 4432(that)s 220 fnt35 4850 11069(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k intro)k -240 fnt82 6548 11072(,)m 6655(which)s 7297(e)s 3(xpands)k -8130(to)s 220 fnt35 480 10571(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged intro)k -240 fnt82 0 10072(happens)m 855(to)s 1113(f)s 2(all)k -1502(on)s 1819(page)s 2346(27)s 2653(of)s 2944(the)s -3311(\207nal)s 3810(printed)s 4564(document)s 5588(\(of)s 5957(course,)s -6707(its)s 7003(v)s 6(alue)k 7590(is)s 220 fnt35 -7819 10069(@Null)m 240 fnt82 8484 10072(which)m 0 9784(mak)m 2(es)k -686(it)s 905(in)s 9(visible\).)k 1988(Then)s 2564(the)s -2939(ef)s 6(fect)k 3561(of)s 220 fnt35 3859 9781(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 4874 9784(is)m 5111(to)s 5377(attach)s 220 fnt35 -6030 9781(intro)m 240 fnt82 6536 9784(as)m 6812(an)s 7122(e)s 3(xtra)k -7683(tag)s 8054(to)s 8320(the)s 8695(\207rst)s 0 9496(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1092(of)s 220 fnt35 1401 9493(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 2908 9496(preceding)m 3943(that)s 4399(\207nal)s 4917(point,)s -5554(and)s 5997(this)s 6431(must)s 6994(be)s 220 fnt35 -7315 9493(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er 27)k 240 fnt82 -9022 9496(.)m 0 9208(Therefore)m 997(the)s 1345(e)s 3(xpression)k -220 fnt35 480 8707(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&intro @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -240 fnt82 0 8208(will)m 422(open)s 941(the)s 1285(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -220 fnt35 2334 8205(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er 27)k -240 fnt82 4097 8208(and)m 4497(yield)s 5028(the)s 5372(v)s 6(alue)k -5936(of)s 6203(its)s 220 fnt35 6474 8205(@T)m 26(ag)k -240 fnt82 7093 8208(parameter)m 9(,)k 8141(27.)s 8540(Thus,)s -220 fnt35 0 7917(@P)m 8(ageOf intro)k 240 fnt82 1499 7920(appearing)m -2495(an)s 3(ywhere)k 3478(in)s 3721(the)s 4069(document)s -5073(yields)s 5695(27.)s 480 7546(Ne)m 3(xt)k 1009(we)s -1351(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 1859(some)s 2427(little)s -2926(de\207nitions)s 3994(for)s 4339(v)s 6(arious)k 5095(parts)s -5617(of)s 5895(the)s 6250(page.)s 220 fnt35 6873 7543(@FullPlace)m -240 fnt82 8055 7546(will)m 8488(be)s 8778(the)s 0 7258(tar)m 4(get)k -599(of)s 870(full-width)s 1882(body)s 2416(te)s 3(xt:)k -220 fnt35 480 6757(def @FullPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k 0 6256(@ColPlace)m 240 fnt82 -1151 6259(will)m 1577(be)s 1859(the)s 2207(tar)s 4(get)k -2806(of)s 3077(body)s 3611(te)s 3(xt)k 4026(within)s -4694(one)s 5096(column:)s 220 fnt35 480 5758(def @ColPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k -0 5257(@T)m 26(opList)k 240 fnt82 972 5260(will)m 1398(be)s -1680(the)s 2028(tar)s 4(get)k 2627(of)s 2898(\207gures)s -3600(and)s 4004(tables:)s 220 fnt35 480 4759(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k -480 4471(def @T)m 26(opList r)k -3(ight @T)k 26(ag)k 480 4183({)m -480 3895( @Galle)m 4(y)k 480 3607( //@T)m 26(opGap @T)k 26(opList @Ne)k 6(xt @T)k 26(ag)k -480 3319(})m 240 fnt82 0 2825(W)m 19(e)k 392(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -916(tak)s 2(en)k 1512(a)s 1702(shortcut)s 2555(here,)s -3096(a)s 4(v)k 4(oiding)k 4002(an)s 4309(unnecessary)s -220 fnt35 5555 2822(@T)m 26(opPlace)k 240 fnt82 6753 2825(symbol.)m -220 fnt35 7645 2822(@F)m 6(ootList)k 240 fnt82 8722 2825(and)m -220 fnt35 0 2534(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 1142 2537(de\207ne)m -1774(a)s 1931(sequence)s 2854(of)s 3116(full-width)s 4119(tar)s 4(gets)k -4793(at)s 5015(the)s 5354(foot)s 5790(of)s 6052(the)s -6390(page)s 6889(for)s 7218(footnotes,)s 8205(preceded)s 0 2249(by)m -294(a)s 460(short)s 998(horizontal)s 2022(line:)s 220 fnt35 -480 1748(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k 480 1460(def @F)m 6(ootList r)k -3(ight @T)k 26(ag)k -480 1172({)m 480 884( @Galle)m 4(y)k 480 596( //@F)m 6(ootGap @F)k 6(ootList @Ne)k 6(xt @T)k 26(ag)k -480 308(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 77 83 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.3.)m 454(P)s 19(a)k 2(g)k 2(e)k -976(layout)s 240 fnt84 8831 13840(77)m 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @F)m 6(ootSect)k -480 12919({)m 480 12631( @F)m 6(ootLen @Wide @HLine)k 480 12343( //@F)m 6(ootGap @F)k 6(ootList 1 ||@F)k 6(ootLen)k -480 12055(})m 240 fnt82 0 11561(Similarly)m 15(,)k 220 fnt35 -988 11558(@ColF)m 6(ootList)k 240 fnt82 2378 11561(and)m 220 fnt35 -2791 11558(@ColF)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 4279 11561(pro)m 3(vide)k -5072(a)s 5247(sequence)s 6189(of)s 6469(tar)s 4(gets)k -7161(for)s 7508(footnotes)s 8458(within)s 0 11273(one)m 402(column:)s -220 fnt35 480 10822(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k -480 10534(def @ColF)m 6(ootList r)k -3(ight @T)k 26(ag)k 480 10246({)m -480 9958( @Galle)m 4(y)k 480 9670( //@F)m 6(ootGap @ColF)k 6(ootList @Ne)k 6(xt @T)k 26(ag)k -480 9382(})m 480 8806(def @ColF)m 6(ootSect)k 480 8518({)m 480 8230( @ColF)m 6(ootLen @Wide @HLine)k -480 7942( //@F)m 6(ootGap @ColF)k 6(ootList 1 ||@ColF)k 6(ootLen)k 480 7654(})m -240 fnt82 0 7160(The)m 428(ne)s 3(xt)k 897(de\207nition)s -1871(pro)s 3(vides)k 2743(a)s 2909(horizontal)s 3933(sequence)s -4866(of)s 5137(one)s 5539(or)s 5798(more)s 6345(columns:)s -220 fnt35 480 6659(def @ColList r)m -3(ight col)k 480 6371({)m 480 6083( def @Column)m -480 5795( { @VExpand { @ColPlace //1r)m -8(t @OneRo)k 3(w { //@MidGap @ColF)k 6(ootSect } } })k 480 5219( col @Case {)m -480 4931( Single @Y)m 4(ield @Column)k 480 4643( Doub)m 4(le @Y)k 4(ield { @Doub)k 4(leColWidth @Wide @Column ||@ColGap @ColList col })k -480 4355( Multi @Y)m 4(ield { @MultiColWidth @Wide @Column ||@ColGap @ColList col })k 480 4067( })m 480 3779(})m 240 fnt82 -0 3285(Each)m 537(column)s 1315(consists)s 2125(of)s 2399(a)s -220 fnt35 2568 3282(@ColPlace)m 240 fnt82 3721 3285(at)m 3956(the)s -4307(top)s 4668(and)s 5075(a)s 220 fnt35 5243 3282(@F)m 6(ootSect)k -240 fnt82 6397 3285(at)m 6632(the)s 6982(foot.)s 7534(The)s -220 fnt35 7965 3282(@VExpand)m 240 fnt82 0 2997(symbol)m 772(ensures)s -1553(that)s 1983(whene)s 6(v)k 3(er)k 2977(a)s -3156(column)s 3943(comes)s 4618(into)s 5056(e)s 3(xistence,)k -6061(it)s 6266(will)s 6705(e)s 3(xpand)k 7464(v)s 3(ertically)k -8429(so)s 8708(that)s 0 2709(the)m 360(bottom-justi\207cation)s 220 fnt35 -2315 2706(//1r)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 2769 2709(has)m 3152(as)s -3414(much)s 4016(space)s 4615(as)s 4878(possible)s 5730(to)s -5982(w)s 2(ork)k 6545(within.)s 7333(The)s 220 fnt35 -7773 2706(col)m 240 fnt82 8112 2709(parameter)m 0 2421(determines)m 1099(whether)s -1929(the)s 2277(result)s 2867(has)s 3237(a)s 3403(single)s -4030(column,)s 4855(double)s 5563(columns,)s 6481(or)s 6740(multiple)s -7592(columns.)s 480 2047(The)m 220 fnt35 908 2044(@P)m 8(age)k -240 fnt82 1687 2047(symbol)m 2447(places)s 3095(its)s 3371(parameter)s -4385(in)s 4628(a)s 4794(page)s 5302(of)s 5573(\207x)s 3(ed)k -6107(width,)s 6759(height,)s 7464(and)s 7868(mar)s 4(gins:)k -220 fnt35 480 1546(def @P)m 8(age r)k -3(ight x)k 480 1258({)m -480 970( @P)m 8(ageWidth @Wide @P)k 8(ageHeight @High {)k 480 682( //@P)m 8(ageMargin ||@P)k 8(ageMargin)k -480 394( @HExpand @VExpand x)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 78 84 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(78)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13207( ||@P)m 8(ageMargin //@P)k 8(ageMargin)k -480 12919( })m 480 12631(})m 0 12134(@HExpand)m 240 fnt82 1169 12137(and)m -220 fnt35 1568 12134(@VExpand)m 240 fnt82 2725 12137(ensure)m 3400(that)s -3814(the)s 4157(right)s 4664(parameter)s 5673(occupies)s 6557(all)s -6845(the)s 7189(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 8092(space;)s -8730(this)s 0 11849(is)m 218(important)s 1215(when)s 1800(the)s -2156(right)s 2676(parameter)s 3698(is)s 3916(unusually)s 4910(small.)s -5599(The)s 220 fnt35 6036 11846(@High)m 240 fnt82 6763 11849(symbol)m -7531(gi)s 6(v)k 3(es)k 8087(the)s 8443(page)s -8960(a)s 0 11561(single)m 627(ro)s 6(w)k 1047(mark,)s -1645(ensuring)s 2522(that)s 2940(it)s 3132(will)s 3558(be)s -3840(printed)s 4575(on)s 4872(a)s 5038(single)s 5665(sheet)s -6216(of)s 6487(paper)s 7078(\(page)s 7665(29\).)s 480 11187(Ne)m 3(xt)k -1002(we)s 1337(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 220 fnt35 -1838 11184(@OneP)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 2972 11187(,)m 3079(de\207ning)s -3917(a)s 4083(typical)s 4788(page)s 5296(of)s 5567(a)s -5733(book)s 6274(or)s 6533(other)s 7084(document:)s 220 fnt35 -480 10686(def @OneP)m 8(age)k 480 10398( named @Columns {})m 480 10110( named @P)m 8(ageT)k 26(op {})k -480 9822( named @P)m 8(ageF)k 6(oot {})k 480 9534({)m 480 9246( @P)m 8(age {)k -480 8958( @P)m 8(ageT)k 26(op)k 480 8670( //@MidGap @T)m 26(opList)k -480 8382( //@MidGap @FullPlace)m 480 8094( //@MidGap @ColList @Columns)m 480 7806( // //1r)m -8(t @OneRo)k 3(w { //@MidGap @F)k 6(ootSect //@MidGap @P)k 8(ageF)k 6(oot })k -480 7518( })m 480 7230(})m 240 fnt82 0 6736(The)m 431(page)s -943(top)s 1305(and)s 1713(page)s 2224(foot,)s 2720(and)s -3128(the)s 3479(number)s 4274(of)s 4548(columns,)s 5470(are)s -5821(parameters)s 6922(that)s 7344(will)s 7773(be)s 8059(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8643(later)s 0 6448(when)m 220 fnt35 565 6445(@OneP)m 8(age)k -240 fnt82 1747 6448(is)m 1946(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(ed.)k -2855(The)s 3272(body)s 3794(of)s 4054(the)s 4390(page)s -4887(is)s 5085(a)s 5240(straightforw)s 2(ard)k 6756(combination)s -7998(of)s 8257(pre)s 6(vious)k 0 6160(de\207nitions.)m 1171(The)s -220 fnt35 1595 6157(//)m 240 fnt82 1777 6160(symbol)m 2533(protects)s -3337(the)s 3681(follo)s 6(wing)k 220 fnt35 4655 6157(//1r)m -8(t)k -240 fnt82 5093 6160(from)m 5614(deletion)s 6437(in)s 6677(the)s -7021(unlik)s 2(ely)k 7854(e)s 6(v)k 3(ent)k -8419(that)s 8833(all)s 0 5872(the)m 342(preceding)s 1331(symbols)s -2174(are)s 2514(replaced)s 3375(by)s 220 fnt35 3662 5869(@Null)m -240 fnt82 4247 5872(.)m 4405(The)s 4826(follo)s 6(wing)k -5797(object)s 6434(is)s 6638(enclosed)s 7526(in)s 220 fnt35 -7763 5869(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 8887 5872(to)m 0 5584(ensure)m -680(that)s 1098(all)s 1391(of)s 1662(it)s 1854(is)s -2064(bottom-justi\207ed,)s 3698(not)s 4064(just)s 4469(its)s 4745(\207rst)s -5176(component.)s 480 5210(Before)m 1199(presenting)s 2262(the)s 2624(de\207nition)s -3612(of)s 3896(a)s 4076(sequence)s 5023(of)s 5308(pages,)s -5974(we)s 6322(must)s 6861(detour)s 7546(to)s 7799(describe)s -8665(ho)s 6(w)k 0 4922(running)m 803(page)s 1317(headers)s -2104(and)s 2513(footers)s 3233(\(lik)s 2(e)k 3730(those)s -4297(in)s 4545(the)s 4899(present)s 5655(document\))s 6732(are)s -7085(produced.)s 8146(These)s 8779(are)s 0 4634(based)m 603(on)s -900(the)s 220 fnt35 1248 4631(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 2250 4634(symbol:)m -220 fnt35 480 4133(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(opOdd @T)k 26(opEv)k 5(en @F)k 6(ootOdd @F)k 6(ootEv)k 5(en)k -480 3845(def @Runner)m 480 3557( named @T)m 26(opOdd r)k -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum { @Null })k -480 3269( named @T)m 26(opEv)k 5(en r)k -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum { @Null })k -480 2981( named @F)m 6(ootOdd r)k -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum { @Null })k 480 2693( named @F)m 6(ootEv)k 5(en r)k -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum { @Null })k -480 2405( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 2117({ @Null })m 240 fnt82 0 1623(The)m -440(four)s 910(parameters)s 2020(control)s 2764(the)s 3125(format)s -3833(of)s 4116(running)s 4926(headers)s 5719(and)s 6136(footers)s -6862(on)s 7171(odd)s 7601(and)s 8017(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -8530(pages)s 0 1335(respecti)m 6(v)k 3(ely)k 15(.)k -1294(In)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 2448(of)s 220 fnt35 -2719 1332(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 3661 1335(,)m 3768(for)s 4106(e)s 3(xample)k -220 fnt35 480 834(@Runner)m 480 546( @T)m 26(opEv)k 5(en { @B @P)k 8(ageNum |1r)k -8(t @I { Chapter 4 } })k -480 258( @T)m 26(opOdd { @I { Examples } |1r)k -8(t @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 79 85 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.3.)m 454(P)s 19(a)k 2(g)k 2(e)k -976(layout)s 240 fnt84 8832 13840(79)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(will)m -416(be)s 687(embedded)s 1719(in)s 1951(the)s 2289(body)s -2812(te)s 3(xt)k 3217(of)s 3477(the)s 3815(document,)s -4855(and,)s 5298(as)s 5537(we)s 5862(will)s 6277(see)s -6628(in)s 6860(a)s 7016(moment,)s 7896(are)s 8232(accessed)s -0 12917(by)m 220 fnt35 296 12914(@Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 2423 12917(cross)m 2967(references)s 4001(on)s 4301(the)s -4651(pages.)s 5363(Notice)s 6059(ho)s 6(w)k 6522(the)s -220 fnt35 6873 12914(@P)m 8(ageNum)k 240 fnt82 8112 12917(parameter)m -0 12629(of)m 265(each)s 753(parameter)s 1761(allo)s 6(ws)k -2423(the)s 2764(format)s 3454(of)s 3718(the)s 4059(running)s -4851(header)s 5541(to)s 5774(be)s 6049(speci\207ed)s 6950(while)s -7531(lea)s 4(ving)k 8277(the)s 8618(page)s 0 12341(number)m -791(to)s 1030(be)s 1312(substituted)s 2406(later)s 13(.)k -480 11967(W)m 19(e)k 843(may)s 1303(no)s 6(w)k -1758(de\207ne)s 220 fnt35 2393 11964(@OddP)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -3872 11967(,)m 3973(whose)s 4635(result)s 5219(is)s 5423(a)s -5583(sequence)s 6510(of)s 6775(pages)s 7365(be)s 3(ginning)k -8367(with)s 8843(an)s 0 11679(odd-numbered)m 1454(page:)s 220 fnt35 -480 11178(def @OddP)m 8(ageList)k 480 10890( named @Columns {})m 480 10602( r)m -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 10314({)m 480 10026( def @Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList ...)k 480 9450( @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 9162( // @Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing @Open {)k 480 8874( @OneP)m 8(age)k -480 8586( @Columns { @Columns })m 480 8298( @P)m 8(ageT)k 26(op { @T)k 26(opOdd @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 8010( @P)m 8(ageF)k 6(oot { @F)k 6(ootOdd @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 7722( })m 480 7434( // @Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList)k 480 7146( @Columns { @Columns })m -480 6858( @Ne)m 6(xt @P)k 8(ageNum)k 480 6570(})m 240 fnt82 -0 6076(Ignoring)m 220 fnt35 887 6073(@Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList)k -240 fnt82 2516 6076(for)m 2865(the)s 3223(moment,)s 4125(notice)s -4775(\207rst)s 5217(that)s 5645(the)s 6004(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -7068(of)s 220 fnt35 7350 6073(@OneP)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 -8554 6076(is)m 8775(en)s 8998(-)s 0 5788(closed)m 679(in)s -220 fnt35 932 5785(@Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing @Open)k 240 fnt82 -3815 5788(.)m 3989(Since)s 220 fnt35 4586 5785(@Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 6721 5788(refers)m 7324(to)s 7573(the)s 7931(\207rst)s -8373(in)s 9(v)k 4(oca)k 8998(-)s 0 5500(tion)m -421(of)s 220 fnt35 684 5497(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 1678 5500(appearing)m -2666(after)s 3154(itself)s 3694(in)s 3929(the)s 4269(\207nal)s -4741(printed)s 5468(document,)s 6511(the)s 6851(symbols)s 220 fnt35 -7692 5497(@T)m 26(opOdd)k 240 fnt82 8722 5500(and)m 220 fnt35 -0 5209(@F)m 6(ootOdd)k 240 fnt82 1127 5212(will)m 1562(tak)s 2(e)k -2023(their)s 2528(v)s 6(alue)k 3105(from)s 3638(the)s -3995(\207rst)s 4434(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 5497(of)s -220 fnt35 5777 5209(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 6788 5212(follo)m 6(wing)k -7773(the)s 8130(top)s 8498(of)s 8778(the)s 0 4924(page,)m -554(e)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 1049(though)s 220 fnt35 -1767 4921(@F)m 6(ootOdd)k 240 fnt82 2880 4924(appears)m 3656(at)s -3883(the)s 4225(foot)s 4665(of)s 4931(the)s 5274(page.)s -5884(Their)s 220 fnt35 6456 4921(@P)m 8(ageNum)k 240 fnt82 -7687 4924(parameters)m 8779(are)s 0 4636(replaced)m 867(by)s 220 fnt35 -1161 4633(@P)m 8(ageNum)k 240 fnt82 2337 4636(,)m 2444(the)s -2792(actual)s 3417(page)s 3925(number)s 4716(parameter)s 5730(of)s -220 fnt35 6001 4633(@OddP)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 7480 4636(.)m -480 4262(After)m 1043(producing)s 2067(the)s 2415(odd-numbered)s 3869(page,)s -220 fnt35 4428 4259(@OddP)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 5967 4262(in)m 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es)k -220 fnt35 6748 4259(@Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -8307 4262(:)m 220 fnt35 480 3761(def @Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList)k -480 3473( named @Columns {})m 480 3185( r)m -3(ight @P)k 8(ageNum)k 480 2897({)m -480 2609( @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 2321( // @Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing @Open {)k 480 2033( @OneP)m 8(age)k -480 1745( @Columns { @Columns })m 480 1457( @P)m 8(ageT)k 26(op { @T)k 26(opEv)k 5(en @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 1169( @P)m 8(ageF)k 6(oot { @F)k 6(ootEv)k 5(en @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 881( })m 480 593( // @OddP)m 8(ageList)k 480 305( @Columns { @Columns })m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 80 86 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(80)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13207( @Ne)m 6(xt @P)k 8(ageNum)k -480 12919(})m 240 fnt82 0 12425(This)m 465(produces)s 1369(an)s -1641(e)s 6(v)k 3(en-numbered)k 3167(page,)s 3714(then)s -4172(passes)s 4823(the)s 5160(ball)s 5562(back)s 6063(to)s -220 fnt35 6291 12422(@OddP)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 7819 12425(\211)m -7988(a)s 8142(delightful)s 0 12137(e)m 3(xample)k 877(of)s -1162(what)s 1701(computer)s 2678(scientists)s 3619(call)s 4032(mutual)s -4765(recursion.)s 5832(The)s 6274(tw)s 2(o)k 6699(page)s -7221(types)s 7791(dif)s 6(fer)k 8388(only)s 8883(in)s -0 11849(their)m 497(running)s 1295(headers)s 2076(and)s 2480(footers,)s -3250(b)s 4(ut)k 3612(other)s 4163(changes)s 4985(could)s -5575(easily)s 6186(be)s 6468(made.)s 480 11475(It)m 682(w)s 2(as)k -1099(foreshado)s 6(wed)k 2489(earlier)s 3153(that)s 3568(an)s -3847(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 4897(of)s 220 fnt35 -5164 11472(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er)k 240 fnt82 -6630 11475(w)m 2(ould)k 7281(precede)s 8076(each)s 8567(page,)s -0 11187(and)m 412(this)s 817(has)s 1195(been)s 1713(done.)s -2351(Although)s 3322(this)s 220 fnt35 3726 11184(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 5204 11187(is)m 5422(a)s 5597(component)s 6729(of)s -7009(the)s 7365(root)s 7819(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -8499(it)s 8700(will)s 0 10899(not)m 366(cause)s 953(a)s -1119(page)s 1627(to)s 1866(be)s 2148(printed,)s 2932(because)s -3745(Basser)s 4442(Lout)s 4954(skips)s 5497(components)s 6705(of)s -6976(height)s 7634(zero.)s 240 fnt84 0 10106(4.4.)m 471(Chapters)s -1468(and)s 1909(sections)s 240 fnt82 480 9629(The)m 905(de\207nitions)s -1962(of)s 2229(chapters)s 3073(and)s 3473(sections)s 4290(from)s -4811(the)s 5155(DocumentSetup)s 6746(package)s 7583(of)s 7850(V)s 26(ersion)k -8634(2)s 8804(\(in)s 0 9341(V)m 26(ersion)k 793(3,)s -1026(the)s 1379(BookSetup)s 2503(e)s 3(xtension)k 3480(of)s -3756(DocumentSetup\))s 5432(form)s 5961(the)s 6315(subject)s 7058(of)s -7334(this)s 7736(section.)s 8583(The)s 3(y)k 0 9053(allo)m 6(w)k -579(a)s 745(chapter)s 1508(to)s 1747(be)s 2029(entered)s -2790(lik)s 2(e)k 3202(this:)s 220 fnt35 480 8552(@Chapter)m -480 8264( @Title { ...)m 13( })k 480 7976( @T)m 26(ag { ...)k 13( })k -480 7688(@Begin)m 480 7400( ...)m 480 7112(@End @Chapter)m 240 fnt82 0 6616(W)m 9(ithin)k -712(the)s 1060(chapter)s 1823(a)s 1989(sequence)s 2922(of)s -3193(sections)s 4014(may)s 4480(be)s 4762(included)s 5644(by)s -5938(writing)s 220 fnt35 480 6115(@BeginSections)m 480 5827(@Section { ...)m 13( })k -480 5539(...)m 480 5251(@Section { ...)m 13( })k 480 4963(@EndSections)m 240 fnt82 -0 4508(These)m 627(are)s 974(numbered)s 1989(automatically)s 15(,)k -3381(and)s 3785(an)s 4068(entry)s 4613(is)s 4823(made)s -5397(for)s 5735(each)s 6230(in)s 6473(a)s 6639(table)s -7159(of)s 7430(contents.)s 480 4134(The)m 901(user)s 1352(of)s -1615(the)s 1956(DocumentSetup)s 3544(package)s 4376(can)s 4758(\207nd)s -5182(the)s 5522(number)s 6306(of)s 6570(the)s 6910(chapter)s -7666(or)s 7918(section)s 8644(with)s 0 3846(a)m 176(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -766(tag)s 1121(by)s 1426(writing)s 220 fnt35 2179 3843(@NumberOf tag)m -240 fnt82 3838 3846(at)m 4081(an)s 3(y)k 4488(point)s -5050(in)s 5304(the)s 5662(document.)s 6780(This)s 7267(feature)s -7995(is)s 8215(based)s 8829(on)s 0 3558(the)m 348(follo)s 6(wing)k -1325(de\207nitions:)s 220 fnt35 480 3057(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k -480 2769(def @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er r)k -3(ight @T)k 26(ag { @Null })k -480 2193(def @NumberOf r)m -3(ight x)k 480 1905({ @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&x @Open { @T)k 26(ag } })k -240 fnt82 0 1406(Each)m 522(chapter)s 1272(and)s 1663(section)s -2384(will)s 2797(contain)s 3545(one)s 3934(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4975(of)s 220 fnt35 5233 1403(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 6918 1406(;)m 7017(a)s 7170(full)s 7543(e)s 3(xplanation)k -8700(will)s 0 1118(be)m 282(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -862(later)s 13(.)k 480 744(A)m 710(sequence)s 1643(of)s -1914(places)s 2562(for)s 2900(recei)s 6(ving)k 3836(chapters)s -4683(is)s 4893(easily)s 5504(de\207ned:)s 220 fnt35 480 243(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ag)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 81 87 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.4.)m 454(Chapter)s 2(s)k 1385(and)s -1811(sections)s 240 fnt84 8839 13840(81)m 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @ChapterList r)m -3(ight @T)k 26(ag)k -480 12919({)m 480 12631( @Galle)m 4(y)k 480 12343( //@ChapterGap @ChapterList @Ne)m 6(xt @T)k 26(ag)k -480 12055(})m 0 11558(@ChapterGap)m 240 fnt82 1505 11561(will)m 1967(usually)s -2747(be)s 220 fnt35 3065 11558(1.1b)m 240 fnt82 3484 11561(,)m -3626(ensuring)s 4539(that)s 4992(each)s 5523(chapter)s 6321(be)s 3(gins)k -7030(on)s 7362(a)s 7564(ne)s 6(w)k 8046(page.)s -8698(The)s 220 fnt35 0 11270(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 1063 11273(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1697(itself)s 2245(is)s 2455(de\207ned)s 3218(as)s 3468(follo)s 6(ws:)k -220 fnt35 480 10772(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @F)k 6(ootNote @BeginSections @EndSections @Section)k -480 10484(def @Chapter f)m 6(orce into { @ChapterList&&preceding })k 480 10196( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 9908( named @Title {})m -480 9620( named @RunningTitle { dft })m 480 9332( body @Body)m 480 9044({)m 480 8756( def @F)m 6(ootNote r)k -3(ight x { @ColF)k 6(ootNote x })k -480 8180( def @BeginSections ...)m 480 7892( def @EndSections ...)m 480 7604( def @Section ...)m 480 7151( def @ChapterTitle)m 480 6863( {)m -480 6575( @ChapterNumbers @Case {)m 480 6287( {Y)m 30(es y)k 4(es} @Y)k 4(ield { Chapter {@NumberOf @T)k 26(ag}.)k 13( |2s @Title })k -480 5999( else @Y)m 4(ield @Title)k 480 5711( })m 480 5423( })m 480 4847( def @ChapterNum)m -480 4559( {)m 480 4271( @ChapterNumbers @Case {)m 480 3983( {Y)m 30(es y)k 4(es} @Y)k 4(ield { Chapter {@NumberOf @T)k 26(ag} })k -480 3695( else @Y)m 4(ield @Null)k 480 3407( })m 480 3119( })m 480 2627( r)m 2(agged @Break @BookTitleF)k 6(or)k -5(mat @ChapterTitle)k -480 2339( // @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er {)k 480 2051( @ChapterList&&@T)m 26(ag @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -480 1763( })m 480 1475( // @ChapterList&&preceding @T)m 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k 480 1187( // @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 899( // @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 611( // { @ChapterTitle } @MajorContentsEntr)m -6(y {@P)k 8(ageOf @T)k 26(ag})k 480 323( // @Runner)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 82 88 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(82)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13207( @F)m 6(ootEv)k 5(en { |0.5r)k -8(t 0.8f @F)k 6(ont @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 12919( @F)m 6(ootOdd { |0.5r)k -8(t 0.8f @F)k 6(ont @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 12631( // @Body)m 480 12343( //@SectionGap @ChapRefSection)m 480 12055( // @Runner)m 480 11767( @T)m 26(opEv)k 5(en { @B @P)k 8(ageNum |1r)k -8(t @I @ChapterNum })k -480 11479( @T)m 26(opOdd { @I {@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title} |1r)k -8(t @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k 480 11191(})m -240 fnt82 0 10697(W)m 19(e)k 371(will)s 800(see)s -1164(the)s 1515(symbols)s 2366(for)s 2707(sections)s 3531(shortly)s 15(.)k -4347(Notice)s 5042(ho)s 6(w)k 5506(their)s 6006(use)s -6384(has)s 6756(been)s 7268(restricted)s 8216(to)s 8458(within)s -0 10409(the)m 348(right)s 859(parameter)s 1873(of)s 220 fnt35 -2144 10406(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 3147 10409(,)m 3254(by)s 3548(nesting)s -4292(them)s 4830(and)s 5234(using)s 5806(a)s 5972(body)s -6506(parameter)s 13(.)k 480 10035(The)m 956(meaning)s 1882(of)s -220 fnt35 2202 10032(@F)m 6(ootNote)k 240 fnt82 3422 10035(within)m -220 fnt35 4139 10032(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 5250 10035(has)m 5669(been)s -6227(set)s 6601(to)s 220 fnt35 6889 10032(@ColF)m 6(ootNote)k -240 fnt82 8328 10035(,)m 8484(which)s 0 9747(produces)m 907(a)s -1064(footnote)s 1908(tar)s 4(geted)k 2722(to)s 220 fnt35 -2953 9744(@ColF)m 6(ootList)k 240 fnt82 4325 9747(\(see)m 4756(Section)s -5521(4.3\).)s 6056(In)s 6303(other)s 6845(w)s 2(ords,)k -7526(footnotes)s 8458(within)s 0 9459(chapters)m 851(go)s 1149(at)s -1386(the)s 1739(foot)s 2189(of)s 2465(the)s 2818(column,)s -3648(not)s 4019(at)s 4256(the)s 4609(foot)s 5059(of)s -5335(the)s 5688(page.)s 6309(\(Of)s 6717(course,)s 7453(in)s -7701(single-column)s 0 9171(books)m 623(this)s 1018(distinction)s 2083(is)s -2292(insigni\207cant.\))s 220 fnt35 3721 9168(@ChapterTitle)m 240 fnt82 5188 9171(and)m -220 fnt35 5591 9168(@ChapterNum)m 240 fnt82 7102 9171(are)m 7448(tri)s 6(vial)k -8065(de\207nitions)s 0 8883(which)m 642(v)s 6(ary)k 1115(depending)s -2166(on)s 2463(whether)s 3293(the)s 3641(user)s 4099(has)s -4469(requested)s 5443(numbered)s 6458(chapters)s 7305(or)s 7564(not.)s -480 8509(Each)m 1014(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 2066(of)s -220 fnt35 2336 8506(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 3397 8509(has)m 3766(its)s -4040(o)s 6(wn)k 4503(unique)s 220 fnt35 5209 8506(@T)m 26(ag)k -240 fnt82 5772 8509(,)m 5878(either)s 6479(supplied)s 7347(by)s -7639(the)s 7986(user)s 8442(or)s 8699(else)s 0 8221(inserted)m -835(automatically)s 2210(by)s 2525(Lout.)s 3162(W)s 19(e)k -3553(no)s 6(w)k 4035(trace)s 4575(the)s 4944(cross)s -5507(referencing)s 6669(of)s 6961(chapter)s 7745(numbers)s 8641(on)s -8960(a)s 0 7933(h)m 1(ypothetical)k 1236(third)s 1745(chapter)s -2508(whose)s 3176(tag)s 3521(is)s 220 fnt35 3731 7930(euclid)m -240 fnt82 4291 7933(.)m 220 fnt35 480 7556(@ChapterList&&preceding @T)m 26(agged euclid)k -240 fnt82 4758 7559(attaches)m 220 fnt35 5574 7556(euclid)m 240 fnt82 -6190 7559(as)m 6436(an)s 6715(e)s 3(xtra)k 7245(tag)s -7586(to)s 7821(the)s 8165(\207rst)s 8592(in)s 9(v)k 4(o)k -8998(-)s 0 7271(cation)m 653(of)s 220 fnt35 937 7268(@ChapterList)m -240 fnt82 2350 7271(preceding)m 3359(itself)s 3920(in)s 4176(the)s -4536(\207nal)s 5029(printed)s 5777(document.)s 6898(But)s 7317(this)s -220 fnt35 7726 7268(@ChapterList)m 240 fnt82 0 6983(must)m 525(be)s -807(the)s 1155(tar)s 4(get)k 1754(of)s 2025(the)s -2373(chapter)s 9(,)k 3174(and)s 3578(so)s 220 fnt35 -480 6482(@ChapterList&&euclid @Open { @T)m 26(ag })k 240 fnt82 0 5983(is)m 200(3,)s -416(the)s 754(number)s 1534(of)s 1795(the)s 2132(chapter)s -2885(\()s 220 fnt35 2958 5980(@T)m 26(ag)k 240 fnt82 -3570 5983(refers)m 4153(to)s 4381(the)s 4719(parameter)s 5722(of)s -220 fnt35 5983 5980(@ChapterList)m 240 fnt82 7323 5983(,)m 7419(not)s -7775(the)s 8112(parameter)s 0 5695(of)m 220 fnt35 272 5692(@Chapter)m -240 fnt82 1275 5695(\).)m 1520(Consequently)s 2892(the)s 3242(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -4297(of)s 220 fnt35 4570 5692(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 6317 5695(within)m 6986(the)s 7336(chapter)s 8100(is)s -8312(equal)s 8887(to)s 220 fnt35 0 5404(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er 3)k -240 fnt82 1861 5407(.)m 220 fnt35 480 5030(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged euclid)k -240 fnt82 5137 5033(attaches)m 220 fnt35 5992 5030(euclid)m 240 fnt82 -6646 5033(to)m 220 fnt35 6920 5030(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er 3)k -240 fnt82 8876 5033(as)m 0 4745(an)m 283(e)s 3(xtra)k -817(tag,)s 1216(and)s 1620(so)s 220 fnt35 1886 4742(@NumberOf euclid)m -240 fnt82 3742 4745(,)m 3849(which)s 4491(e)s 3(xpands)k -5324(to)s 220 fnt35 480 4244(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&euclid @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -240 fnt82 0 3745(must)m 538(be)s 833(equal)s 1419(to)s -1671(3,)s 1911(as)s 2175(required.)s 3148(This)s 3637(scheme)s -4423(could)s 5026(be)s 5322(simpli\207ed)s 6349(by)s 6656(placing)s -7426(the)s 7787(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 8855(of)s -220 fnt35 0 3454(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k 240 fnt82 -1758 3457(within)m 220 fnt35 2440 3454(@ChapterList)m 240 fnt82 3854 3457(rather)m -4484(than)s 4966(within)s 220 fnt35 5648 3454(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 -6651 3457(,)m 6772(b)s 4(ut)k 7148(it)s 7353(turns)s -7896(out)s 8276(that)s 8708(that)s 0 3169(scheme)m 773(does)s -1263(not)s 1629(generalize)s 2666(well)s 3132(to)s 3371(sections)s -4192(and)s 4596(subsections.)s 480 2795(There)m 1124(is)s 1365(a)s -1562(trap)s 2017(for)s 2386(the)s 2765(unw)s 2(ary)k -3566(in)s 3840(the)s 4219(use)s 4625(of)s 220 fnt35 -4927 2792(preceding)m 240 fnt82 5969 2795(and)m 220 fnt35 6404 2792(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 7234 2795(.)m 7429(Suppose)s 8328(that)s 8778(the)s -0 2507(in)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k 1054(of)s 220 fnt35 -1325 2504(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k 240 fnt82 3070 2507(within)m -220 fnt35 3738 2504(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 4801 2507(is)m 5011(replaced)s -5878(by)s 6172(the)s 6520(seemingly)s 7557(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent)k -220 fnt35 480 2006(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er { @ChapterList&&preceding @Open { @T)k 26(ag } })k -240 fnt82 0 1507(No)m 6(w)k 514(suppose)s 1342(that)s -220 fnt35 1760 1504(@NumberOf euclid)m 240 fnt82 3676 1507(appears)m 4457(some)s 6(where)k -5596(within)s 6264(Chapter)s 7081(7.)s 7365(It)s 7570(will)s -7996(e)s 3(xpand)k 8743(to)s 220 fnt35 480 1006(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&euclid @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -240 fnt82 0 507(which)m 642(w)s 2(ould)k 1297(no)s 6(w)k -1758(be)s 2040(equal)s 2613(to)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 83 89 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.4.)m 454(Chapter)s 2(s)k 1385(and)s -1811(sections)s 240 fnt84 8833 13840(83)m 220 fnt35 480 13207(@ChapterList&&preceding @Open { @T)m 26(ag })k -240 fnt82 0 12708(whose)m 663(v)s 6(alue,)k 1276(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluated)k -2233(as)s 2477(it)s 2663(is)s 2868(within)s 3530(Chapter)s -4342(7,)s 4563(is)s 4767(7,)s 4989(not)s 5349(3.)s -5628(Use)s 6050(of)s 220 fnt35 6315 12705(preceding)m 240 fnt82 -7321 12708(or)m 220 fnt35 7574 12705(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 8458 12708(within)m 0 12420(the)m 348(parameter)s 1362(of)s -1633(a)s 1799(symbol,)s 2611(rather)s 3227(than)s 3696(within)s -4364(the)s 4712(body)s 15(,)k 5284(is)s 5494(lik)s 2(ely)k -6090(to)s 6329(be)s 6611(erroneous.)s 480 12046(Much)m 1112(of)s -1400(the)s 1765(remainder)s 2810(of)s 3098(the)s 3463(de\207nition)s -4454(of)s 220 fnt35 4742 12043(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 5822 12046(is)m -6049(f)s 2(airly)k 6634(self-e)s 3(xplanatory:)k 8366(there)s -8916(is)s 0 11758(a)m 180(heading,)s 1060(a)s 1241(tag)s -1601(sent)s 2060(to)s 2314(mark)s 2881(the)s 3244(page)s -3766(on)s 4078(which)s 4735(the)s 5098(chapter)s 5875(be)s 3(gins,)k -6619(a)s 220 fnt35 6800 11755(@ContentsEntr)m -6(y)k 240 fnt82 -8492 11758(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 0 11470(sent)m 484(to)s -762(the)s 1149(table)s 1708(of)s 2018(contents,)s 2961(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -3724(for)s 4101(the)s 4489(\207gures)s 5230(and)s 5673(tables)s -6320(of)s 6630(the)s 7017(chapter)s 7819(to)s 8097(collect)s -8833(in,)s 220 fnt35 0 11179(@Body)m 240 fnt82 781 11182(where)m -1421(the)s 1769(body)s 2303(of)s 2574(the)s 2922(chapter)s -3685(goes,)s 4230(and)s 220 fnt35 4634 11179(@ChapRefSection)m 240 fnt82 -6499 11182(to)m 6738(hold)s 7222(a)s 7388(concluding)s 8505(list)s -8855(of)s 0 10894(references.)m 1144(This)s 1620(lea)s 4(v)k 3(es)k -2261(only)s 2741(the)s 3089(tw)s 2(o)k 3499(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -4640(of)s 220 fnt35 4911 10891(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 5913 10894(to)m -6152(e)s 3(xplain.)k 480 10520(The)m 977(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 -1478 10517(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 2550 10520(is)m 2830(just)s 3305(belo)s 6(w)k -4008(the)s 4426(heading.)s 5418(It)s 5693(will)s 6189(be)s -6541(the)s 6959(tar)s 4(get)k 7628(of)s 7969(the)s -220 fnt35 8387 10517(@Run)m 240 fnt82 8998 10520(-)m 220 fnt35 -0 10229(ner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 1494 10232(cross)m -2030(reference)s 2967(at)s 3194(the)s 3536(be)s 3(ginning)k -4538(of)s 4803(the)s 5146(\207rst)s 5571(page)s 6073(of)s -6338(the)s 6681(chapter)s 7438(\(see)s 7872(Section)s 8640(4.3\),)s -0 9944(which)m 642(consequently)s 1959(will)s 2385(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k -2886(null)s 3313(running)s 4111(headers)s 4892(and)s 5296(the)s -5644(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 6224(footers.)s 480 9570(The)m -954(second)s 220 fnt35 1724 9567(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 2772 9570(appears)m -3600(at)s 3878(the)s 4273(v)s 3(ery)k 4795(end)s -5246(of)s 5563(the)s 5958(chapter)s 9(,)k 6805(hence)s -7466(on)s 7809(its)s 8132(last)s 8570(page.)s 0 9282(Since)m -595(no)s 896(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k 2046(of)s -220 fnt35 2325 9279(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 3335 9282(lie)m 3638(between)s -4500(it)s 4700(and)s 5113(the)s 5469(\207rst)s 220 fnt35 -5908 9279(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 6850 9282(,)m 6966(it)s 7166(will)s -7600(be)s 7891(the)s 8247(tar)s 4(get)k 8855(of)s -220 fnt35 0 8991(@Runner&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k 240 fnt82 -2134 8994(on)m 2442(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 3029(page)s -3547(from)s 4082(the)s 4441(second)s 5175(page)s 5693(of)s -5975(the)s 6334(chapter)s 7107(to)s 7357(the)s 7716(last,)s -8165(inclusi)s 6(v)k 3(e,)k 0 8706(and)m 404(will)s -830(supply)s 1523(the)s 1871(format)s 2567(of)s 2838(their)s -3335(headers)s 4116(and)s 4520(footers.)s 480 8332(The)m 908(interested)s -1893(reader)s 2549(might)s 3166(care)s 3618(to)s 3857(predict)s -4579(the)s 4927(outcome)s 5806(in)s 6048(unusual)s 6848(cases,)s -7458(such)s 7954(as)s 8203(when)s 8778(the)s 0 8044(heading)m -811(occupies)s 1699(tw)s 2(o)k 2109(pages,)s 2761(or)s -3020(when)s 3596(a)s 3762(chapter)s 4524(occupies)s 5412(only)s -5892(one,)s 6345(or)s 6604(\(assuming)s 7640(a)s 7806(change)s -8540(to)s 8778(the)s 0 7756(g)m 1(ap)k 386(between)s -1227(chapters\))s 2138(when)s 2702(a)s 2855(chapter)s 3605(starts)s -4146(halfw)s 2(ay)k 4956(do)s 6(wn)k 5527(a)s -5680(page.)s 6283(Such)s 6807(predictions)s 7907(can)s 8283(be)s -8552(made)s 0 7468(with)m 482(great)s 1019(con\207dence.)s 480 7094(The)m -903(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 1975 7091(@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title)m 240 fnt82 -5125 7094(appearing)m 6116(in)s 6354(the)s 6697(second)s 220 fnt35 -7415 7091(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 8412 7094(returns)m 0 6806(the)m 354(v)s 6(alue)k -928(of)s 1205(the)s 220 fnt35 1560 6803(@RunningTitle)m 240 fnt82 -3070 6806(parameter)m 4090(of)s 220 fnt35 4368 6803(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 -5437 6806(if)m 5660(this)s 6063(is)s 6279(not)s 6651(equal)s -7231(to)s 7476(the)s 7830(def)s 2(ault)k 8558(v)s 6(alue)k -220 fnt35 0 6515(dft)m 240 fnt82 240 6518(,)m 347(or)s -220 fnt35 606 6515(@Title)m 240 fnt82 1294 6518(otherwise:)m 220 fnt35 -480 6036(def @OrElse)m 480 5748( left x)m 480 5460( r)m -3(ight y)k 480 5172({)m -480 4884( x @Case {)m 480 4596( dft @Y)m 4(ield y)k 480 4308( else @Y)m 4(ield x)k -480 4020( })m 480 3732(})m 240 fnt82 0 3238(This)m 476(produces)s -1391(the)s 1739(ef)s 6(fect)k 2335(of)s 220 fnt35 -480 2737(named @RunningTitle { @Title })m 240 fnt82 0 2238(which)m 676(unfortunately)s 2052(is)s -2296(not)s 2696(permissible)s 3887(as)s 4171(it)s 4397(stands,)s -5136(because)s 220 fnt35 5983 2235(@Title)m 240 fnt82 6705 2238(is)m -6949(not)s 7349(visible)s 8076(within)s 8778(the)s 0 1950(def)m 2(ault)k -721(v)s 6(alue)k 1289(of)s 220 fnt35 1560 1947(@RunningTitle)m -240 fnt82 3004 1950(.)m 480 1576(Finally)m 15(,)k 1249(the)s -1597(de\207nitions)s 2658(for)s 2996(sections)s 3817(omitted)s 4605(earlier)s -5273(are)s 5620(as)s 5870(follo)s 6(ws:)k 220 fnt35 -480 1075(def @EndSectionsPlace { @Galle)m 4(y })k 480 787(def @EndSections f)m 6(orce into { @EndSectionsPlace&&preceding } {})k 480 499(macro @BeginSections { //@SectionGap @SectionList 1 // @EndSectionsPlace // })m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 84 90 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(84)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @Section f)m 6(orce into { @SectionList&&preceding })k 480 12919( named @T)m 26(ag {})k -480 12631( named @Title {})m 480 12343( named @RunningTitle { dft })m 480 12055( body @Body)m 480 11767({)m 480 11479( def @SectionTitle)m -480 11191( {)m 480 10903( @SectionNumbers @Case {)m 480 10615( {Y)m 30(es y)k 4(es} @Y)k 4(ield { {@NumberOf @T)k 26(ag}.)k 13( |2s @Title })k -480 10327( else @Y)m 4(ield @Title)k 480 10039( })m 480 9751( })m 480 9175( @Heading @Protect @SectionTitle)m -480 8887( // @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er {)k 480 8599( {@ChapterList&&@T)m 26(ag @Open { @T)k 26(ag }}.{)k -480 8311( @SectionList&&@T)m 26(ag @Open { @T)k 26(ag }})k 480 8023( })m 480 7735( // @ChapterList&&preceding @T)m 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 7447( // @SectionList&&preceding @T)m 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k 480 7159( // @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 6871( // @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 6583( // { &3f @SectionTitle } @ContentsEntr)m -6(y {@P)k 8(ageOf @T)k 26(ag})k 480 6295( //0io @Body)m -480 6007(})m 240 fnt82 0 5513(The)m 220 fnt35 409 5510(@BeginSections)m -240 fnt82 2066 5513(macro)m 2696(in)s 9(v)k 4(ok)k 2(es)k -220 fnt35 3457 5510(@SectionList)m 240 fnt82 4748 5513(,)m 4835(preceded)s -5736(by)s 6010(the)s 6338(appropriate)s 7462(g)s 1(ap)k -7840(and)s 8224(follo)s 6(wed)k 0 5225(by)m 284(an)s -220 fnt35 556 5222(@EndSectsPlace)m 240 fnt82 2307 5225(for)m 2635(closing)s -3368(the)s 3705(list)s 4045(of)s 4306(sections)s 5116(when)s -5681(the)s 220 fnt35 6019 5222(@EndSections)m 240 fnt82 7515 5225(symbol)m -8264(is)s 8463(found.)s 220 fnt35 0 4934(@Section)m 240 fnt82 -997 4937(itself)m 1542(is)s 1749(just)s 2151(a)s 2314(cop)s 2(y)k -2829(of)s 220 fnt35 3097 4934(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 4156 4937(with)m -4635(slight)s 5223(changes)s 6042(to)s 6278(the)s 6623(format.)s -7420(The)s 7845(parameter)s 8855(of)s 220 fnt35 0 4646(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 1752 4649(is)m 1970(a)s 2143(simple)s 2844(generalization)s -4262(of)s 4540(the)s 4896(one)s 5305(within)s 220 fnt35 -5981 4646(@Chapter)m 240 fnt82 6984 4649(.)m 7156(Notice)s 7856(that)s -8282(we)s 8625(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 0 4361(tak)m 2(en)k -573(care)s 1026(that)s 1444(the)s 1792(v)s 6(alue)k -2360(of)s 2631(this)s 3027(parameter)s 4041(be)s 4323(a)s -4489(juxtaposition)s 5795(of)s 6066(simple)s 6759(w)s 2(ords:)k -7508(although)s 220 fnt35 480 3860({@ChapterList&&@T)m 26(ag @Open { @T)k 26(ag }}.)k 13( &)k -480 3572({@SectionList&&@T)m 26(ag @Open { @T)k 26(ag }})k 240 fnt82 0 3073(is)m -210(formally)s 1086(equi)s 6(v)k 6(alent,)k 220 fnt35 -2177 3070(&)m 240 fnt82 2379 3073(w)m 2(as)k 2800(not)s -3166(permitted)s 4139(within)s 4807(a)s 220 fnt35 4973 3070(@T)m 26(ag)k -240 fnt82 5596 3073(parameter)m 6610(until)s 7103(recently)s 15(.)k -480 2699(The)m 930(DocumentSetup)s 2548(package)s 3411(also)s 3872(contains)s -4743(de\207nitions)s 5826(for)s 6187(subsections)s 7364(in)s 7630(the)s -8001(same)s 8571(style.)s 0 2411(The)m 3(y)k 564(raise)s -1091(the)s 1461(question)s 2350(of)s 2643(whether)s 3494(Lout)s -4028(is)s 4259(capable)s 5066(of)s 5359(producing)s 6404(subsections)s -7580(should)s 8298(the)s 8668(user)s 0 2123(place)m 220 fnt35 -542 2120(@BeginSections)m 240 fnt82 2159 2123(,)m 220 fnt35 2248 2120(@Section)m -240 fnt82 3188 2123(,)m 3276(and)s 220 fnt35 3662 2120(@EndSections)m -240 fnt82 5151 2123(within)m 5800(a)s 240 fnt83 5948 2125(section)m -240 fnt82 6619 2123(,)m 6708(and)s 7093(whether)s 7905(such)s -8382(nesting)s 0 1835(could)m 592(proceed)s 1409(to)s 1650(arbitrary)s -2527(depth.)s 3225(Arbitrary)s 4169(nesting)s 4915(of)s 5188(sections)s -6011(within)s 6681(sections)s 7504(is)s 7716(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -8627(no)s 6(w)k 15(,)k 0 1547(although)m 883(the)s -1218(numbering)s 2295(w)s 2(ould)k 2937(of)s 3195(course)s -3862(be)s 4131(wrong.)s 4894(The)s 5309(author)s 5967(has)s -6324(w)s 2(ork)k 2(ed)k 7083(out)s 7436(de\207nitions)s -8484(which)s 0 1259(pro)m 3(vide)k 773(correct)s 1484(numbering)s -2563(to)s 2790(arbitrary)s 3654(depth,)s 4282(with)s 4752(an)s -5024(arbitrary)s 5888(format)s 6573(for)s 6899(each)s 7383(le)s 6(v)k 3(el.)k -7991(These)s 8606(were)s 0 971(not)m 376(incorporated)s 1652(into)s -2087(DocumentSetup)s 3693(because)s 4516(the)s 4874(author)s 5555(considers)s -6520(sub-)s 6921(subsections)s 8085(to)s 8334(be)s 8627(poor)s -0 683(style,)m 558(and)s 962(he)s 1244(prefers)s 1957(separate)s -2795(names)s 3457(for)s 3795(the)s 4143(symbols)s 4992(at)s -5224(each)s 5719(le)s 6(v)k 3(el.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 85 91 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.5.)m 454(Biblio)s 2(gr)k 3(aphies)k -240 fnt84 8833 13840(85)m 0 13203(4.5.)m 471(Bibliographies)s 240 fnt82 -533 12726(The)m 953(\207rst)s 1376(step)s 1806(in)s 2041(the)s -2382(production)s 3468(of)s 3731(a)s 3889(bibliograph)s 1(y)k -5157(is)s 5359(to)s 5591(create)s 6208(a)s 6366(database)s -7237(of)s 7500(references)s 8523(based)s 0 12438(on)m 297(the)s -645(de\207nition)s 220 fnt35 480 11987(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @T)k 26(ype @A)k 6(uthor @Title @Institution @Number @Pub)k 4(lisher)k -480 11699( @Y)m 30(ear @Proceedings @Jour)k -5(nal @V)k 17(olume @P)k 8(ages @Comment)k -480 11123(def @Ref)m 6(erence)k 480 10835( named @T)m 26(ag)k 3270({ )s 11(T)k 26(A)k 6(G? })k -480 10547( named @T)m 26(ype)k 3270({ )s 11(TYPE? })k 480 10259( named @A)m 6(uthor)k -3270({ A)s 11(UTHOR? })k 480 9971( named @Title)m 3270({ )s 11(TITLE? })k -480 9683( named @Institution)m 3270({ INSTITUTION? })s 480 9395( named @Number)m 3270({ NUMBER? })s 480 9107( named @Pub)m 4(lisher)k -3270({ PUBLISHER? })s 480 8819( named @Y)m 30(ear)k 3270({ )s 19(YEAR? })k -480 8531( named @Proceedings)m 3270({ PR)s 4(OCEEDINGS? })k 480 8243( named @Jour)m -5(nal)k -3270({ JOURNAL? })s 480 7955( named @V)m 17(olume)k 3270({ )s 11(V)k 8(OLUME? })k -480 7667( named @P)m 8(ages)k 3270({ P)s 26(A)k 6(GES? })k -480 7379( named @Comment)m 3270({ @Null })s 480 7091({ @Null })m 240 fnt82 0 6597(F)m 3(or)k -389(e)s 3(xample,)k 1303(the)s 1651(database)s 2530(might)s -3148(contain)s 220 fnt35 480 6096({ @Ref)m 6(erence)k 480 5808( @T)m 26(ag { str)k -3(unk1979style })k -480 5520( @T)m 26(ype { Book })k 480 5232( @A)m 6(uthor { Str)k -3(unk, )k 8(William and )k 8(White)k 3(, E.)k 13( B)k 4(.)k 13( })k -480 4944( @Title { )m 11(The Elements of Style })k 480 4656( @Pub)m 4(lisher { MacMillan, third edition })k 480 4368( @Y)m 30(ear { 1979 })k -480 4080(})m 480 3588({ @Ref)m 6(erence)k 480 3300( @T)m 26(ag { kingston92 })k -480 3012( @T)m 26(ype { )k 11(T)k 26(echRepor)k -8(t })k -480 2724( @A)m 6(uthor { Kingston, Jeffre)k 4(y H.)k 13( })k 480 2436( @Title { Document F)m 6(or)k -5(matting with Lout \(Second Edition\) })k -480 2148( @Number { 449 })m 480 1860( @Institution { Basser Depar)m -8(tment of Computer)k 480 1572(Science F09, Univ)m 5(ersity of Sydne)k 4(y 2006, A)k 6(ustr)k 2(alia })k -480 1284( @Y)m 30(ear { 1992 })k 480 996(})m 240 fnt82 0 502(Since)m -596(named)s 1301(parameters)s 2408(are)s 2764(optional,)s 3664(we)s -4008(ha)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 4519(one)s 4930(for)s -5277(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 5862(concei)s 6(v)k 6(able)k -7057(type)s 7534(of)s 7814(attrib)s 4(ute,)k 8722(and)s -0 214(simply)m 702(lea)s 4(v)k 3(e)k 1252(out)s -1614(those)s 2172(that)s 2586(do)s 2876(not)s 3238(apply)s -3821(in)s 4060(an)s 3(y)k 4454(particular)s 5424(reference.)s -6472(W)s 19(e)k 6837(can)s 7223(print)s 7730(a)s -7893(reference)s 8832(by)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 86 92 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(86)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(using)m 572(the)s 220 fnt35 -920 13202(@Open)m 240 fnt82 1726 13205(symbol)m 2486(to)s 2725(get)s -3077(at)s 3309(its)s 3585(attrib)s 4(utes:)k 220 fnt35 -480 12704(@Ref)m 6(erence&&str)k -3(unk1979style @Open)k 480 12416({ @A)m 6(uthor)k 11(, {Slope @F)k 6(ont @Title}.)k 13( @Pub)k 4(lisher)k 11(, @Y)k 30(ear)k 11(.)k 13( })k -240 fnt82 0 11920(The)m 428(right)s 939(parameter)s 1953(of)s -220 fnt35 2224 11917(@Open)m 240 fnt82 3030 11920(may)m 3496(use)s -3871(the)s 4219(e)s 3(xported)k 5111(parameters)s 6209(of)s -6480(the)s 6828(left,)s 7252(and)s 7656(so)s 7922(the)s -8270(result)s 8860(is)s 480 11415(W)m 9(illiam)k 1313(Strunk)s -2012(and)s 2416(E.)s 2666(B.)s 2930(White,)s 240 fnt83 -3681 11417(The)m 4093(Elements)s 5024(of)s 5305(Style)s 240 fnt82 -5762 11415(.)m 5926(Macmillan,)s 7068(1979.)s 0 10916(Incidentally)m 15(,)k -1235(we)s 1573(are)s 1923(not)s 2292(limited)s 3029(to)s -3271(just)s 3679(one)s 4084(database)s 4966(of)s 5240(references;)s -6335(se)s 6(v)k 3(eral)k 220 fnt35 7060 10913(@Database)m -240 fnt82 8277 10916(symbols)m 0 10628(can)m 380(nominate)s 1317(the)s -1656(same)s 2193(symbol,)s 2996(and)s 3391(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocations)k -4523(of)s 4784(that)s 5193(symbol)s 5944(can)s 6324(appear)s -7011(in)s 7245(the)s 7584(document)s 8578(itself)s 0 10340(as)m -250(well)s 716(if)s 933(we)s 1268(wish.)s 480 9966(The)m -930(second)s 1675(step)s 2135(is)s 2368(to)s 2629(create)s -3276(a)s 3464(database)s 4366(of)s 4659(print)s 5192(styles)s -5809(for)s 6170(the)s 6540(v)s 6(arious)k 7311(types)s -7889(of)s 8183(reference)s 0 9678(\(Book,)m 706(T)s 16(echReport,)k -1926(etc.\),)s 2450(based)s 3053(on)s 3350(the)s 3698(follo)s 6(wing)k -4675(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 480 9177(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t @Style)k -480 8889(def @RefStyle)m 480 8601( left @T)m 26(ag)k 480 8313( named @Style r)m -3(ight reftag {})k -480 8025({})m 240 fnt82 0 7531(Notice)m 682(that)s 1089(the)s -1426(named)s 2111(parameter)s 220 fnt35 3114 7528(@Style)m 240 fnt82 -3865 7531(has)m 4224(a)s 4379(right)s 4879(parameter)s 220 fnt35 -5882 7528(reftag)m 240 fnt82 6431 7531(.)m 6584(The)s 7001(style)s -7497(database)s 8365(has)s 8724(one)s 0 7243(entry)m 545(for)s -883(each)s 1378(type)s 1846(of)s 2117(reference:)s 220 fnt35 -480 6742({ Book @RefStyle @Style)m 480 6454( { @Ref)m 6(erence&&reftag @Open)k 480 6166( { @A)m 6(uthor)k 11(, {Slope @F)k 6(ont @Title}.)k 13( @Pub)k 4(lisher)k 11(, @Y)k 30(ear)k 11(.)k 13( @Comment })k -480 5878( })m 480 5590(})m 480 5014({ )m 11(T)k 26(echRepor)k -8(t @RefStyle @Style)k -480 4726( { @Ref)m 6(erence&&reftag @Open)k 480 4438( { @A)m 6(uthor)k 11(, {Slope @F)k 6(ont @Title}.)k 13( )k 11(T)k 26(ech.)k 13( Rep)k 7(.)k 13( @Number \(@Y)k 30(ear\),)k -480 4150(@Institution.)m 13( @Comment })k 480 3862( })m 480 3574(})m 240 fnt82 -0 3080(and)m 404(so)s 670(on.)s 1074(The)s 1502(follo)s 6(wing)k -2479(prints)s 3074(the)s 3422(reference)s 4365(whose)s 5033(tag)s -5378(is)s 220 fnt35 5588 3077(str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 -7180 3080(in)m 7423(the)s 7771(Book)s 8352(style:)s 220 fnt35 -480 2579(@RefStyle&&Book @Open { @Style str)m -3(unk1979style })k 240 fnt82 0 2081(It)m 205(has)s -575(result)s 480 1626(W)m 9(illiam)k 1313(Strunk)s 2012(and)s -2416(E.)s 2666(B.)s 2930(White.)s 240 fnt83 3678 1628(The)m -4090(Elements)s 5021(of)s 5302(Style)s 240 fnt82 5759 1626(.)m -5923(Macmillan)s 6955(.)s 7119(Third)s 7708(Edition)s 8409(,)s -8516(1979)s 8987(.)s 0 1127(Notice)m 696(ho)s 6(w)k -1160(the)s 220 fnt35 1512 1124(@Style)m 240 fnt82 2277 1127(parameter)m -3295(of)s 220 fnt35 3569 1124(@RefStyle)m 240 fnt82 4675 1127(is)m -4889(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k 5472(the)s 5824(parameter)s -220 fnt35 6841 1124(str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 8373 1127(,)m -8484(which)s 0 839(it)m 192(uses)s 655(to)s 894(open)s -1417(the)s 1765(appropriate)s 2909(reference.)s 480 465(W)m 19(e)k -858(can)s 1256(consult)s 2017(the)s 220 fnt35 2374 462(@T)m 26(ype)k -240 fnt82 3121 465(attrib)m 4(ute)k 3977(of)s 4258(a)s -4433(reference)s 5386(to)s 5634(\207nd)s 6075(out)s 6450(its)s -6736(style,)s 7303(which)s 7955(brings)s 8613(us)s 8887(to)s -0 177(the)m 348(follo)s 6(wing)k 1325(de\207nition)s 2299(for)s -2637(printing)s 3447(out)s 3813(a)s 3979(reference)s 4922(in)s -5165(the)s 5513(style)s 6020(appropriate)s 7164(to)s 7403(it:)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 87 93 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.5.)m 454(Biblio)s 2(gr)k 3(aphies)k -240 fnt84 8831 13840(87)m 220 fnt35 480 13207(def @RefPr)m -3(int)k -480 12919( r)m -3(ight reftag)k 480 12631({ @RefStyle&&{ @Ref)m 6(erence&&reftag @Open { @T)k 26(ype } })k -480 12343( @Open { @Style reftag })m 480 12055(})m 240 fnt82 0 11561(F)m 3(or)k -389(e)s 3(xample,)k 1303(to)s 1542(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluate)k -220 fnt35 2382 11558(@RefPr)m -3(int str)k -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 -4992 11561(,)m 5099(Lout)s 5611(\207rst)s 6042(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k -220 fnt35 480 11060(@Ref)m 6(erence&&str)k -3(unk1979style @Open { @T)k 26(ype })k -240 fnt82 0 10562(whose)m 668(result)s 1258(is)s 220 fnt35 -1468 10559(Book)m 240 fnt82 1968 10562(,)m 2075(and)s 2479(then)s -2948(e)s 6(v)k 6(aluates)k 220 fnt35 480 10080(@RefStyle&&Book @Open { @Style str)m -3(unk1979style })k -240 fnt82 0 9582(as)m 266(before.)s 1056(Complicated)s 2353(as)s -2619(this)s 3032(is,)s 3314(with)s 3813(its)s 4105(tw)s 2(o)k -4531(databases)s 5515(and)s 5935(cle)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -6586(passing)s 7373(about)s 7982(of)s 8269(tags,)s 8778(the)s -0 9294(adv)m 6(antages)k 1098(of)s 1359(separating)s 2384(references)s -3405(from)s 3919(printing)s 4718(styles)s 5303(are)s 5640(considerable:)s -7004(printing)s 7804(styles)s 8389(may)s 8844(be)s 0 9006(changed)m -856(easily)s 15(,)k 1505(and)s 1909(non-e)s 3(xpert)k -3002(users)s 3544(need)s 4054(ne)s 6(v)k 3(er)k -4636(see)s 4997(them.)s 480 8632(Finally)m 15(,)k 1243(we)s -1571(come)s 2138(to)s 2370(the)s 2711(problem)s 3561(of)s -3825(printing)s 4628(out)s 4987(a)s 5146(numbered)s 6154(list)s -6498(of)s 6762(references,)s 7842(and)s 8239(referring)s 0 8344(to)m -251(them)s 802(by)s 1108(number)s 1912(in)s 2167(the)s -2528(body)s 3074(of)s 3358(the)s 3718(document.)s 4839(The)s -5279(\207rst)s 5723(step)s 6173(is)s 6396(to)s 6647(create)s -7285(a)s 7463(numbered)s 8491(list)s 8855(of)s 0 8056(places)m -648(that)s 1066(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k 1790(containing)s -2853(references)s 3884(may)s 4350(attach)s 4977(to:)s 220 fnt35 -480 7555(def @Ref)m 6(erenceSection)k 480 7267( named @T)m 26(ag {})k 480 6979( named @Title { Ref)m 6(erences })k -480 6691( named @RunningTitle { dft })m 480 6403( named style r)m -3(ight tag { tag.)k 13( })k 480 6115( named headstyle r)m -3(ight @Title { @Heading @Title })k -480 5827( named indent { @DispIndent })m 480 5539( named gap { @DispGap })m 480 5251( named star)m -8(t { 1 })k 480 4963({)m -480 4675( def @RefList r)m -3(ight n)k 2(um)k 480 4387( {)m 480 4099( @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er n)k 2(um & indent @Wide {style n)k 2(um} | @RefPlace)k -480 3811( //gap @RefList @Ne)m 6(xt n)k 2(um)k 480 3523( })m 480 2947( @Protect headstyle @Title)m -480 2659( // @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged @T)k 26(ag)k -480 2371( // @Title @MajorContentsEntr)m -6(y {@P)k 8(ageOf @T)k 26(ag})k 480 2083( // @Runner)m -480 1795( @F)m 6(ootEv)k 5(en { |0.5r)k -8(t 0.8f @F)k 6(ont @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 1507( @F)m 6(ootOdd { |0.5r)k -8(t 0.8f @F)k 6(ont @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 1219( //@DispGap @RefList star)m -8(t)k 480 931( // @Runner)m 480 643( @T)m 26(opEv)k 5(en { @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k -480 355( @T)m 26(opOdd { @I {@RunningTitle @OrElse @Title} |1r)k -8(t @B @P)k 8(ageNum })k 480 67(})m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 88 94 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(88)m 240 fnt83 7017 13843(Chapter)m 7867(4.)s -8141(Examples)s 240 fnt82 0 13205(W)m 19(e)k 378(place)s -948(the)s 1305(e)s 3(xpression)k 220 fnt35 2392 13202(@Ref)m 6(erenceSection)k -240 fnt82 4408 13205(at)m 4649(the)s 5007(point)s 5569(where)s -6218(we)s 6563(w)s 2(ant)k 7096(the)s 7453(list)s -7814(of)s 8095(references)s 0 12917(to)m 239(appear;)s 988(its)s -1264(v)s 6(alue)k 1832(is)s 2042(something)s 3092(lik)s 2(e)k -220 fnt35 480 12416(1.)m 13( @RefPlace)k 480 12128(2.)m 13( @RefPlace)k -480 11840(3.)m 13( @RefPlace)k 480 11552(...)m 240 fnt82 0 11101(where)m -220 fnt35 648 11098(@RefPlace)m 240 fnt82 1820 11101(is)m 220 fnt35 -2038 11098(@Galle)m 4(y)k 240 fnt82 2945 11101(as)m 3203(usual.)s -3880(W)s 19(e)k 4258(can)s 4655(scatter)s 5345(multiple)s -6205(lists)s 6649(of)s 6928(references)s 7967(through)s 8778(the)s -0 10813(document)m 1004(if)s 1221(we)s 1555(wish)s 2064(\(at)s -2375(the)s 2722(end)s 3126(of)s 3397(each)s 3891(chapter)s 9(,)k -4692(for)s 5030(e)s 3(xample\),)k 6022(simply)s 6727(by)s -7021(placing)s 220 fnt35 7777 10810(@Ref)m 6(erence)k 240 fnt82 -8998 10813(-)m 220 fnt35 0 10522(Section)m 240 fnt82 777 10525(at)m -1009(each)s 1504(point.)s 480 10151(Our)m 912(task)s 1358(is)s -1568(completed)s 2622(by)s 2916(the)s 3264(follo)s 6(wing)k -4241(de\207nition:)s 220 fnt35 480 9650(def @Ref r)m -3(ight x)k 480 9362({)m -480 9074( def sendref into { @RefPlace&&f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing })k 480 8786( r)m -3(ight @K)k 8(e)k 4(y)k -480 8498( {)m 480 8210( @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged x &)k -480 7922( @P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged x &)k -480 7634( @RefPr)m -3(int x)k 480 7346( })m 480 6770( @NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&x @Open { @T)k 26(ag } sendref x)k -480 6482(})m 240 fnt82 0 5988(Gi)m 6(v)k 3(en)k -633(this)s 1029(de\207nition,)s 2053(the)s 2401(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -220 fnt35 3455 5985(@Ref str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 5672 5988(has)m -6042(result)s 220 fnt35 480 5489(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&str)k -3(unk1979style @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k -240 fnt82 0 4990(plus)m 450(the)s 798(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -220 fnt35 1432 4987(sendref str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 3757 4990(.)m -3921(W)s 19(e)k 4290(\207rst)s 4721(follo)s 6(w)k -5393(what)s 5918(happens)s 6754(to)s 6993(the)s 7341(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(.)k -480 4616(According)m 1555(to)s 1806(its)s 220 fnt35 2094 4613(into)m -240 fnt82 2512 4616(clause,)m 3229(the)s 3589(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -4235(will)s 4673(replace)s 5430(a)s 220 fnt35 5609 4613(@RefPlace)m -240 fnt82 6785 4616(in)m 7040(the)s 7400(nearest)s 8149(follo)s 6(wing)k -220 fnt35 0 4325(@Ref)m 6(erenceSection)k 240 fnt82 1946 4328(.)m -2114(If)s 2348(e)s 6(v)k 3(ery)k 2928(such)s -3428(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 4066(is)s 4280(a)s -4450(sorted)s 5096(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 5734(whose)s -6406(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 6805(is)s 7019(the)s -7371(reference')s 13(s)k 8472(tag,)s 8876(as)s 0 4040(this)m -396(one)s 798(is,)s 1064(the)s 3(y)k 1527(will)s -1953(appear)s 2650(sorted)s 3292(by)s 3586(tag.)s 4042(The)s -4470(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y')k 13(s)k 5260(object)s -5904(is)s 220 fnt35 480 3539(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged str)k -3(unk1979style &)k -480 3251(@P)m 8(ageMar)k -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding @T)k 26(agged str)k -3(unk1979style &)k -480 2963(@RefPr)m -3(int str)k -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 0 2465(The)m -428(result)s 1017(of)s 1287(the)s 220 fnt35 1634 2462(@T)m 26(agged)k -240 fnt82 2622 2465(symbol)m 3381(is)s 3590(al)s 2(w)k 2(ays)k -220 fnt35 4300 2462(@Null)m 240 fnt82 4885 2465(,)m 4991(so)s -5256(this)s 5651(prints)s 6245(the)s 220 fnt35 6592 2462(str)m -3(unk1979style)k -240 fnt82 8183 2465(reference)m 0 2177(in)m 243(the)s 591(appropriate)s -1735(style)s 2242(at)s 2474(the)s 220 fnt35 2822 2174(@RefPlace)m -240 fnt82 3926 2177(,)m 4033(as)s 4283(desired.)s 480 1803(No)m 6(w)k -220 fnt35 1043 1800(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&preceding)k 240 fnt82 -4081 1803(is)m 4341(the)s 4739(nearest)s 5524(preceding)s 6570(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -7674(of)s 220 fnt35 7995 1800(@Number)m 240 fnt82 8998 1803(-)m -220 fnt35 0 1512(Mar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k 240 fnt82 -775 1515(in)m 1051(the)s 1432(\207nal)s 1946(document.)s 3087(This)s -3596(must)s 4155(be)s 4470(the)s 4851(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -5939(of)s 220 fnt35 6243 1512(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 8021 1515(just)m 8460(before)s 0 1227(the)m 220 fnt35 -378 1224(@RefPlace)m 240 fnt82 1572 1227(that)m 2020(recei)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k -2908(the)s 3286(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k -3988(and)s 4423(so)s 4719(this)s 5145(in)s 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -6229(of)s 220 fnt35 6530 1224(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er)k -240 fnt82 8305 1227(is)m 8546(gi)s 6(v)k 3(en)k -220 fnt35 0 936(str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 1585 939(as)m -1827(an)s 2102(additional)s 3105(tag)s 3442(by)s 3728(the)s -220 fnt35 4068 936(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 5050 939(symbol.)m -5911(Its)s 6192(original)s 6982(tag)s 7319(w)s 2(as)k -7732(the)s 8072(number)s 8855(of)s 0 651(the)m 348(reference)s -1291(place,)s 1902(which)s 2544(means)s 3206(that)s 220 fnt35 -480 150(@NumberMar)m -3(k)k 4(er&&str)k -3(unk1979style @Open { @T)k 26(ag })k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 89 95 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(4.5.)m 454(Biblio)s 2(gr)k 3(aphies)k -240 fnt84 8832 13840(89)m 240 fnt82 0 13205(has)m 370(for)s -708(its)s 984(result)s 1574(the)s 1922(number)s 2713(of)s -2984(the)s 3332(reference)s 4275(place)s 4835(that)s 5253(recei)s 6(v)k 3(ed)k -6111(the)s 220 fnt35 6459 13202(str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 -8051 13205(g)m 1(alle)k 3(y)k 15(,)k 8722(and)s -0 12917(this)m 396(is)s 606(the)s 954(desired)s 1702(result)s -2292(of)s 220 fnt35 2563 12914(@Ref str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 -4720 12917(.)m 480 12543(It)m 674(might)s 1281(seem)s 1821(that)s -2228(if)s 2434(we)s 2758(refer)s 3256(to)s 3483(the)s -220 fnt35 3820 12540(str)m -3(unk1979style)k 240 fnt82 5401 12543(reference)m -6333(twice,)s 6946(tw)s 2(o)k 7345(copies)s 7996(will)s -8411(be)s 8681(sent)s 0 12255(to)m 247(the)s 603(reference)s -1554(list)s 1914(and)s 2326(it)s 2526(will)s 2961(appear)s -3666(twice.)s 4355(Ho)s 6(we)k 6(v)k 3(er)k 9(,)k -5324(when)s 5908(more)s 6463(than)s 6941(one)s 7351(sorted)s -8001(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 8644(with)s 0 11967(the)m -341(same)s 881(k)s 2(e)k 3(y)k 1269(is)s -1472(sent)s 1910(to)s 2142(the)s 2483(same)s 3023(place,)s -3627(only)s 4100(one)s 4495(of)s 4759(them)s 5290(is)s -5493(printed)s 6221(\(Section)s 7067(1.4\);)s 7551(so)s 7810(pro)s 3(vided)k -8708(that)s 0 11679(sorted)m 642(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -1366(are)s 1713(used)s 2210(there)s 2743(is)s 2953(no)s -3246(problem.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 90 96 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12955(Refer)m 8(ences)k 240 fnt82 0 12358([1])m -480(Adobe)s 1182(Systems,)s 2094(Inc..)s 240 fnt83 2631 12360(P)m 19(ostScript)k -3680(Langua)s 2(g)k 2(e)k 4696(Refer)s 8(ence)k -5704(Manual,)s 6550(Second)s 7316(Edition)s 240 fnt82 8014 12358(.)m -8186(Addison-)s 480 12070(W)m 19(esle)k 3(y)k 1169(,)s -1276(1990)s 1751(.)s 0 11567([2])m 480(Brian)s 1132(W)s 22(.)k -1504(K)s 6(ernighan)k 2630(and)s 3098(Lorinda)s 3980(L.)s -4294(Cherry)s 15(.)k 5172(A)s 5466(system)s 6255(for)s -6657(typesetting)s 7824(mathematics)s 9022(.)s 240 fnt83 480 11281(Communications)m -2158(of)s 2439(the)s 2784(A)s 7(CM)k 240 fnt84 -3351 11278(18)m 240 fnt82 3585 11279(,)m 3692(182\211193)s 4576(\(1975\))s -5203(.)s 0 10778([3])m 480(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -1177(H.)s 1443(Kingston.)s 240 fnt83 2475 10780(The)m 2876(Basser)s -3581(Lout)s 4074(Document)s 5111(F)s 25(ormatting)k 6219(System)s -6929(\(V)s 26(er)k 2(sion)k 7767(3\))s 240 fnt82 -7956 10778(.)m 8109(Computer)s 480 10490(program)m 1290(,)s 1408(1995)s -1874(.)s 2050(Publicly)s 2913(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k -3833(in)s 4088(the)s 240 fnt83 4448 10492(jef)m 4(f)k -240 fnt82 4855 10490(subdirectory)m 6116(of)s 6399(the)s 6759(home)s -7359(directory)s 8287(of)s 240 fnt83 8570 10492(ftp)m 240 fnt82 -8887 10490(to)m 480 10202(host)m 240 fnt83 950 10204(ftp.cs.su.oz.au)m 240 fnt82 -2373 10202(with)m 2866(login)s 3427(name)s 240 fnt83 4012 10204(anonymous)m -240 fnt82 5171 10202(or)m 240 fnt83 5442 10204(ftp)m 240 fnt82 -5758 10202(and)m 6174(an)s 3(y)k 6582(non-empty)s 7685(passw)s 2(ord)k -8657(\(e.g.)s 240 fnt83 480 9916(none)m 240 fnt82 939 9914(\).)m -1175(Lout)s 1680(distrib)s 4(utions)k 2914(are)s 3254(also)s -3685(a)s 4(v)k 6(ailable)k 4585(from)s 5102(the)s -240 fnt83 5443 9916(comp.sour)m 8(ces.misc)k 240 fnt82 7291 9914(ne)m 6(wsgroup,)k -8436(and)s 8832(by)s 480 9626(electronic)m 1474(mail)s 1953(from)s -2477(the)s 2825(author)s 13(.)k 3587(All)s 3947(enquiries)s -4874(to)s 240 fnt83 5113 9628(jef)m 4(f@cs.su.oz.au)k 240 fnt82 -6672 9626(.)m 0 9121([4])m 480(Jef)s 6(fre)k 3(y)k -1187(H.)s 1463(Kingston.)s 240 fnt83 2504 9123(A)m 2698(User')s 9(s)k -3380(Guide)s 4017(to)s 4255(the)s 4599(Lout)s 5101(Document)s -6148(F)s 25(ormatting)k 7266(System)s 7985(\(V)s 26(er)k 2(sion)k -8833(3\))s 240 fnt82 9022 9121(.)m 480 8833(Basser)m 1177(Department)s -2365(of)s 2636(Computer)s 3653(Science)s 4392(,)s 4499(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k -5553(of)s 5824(Sydne)s 3(y)k 6534(,)s 6641(1995)s -7107(.)s 0 8328([5])m 480(Donald)s 1243(E.)s 1493(Knuth.)s -240 fnt83 2256 8330(The)m 2668(T)s 2764 8282(E)m 2872 8330(X)m -3028(Book)s 240 fnt82 3524 8328(.)m 3688(Addison-W)s 19(esle)k 3(y)k -5268(,)s 5375(1984)s 5849(.)s 0 7823([6])m 480(Brian)s -1048(K.)s 1305(Reid.)s 1900(A)s 2110(High-)s 2657(Le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k -3227(Approach)s 4207(to)s 4426(Computer)s 5423(Document)s 6459(Production)s -7506(.)s 7650(In)s 240 fnt83 7885 7825(Pr)m 10(oceedings)k -480 7537(of)m 745(the)s 1073(7th)s 1417(Symposium)s 2548(on)s -2825(the)s 3153(Principles)s 4174(of)s 4438(Pr)s 10(o)k 2(gr)k 3(amming)k -5804(Langua)s 2(g)k 2(es)k 6891(\(POPL\),)s 7723(Las)s -8107(V)s 26(e)k 9(gas)k 8695(NV)s 240 fnt82 -9019 7535(,)m 480 7247(pages)m 1076(24\21131)s 1651(,)s 1758(1980)s -2233(.)s 0 6742([7])m 480(W)s 9(illiam)k 1313(Strunk)s -2012(and)s 2416(E.)s 2666(B.)s 2930(White.)s 240 fnt83 -3678 6744(The)m 4090(Elements)s 5021(of)s 5302(Style)s 240 fnt82 -5759 6742(.)m 5923(Macmillan)s 6955(.)s 7119(Third)s 7708(Edition)s -8409(,)s 8516(1979)s 8987(.)s 192 fnt84 4439 2(90)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 91 97 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -480 fnt84 0 12962(Index)m 220 fnt35 0 12365(adjust)m 641(@Break)s -240 fnt82 1444 12368(,)m 1551(42)s 0 12080(Adjustment)m 1176(of)s -1447(object)s 2038(,)s 2145(49)s 0 11792(Adobe)m 695(Systems,)s -1599(Inc.)s 1955(,)s 2062(41)s 0 11504(Alignment)m 240 fnt83 -1083 11506(see)m 240 fnt82 1441 11504(mark)m 1993(alignment)s 0 11216(Associati)m 6(vity)k -1256(,)s 1363(22)s 220 fnt35 0 10637(b)m 240 fnt82 -174 10640(unit)m 553(,)s 660(37)s 240 10352(use)m 615(in)s -220 fnt35 858 10349(//1.1b)m 240 fnt82 1406 10352(,)m 1513(27)s -220 fnt35 0 10061(@Bac)m 4(kEnd)k 240 fnt82 1145 10064(symbol)m -1852(,)s 1959(66)s 220 fnt35 0 9773(@Bac)m 4(kg)k 2(round)k -240 fnt82 1436 9776(symbol)m 2143(,)s 2250(53)s 220 fnt35 -0 9485(@Begin)m 240 fnt82 829 9488(symbol)m 1536(,)s 1643(36)s -0 9200(Bibliographies)m 1406(,)s 1513(85)s 0 8912(Body)m 574(of)s -845(a)s 1011(de\207nition)s 1932(,)s 2039(4)s 220 fnt35 -0 8621(body)m 240 fnt82 534 8624(parameter)m 1495(,)s 1602(17)s -0 8336(Braces)m 648(,)s 755(3)s 220 fnt35 0 7757(c)m -240 fnt82 165 7760(unit)m 544(,)s 651(37)s 220 fnt35 -0 7469(@Case)m 240 fnt82 787 7472(symbol)m 1494(,)s 1601(56)s -0 7184(Centring)m 837(,)s 944(37)s 220 fnt35 0 6893(@Chapter)m -240 fnt82 1063 6896(e)m 3(xample)k 1873(,)s 1980(81)s -0 6608(Chapters)m 901(and)s 1305(sections)s 2073(,)s 2180(80)s -220 fnt35 0 6317(@Char)m 240 fnt82 758 6320(symbol)m 1465(,)s -1572(41)s 0 6032(Cherry)m 15(,)k 756(L.)s 953(,)s -1060(69)s 220 fnt35 0 5741(clines)m 613(@Break)s 240 fnt82 -1416 5744(,)m 1523(42)s 220 fnt35 0 5453(@ColList)m 240 fnt82 -948 5456(e)m 3(xample)k 1758(,)s 1865(77)s 0 5168(Column)m -829(mark)s 1328(,)s 1435(1)s 0 4880(Comment)m 951(,)s -1058(15)s 0 4592(Comment)m 1004(character)s 1885(,)s 1992(13)s -220 fnt35 0 4301(@Common)m 240 fnt82 1159 4304(symbol)m 1866(,)s -1973(53)s 0 4016(Components)m 1262(of)s 1533(a)s 1699(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -2280(,)s 2387(26)s 240 3728(promotion)m 1294(of)s 1512(,)s -1619(29)s 0 3440(Concatenation)m 1439(symbols)s 2235(,)s 2342(36)s -0 3152(Contraction)m 1186(of)s 1457(object)s 2048(,)s 2155(48)s -220 fnt35 0 2861(cr)m 2(agged)k 839(@Break)s 240 fnt82 -1642 2864(,)m 1749(42)s 0 2576(Cross)m 596(reference)s 1486(,)s -1593(7)s 220 fnt35 0 2285(@CurrLang)m 240 fnt82 1185 2288(symbol)m -1892(,)s 1999(46)s 220 fnt35 0 1709(d)m 240 fnt82 -170 1712(unit)m 549(,)s 656(37)s 220 fnt35 0 1421(@Database)m -240 fnt82 1214 1424(symbol)m 1921(,)s 2028(60)s 0 1136(Date,)m -558(printing)s 1368(of)s 1639(current)s 2322(,)s 2429(57)s -0 848(Def)m 2(ault)k 774(v)s 6(alue)k 1342(of)s -1613(parameter)s 2574(,)s 2681(15)s 4816 12367(De\207nitions)m 5877(,)s -5984(4)s 4816 12079(Delimiter)m 5737(,)s 5844(13)s 4816 11791(Diag)m -5334(diagram-dra)s 3(wing)k 7030(package)s 7817(,)s 7924(64)s -4816 11503(Diagrams)m 5743(,)s 5850(61)s 4816 11215(DocumentLayout)m 6551(package)s -7338(,)s 7445(71)s 5056 10927(chapters)m 5903(and)s 6307(sections)s -7075(,)s 7182(80)s 5056 10639(displays)m 5838(,)s 5945(72)s -5056 10351(lists)m 5438(,)s 5545(73)s 5056 10063(page)m 5564(layout)s -6169(,)s 6276(75)s 5056 9775(paragraphs)m 6103(,)s 6210(71)s -220 fnt35 4816 9196(e)m 240 fnt82 4990 9199(g)m 1(ap)k -5388(mode)s 5923(,)s 6030(37)s 4816 8911(Edge-to-edge)m 6160(g)s 1(ap)k -6558(mode)s 7093(,)s 7200(37)s 220 fnt35 4816 8620(@Enclose)m -240 fnt82 5818 8623(,)m 5925(30)s 220 fnt35 4816 8332(@End)m -240 fnt82 5477 8335(symbol)m 6184(,)s 6291(36)s 4816 8047(Eq)m -5140(equation)s 6021(formatting)s 7082(package)s 7869(,)s 7976(69)s -220 fnt35 4816 7756(@Eq)m 240 fnt82 5354 7759(e)m 3(xample)k -6164(,)s 6271(69)s 4816 7471(Escape)m 5549(character)s 6430(,)s -6537(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 7180(@Ev)m 5(enP)k 8(ageList)k -240 fnt82 6435 7183(e)m 3(xample)k 7245(,)s 7352(79)s -4816 6895(Expansion)m 5884(of)s 6155(object)s 6746(,)s 6853(48)s -220 fnt35 4816 6604(e)m 6(xpor)k -8(t)k 240 fnt82 -5484 6607(clause)m 6084(,)s 6191(18)s 220 fnt35 4816 6028(f)m -240 fnt82 4934 6031(unit)m 5313(,)s 5420(37)s 4816 5743(F)m 3(ace)k -5320(of)s 5591(a)s 5757(font)s 6149(,)s 6256(40)s -4816 5455(F)m 3(amily)k 5544(of)s 5815(a)s 5981(font)s -6373(,)s 6480(40)s 220 fnt35 4816 5164(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 5653 5167(,)m 5760(8)s 220 fnt35 4816 4876(f)m 6(ollo)k 3(wing)k -240 fnt82 5653 4879(,)m 5760(8)s 4816 4591(F)m 3(onts)k -5343(,)s 5450(40)s 220 fnt35 4816 4300(f)m 6(ontdef)k -240 fnt82 5485 4303(,)m 5592(41)s 220 fnt35 4816 4012(@F)m 6(ont)k -240 fnt82 5528 4015(symbol)m 6235(,)s 6342(40)s 220 fnt35 -4816 3724(@F)m 6(ootSect)k 240 fnt82 5967 3727(e)m 3(xample)k -6777(,)s 6884(76)s 4816 3439(F)m 3(orcing)k 5610(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -6191(,)s 6298(29)s 4816 3151(F)m 3(ormfeed)k 5747(,)s -5854(13)s 4816 2575(Galle)m 3(ys)k 5541(,)s 5648(10)s -5056 2287(in)m 5299(detail)s 5831(,)s 5938(25)s 220 fnt35 -4816 1996(@Galle)m 4(y)k 5654(@F)s 6(orceGalle)k 4(y)k -240 fnt82 7107 1999(symbol)m 7814(,)s 7921(58)s 8155(,)s -4816 1711(Gap)m 5215(,)s 5322(37)s 4816 1423(Gap)m 5268(mode)s -5803(,)s 5910(37)s 220 fnt35 4816 1132(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 5860 1135(symbol)m 6567(,)s 6674(61)s 192 fnt84 -4442 2(91)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 92 98 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(92)m 240 fnt83 8539 13843(Inde)m 4(x)k -220 fnt35 0 13246(h)m 240 fnt82 168 13249(g)m 1(ap)k -566(mode)s 1101(,)s 1208(37)s 220 fnt35 0 12958(@HAdjust)m -240 fnt82 1046 12961(symbol)m 1753(,)s 1860(49)s 220 fnt35 -0 12670(@HContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 1264 12673(symbol)m 1971(,)s -2078(48)s 220 fnt35 0 12382(@HCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 1018 12385(symbol)m 1725(,)s 1832(50)s 0 12097(Height)m -711(of)s 982(an)s 1265(object)s 1856(,)s 1963(24)s -220 fnt35 0 11806(@HExpand)m 240 fnt82 1173 11809(symbol)m 1880(,)s -1987(48)s 220 fnt35 0 11518(@High)m 240 fnt82 719 11521(symbol)m -1426(,)s 1533(47)s 220 fnt35 0 11230(@HLimited)m 240 fnt82 -1135 11233(symbol)m 1842(,)s 1949(48)s 220 fnt35 0 10942(@Hline)m -240 fnt82 773 10945(e)m 3(xample)k 1583(,)s 1690(71)s -0 10657(Horizontal)m 1077(concatenation)s 2409(,)s 2516(36)s 220 fnt35 -0 10366(@HScale)m 240 fnt82 981 10369(symbol)m 1688(,)s 1795(49)s -220 fnt35 0 10078(@HShift)m 240 fnt82 875 10081(symbol)m 1582(,)s -1689(47)s 220 fnt35 0 9790(@HSpan)m 240 fnt82 939 9793(symbol)m -1646(,)s 1753(50)s 220 fnt35 0 9502(h)m 6(yphen)k -760(@Break)s 240 fnt82 1563 9505(,)m 1670(43)s 0 9217(Hyphenation)m -1294(g)s 1(ap)k 1692(mode)s 2227(,)s 2334(39)s -0 8929(Hyphenation)m 1294(g)s 1(ap)k 1692(mode)s 2227(,)s -2334(37)s 0 8353(Identi\207er)m 882(,)s 989(13)s 220 fnt35 -0 8062(impor)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 673 8065(clause)m 1273(,)s -1380(18)s 0 7777(In-paragraph)m 1291(concatenation)s 2623(,)s 2730(37)s -220 fnt35 0 7486(@Include)m 240 fnt82 982 7489(symbol)m 1689(,)s -1796(66)s 220 fnt35 0 7198(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -1751 7201(symbol)m 2458(,)s 2565(65)s 220 fnt35 0 6910(@IndentedDispla)m 6(y)k -240 fnt82 1847 6913(e)m 3(xample)k 2657(,)s 2764(72)s -220 fnt35 0 6622(@IndentedList)m 240 fnt82 1474 6625(e)m 3(xample)k -2284(,)s 2391(73)s 0 6337(Inde)m 3(x)k 597(\207le)s -958(\(for)s 1375(databases\))s 2366(,)s 2473(61)s 220 fnt35 -0 6046(@Inser)m -8(t)k 240 fnt82 836 6049(symbol)m 1543(,)s -1650(54)s 220 fnt35 0 5758(into)m 240 fnt82 406 5761(clause)m -1006(,)s 1113(10)s 0 5473(In)m 9(v)k 4(ocation)k -1067(of)s 1338(a)s 1504(symbol)s 2211(,)s 2318(4)s -220 fnt35 0 4606(k)m 240 fnt82 170 4609(g)m 1(ap)k -568(mode)s 1103(,)s 1210(37)s 0 4321(K)m 6(ernighan,)k -1111(B.)s 1322(,)s 1429(69)s 0 4033(K)m 6(erning)k -778(,)s 885(40)s 0 3745(K)m 6(erning)k 831(g)s 1(ap)k -1229(mode)s 1764(,)s 1871(37)s 220 fnt35 0 3454(@K)m 8(er)k -5(nShr)k -3(ink)k -240 fnt82 1367 3457(symbol)m 2074(,)s 2181(53)s 220 fnt35 -0 3166(@K)m 8(e)k 4(y)k 240 fnt82 647 3169(parameter)m -1608(,)s 1715(31)s 0 2881(Knuth,)m 706(D.)s 930(,)s -1037(71)s 220 fnt35 0 2302(langdef)m 240 fnt82 776 2305(language)m -1696(de\207nition)s 2617(,)s 2724(46)s 220 fnt35 0 2014(@Language)m -240 fnt82 1251 2017(symbol)m 1958(,)s 2065(45)s 220 fnt35 -0 1726(@LClos)m 240 fnt82 836 1729(symbol)m 1543(,)s 1650(14)s -0 1441(LCM)m 573(\207le)s 881(,)s 988(41)s 0 1153(Length)m -682(,)s 789(37)s 220 fnt35 0 862(@LEn)m 4(v)k -240 fnt82 778 865(symbol)m 1485(,)s 1592(14)s 0 577(Letter)m -629(character)s 1510(,)s 1617(13)s 0 289(Lig)m 1(atures)k -899(,)s 1006(40)s 220 fnt35 4816 13247(lines)m 5319(@Break)s -240 fnt82 6122 13250(,)m 6229(42)s 220 fnt35 4816 12959(@LInput)m -240 fnt82 5705 12962(symbol)m 6412(,)s 6519(14)s 4816 12674(Literal)m -5506(w)s 2(ord)k 6001(,)s 6108(14)s 220 fnt35 -4816 12383(@LUse)m 240 fnt82 5603 12386(symbol)m 6310(,)s 6417(14)s -220 fnt35 4816 12095(@L)m 24(Vis)k 240 fnt82 5494 12098(symbol)m -6201(,)s 6308(14)s 220 fnt35 4816 11519(m)m 240 fnt82 -5045 11522(unit)m 5424(,)s 5531(37)s 4816 11234(Macro)m 5440(,)s -5547(15)s 4816 10946(Mark)m 5395(alignment)s 6358(,)s 6465(1)s -5056 10658(in)m 5299(detail)s 5831(,)s 5938(28)s 4816 10370(Mark-to-mark)m -6230(g)s 1(ap)k 6628(mode)s 7163(,)s 7270(37)s -220 fnt35 4816 10079(@Meld)m 240 fnt82 5562 10082(symbol)m 6269(,)s -6376(53)s 220 fnt35 4816 9791(@Merge)m 240 fnt82 5713 9794(symbol)m -6420(,)s 6527(32)s 220 fnt35 4816 9503(@Moment)m 240 fnt82 -5888 9506(symbol)m 6595(,)s 6702(57)s 220 fnt35 4816 8927(named)m -240 fnt82 5535 8930(parameter)m 6496(,)s 6603(15)s 4816 8642(Nested)m -5538(de\207nitions)s 6546(,)s 6653(17)s 220 fnt35 4816 8351(@Ne)m 6(xt)k -240 fnt82 5540 8354(symbol)m 6247(,)s 6354(56)s 220 fnt35 -4816 8063(noh)m 6(yphen)k 5820(@Break)s 240 fnt82 6623 8066(,)m -6730(43)s 220 fnt35 4816 7775(@NotRe)m 6(v)k 5(ealed)k -240 fnt82 6343 7778(symbol)m 7050(,)s 7157(58)s 220 fnt35 -4816 7487(@Null)m 240 fnt82 5461 7490(symbol)m 6168(,)s 6275(57)s -4816 7202(Numbered)m 5884(list)s 6182(,)s 6289(73)s 220 fnt35 -4816 6911(@NumberOf)m 240 fnt82 6108 6914(e)m 3(xample)k 6918(,)s -7025(80)s 220 fnt35 4816 6335(o)m 240 fnt82 4991 6338(g)m 1(ap)k -5389(mode)s 5924(,)s 6031(37)s 4816 6050(Object)m 5460(,)s -5567(1)s 220 fnt35 4816 5759(@OddP)m 8(ageList)k 240 fnt82 -6355 5762(e)m 3(xample)k 7165(,)s 7272(79)s 220 fnt35 -4816 5471(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 5828 5474(symbol)m 6535(,)s 6642(47)s -220 fnt35 4816 5183(@OneOf)m 240 fnt82 5743 5186(symbol)m 6450(,)s -6557(54)s 220 fnt35 4816 4895(@OneP)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 -6010 4898(e)m 3(xample)k 6820(,)s 6927(78)s 220 fnt35 -4816 4607(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 5947 4610(symbol)m 6654(,)s -6761(46)s 220 fnt35 4816 4319(@Open)m 240 fnt82 5622 4322(symbol)m -6329(,)s 6436(60)s 4816 4034(Optimal)m 5654(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -6288(breaking)s 7125(,)s 7232(34)s 220 fnt35 4816 3743(@Optimiz)m 3(e)k -240 fnt82 5953 3746(symbol)m 6660(,)s 6767(35)s 220 fnt35 -4816 3455(or)m 2(agged)k 5667(@Break)s 240 fnt82 6470 3458(,)m -6577(42)s 220 fnt35 4816 3167(@OrElse)m 240 fnt82 5761 3170(e)m 3(xample)k -6571(,)s 6678(83)s 4816 2882(Other)m 5420(character)s 6301(,)s -6408(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 2591(outdent)m 5604(@Break)s 240 fnt82 -6407 2594(,)m 6514(42)s 220 fnt35 4816 2303(o)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 5295 2306(e)m 3(xample)k 6105(,)s 6212(70)s -4816 2018(Ov)m 3(erstrik)k 2(e)k 5875(g)s 1(ap)k -6273(mode)s 6808(,)s 6915(37)s 220 fnt35 4816 1439(p)m -240 fnt82 4990 1442(unit)m 5369(,)s 5476(37)s 220 fnt35 -4816 1151(@P)m 26(Adjust)k 240 fnt82 5824 1154(symbol)m 6531(,)s -6638(49)s 220 fnt35 4816 863(@P)m 8(age)k 240 fnt82 -5595 866(e)m 3(xample)k 6405(,)s 6512(77)s 4816 578(P)m 3(age)k -5334(layout)s 5056 290(principles)m 6049(of)s 6267(,)s 6374(5)s - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 93 99 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt83 0 13843(Inde)m 4(x)k 240 fnt84 8833 13840(93)m -240 fnt82 240 13247(in)m 483(practice)s 1241(,)s 1348(75)s -220 fnt35 0 12956(@P)m 8(ageLabel)k 240 fnt82 1309 12959(symbol)m -2016(,)s 2123(68)s 220 fnt35 0 12668(@P)m 8(ageOf)k -240 fnt82 1016 12671(e)m 3(xample)k 1826(,)s 1933(75)s -0 12383(P)m 3(aragraph)k 1023(breaking)s 1860(,)s 1967(3)s -240 12095(in)m 483(detail)s 1015(,)s 1122(39)s 0 11807(P)m 3(arameter)k -971(,)s 1078(4)s 220 fnt35 240 11516(body)m 240 fnt82 -774 11519(parameter)m 1735(,)s 1842(17)s 220 fnt35 240 11228(named)m -240 fnt82 959 11231(parameter)m 1920(,)s 2027(15)s 220 fnt35 -0 10940(@PlainGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 1530 10943(symbol)m 2237(,)s -2344(65)s 0 10655(PostScript)m 989(,)s 1096(ii)s 240 10367(used)m -737(by)s 220 fnt35 1031 10364(@Gr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -2022 10367(,)m 2129(61)s 240 10079(used)m 737(by)s 220 fnt35 -1031 10076(@IncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 2729 10079(,)m 2836(65)s -240 9791(used)m 737(by)s 220 fnt35 1031 9788(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 2851 9791(,)m 2958(65)s 220 fnt35 0 9500(@PP)m -240 fnt82 566 9503(e)m 3(xample)k 1376(,)s 1483(72)s -0 9215(Precedence)m 1091(,)s 1198(22)s 220 fnt35 0 8924(preceding)m -240 fnt82 958 8927(,)m 1065(8)s 220 fnt35 0 8636(@PrependGr)m 2(aphic)k -240 fnt82 1873 8639(symbol)m 2580(,)s 2687(65)s 0 8351(Principal)m -917(mark)s 1416(,)s 1523(37)s 240 8063(ef)m 6(fect)k -836(on)s 220 fnt35 1133 8060(@OneCol)m 240 fnt82 2145 8063(and)m -220 fnt35 2549 8060(@OneRo)m 3(w)k 240 fnt82 3627 8063(,)m -3734(46)s 0 7775(Promotion)m 1067(of)s 1338(components)s 2493(,)s -2600(29)s 0 7199(Quote)m 641(character)s 1522(,)s 1629(13)s -0 6911(Quoted)m 763(w)s 2(ord)k 1258(,)s 1365(14)s -220 fnt35 0 6332(r)m 240 fnt82 133 6335(unit)m 512(,)s -619(37)s 220 fnt35 0 6044(r)m 2(agged)k 729(@Break)s -240 fnt82 1532 6047(,)m 1639(42)s 220 fnt35 0 5756(@Ra)m 4(wV)k 17(erbatim)k -240 fnt82 1563 5759(symbol)m 2270(,)s 2377(67)s 0 5471(Recepti)m 6(v)k 3(e)k -1003(symbol)s 1710(,)s 1817(11)s 0 5183(Recursion)m 974(,)s -1081(5)s 220 fnt35 0 4892(@Ref)m 240 fnt82 621 4895(e)m 3(xample)k -1431(,)s 1538(88)s 220 fnt35 0 4604(@Ref)m 6(erence)k -240 fnt82 1281 4607(e)m 3(xample)k 2091(,)s 2198(85)s -220 fnt35 0 4316(@Ref)m 6(erenceSection)k 240 fnt82 2006 4319(e)m 3(xample)k -2816(,)s 2923(87)s 0 4031(Reid,)m 559(Brian)s 1147(K.)s -1371(,)s 1478(7)s 0 3743(Right)m 592(justi\207cation)s 1724(,)s -1831(37)s 220 fnt35 0 3452(r)m -3(lines)k 579(@Break)s -240 fnt82 1382 3455(,)m 1489(42)s 0 3167(Roman)m 749(numerals)s -1623(,)s 1730(75)s 0 2879(Root)m 526(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k -1107(,)s 1214(11)s 240 2591(in)m 483(detail)s 1015(,)s -1122(28)s 240 2303(printing)m 1050(of)s 1268(,)s 1375(29)s -240 2015(size)m 667(of)s 938(components)s 2146(of)s 2364(,)s -2471(25)s 220 fnt35 0 1724(@Rotate)m 240 fnt82 921 1727(symbol)m -1628(,)s 1735(52)s 0 1439(Rotation)m 881(of)s 1152(object)s -1743(,)s 1850(52)s 0 1151(Ro)m 6(w)k 501(mark)s -1000(,)s 1107(2)s 220 fnt35 0 860(rr)m 2(agged)k -802(@Break)s 240 fnt82 1605 863(,)m 1712(42)s 220 fnt35 -0 572(@Rump)m 240 fnt82 860 575(symbol)m 1567(,)s 1674(53)s -220 fnt35 0 284(@Runner)m 240 fnt82 1002 287(e)m 3(xample)k -1812(,)s 1919(78)s 220 fnt35 4816 13246(s)m 240 fnt82 -4979 13249(unit)m 5358(,)s 5465(37)s 5056 12961(and)m 220 fnt35 -5460 12958(@Space)m 240 fnt82 6357 12961(symbol)m 7064(,)s 7171(43)s -220 fnt35 4816 12670(@Scale)m 240 fnt82 5639 12673(symbol)m 6346(,)s -6453(51)s 4816 12385(Scaling)m 5586(of)s 5857(object)s 6448(,)s -6555(49)s 4816 12097(Scribe)m 5429(,)s 5536(7)s 220 fnt35 -4816 11806(@Section)m 240 fnt82 5816 11809(e)m 3(xample)k 6626(,)s -6733(83)s 220 fnt35 4816 11518(@SetColor)m 240 fnt82 5951 11521(symbol)m -6658(,)s 6765(44)s 220 fnt35 4816 11230(@SetColour)m 240 fnt82 -6073 11233(symbol)m 6780(,)s 6887(44)s 4816 10945(Size)m 5283(of)s -5554(an)s 5837(object)s 6428(,)s 6535(24)s 4816 10657(small)m -5388(capitals)s 6115(,)s 6222(41)s 4816 10369(Sorted)m 5498(g)s 1(alle)k 3(ys)k -6169(,)s 6276(31)s 4816 10081(Space)m 5390(,)s 5497(13)s -5056 9793(when)m 5632(signi\207cant)s 6635(,)s 6742(38)s 220 fnt35 -4816 9502(@Space)m 240 fnt82 5713 9505(symbol)m 6420(,)s 6527(43)s -220 fnt35 4816 9214(@Star)m -8(tHSpan)k 240 fnt82 6226 9217(symbol)m -6933(,)s 7040(50)s 220 fnt35 4816 8926(@Star)m -8(tHVSpan)k -240 fnt82 6372 8929(symbol)m 7079(,)s 7186(50)s 220 fnt35 -4816 8638(@Star)m -8(tVSpan)k 240 fnt82 6214 8641(symbol)m 6921(,)s -7028(50)s 4816 8353(Style)m 5363(of)s 5634(an)s 5917(object)s -6508(,)s 6615(23)s 220 fnt35 4816 8062(sup)m 240 fnt82 -5222 8065(e)m 3(xample)k 6032(,)s 6139(70)s 4816 7777(Symbol)m -5563(,)s 5670(4)s 220 fnt35 4816 7486(@SysDatabase)m 240 fnt82 -6396 7489(symbol)m 7103(,)s 7210(61)s 220 fnt35 4816 7198(@SysInclude)m -240 fnt82 6164 7201(symbol)m 6871(,)s 6978(66)s 220 fnt35 -4816 6910(@SysIncludeGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 6933 6913(symbol)m 7640(,)s -7747(65)s 220 fnt35 4816 6622(@SysPrependGr)m 2(aphic)k 240 fnt82 -7055 6625(symbol)m 7762(,)s 7869(65)s 220 fnt35 4816 6046(t)m -240 fnt82 4933 6049(g)m 1(ap)k 5331(mode)s 5866(,)s -5973(37)s 4816 5761(T)m 19(ables)k 5432(,)s 5539(2)s -4816 5473(T)m 19(ab)k 4(ulation)k 5886(g)s 1(ap)k -6284(mode)s 6819(,)s 6926(37)s 220 fnt35 4816 5182(@T)m 26(ag)k -240 fnt82 5439 5185(parameter)m 9(,)k 6491(def)s 2(ault)k -7212(v)s 6(alue)k 7780(of)s 7998(,)s 8105(16)s -220 fnt35 4816 4894(@T)m 26(agged)k 240 fnt82 5805 4897(symbol)m -6512(,)s 6619(59)s 4816 4609(T)m 19(ar)k 4(get)k -5476(of)s 5747(cross)s 6289(reference)s 7179(,)s 7286(8)s -4816 4321(T)m 19(ar)k 4(get)k 5476(of)s 5747(a)s -5913(g)s 1(alle)k 3(y)k 6494(,)s 6601(11)s -220 fnt35 4816 4030(@T)m 26(arget)k 240 fnt82 5703 4033(symbol)m -6410(,)s 6517(30)s 5056 3745(in)m 5299(detail)s 5831(,)s -5938(25)s 4816 3457(T)m 4912 3409(E)m 5020 3457(X)m 5056 3169(h)m 1(yphenation)k -6243(,)s 6350(39)s 5056 2881(optimal)m 5841(paragraph)s 6854(breaking)s -7691(,)s 7798(39)s 4816 2593(T)m 16(e)k 3(xtual)k -5582(unit)s 5961(,)s 6068(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 2014(@Under)m -3(line)k -240 fnt82 6031 2017(symbol)m 6738(,)s 6845(67)s 4816 1729(Underscore)m -5974(character)s 6855(,)s 6962(13)s 220 fnt35 4816 1438(@Use)m -240 fnt82 5481 1441(symbol)m 6188(,)s 6295(60)s 220 fnt35 -4816 862(v)m 240 fnt82 4985 865(unit)m 5364(,)s 5471(37)s -5056 577(ef)m 6(fect)k 5652(on)s 5949(paragraph)s 6962(breaking)s -7799(,)s 7906(42)s 220 fnt35 4816 286(@V)m 17(Adjust)k -240 fnt82 5833 289(symbol)m 6540(,)s 6647(49)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 94 100 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -240 fnt84 0 13840(94)m 240 fnt83 8539 13843(Inde)m 4(x)k -220 fnt35 0 13246(@VContr)m 2(act)k 240 fnt82 1252 13249(symbol)m -1959(,)s 2066(48)s 220 fnt35 0 12958(@VCo)m 3(v)k 5(er)k -240 fnt82 1006 12961(symbol)m 1713(,)s 1820(50)s 220 fnt35 -0 12670(@V)m 17(erbatim)k 240 fnt82 1129 12673(symbol)m 1836(,)s -1943(67)s 0 12385(V)m 26(ertical)k 797(concatenation)s 2129(,)s -2236(36)s 220 fnt35 0 12094(@VExpand)m 240 fnt82 1161 12097(symbol)m -1868(,)s 1975(48)s 220 fnt35 0 11806(@VLimited)m 240 fnt82 -1123 11809(symbol)m 1830(,)s 1937(48)s 220 fnt35 0 11518(@VScale)m -240 fnt82 969 11521(symbol)m 1676(,)s 1783(49)s 220 fnt35 -0 11230(@VShift)m 240 fnt82 863 11233(symbol)m 1570(,)s 1677(48)s -220 fnt35 0 10942(@VSpan)m 240 fnt82 927 10945(symbol)m 1634(,)s -1741(50)s 220 fnt35 0 10366(w)m 240 fnt82 216 10369(unit)m -595(,)s 702(37)s 0 10081(White)m 640(space)s 1174(,)s -1281(13)s 240 9793(when)m 816(signi\207cant)s 1819(,)s 1926(38)s -220 fnt35 0 9502(@Wide)m 240 fnt82 774 9505(symbol)m 1481(,)s -1588(47)s 0 9217(W)m 9(idth)k 646(of)s 917(an)s -1200(object)s 1791(,)s 1898(24)s 0 8929(W)m 19(ord)k -531(,)s 638(14)s 220 fnt35 0 8350(x)m 240 fnt82 -168 8353(g)m 1(ap)k 566(mode)s 1101(,)s 1208(37)s -220 fnt35 0 7774(@Y)m 4(ield)k 240 fnt82 753 7777(symbol)m -1460(,)s 1567(56)s 220 fnt35 0 7486(@YUnit)m 240 fnt82 -814 7489(symbol)m 1521(,)s 1628(44)s 220 fnt35 0 6910(@ZUnit)m -240 fnt82 802 6913(symbol)m 1509(,)s 1616(44)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Trailer -%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica -%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-BoldItalic -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp -%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup -%%+ encoding vec2 -%%Pages: 100 -%%EOF diff --git a/doc/slides/outfile.ps b/doc/slides/outfile.ps deleted file mode 100644 index ed978e9..0000000 --- a/doc/slides/outfile.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4470 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-3.0 -%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999) -%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 11:58:48 1999 -%%DocumentData: Binary -%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend) -%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white () -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend) -%%Pages: (atend) -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842 -%%EndComments - -%%BeginProlog -%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp -/m { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def -/s { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def -/k { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def -/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll - moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def -/in { 1440 mul } def -/cm { 567 mul } def -/pt { 20 mul } def -/em { 120 mul } def -/sp { louts mul } def -/vs { loutv mul } def -/ft { loutf mul } def -/dg { } def - -/LoutGraphic { - /louts exch def - /loutv exch def - /loutf exch def - /ymark exch def - /xmark exch def - /ysize exch def - /xsize exch def -} def - -/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def - -/LoutFont -{ findfont exch scalefont setfont -} bind def - -/LoutRecode { - { findfont dup length dict begin - {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall - /Encoding exch def - currentdict end definefont pop - } - stopped pop -} bind def - -/BeginEPSF { - /LoutEPSFState save def - /dict_count countdictstack def - /op_count count 1 sub def - userdict begin - /showpage { } def - 0 setgray 0 setlinecap - 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin - 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath - /languagelevel where - { pop languagelevel - 1 ne - { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint - } if - } if -} bind def - -/EndEPSF { - count op_count sub { pop } repeat - countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat - LoutEPSFState restore -} bind def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource encoding vec2 -/vec2 [ -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright -/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash -/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven -/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question -/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G -/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O -/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W -/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore -/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g -/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o -/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w -/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef -/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi -/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction -/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent -/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron -/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section -/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron -/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered -/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown -/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla -/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis -/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply -/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls -/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla -/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis -/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide -/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis -] def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names % -% of all these symbols begin with "ltab". % -% % -% Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% 24 September 1991 % -% 22 December 1992 % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -% linewidth ltabhs - -% horizontal single line -/ltabhs -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhsp - -% horizontal single line with projecting ends -/ltabhsp -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhd - -% horizontal double line -/ltabhd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdb - -% horizontal double line below mark -/ltabhdb -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdnw - -% horizontal double line with northwest corner -/ltabhdnw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch 3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdne - -% horizontal double line with northeast corner -/ltabhdne -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch 3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdsw - -% horizontal double line with southwest corner -/ltabhdsw -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize exch -3 mul moveto - -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto - -3 mul 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabhdse - -% horizontal double line with southeast corner -/ltabhdse -{ dup dup dup dup - 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - 0 exch -3 mul moveto - 3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto - 3 mul xsize add 0 lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvs - -% vertical single line -/ltabvs -{ 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvd - -% vertical double line -/ltabvd -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def - -% linewidth ltabvdr - -% vertical double line to right of mark -/ltabvdr -{ dup dup - 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto - 3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto - setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke -} def -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig Jeffrey H. Kingston % -% Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label) January 1992 % -% % -% To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols % -% defined here begin with "lfig". However, this is not feasible % -% with user-defined labels and some labels used by users. % -% % -% <point> is two numbers, a point. % -% <length> is one number, a length % -% <angle> is one number, an angle in degrees % -% <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -errordict begin - /handleerror - { - { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto - $error /errorname get - dup lfigdict exch known - { lfigdict exch get } - { 30 string cvs } ifelse - show - ( Command: ) show - $error /command get 30 string cvs show - } stopped {} if - showpage stop - } def -end - -% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string> -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels -/lfigconcat -{ 2 copy length exch length add string - dup 0 4 index putinterval - dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval - 3 1 roll pop pop -} def - -% <string> lfigdebugprint - -% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places -% /lfigdebugprint -% { print -% (; operand stack:\n) print -% count copy -% count 2 idiv -% { == -% (\n) print -% } repeat -% (\n) print -% } def - -/lfigdict 120 dict def -lfigdict begin - -% error messages -/dictfull (dictfull error: too many labels?) def -/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error: labels nested too deeply?) def -/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: figure nested too deeply?) def -/limitcheck (limitcheck error: figure nested too deeply or too large?) def -/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of figure?) def -/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt label?) def -/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def - -% push pi onto stack: - lfigpi <num> -/lfigpi 3.14159 def - -% arc directions -/clockwise false def -/anticlockwise true def - -% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmax <num> -/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% minimum of two numbers: <num> <num> lfigmin <num> -/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% add two points: <point> <point> lfigpadd <point> -/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def - -% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> lfigpsub <point> -/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def - -% max two points: <point> <point> lfigpmax <point> -/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def - -% min two points: <point> <point> lfigpmin <point> -/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def - -% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point> -/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def - -% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point> -/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def - -% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> lfigangle <angle> -/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def - -% distance between two points: <point> <point> lfigdistance <length> -/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def - -% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length> -/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def - -%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length> -/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def - -% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid - -/lfigsolid -{ pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed - -/lfigdashed -{ 2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } - { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div - 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll - 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a lfigcdashed line: <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed - -/lfigcdashed -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } - { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div - 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub - ] exch 2 div setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted - -/lfigdotted -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } - { 1 index exch div ceiling div - [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash - } ifelse stroke -} def - -% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> lfignoline - -/lfignoline -{ pop pop -} def - -% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.) -/lfignopaint { } def -/lfignochange { fill } def -/lfigdarkblue { 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblue { 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightblue { 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgreen { 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggreen { 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgreen { 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkred { 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigred { 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightred { 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkcyan { 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigcyan { 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightcyan { 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkmagenta { 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigmagenta { 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightmagenta { 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkyellow { 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightyellow { 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgray { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggray { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgray { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigdarkgrey { 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiggrey { 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfiglightgrey { 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigblack { 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def -/lfigwhite { 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def - -% line caps (and joins, not currently used) -/lfigbutt 0 def -/lfiground 1 def -/lfigprojecting 2 def -/lfigmiter 0 def -/lfigbevel 2 def - -% shape and labels of the @Box symbol -/lfigbox -{ - 0 0 /SW lfigpointdef - xsize 0 /SE lfigpointdef - xsize ysize /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize /NW lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - W SE lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - S NW lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol -/lfigcurvebox -{ - - xsize 0.5 mul ysize 0.5 mul /CTR lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul 0 /S lfigpointdef - xsize ysize 0.5 mul /E lfigpointdef - xsize 0.5 mul ysize /N lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 mul /W lfigpointdef - - xmark 0.293 mul xmark 0.293 mul /SW lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub xmark 0.293 mul /SE lfigpointdef - xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE lfigpointdef - xmark 0.293 mul ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW lfigpointdef - - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - - xmark 0 - xsize xmark sub 0 - [ xsize xmark sub xmark ] - xsize xmark - xsize ysize xmark sub - [ xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub ] - xsize xmark sub ysize - xmark ysize - [ xmark ysize xmark sub ] - 0 ysize xmark sub - 0 xmark - [ xmark xmark ] - xmark 0 -} def - -% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol -% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox -/lfigshadow -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Square symbol -/lfigsquare -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - SW SE NE NW SW -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol -/lfigdiamond -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S E N W S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol -/lfigellipse -{ - xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W lfigpointdef - S W lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR W lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR S lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef - xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef - [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol -/lfigcircle -{ - xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef - CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef - [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S -} def - -% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols -/lfighline -{ - 0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols -/lfigvline -{ - xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef - xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef -} def - -% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle: -% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point> -/lfigpolygon -{ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef - 90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll - [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef - exch dup 360 exch div exch - 1 1 3 2 roll - { 4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn - 6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll - 3 2 roll lfigpointdef - dup 3 1 roll add exch - } for - pop lfigatangle -} def - -% next array element: <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true -% or <array> <index> false -/lfiggetnext -{ 2 copy exch length ge - { false } - { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse -} def - -% check whether thing is number: <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool> -/lfigisnumbertype -{ dup type dup - /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or -} def - -% check whether thing is an array: <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool> -/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def - -% get next item: <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0 -% or <array> <index> <array> 1 -% or <array> <index> <point> 2 -/lfiggetnextitem -{ lfiggetnext - { lfigisarraytype - { 1 - } - { lfigisnumbertype - { 3 1 roll - lfiggetnext - { lfigisnumbertype - { 4 3 roll exch 2 - } - { pop 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { 3 2 roll pop 0 - } ifelse - } - { pop 0 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { 0 - } ifelse -} def - -% set arc path: bool x1 y1 x2 y2 x0 y0 lfigsetarc <angle> <angle> <dist> -% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0, -% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise. -% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing -% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and -% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>. -/lfigsetarc -{ - 20 dict begin - matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - 2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll - 4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub - dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def - dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def - dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def - dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def - - y1s y2s eq - { -1 - } - { y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div - } ifelse - /da exch def - - x1s x2s eq - { -1 - } - { x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div - } ifelse - /db exch def - - da 0 gt db 0 gt and - { /LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def - /scalex da sqrt LMax div def - /scaley db sqrt LMax div def - scalex scaley scale - 0 0 LMax - 0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle - 0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div - } - { 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and - { 0 0 - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance - 0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle - 0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle - 2 copy eq { 360 add } if - 2 copy 8 2 roll - 5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse - 2 index 1 index - { 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse - 2 index 2 index - { 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse - 5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise - { exch sub } { sub } ifelse - dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div - } - { x2 y2 lineto pop - x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle - x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance - } ifelse - } ifelse - 4 -1 roll setmatrix - end -} def - -% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3 -% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0) -% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length> -/lfigsetcurve -{ 8 copy curveto pop pop - lfigangle - 5 1 roll - 4 2 roll lfigangle - exch - 0 -} def - -% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape -% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath - -/lfigpaintpath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 newpath - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - { lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr - lfigsetcurve pop pop pop - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc pop pop pop - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr moveto - } ifelse - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop pop pop cvx exec - end -} def - -% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length. -% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads. -% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] -/lfigdopath -{ - 10 dict begin - 0 - /prevseen false def - /curveseen false def - /backarrow [] def - /fwdarrow [] def - { - lfiggetnextitem - dup 0 eq { pop exit } - { - 1 eq - { /curveseen true def - /curve exch def - curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if - } - { /ycurr exch def - /xcurr exch def - prevseen - { newpath xprev yprev moveto - curveseen - { curve length 4 eq - { xprev yprev - curve 0 get curve 1 get - curve 2 get curve 3 get - xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve - } - { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr - curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse - curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse - 7 1 roll - lfigsetarc - } ifelse - } - { xcurr ycurr lineto - xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub - xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance - } ifelse - 6 index 6 index cvx exec - [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ] - backarrow length 0 eq - { /backarrow exch def } - { pop } ifelse - [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def - } if - /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - /prevseen true def - /curveseen false def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop - pop pop pop pop - backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse - fwdarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow } ifelse - end -} def - -% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form -% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow - -/lfigdoarrow -{ matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll - dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate - 2 get rotate - [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0 - 3 index 3 index neg - 1 index 10 index mul 0 - 7 index 7 index ] - 4 1 roll pop pop pop - dup 3 1 roll - gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop - setmatrix -} def - -% arrow head styles -/lfigopen 0.0 def -/lfighalfopen 0.5 def -/lfigclosed 1.0 def - -% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both -/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop } def -/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop } def -/lfigback { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow } def -/lfigboth { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def - -% lfigprevious: return previous point on path -/lfigprevious -{ lfigisnumbertype - { 2 copy } - { lfigisarraytype - { 2 index 2 index } - { 0 0 } - ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% label a point in 2nd top dictionary: <point> /name lfigpointdef - -/lfigpointdef -{ - % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint - [ 4 2 roll transform - /itransform cvx ] cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary -% <string> lfigpromotelabels - -/lfigpromotelabels -{ - % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end exch currentdict end - { exch 20 string cvs 2 index - (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def - } forall pop begin - % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels - -/lfigshowlabels -{ - % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint - currentdict end - currentdict - { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key - { pop pop pop pop pop } - { pop cvx exec 2 copy - newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc - 0 setgray fill - /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show - } - ifelse - } forall - begin - % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360: <angle> lfigfixangle <angle> -/lfigfixangle -{ - % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint - { dup 0 ge { exit } if - 360 add - } loop - { dup 360 lt { exit } if - 360 sub - } loop - % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of box: alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y -/lfigboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - 0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def - - % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - alpha theta le - { a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - alpha 180 theta sub le - { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b } - { - % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha)) - alpha 180 theta add le - { a neg a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div } - { - % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b) - alpha 360 theta sub le - { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div b neg } - { - % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2 -% or x2 1 -% or 0 -/lfigqroots -{ - 4 dict begin - /c exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def - disc 0 lt - { 0 - } - { disc 0 eq - { b neg 2 a mul div - 1 - } - { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div - b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div - 2 - } - ifelse - } - ifelse - end -} def - -% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3> -/lfigquadrant -{ dup 90 lt - { pop 0 - } - { dup 180 lt - { pop 1 - } - { 270 lt - { 2 - } - { 3 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y -/lfigcb -{ - 6 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - /alpha exch def - /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def - /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def - alpha theta1 le - { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha)) - a a alpha sin mul alpha cos div - } - { alpha theta2 ge - { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b) - b alpha cos mul alpha sin div b - } - { - % else, return the intersection of line and circle - a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk 0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect - dup 0 eq - { % should never happen, just return any reasonable point - pop - a b 0.5 lfigpmul - } - { 1 eq - { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack - } - { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger - lfigpmax - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end -} def - -% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y -/lfigcurveboxcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint - 5 dict begin - /xmk exch def - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - - % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly - /quad alpha lfigquadrant def - quad 0 eq - { alpha a b xmk lfigcb - } - { quad 1 eq - { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch - } - { quad 2 eq - { alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch - } - { 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of diamond: alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y -/lfigdiamondcircum -{ - % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos abs mul a alpha sin abs mul add /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of ellipse: alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y -/lfigellipsecircum -{ - % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint - 4 dict begin - /b exch def - /a exch def - lfigfixangle /alpha exch def - b alpha cos mul dup mul a alpha sin mul dup mul add sqrt /denom exch def - a b mul alpha cos mul denom div - a b mul alpha sin mul denom div - end - % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points -% x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 lfiglineintersect x y -/lfiglineintersect -{ - % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /y4 exch def - /x4 exch def - /y3 exch def - /x3 exch def - /y2 exch def - /x2 exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def - x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def - y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def - y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def - y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def - - % calculate x - y21 x43 mul x1 mul - y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub - y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add - det div - - % calculate y - x21 y43 mul y1 mul - x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub - x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add - det neg div - - end - % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point on circumference of polygon -% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y -/lfigpolycircum -{ - % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint - 13 dict begin - /theta exch def - /num exch def - /radius exch def - /alpha exch def - - % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha - alpha theta sub lfigfixangle - - % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta - 360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def - - % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea - anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def - - % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line - anglea cos anglea sin angleb cos angleb sin - 0 0 alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul - lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul - - end - % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% find point of intersection of a point and a circle -% x0 y0 r x1 y1 theta lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2 -% or xb yb 1 -% or 0 -/lfigcircleintersect -{ - % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint - 15 dict begin - /theta exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - /r exch def - /y0 exch def - /x0 exch def - - % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1 - theta sin abs 0.00001 lt - { - /a 1 def - /b -2 x0 mul def - /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 1 - } - { y1 exch y1 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } - { - /ct theta cos theta sin div def - /a ct ct mul 1 add def - /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def - /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def - a b c lfigqroots dup - 0 eq - { pop - 0 - } - { 1 eq - { y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xb yb 1 - } - { y1 add /ya exch def - ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def - y1 add /yb exch def - yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def - xa ya xb yb 2 - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - end - % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint -} def - -% add CIRCUM operator with this body: <array> lfigcircumdef - -/lfigcircumdef -{ % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint - /CIRCUM exch cvx - currentdict end - 3 1 roll - % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt - % { def } - % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop } - % ifelse - def - begin - % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint -} def - -end -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutGraphPrependGraphic -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/graphf.lpg -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% % -% PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Graph (Version 1.0) % -% % -% Version 1.0 by Jeffrey H. Kingston, December 1993. % -% % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -errordict begin - /handleerror - { - { /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont - 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto - $error /errorname get - dup lgraphdict exch known - { lgraphdict exch get } - { 30 string cvs } ifelse - show - ( Command: ) show - $error /command get 30 string cvs show - } stopped {} if - showpage stop - } def -end - -/lgraphdict 200 dict def -lgraphdict begin - -% error messages -/dictfull (dictfull error) def -/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error) def -/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error: expression too complex?) def -/limitcheck (limitcheck error: graph too complex or too large?) def -/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error: syntax error in text of graph?) def -/typecheck (typecheck error: syntax error in text of graph?) def -/undefined (undefined error: unknown or misspelt symbol?) def -/rangecheck (rangecheck error: undefined expression (e.g. divide by zero)?) def -/VMError (VMError error: run out of memory?) def - -% random number between x and y inclusive: x y dorand num -/dorand { 1 index sub 1 add rand exch mod add } def - -% log to given base: base num dolog num -/dolog { ln exch ln div } def - -% maximum of two numbers: <num> <num> max <num> -/max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - -% add two points: <point> <point> padd <point> -/padd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def - -% subtract first point from second: <point> <point> psub <point> -/psub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def - -% distance between two points: <point> <point> distance <length> -/distance { psub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def - -% point at angle and distance: <point> <length> <angle> atangle <point> -/atangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul padd } def - -% angle from one point to another: <point> <point> angle <angle> -/angle { psub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def - - -% set up for line -% - linesetup <length> <dashlength> -/linesetup -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint xprev yprev trpoint - 4 copy moveto lineto distance dashlength -} def - -% set up for icon-avoiding line -% - ilinesetup <length> <dashlength> -/ilinesetup -{ newpath - xprev yprev trpoint xcurr ycurr trpoint 4 copy - 4 copy angle symbolsize 1.5 mul exch 4 2 roll pop pop atangle - 6 2 roll 4 2 roll - 4 copy angle symbolsize 1.5 mul exch 4 2 roll pop pop atangle - 4 copy moveto lineto distance dashlength -} def - - -% stroke a solid line: <length> <dashlength> solid - -/solid -{ pop pop [] 0 setdash linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a dashed line: <length> <dashlength> dashed - -/dashed -{ 2 copy 2 mul le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch dup ] 0 setdash } - { dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div - 1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll - 1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash - } ifelse linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a cdashed line: <length> <dashlength> cdashed - -/cdashed -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash } - { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div - 2 div ceiling div 1 index sub - ] exch 2 div setdash - } ifelse linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a dotted line: <length> <dashlength> dotted - -/dotted -{ 2 copy le 1 index 0 le or - { exch pop 1 pt max [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash } - { 1 index exch div ceiling div 0.99999 mul - [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash - } ifelse gsave 1 setlinecap linewidth setlinewidth stroke grestore newpath -} def - -% stroke a noline line: <length> <dashlength> noline - -/noline -{ pop pop -} def - -% stroke a y histogram: - yhisto - -/yhisto -{ xprev yleft trpoint yextra sub moveto - xprev yprev trpoint lineto - xcurr yprev trpoint lineto - xcurr yleft trpoint yextra sub lineto - linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke an x histogram: - xhisto - -/xhisto -{ xleft yprev trpoint exch xextra sub exch moveto - xcurr yprev trpoint lineto - xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto - xleft ycurr trpoint exch xextra sub exch lineto - linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a surface y histogram: - surfaceyhisto - -/surfaceyhisto -{ firstpair - { xprev yleft trpoint yextra sub moveto - xprev yprev trpoint lineto - } - { xprev yprev trpoint moveto - } ifelse - xcurr yprev trpoint lineto - lastpair - { xcurr yleft trpoint yextra sub lineto - } - { xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto - } ifelse - linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a surface x histogram: - surfacexhisto - -/surfacexhisto -{ firstpair - { xleft yprev trpoint exch xextra sub exch moveto - } - { xprev yprev trpoint moveto - } ifelse - xcurr yprev trpoint lineto - xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto - lastpair - { xleft ycurr trpoint exch xextra sub exch lineto - } if - linewidth setlinewidth stroke -} def - -% stroke a filled y histogram: - filledyhisto - -/filledyhisto -{ - linewidth setlinewidth - xprev yleft trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div add exch yextra sub moveto - xprev yprev trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div add exch lineto - xcurr yprev trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch lineto - xcurr yleft trpoint exch currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch yextra sub lineto - closepath fill -} def - -% stroke a filled x histogram: - filledxhisto - -/filledxhisto -{ - linewidth setlinewidth - xleft yprev trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div add exch xextra sub exch moveto - xcurr yprev trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div add lineto - xcurr ycurr trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div sub lineto - xleft ycurr trpoint currentlinewidth 2 div sub exch xextra sub exch lineto - closepath fill -} def - - -% cross: show a small cross -/cross -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto - symbolsize 2 mul symbolsize 2 mul rlineto - 0 symbolsize -2 mul rmoveto - symbolsize -2 mul symbolsize 2 mul rlineto - [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% plus: show a small plus -/plus -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto - symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto - symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto - 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto - [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% square: show a small square -/square -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto - symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto - 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto - symbolsize -2 mul 0 rlineto - closepath [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% filledsquare: show a small filled square -/filledsquare -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg symbolsize neg rmoveto - symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto - 0 symbolsize 2 mul rlineto - symbolsize -2 mul 0 rlineto - closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill -} def - -% diamond: show a small diamond -/diamond -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto - symbolsize symbolsize neg rlineto - symbolsize symbolsize rlineto - symbolsize neg symbolsize rlineto - closepath [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% filleddiamond: show a small filled diamond -/filleddiamond -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - symbolsize neg 0 rmoveto - symbolsize symbolsize neg rlineto - symbolsize symbolsize rlineto - symbolsize neg symbolsize rlineto - closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill -} def - -% circle: show a small circle -/circle -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint symbolsize 0 360 arc [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% filledcircle: show a small filled circle -/filledcircle -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint symbolsize 0 360 arc gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill -} def - -% triangle: show a small triangle -/triangle -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - 0 symbolsize 1.5 mul rmoveto - symbolsize neg symbolsize -2.5 mul rlineto - symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto - closepath [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% filledtriangle: show a small filled triangle -/filledtriangle -{ newpath - xcurr ycurr trpoint moveto - 0 symbolsize 1.5 mul rmoveto - symbolsize neg symbolsize -2.5 mul rlineto - symbolsize 2 mul 0 rlineto - closepath gsave [] 0 setdash stroke grestore fill -} def - - -%plog: like log only with a base, and protected from failing if <= 0 -% base x plog res -/plog { dup 0 le { pop pop 0 } { ln exch ln div } ifelse } def - -% xtr: transform one x value logarithmically if xlog > 1 -% <num> xtr <num> -/xtr -{ xlog 1 gt - { xlog exch plog - } if -} def - -% ytr: transform one y value logarithmically if ylog > 1 -% <num> ytr <num> -/ytr -{ ylog 1 gt - { ylog exch plog - } if -} def - -% % trpoint: transform (x, y) in graph space into (x', y') in print space -% % x y trpoint x' y' -% /trpoint -% { exch xtr trxmin sub trxmax trxmin sub div xwidth mul xextra add -% exch ytr trymin sub trymax trymin sub div ywidth mul yextra add -% } def - - -% trpoint: transform (x, y) in graph space into (x', y') in print space -% x y trpoint x' y' -/trpoint -{ exch xtr xdecr { trxmax exch sub } { trxmin sub } ifelse - trxmax trxmin sub div xwidth mul xextra add - - exch ytr ydecr { trymax exch sub } { trymin sub } ifelse - trymax trymin sub div ywidth mul yextra add -} def - - -% yonly: interpolate x values 1, 2, ... into data -% [ data ] yonly [ newdata ] -/yonly -{ dup /tmp exch def - length [ exch 1 exch 1 exch - { dup tmp exch 1 sub get - } for - ] -} def - -% xonly: interpolate y values 1, 2, ... into data -% [ data ] yonly [ newdata ] -/xonly -{ dup /tmp exch def - length [ exch 1 exch 1 exch - { dup tmp exch 1 sub get exch - } for - ] -} def - -% xandy: no interpolation of x or y values -% [ data ] xandy [ data ] -/xandy {} def - - -% expstringwidth: calculate width of string containing optional exponent -% <string> expstringwidth <width> -/expstringwidth -{ (^) search - { exch pop stringwidth pop exch stringwidth pop 0.7 mul add } - { stringwidth pop } - ifelse -} def - -% expstringshow: show string containing optional exponent -% <string> expstringshow - -/expstringshow -{ (^) search - { exch pop show 0 0.5 ft rmoveto - gsave currentfont 0.7 scalefont setfont show grestore - } - { show - } - ifelse -} def - -% concatenate two strings: <string> <string> strconcat <string> -/strconcat -{ 2 copy length exch length add string - dup 0 4 index putinterval - dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval - 3 1 roll pop pop -} def - -% lgen: generate one label automatically -% num lgen num string -/lgen { dup 20 string cvs } def - -% loglgen: generate one logarithmic label (with exponent) -% <base> <exponent> loglgen <string> -/loglgen -{ 20 string cvs exch 20 string cvs - (^) strconcat exch strconcat -} def - - -% printxtick: print one x tick -% xpos printxtick - -/printxtick -{ newpath - yleft trpoint moveto 0 yextra neg rmoveto - 0 xticklength neg rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% printxlabel: print one x label -% (xlabel) xpos printxlabel - -/printxlabel -{ yleft trpoint moveto 0 yextra neg rmoveto - 0 xticklength neg rmoveto 0 0.9 ft neg rmoveto - xlog 1 gt { 0 0.3 ft neg rmoveto } if - dup expstringwidth -2 div 0 rmoveto expstringshow -} def - -% printytick: print one y tick -% ypos printytick - -/printytick -{ newpath - xleft exch trpoint moveto xextra neg 0 rmoveto - yticklength neg 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% printylabel: print one y label -% (ylabel) ypos printylabel - -/printylabel -{ xleft exch trpoint moveto xextra neg 0 rmoveto - yticklength neg 0 rmoveto -0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto - dup expstringwidth neg 0 rmoveto expstringshow -} def - -% printrtick: print one r tick -% ypos printrtick - -/printrtick -{ newpath - xright exch trpoint moveto xextra 0 rmoveto - rticklength 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% printrlabel: print one r label -% (rlabel) ypos printrlabel - -/printrlabel -{ xright exch trpoint moveto xextra 0 rmoveto - rticklength 0 rmoveto 0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto - expstringshow -} def - -% printticks: print ticks and labels -% /tickproc /labelproc [ tickandlabeldata ] min printticks - -/printticks -{ /prev exch def - { dup type dup dup /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or - { pop dup /prev exch def 2 index cvx exec - } - { /stringtype eq - { prev 2 index cvx exec - } - { pop - } ifelse - } ifelse - } forall - pop pop -} def - - -% printxaxistick: print one x axis tick -% xpos printxaxistick - -/printxaxistick -{ newpath - yaxis trpoint moveto 0 xticklength -2 div rmoveto - 0 xticklength rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% printxaxislabel: print one x axis label -% (xlabel) xpos printxaxislabel - -/printxaxislabel -{ yaxis trpoint moveto - 0 xticklength -2 div rmoveto 0 0.9 ft neg rmoveto - xlog 1 gt { 0 0.3 ft neg rmoveto } if - dup expstringwidth -2 div 0 rmoveto expstringshow -} def - -% printyaxistick: print one y axis tick -% ypos printyaxistick - -/printyaxistick -{ newpath - xaxis exch trpoint moveto - yticklength -2 div 0 rmoveto - yticklength 0 rlineto [] 0 setdash stroke -} def - -% printyaxislabel: print one y axis label -% (ylabel) ypos printyaxislabel - -/printyaxislabel -{ xaxis exch trpoint moveto - yticklength -2 div 0 rmoveto -0.3 ft -0.3 ft rmoveto - dup expstringwidth neg 0 rmoveto expstringshow -} def - - -% <val> minmax - -% perform minv := min(minv, val); maxv := max(maxv, val) -% allowing for the possibility of minv, maxv, val being false (undefined) -/minmax -{ dup false eq - { pop } - { minv false eq - { dup /minv exch def /maxv exch def } - { dup minv lt - { /minv exch def } - { dup maxv gt - { /maxv exch def } - { pop } - ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse - } ifelse -} def - -% <ticks> ticksundef <ticks> <bool> -% returns true iff the ticks array is undefined (one false entry) -/ticksundef -{ dup length 1 eq - { dup 0 get false eq - } - { false } - ifelse -} def - -% <number> integral <boolean> -% true if the number has an integral value -/integral { dup round eq } def - -% ticksep ticks xory alldata minval maxval axis base ticksandlimits ticks min max base -% ticksandlimits: sort out value of x or y ticks and limits and log base -/ticksandlimits -{ /base exch def - /minv false def - /maxv false def - - % min and max of user-supplied minval, maxval, and axis - minmax minmax minmax - - % min and max of data points - { 0 get dup dup length 1 sub 3 index exch 2 exch - { get minmax dup - } for pop pop - } forall - pop dup - - % min and max of tick values - { dup type /stringtype eq - { pop } { minmax } ifelse - } forall - - % fix minv and maxv if undefined (false) or equal - minv false eq - { /minv -1 def /maxv 1 def } - { minv maxv eq - { minv 0 lt - { /minv 2 minv mul def /maxv 0 def - } - { minv 0 eq - { /minv -1 def /maxv 1 def - } - { /minv 0 def /maxv 2 maxv mul def - } ifelse - } ifelse - } if - } ifelse - - % invent ticks if undefined - ticksundef - { pop /ticksep exch def - - % if base is reasonable and minv is positive, logarithmic ticks - base 1 gt minv 0 gt and - { - % get integral log of minv and maxv - /logminv base minv plog floor cvi def - /logmaxv base maxv plog ceiling cvi def - - % if minv close to base, make it 1; reset minv and maxv - logminv 1 eq logmaxv 4 ge and { /logminv 0 def } if - /minv base logminv exp def - /maxv base logmaxv exp def - - % ticks := [ base**logminv, ... , base**logmaxv ] - [ logminv 1 logmaxv - { dup base exch exp - exch base exch loglgen - } for - ] - } - { % non-logarithmic ticks - { - % fix tick separation if undefined (0) or too small - /base 0 def - /delta maxv minv sub def - ticksep delta 30 div le - { /ticksep 10 delta log 1 sub ceiling exp def - ticksep delta 2 div ge - { /ticksep ticksep 2 div def } - { ticksep delta 5 div lt - { /ticksep 2 ticksep mul def - } if - } ifelse - } if - - % adjust minv and maxv to be multiples of ticksep - /minv minv ticksep div floor ticksep mul def - /maxv maxv ticksep div ceiling ticksep mul def - /delta maxv minv sub def - - % if minv or maxv near zero, move to zero and redo - minv ticksep eq - { /minv 0 def } - { maxv ticksep neg eq { /maxv 0 def } { exit } ifelse - } ifelse - } loop - - % if minv, maxv, and ticksep are all integral, set "makeint" to true - /makeint minv integral maxv integral ticksep integral and and def - - % ticks := [ minv, minv+ticksep, ... , maxv ] - [ 0 1 delta ticksep div round - { ticksep mul minv add makeint { cvi } if lgen } - for - ] - } ifelse - } - { exch pop - } ifelse - minv maxv base -} def - -% xset: set up all data for x axis, including limits and ticks -% xticksep xticks 0 alldata xmin xmax xlog xextra xdecr xaxis xticklength xset - -/xset -{ /xticklength exch def - /xaxis exch def - /xdecr exch def - /xextra exch def - xaxis exch ticksandlimits - /xlog exch def /xmax exch def /xmin exch def /xticks exch def - /xleft xdecr { xmax } { xmin } ifelse def - /xright xdecr { xmin } { xmax } ifelse def - /xwidth xsize xextra 2 mul sub def - /trxmin xmin xtr def /trxmax xmax xtr def -} def - -% yset: set up all data for y axis, including limits and yticks -% yticksep yticks 0 alldata ymin ymax ylog yextra ydecr yaxis yticklength yset - -/yset -{ /yticklength exch def - /yaxis exch def - /ydecr exch def - /yextra exch def - yaxis exch ticksandlimits - /ylog exch def /ymax exch def /ymin exch def /yticks exch def - /yleft ydecr { ymax } { ymin } ifelse def - /yright ydecr { ymin } { ymax } ifelse def - /ywidth ysize yextra 2 mul sub def - /trymin ymin ytr def /trymax ymax ytr def -} def - -% rset: set up all data for y axis (again), but including limits and rticks -% rticksep rticks 0 alldata ymin ymax ylog yextra ydecr yaxis rticklength rset - -/rset -{ /rticklength exch def - /yaxis exch def - /ydecr exch def - /yextra exch def - yaxis exch ticksandlimits - /ylog exch def /ymax exch def /ymin exch def /rticks exch def - /yleft ydecr { ymax } { ymin } ifelse def - /yright ydecr { ymin } { ymax } ifelse def - /ywidth ysize yextra 2 mul sub def - /trymin ymin ytr def /trymax ymax ytr def -} def - -% norset: set up data for no rticks -% - norset - -/norset -{ /rticklength 0 def - /rticks [] def -} def - -% framestyle: print a frame around the graph -/framestyle -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto - 0 ysize lineto closepath stroke - /printxtick /printxlabel xticks xleft printticks - /printytick /printylabel yticks ymin printticks - /printrtick /printrlabel rticks ymin printticks -} def - -% nonestyle: print nothing around the graph -/nonestyle -{ -} def - -% axesstyle: print axes for the graph (unless axis values missing) -/axesstyle -{ - xaxis false eq yaxis false eq or - { framestyle } - { xaxis yaxis trpoint dup 0 exch moveto xsize exch lineto - dup 0 moveto ysize lineto stroke - /printxaxistick /printxaxislabel xticks xleft printticks - /printyaxistick /printyaxislabel yticks ymin printticks - } ifelse -} def - -% rundata: run all data sets -/rundata -{ alldata - { gsave - dup dup dup dup - 4 get /dopaint exch def - 3 get /initrun exch def - 2 get /pairs exch def - 1 get /points exch def - 0 get /data exch def - dopaint - { data length 4 ge - { initrun - newpath - data 0 get ymin trpoint yextra sub moveto - 0 2 data length 2 sub - { dup 1 add - data exch get /ycurr exch def - data exch get /xcurr exch def - xcurr ycurr trpoint lineto - } for - data dup length 2 sub get ymin trpoint yextra sub lineto - closepath fill - } if - } if - initrun - data length 2 ge - { - /xcurr data 0 get def - /ycurr data 1 get def - points - data length 4 ge - { 2 2 data length 2 sub - { /xprev xcurr def - /yprev ycurr def - dup dup 2 eq /firstpair exch def - data length 2 sub eq /lastpair exch def - dup 1 add - data exch get /ycurr exch def - data exch get /xcurr exch def - pairs - points - } for - } if - } if - grestore - } forall -} def - -end -%%EndResource - -%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup -% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg - -% width height linethickness louteuro - -% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness -% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley -/louteuro { - 20 dict begin - /eurothick exch def - /euroheight exch def - /eurowidth exch def - /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def - /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def - /eurotheta 40 def - - % llx lly width thickness louteurobox - - % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness - /louteurobox - { - /euroboxthick exch def - /euroboxwidth exch def - newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto - eurostep euroboxthick rlineto - euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill - } def - - % lower cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub - eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox - - % upper cross stroke - 0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add - eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox - - % circular part - /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def - /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def - newpath - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc - eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn - closepath fill - end -} def - -% path for @FullWidthRule symbol -/LoutRule -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto -} def - -% path for @Box symbol -/LoutBox -{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto - closepath -} def - -% path for @CurveBox symbol -/LoutCurveBox -{ xmark 0 moveto - xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc - xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc - xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc - closepath -} def - -% path for @ShadowBox symbol -/LoutShadowBox -{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto - xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto - xsize xmark sub xmark lineto - xmark 2 mul xmark lineto - closepath -} def - -% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet - -/LoutMargSet -{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def - LoutMargDict begin - /parity exch def - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /rightx xsize def - /lefty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next left note - /righty ysize def % highest allowable point for top of next right note - /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def - end -} def - -%translate coordinate system for marginal notes: type LoutMargShift - -% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner -/LoutMargShift -{ LoutMargDict begin - - % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust - 0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop - - % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity - exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq - { - % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - lefty min - - % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /lefty exch def - - % want right edge of note at coordinate zero - xsize neg exch - } - { - % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note - righty min - - % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position - ysize sub dup /righty exch def - - % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx - rightx exch - } ifelse - - % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates - matr setmatrix translate - end -} def - -% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users -/LoutPageSet -{ - /LoutPageDict 5 dict def - LoutPageDict begin - /matr matrix currentmatrix def - /left 0 def - /right xsize def - /foot 0 def - /top ysize def - end - -} def - -%%EndResource - -%%EndProlog - -%%BeginSetup -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman -/Times-Romanfnt82 vec2 /Times-Roman LoutRecode -/fnt82 { /Times-Romanfnt82 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica -/Helveticafnt35 vec2 /Helvetica LoutRecode -/fnt35 { /Helveticafnt35 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica-Oblique -/Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 vec2 /Helvetica-Oblique LoutRecode -/fnt36 { /Helvetica-Obliquefnt36 LoutFont } def -%%EndSetup - -%%Page: 1 1 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup - -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 9002(1)s 600 fnt35 691 11623(A)m -1250(Pr)s 6(actical)k 3667(Introduction)s 6922(to)s 7566(the)s -3956 10183(Lout)m 616 8743(Document)m 3500(F)s 18(or)k -15(matting)k -6490(System)s 400 fnt35 2882 6881(Jeffre)m 8(y)k 4180(H.)s -4656(Kingston)s 400 fnt36 1395 5779(Basser)m 2794(Dept.)s 3834(of)s -4333(Computer)s 6242(Science)s 2251 5299(The)m 3058(Univ)s 10(ersity)k -4951(of)s 5450(Sydne)s 8(y)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 2 2 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8990(2)s 400 fnt84 2988 11377(A)m -3363(simple)s 4565(input)s 5575(\207le)s 360 fnt35 800 9646(@SysInclude { doc })m -800 9166(@Doc @T)m 43(e)k 10(xt @Begin)k 800 8686(Hello)m 14(, w)k 3(or)k -5(ld)k -800 8206(@End @T)m 43(e)k 10(xt)k 400 fnt84 0 6379(Ho)m 4(w)k -889(to)s 1313(f)s 10(ormat)k 2579(it)s 360 fnt35 -800 5633(lout \207lename > out.ps)m 800 5153(ghostvie)m 7(w out.ps)k 800 4673(mpr out.ps)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 3 3 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8997(3)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(Hello,)m 2505(w)s 4(orld)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 4 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8990(4)s 400 fnt84 2339 11377(Headings)m -4026(and)s 4762(paragraphs)s 360 fnt35 800 9646(@SysInclude { doc })m 800 9166(@Doc @T)m 43(e)k 10(xt @Begin)k -800 8686(@Heading { Introduction })m 800 8206(@PP)m 800 7726(The design of the Lout f)m 10(or)k -9(matting)k -800 7246(system w)m 5(as under)k -14(tak)k 7(en with the)k 800 6766(needs of the @I { ordinar)m -10(y user })k -800 6286(v)m 9(er)k -10(y m)k 3(uch in mind.)k 800 5806(@End @T)m 43(e)k 10(xt)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 5 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12478(lout)m 8995(5)s gsave -0 666 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8456 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt84 1440 8364(Intr)m 7(oduction)k -400 fnt82 2240 7742(The)m 2953(design)s 4090(of)s 4543(the)s -5123(Lout)s 1440 7262(formatting)m 3215(system)s 4423(w)s 4(as)k -5123(undertak)s 4(en)k 1440 6782(with)m 2245(the)s 2825(needs)s -3818(of)s 4271(the)s 400 fnt83 4851 6784(or)m 14(dinary)k -6328(user)s 400 fnt82 1440 6302(v)m 6(ery)k 2234(much)s -3217(in)s 3622(mind.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 6 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8991(6)s 400 fnt84 3817 11376(Displays)m -360 fnt35 800 9652(Y)m 50(ou cer)k -14(tainly don't w)k 5(ant to retur)k -9(n to)k -800 9172(his of\207ce and repor)m -14(t:)k 800 8692(@IndentedDispla)m 10(y @I {)k 800 8212(`I can't \207nd an ef\207cient algor)m -5(ithm, I)k -800 7732(guess I'm just too dumb)m 14(.)k 36(')k 800 7252(})m 800 6772(T)m 43(o a)k 7(v)k 9(oid ser)k -5(ious damage to y)k 7(our)k -800 6292(position in the compan)m 5(y)k 36(, it w)k 3(ould)k 800 5812(be better if ...)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8994(7)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(Y)m 44(ou)k -2173(certainly)s 3657(don')s 7(t)k 4591(w)s 4(ant)k -5460(to)s 5856(return)s 6901(to)s 1440 7887(his)m 1990(of\207ce)s -2991(and)s 3665(report:)s 400 fnt83 2240 7048(`I)m 2626(can')s 12(t)k -3542(\207nd)s 4252(an)s 4742(ef\207cient)s 2240 6568(algorithm,)m 3970(I)s -4223(guess)s 5201(I'm)s 5848(just)s 6532(too)s 2240 6088(dumb)m 16(.)k 56(')k -400 fnt82 1440 5330(T)m 32(o)k 1940(a)s 8(v)k 8(oid)k -2909(serious)s 4124(damage)s 5458(to)s 5857(your)s 1440 4850(position)m -2822(in)s 3227(the)s 3807(compan)s 6(y)k 26(,)k -5418(it)s 5740(w)s 4(ould)k 6831(be)s 1440 4370(better)m -2449(if)s 2813(\202)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 8 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8994(8)s 400 fnt84 2299 11376(P)m 4(aragraph)k -4229(br)s 7(eaking)k 5847(styles)s 360 fnt35 800 9652(Y)m 50(ou cer)k -14(tainly don't w)k 5(ant to retur)k -9(n to)k -800 9172(his of\207ce and repor)m -14(t:)k 800 8692(@ID { r)m 3(agged noh)k 10(yphen } @Break @I {)k -800 8212(`I can't \207nd an ef\207cient algor)m -5(ithm, I)k 800 7732(guess I'm just too dumb)m 14(.)k 36(')k -800 7252(})m 800 6772(T)m 43(o a)k 7(v)k 9(oid ser)k -5(ious damage to y)k 7(our)k -800 6292(position in the compan)m 5(y)k 36(, it w)k 3(ould)k 800 5812(be better if ...)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8992(9)s gsave -0 666 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(Y)m 44(ou)k -2173(certainly)s 3657(don')s 7(t)k 4591(w)s 4(ant)k -5460(to)s 5856(return)s 6901(to)s 1440 7887(his)m 1990(of\207ce)s -2991(and)s 3665(report:)s 400 fnt83 2240 7048(`I)m 2626(can')s 12(t)k -3542(\207nd)s 4252(an)s 4742(ef\207cient)s 2240 6568(algorithm,)m 3970(I)s -4223(guess)s 5201(I'm)s 5848(just)s 6532(too)s 2240 6088(dumb)m 16(.)k 56(')k -400 fnt82 1440 5330(T)m 32(o)k 1940(a)s 8(v)k 8(oid)k -2909(serious)s 4124(damage)s 5458(to)s 5857(your)s 1440 4850(position)m -2822(in)s 3227(the)s 3807(compan)s 6(y)k 26(,)k -5418(it)s 5740(w)s 4(ould)k 6831(be)s 1440 4370(better)m -2449(if)s 2813(\202)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 10 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8909(10)s 400 fnt84 4128 11376(Lists)m -360 fnt35 800 9722(@Heading { Oper)m 3(ating Instr)k -5(uctions })k 800 9242(@NumberedList)m -800 8762(@ListItem { Press small g)m 3(reen le)k 10(v)k 9(er)k 18(.)k 21( })k -800 8282(@ListItem { )m 14(W)k 14(ait appro)k 10(ximately 10 seconds)k 800 7802(until red light \210ashes)m 5(.)k 21( })k -800 7322(@ListItem { If smok)m 7(e emerges from rear of unit,)k 800 6842(call Ser)m -10(vice Depar)k -14(tment.)k 21( })k -800 6362(@EndList)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8922(11)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8456 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt84 1440 8364(Operating)m -3287(Instructions)s 400 fnt82 1440 7529(1.)m 2240(Press)s 3166(small)s -4123(green)s 5104(le)s 10(v)k 6(er)k 22(.)k -1440 6689(2.)m 2240(W)s 32(ait)k 3077(approximately)s 5468(10)s -5952(seconds)s 2240 6209(until)m 3065(red)s 3672(light)s 4505(\210ashes.)s -1440 5369(3.)m 2240(If)s 2626(smok)s 4(e)k 3757(emer)s 7(ges)k -5164(from)s 6040(rear)s 6760(of)s 2240 4889(unit,)m 3040(call)s -3708(Service)s 4997(Department.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(12)s 400 fnt84 3062 11377(T)m 36(echnical)k -4780(r)s 7(eports)k 360 fnt35 800 9646(@SysInclude { repor)m -14(t })k -800 9166(@Repor)m -14(t)k 800 8686( @Title { ...)m 21( })k 800 8206( @A)m 10(uthor { ...)k 21( })k -800 7726( @Institution { ...)m 21( })k 800 7246( @DateLine { ...)m 21( })k 800 6766(//)m -800 6286(@Abstr)m 3(act { ...)k 21( })k 800 5806(@Section { ...)m 21( })k -800 5326(@Section { ...)m 21( })k 800 4846(@Section { ...)m 21( })k 800 4366(@Appendix { ...)m 21( })k -800 3886(@Appendix { ...)m 21( })k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8917(13)s 400 fnt84 3840 11376(Sections)m -360 fnt35 800 9720(@Section)m 800 9240( @T)m 43(ag { dfs })k 800 8760( @Title { Depth-\207rst search })m -800 8280(@Begin)m 800 7800(@PP)m 800 7320(W)m 10(e tur)k -9(n no)k 5(w to our \207rst algor)k -5(ithm)k -800 6840(on gener)m 3(al g)k 3(r)k 3(aphs ...)k 800 6360(@End @Section)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(14)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8456 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt84 1440 8364(10.6.)m -2424(Depth-\207rst)s 4386(sear)s 7(ch)k 400 fnt82 2240 7742(W)m 32(e)k -2854(turn)s 3592(no)s 10(w)k 4359(to)s 4758(our)s -5391(\207rst)s 1440 7262(algorithm)m 3093(on)s 3587(general)s 4854(graphs)s -6003(\202)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 15 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12478(lout)m 8915(15)s 400 fnt84 3142 11375(Cr)m 7(oss)k -4199(r)s 7(efer)k 7(ences)k 360 fnt35 800 9722(F)m 10(or fur)k -14(ther inf)k 10(or)k -9(mation, consult)k -800 9242(Section @NumberOf dfs on page)m 800 8762(@P)m 14(ageOf { dfs }.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8911(16)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(F)m 6(or)k -2089(further)s 3276(information,)s 5341(consult)s 1440 7887(Section)m 2732(10.6)s -3520(on)s 4014(page)s 4860(245.)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 17 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(17)s 400 fnt84 3612 11377(Refer)m 7(ences)k -360 fnt35 800 9723(@Database @Ref)m 10(erence { m)k 5(yrefs })k 800 9243(...)m -800 8763(F)m 10(or the details)k 5(, consult the User')k 18(s)k 800 8283(Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.user }.)m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(18)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(F)m 6(or)k -2089(the)s 2669(details,)s 3889(consult)s 5143(the)s 5723(User')s 22(s)k -1440 7887(Guide)m 2508([1].)s 1440 7263(\202)m 400 fnt84 1440 6637(Refer)m 7(ences)k -400 fnt82 1440 5879(1.)m 2240(Jef)s 10(fre)k 6(y)k -3422(H.)s 3883(Kingston.)s 400 fnt83 5621 5881(A)m 5947(User')s 16(s)k -2240 5401(Guide)m 3304(to)s 3703(the)s 4279(Lout)s 5119(Document)s -2240 4921(F)m 42(ormatting)k 4107(System)s 5308(\(V)s 44(er)k 4(sion)k -2240 4441(3\))m 400 fnt82 2556 4439(.)m 2829(Basser)s 3992(Department)s -5977(of)s 2240 3959(Computer)m 3938(Science)s 5171(,)s 5349(Uni)s 10(v)k 6(ersity)k -2240 3479(of)m 2693(Sydne)s 6(y)k 3876(,)s 4054(1995)s -4830(.)s 1440 2642(2.)m 2240(\202)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8912(19)s 400 fnt84 2601 11375(Database)m -4269(\207le)s 4872(myr)s 7(efs.ld)k 360 fnt35 800 9644({ @Ref)m 10(erence)k -800 9164( @T)m 43(ag { kingston1995lout.user })k 800 8684( @T)m 43(ype { Book })k 800 8204( @A)m 10(uthor { Jeffre)k 7(y H.)k 21( Kingston })k -800 7724( @Title { A User')m 18(s Guide to the Lout)k 800 7244(Document F)m 10(or)k -9(matting System \(V)k 28(ersion 3\) })k -800 6764( @Institution { Basser Depar)m -14(tment of)k 800 6284(Computer Science })m 800 5804( @Address { Univ)m 9(ersity of Sydne)k 7(y)k -800 5324(2006, A)m 10(ustr)k 3(alia })k 800 4844( @Y)m 50(ear { 1994 })k -800 4364(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8909(20)s 400 fnt84 2965 11375(Books)m -4097(\(and)s 4966(theses\))s 400 fnt82 0 9650(\213)m 800(T)s 14(itle)k -1632(page,)s 2564(pref)s 4(ace,)k 3912(introduction)s 0 8810(\213)m -800(Automatic)s 2574(table)s 3442(of)s 3895(contents)s 0 8053(\213)m -800(Pref)s 4(atory)k 2372(pages)s 3365(numbered)s 5060(in)s -5465(Roman)s 6713(numerals)s 0 7213(\213)m 800(Chapters,)s 2397(sections,)s -3861(subsections,)s 5880(appendices)s 0 6374(\213)m 800(References)s 2656(at)s -3044(end)s 3718(of)s 4171(chapters)s 5585(or)s 6018(book)s -0 5535(\213)m 800(Running)s 2265(page)s 3111(headers)s 0 4695(\213)m -800(Odd-e)s 10(v)k 6(en)k 2453(page)s 3299(formats)s -0 3855(\213)m 800(Sorted)s 1940(inde)s 6(x)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8922(21)s 400 fnt84 2631 11377(Making)m -4057(a)s 4353(sorted)s 5509(index)s 360 fnt35 800 9646(@PP)m -800 9166(There are se)m 10(v)k 9(er)k 3(al possib)k 7(le w)k 5(a)k 10(ys to implement the)k -800 8686(@I P)m 14(ar)k -14(tition procedure)k 5(,)k 800 8206(par)m -14(tition @Inde)k 10(x { @I P)k 14(ar)k -14(tition \(in {@I Quic)k 7(ksor)k -14(t}\) })k -800 7726(b)m 7(ut the f)k 10(ollo)k 5(wing seems to be the best.)k 21( Star)k -14(ting ...)k - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 22 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(22)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8462 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt84 1440 8370(Index)m -400 fnt82 1440 7795(\202)m 1440 7315(partial)m 2552(order)s 16(,)k -3557(227)s 400 fnt83 1440 6837(P)m 32(artition)k 400 fnt82 -2941 6835(\(in)m 400 fnt83 3479 6837(Quic)m 8(ksort)k 400 fnt82 -5052 6835(\),)m 5363(189)s 1440 6355(postorder)m 3049(tra)s 8(v)k 6(ersal)k -1840 5875(of)m 2293(binary)s 3404(tree,)s 4180(19)s 1840 5395(topological)m -3730(ordering,)s 5262(229)s 1440 4915(\202)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 23 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8917(23)s 400 fnt84 2785 11376(Equation)m -4455(f)s 10(ormatting)k 360 fnt35 800 9645(@SysInclude { eq })m 800 9165(...)m -800 8685(Since @Eq { )m 18(T\(n-i\) = )k 18(T\(0\) = 0 } w)k 3(e ha)k 7(v)k 9(e)k -800 8205(@IndentedDispla)m 10(y @Eq {)k 800 7725(T\(n\) = big sum from i=0 to n-1 2 sup i = 2 sup n - 1)m 800 7245(})m 800 6765(f)m 10(or the n)k 3(umber of disk mo)k 5(v)k 9(es made b)k 7(y the )k 18(T)k 43(o)k 5(w)k 3(ers)k -800 6285(of Hanoi algor)m -5(ithm, giv)k 9(en @Eq { n } disks)k 5(.)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 24 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(24)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8457 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1440 8367(Since)m 400 fnt83 -2419 8369(T)m 400 fnt78 2691 8357(\()m 400 fnt83 2831 8369(n)m -400 fnt78 3141 8357(-)m 400 fnt83 3475 8369(i)m 400 fnt78 -3601 8357(\))m 3852(=)s 400 fnt83 4207 8369(T)m 400 fnt78 -4479 8357(\()m 4619(0)s 4828(\))s 5079(=)s 5434(0)s -400 fnt82 5723 8367(we)m 6280(ha)s 8(v)k 6(e)k -400 fnt83 2240 7204(T)m 400 fnt78 2512 7192(\()m 400 fnt83 -2652 7204(n)m 400 fnt78 2862 7192(\))m 3113(=)s 280 fnt83 -3468 7622(n)m 280 fnt78 3640 7613(-)m 3829(1)s 520 fnt78 -3522 7162(\345)m 280 fnt83 3483 6864(i)m 280 fnt78 3599 6855(=)m -3791(0)s 280 fnt83 4149 7367(i)m 400 fnt78 3959 7192(2)m -4363(=)s 280 fnt83 4908 7400(n)m 400 fnt78 4718 7192(2)m -5161(-)s 5495(1)s 400 fnt82 1440 6098(for)m 2006(the)s -2586(number)s 3907(of)s 4360(disk)s 5128(mo)s 6(v)k 6(es)k -6243(made)s 1440 5618(by)m 1930(the)s 2510(T)s 32(o)k 10(wers)k -3749(of)s 4202(Hanoi)s 5268(algorithm,)s 1440 5138(gi)m 10(v)k 6(en)k -400 fnt83 2406 5140(n)m 400 fnt82 2696 5138(disks.)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12478(lout)m 8915(25)s 400 fnt84 3035 11375(Another)m -4550(equation)s 360 fnt35 800 9644(@CenteredDispla)m 10(y @Eq {)k 800 9164(big int supp 1 on 0 )m 21(`)k -800 8684(dx o)m 5(v)k 9(er sqr)k -14(t { 1 - x sup 2 })k 800 8204(= pi o)m 5(v)k 9(er 2)k -800 7724(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8911(26)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -676 fnt78 3159 7423(\362)m -280 fnt78 3355 7972(1)m 3355 7281(0)m 400 fnt83 3991 7782(dx)m -1187 0 0 0 400 480 20 3587 7697 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 7292 translate -1.0000 1.2231 scale -400 fnt78 3587 -100(\326)m -grestore -981 0 0 0 400 480 20 3793 7617 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.03 ft setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt78 3853 7251(1)m 4129(-)s -280 fnt78 4641 7365(2)m 400 fnt83 4463 7263(x)m 400 fnt78 -4914 7597(=)m 5269 7784(p)m gsave -5269 7697 translate -400 fnt83 212 0 0 0 400 480 20 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -5280 7317(2)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 27 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(27)s 400 fnt84 3991 11383(T)m 36(ables)k -360 fnt35 800 9729(@SysInclude { tab })m 800 9249(...)m 800 8769(@T)m 43(ab)k -800 8289( @Fmta { @Col @I A ! @Col B })m 800 7809({)m 800 7329(@Ro)m 5(w)k 5(a)k -800 6849( A { F)m 10(or)k -14(tr)k 3(an })k 800 6369( B { )m 18(The \207rst ...)k 21( language })k -800 5889(@Ro)m 5(w)k 5(a)k 800 5409( A { Algol-60 })m 800 4929( B { Said to be ...)m 21( successors })k -800 4449(@Ro)m 5(w)k 5(a)k 800 3969( A { P)m 14(ascal })k -800 3489( B { )m 18(The f)k 10(amous ...)k 21( successors })k 800 3009(})m - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 28 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(28)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt83 1440 8177(F)m 42(ortr)k 6(an)k -400 fnt82 3178 8175(The)m 3891(\207rst)s 4612(high-le)s 10(v)k 6(el)k -3178 7695(programming)m 5442(language)s 400 fnt83 1440 6950(Algol-60)m 400 fnt82 -3178 6948(Said)m 3985(to)s 4384(be)s 4853(a)s 5130(better)s -3178 6468(language)m 4712(than)s 5494(most)s 6371(of)s 6824(its)s -3178 5988(successors)m 400 fnt83 1440 5327(P)m 32(ascal)k 400 fnt82 -3178 5325(The)m 3891(most)s 4768(f)s 4(amous)k 6024(of)s -3178 4845(Algol-60')m 22(s)k 4971(successors)s -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 29 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8912(29)s 400 fnt84 3357 11375(Another)m -4872(table)s 360 fnt35 800 10201(@T)m 43(ab)k 800 9721( hmargin { 0.4c })m -800 9241( vmargin { 0.3v })m 800 8761( side { single })m 800 8281( @Fmta { @Col @B @CC X @Ov)m 9(er A,B)k 7(,C })k -800 7801( @Fmtb { @Col @I A ! @Col B !! @Col C })m 800 7321({)m 800 6361(@Ro)m 5(w)k 5(a abo)k 5(v)k 9(e { single })k -800 5881( X { )m 18(V)k 25(alue of mathematical ...)k 21( dollars\) })k 800 4921(@Ro)m 5(wb abo)k 5(v)k 9(e { doub)k 7(le })k -800 4441( A { Quadr)m 3(atic f)k 10(or)k -9(m)k 3(ula })k -800 3961( B { @Eq { x ^= { ...)m 21( } o)k 5(v)k 9(er 2a } })k 800 3481( C { 3^.5 })m -800 2521(@Ro)m 5(wb belo)k 5(w { single })k 800 2041( A { Binomial theorem })m 800 1561( B { @Eq { \( a + b \) sup n ^= ...)m 21( b sup n-k } })k -800 1081( C { 12^ })m 800 601(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8909(30)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -gsave -1440 8640 translate -0.5938 0.5938 scale -0 144 0 144 400 480 100 0 -144 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -226 0 0 0 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -0 344 0 159 400 480 100 0 -488 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 144 0 0 400 480 100 0 -632 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -8889 0 0 0 400 480 100 226 0 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt84 226 -421(V)m 36(alue)k -1281(of)s 1736(mathematical)s 4157(f)s 10(ormulae)k 5793(\(millions)s -7369(of)s 7824(dollars\))s gsave -9115 0 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -gsave -9341 -144 translate -400 fnt82 360 144 0 144 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -9341 -488 translate -400 fnt82 360 344 0 159 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -9341 -632 translate -400 fnt82 360 144 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 -776 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 144 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 -632 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 -1867 translate -400 fnt82 0 1091 0 480 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -0 -2011 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -226 -632 translate -400 fnt82 2985 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt83 226 -1475(Quadr)m 6(atic)k -1955(formula)s gsave -3211 -632 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3437 -632 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3663 -632 translate -400 fnt82 4255 0 1260 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -4725(x)s 400 fnt78 5063 -1487(=)m 5418 -1207(-)m -400 fnt83 5652 -1195(b)m 400 fnt78 5962 -1207(\261)m gsave -0 -1146 translate -1.0000 1.3937 scale -6297 -100(\326)m - -grestore -gsave -6503 -776 translate -400 fnt83 1415 0 0 0 400 480 20 LoutGraphic -gsave -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.03 ft setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke -grestore - -grestore -280 fnt78 6753 -1028(2)m 400 fnt83 6563 -1195(b)m 400 fnt78 -7006 -1207(-)m 7340(4)s 400 fnt83 7548 -1195(ac)m 2500 0 0 0 400 480 20 5418 -1387 LoutGr2 -0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto 0.05 ft setlinewidth stroke -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt78 -6467 -1767(2)m 400 fnt83 6677 -1755(a)m gsave -7918 -632 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -776 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 144 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -632 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -1867 translate -400 fnt82 0 1091 0 480 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -2011 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8370 -632 translate -400 fnt82 745 0 390 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt82 8587 -1477(3)m -8760(.5)s 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 9115 -632 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhd -grestore - -grestore -360 144 0 144 400 480 100 9341 -776 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -360 1091 0 480 400 480 100 9341 -1867 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -360 144 0 0 400 480 100 9341 -2011 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 144 0 144 400 480 100 0 -2155 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 863 0 449 400 480 100 0 -3018 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -0 144 0 0 400 480 100 0 -3162 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -226 0 0 0 400 480 100 0 -3162 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt83 226 -2657(Binomial)m 1791(theor)s 14(em)k -gsave -226 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 2985 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3211 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -3437 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt78 3663 -2669(\()m 400 fnt83 3803 -2657(a)m 400 fnt78 -4114 -2669(+)m 400 fnt83 4449 -2657(b)m 280 fnt83 4770 -2463(n)m -400 fnt78 4659 -2669(\))m 5063(=)s 336 fnt78 5549 -2290(\245)m -520 fnt78 5484 -2699(\345)m 280 fnt83 5418 -3005(k)m 280 fnt78 -5588 -3014(=)m 5780(0)s gsave -0 -2560 translate -1.0000 2.3652 scale -400 fnt78 5932 -100(\()m -grestore -400 fnt83 -6112 -2417(n)m 6115 -2893(k)m gsave -0 -2560 translate -1.0000 2.3652 scale -400 fnt78 6362 -100(\))m -grestore -280 fnt83 -6684 -2501(k)m 400 fnt83 6493 -2657(a)m 280 fnt83 7022 -2488(n)m -280 fnt78 7194 -2497(-)m 280 fnt83 7383 -2488(k)m 400 fnt83 -6832 -2657(b)m gsave -3663 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 4255 0 1260 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -7918 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -2155 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 144 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -3018 translate -400 fnt82 0 863 0 449 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 0 144 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -gsave -8144 -3162 translate -400 fnt82 226 0 0 0 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -400 fnt82 8370 -2659(12)m 745 0 390 0 400 480 100 8370 -3162 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhs -grestore - -grestore -226 0 0 0 400 480 100 9115 -3162 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabhsp -grestore - -grestore -360 144 0 144 400 480 100 9341 -2155 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -360 863 0 449 400 480 100 9341 -3018 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore -360 144 0 0 400 480 100 9341 -3162 LoutGr2 -0.5 pt ltabvs -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 31 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8922(31)s 400 fnt84 3123 11382(P)m 4(ascal)k -4297(pr)s 7(ograms)k 360 fnt35 800 9651(@SysInclude { pas })m 800 9171(...)m -800 8691(@ID @P)m 14(as {)k 800 8211(procedure DoPr)m -5(iAbstr)k 3(act\(root:)k 18( Pr)k -5(iEntr)k -10(y\);)k -800 7731(begin)m 800 7251( if root^.leftchild <> nil then begin)m 800 6771( DoPr)m -5(iAbstr)k 3(act\(root^.leftchild\);)k -800 6291( wr)m -5(ite\(', '\);)k 800 5811( end;)m 800 5331( Pr)m -5(iK)k 14(e)k 7(yAbstr)k 3(act\(root^.k)k 7(e)k 7(y\);)k -800 4851( wr)m -5(ite\(':'\);)k 800 4371( Pr)m -5(iV)k 25(alueAbstr)k 3(act\(root^.v)k 9(alue\);)k -800 3891( if root^.r)m -5(ightchild <> nil then begin)k 800 3411( wr)m -5(ite\(', '\);)k 800 2931( DoPr)m -5(iAbstr)k 3(act\(root^.r)k -5(ightchild\);)k -800 2451( end;)m 800 1971(end;)m 800 1491(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Symbol -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -%%IncludeResource: font Symbol -/fnt78 { /Symbol LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(32)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8455 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -400 fnt84 1440 8363(pr)m 7(ocedur)k 7(e)k -400 fnt83 3270 8367(DoPriAbstr)m 6(act)k 400 fnt82 5622 8365(\()m -400 fnt83 5744 8367(r)m 18(oot)k 400 fnt82 6399 8365(:)m -400 fnt83 6576 8367(PriEntry)m 400 fnt82 7966 8365(\);)m 400 fnt84 -1440 7883(begin)m 1840 7403(if)m 400 fnt83 2206 7407(r)m 18(oot)k -320 fnt78 2861 7415(\255)m 400 fnt82 3043 7405(.)m 400 fnt83 -3116 7407(leftc)m 6(hild)k 400 fnt78 4529 7395(\271)m 400 fnt84 -4845 7403(nil)m 5380(then)s 6228(begin)s 400 fnt83 2240 6927(DoPriAbstr)m 6(act)k -400 fnt82 4592 6925(\()m 400 fnt83 4714 6927(r)m 18(oot)k -320 fnt78 5369 6935(\255)m 400 fnt82 5551 6925(.)m 400 fnt83 -5624 6927(leftc)m 6(hild)k 400 fnt82 6937 6925(\);)m 400 fnt83 -2240 6447(write)m 400 fnt82 3048 6445(\(',)m 3492('\);)s 400 fnt84 -1840 5963(end)m 400 fnt82 2453 5965(;)m 400 fnt83 1840 5487(PriK)m 14(e)k 12(yAbstr)k 6(act)k -400 fnt82 4298 5485(\()m 400 fnt83 4420 5487(r)m 18(oot)k -320 fnt78 5075 5495(\255)m 400 fnt82 5257 5485(.)m 400 fnt83 -5330 5487(k)m 4(e)k 12(y)k 400 fnt82 5838 5485(\);)m -400 fnt83 1840 5007(write)m 400 fnt82 2648 5005(\(':'\);)m 400 fnt83 -1840 4527(PriV)m 44(alueAbstr)k 6(act)k 400 fnt82 4592 4525(\()m -400 fnt83 4714 4527(r)m 18(oot)k 320 fnt78 5369 4535(\255)m -400 fnt82 5551 4525(.)m 400 fnt83 5624 4527(value)m 400 fnt82 -6477 4525(\);)m 400 fnt84 1840 4043(if)m 400 fnt83 2206 4047(r)m 18(oot)k -320 fnt78 2861 4055(\255)m 400 fnt82 3043 4045(.)m 400 fnt83 -3116 4047(rightc)m 6(hild)k 400 fnt78 4796 4035(\271)m 400 fnt84 -5112 4043(nil)m 5647(then)s 6495(begin)s 400 fnt83 2240 3567(write)m -400 fnt82 3048 3565(\(',)m 3492('\);)s 400 fnt83 2240 3087(DoPriAbstr)m 6(act)k -400 fnt82 4592 3085(\()m 400 fnt83 4714 3087(r)m 18(oot)k -320 fnt78 5369 3095(\255)m 400 fnt82 5551 3085(.)m 400 fnt83 -5624 3087(rightc)m 6(hild)k 400 fnt82 7204 3085(\);)m 400 fnt84 -1840 2603(end)m 400 fnt82 2453 2605(;)m 400 fnt84 1440 2123(end)m -400 fnt82 2053 2125(;)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8917(33)s 400 fnt84 3304 11376(Basic)m -4308(graphics)s 360 fnt35 800 9645(45d @Rotate 1.5 @Scale @Bo)m 10(x {)k 800 9165( Hello)m 14(, w)k 3(or)k -5(ld)k -800 8685(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(34)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -gsave -2528 5722 translate -45.0000 rotate -gsave -0 0 translate -1.5000 1.5000 scale -gsave -0 -254 translate -360 fnt35 2027 526 108 254 360 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -108 161(Hello)m 14(,)k -1080(w)s 3(or)k -5(ld)k -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12478(lout)m 8915(35)s 400 fnt84 2908 11375(Adv)m 4(anced)k -4704(graphics)s 360 fnt35 800 9644(@SysInclude { \207g })m 800 9164(...)m 800 8684(@Fig {)m -800 8204(@Bo)m 10(x)k 800 7724( margin { 0c })m 800 7244( paint { b)m 7(lac)k 7(k })k -800 6764(@Ellipse)m 800 6284( linestyle { noline })m 800 5804( paint { white })m 800 5324({ Hello)m 14(, w)k 3(or)k -5(ld })k -800 4844(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8911(36)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8231 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -5760 781 226 372 400 480 100 1440 7859 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -2442 781 226 372 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfigblack [ lfigbox ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -2442 781 226 372 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 -/lfigwhite [ lfigellipse ] gsave lfigpaintpath grestore -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfignoline [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore -226 282(Hello,)m 1291(w)s 4(orld)k - -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 37 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(37)s 400 fnt84 3302 11376(P)m 8(oint)k -4304(labelling)s 360 fnt35 800 9645(@Fig {)m 800 9165(A::)m 800 8685({)m -800 8205( 1::)m 18( @Ellipse { 3c @Wide 2c @High })k 800 7725( //3c)m 800 7245( 2::)m 18( @Bo)k 10(x { 3c @Wide 2c @High })k -800 6765(})m 800 6285(@Sho)m 5(wLabels)k 800 5805(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8914(38)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8414 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -5760 4873 0 4647 400 480 100 1440 3767 LoutGr2 -grestore save gsave 200 dict begin lfigdict begin -grestore -2153 4873 0 4647 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2153 1586 226 1360 400 480 100 0 3287 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2153 1586 226 1360 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigellipse ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(1) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -2153 1586 226 1360 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 -currentdict end 200 dict begin begin -grestore -2153 1586 226 1360 400 480 100 0 0 LoutGr2 - -0.5 pt setlinewidth lfiground setlinecap -0.15 cm /lfigsolid [ lfigbox ] lfigdopath -pop pop -grestore - -grestore -(2) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -(A) lfigpromotelabels -grestore -3507 4873 0 4647 400 480 100 2253 0 LoutGr2 -lfigshowlabels -grestore - -grestore -end end restore -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 39 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold -/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode -/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8912(39)s 400 fnt84 3895 11375(Graphs)m -340 fnt35 800 9035(@Gr)m 3(aph)k 800 8555( abo)m 5(v)k 8(ecaption { Ne)k 6(w South )k 13(W)k 13(ales road deaths)k -800 8075(\(per 100 million v)m 8(ehicle km\) })k 800 7595({)m 800 7115( @Data points { plus } pairs { dashed })m 800 6635( { 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4)m -800 6155( 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 })m 800 5675(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 40 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8909(40)s gsave -0 667 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -1631 8367(Ne)m 10(w)k -2463(South)s 3491(W)s 32(ales)k 4540(road)s 5347(deaths)s -1717 7887(\(per)m 2460(100)s 3151(million)s 4400(v)s 6(ehicle)k -5639(km\))s 5103 3402 0 3402 400 480 100 1440 4116 LoutGr2 -grestore - -gsave xsize ysize lgraphdict begin /ysize exch def /xsize exch def -/alldata [ [ [ 1963 5.6 1971 4.3 1976 3.7 1979 3.4 1982 2.9 1985 2.3 1988 2.0 ] xandy -{ plus } -{ ilinesetup dashed } -{ /dashlength 0.2 ft def - /linewidth currentlinewidth def - /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } -{ false } -] ] def -0 [ false ] 0 alldata false false 0 -0.5 cm false false 0.5 ft xset -0 [ false ] 1 alldata false false 0 -0.5 cm false false 0.5 ft yset -norset -rundata framestyle -grestore -end - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 41 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Helvetica -/pgsave save def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -1 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8922(41)s 360 fnt35 800 10484(-2p @F)m 10(ont @Gr)k 3(aph)k -800 10004( style { ax)m 10(es })k 800 9524( xor)m -5(igin { 0 } y)k 7(or)k -5(igin { 0 })k -800 9044( xtic)m 7(ks { 10@ 50@ 100@ 200@ 500@ })k 800 8564( objects { @NE at { 300 2 } @I { Exponential })m 800 8084( @SE at { ...)m 21( } @I { Unif)k 10(or)k -9(m } })k -800 7604( belo)m 5(wcaption { @I n })k 800 7124({)m 800 6644( @Data points { \207lledcircle } { ...)m 21( })k -800 6164( @Data points { \207lledcircle } { ...)m 21( })k 800 5204( @Data pairs { dashed })m 800 4724( { 10 2 500 2 })m 800 3764( @Data pairs { dashed })m -800 3284( {)m 800 2804( xloop from { 10 } to { 500 } b)m 7(y { 20 } do)k 800 2324( {)m 800 1844( x sqr)m -14(t { pi*x / 4 } + 1)k -800 1364( })m 800 884( })m 800 404(})m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Page: 42 42 -%%BeginPageSetup -%%PageResources: font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -/pgsave save def -%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic -/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode -/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def -0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth -%%EndPageSetup -gsave -0 0 translate -400 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutPageSet -grestore -gsave -0 16840 translate -0.0000 rotate -9066 12588 0 12588 400 480 100 1417 -14005 LoutGr2 -0 LoutMargSet -grestore -160 fnt82 0 12479(lout)m 8910(42)s gsave -0 668 translate -400 fnt82 8640 10080 1440 8640 400 480 100 LoutGraphic -gsave -LoutBox stroke -grestore -gsave -1440 4671 translate -360 fnt82 5670 3969 0 3969 360 480 90 LoutGraphic -gsave -grestore - -gsave xsize ysize lgraphdict begin /ysize exch def /xsize exch def -/alldata [ [ [ 10 1.97 50 2.01 100 2.00 200 2.0 500 2.00 ] xandy -{ filledcircle } -{ } -{ /dashlength 0.2 ft def - /linewidth currentlinewidth def - /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } -{ false } -] -[ [ 10 3.53 50 7.45 100 9.32 200 13.41 500 21.63 ] xandy -{ filledcircle } -{ } -{ /dashlength 0.2 ft def - /linewidth currentlinewidth def - /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } -{ false } -] -[ [ 10 2 500 2 ] xandy -{ } -{ linesetup cdashed } -{ /dashlength 0.2 ft def - /linewidth currentlinewidth def - /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } -{ false } -] -[ [ 10 20 500 { /xval exch def xval 3.14159 xval mul 4 div sqrt 1 add } for ] xandy -{ } -{ linesetup cdashed } -{ /dashlength 0.2 ft def - /linewidth currentlinewidth def - /symbolsize 0.15 ft def } -{ false } -] ] def -0 [ 10 lgen 50 lgen 100 lgen 200 lgen 500 lgen ] 0 alldata false false 0 -0 false 0 0.5 ft xset -0 [ false ] 1 alldata false false 0 -0 false 0 0.5 ft yset -norset -rundata axesstyle -grestore -1953 535 0 535 360 480 90 0 -535 LoutGr2 -300 2 trpoint translate 0 ysize translate gsave -grestore -360 fnt83 108 182(Exponential)m -grestore -grestore -1428 533 0 533 360 480 90 0 -533 LoutGr2 -300 3.14159 300 4 div mul sqrt 1 add trpoint translate 0 0 translate gsave -grestore -360 fnt83 108 182(Uniform)m grestore -grestore -end - -grestore -360 fnt83 4189 3901(n)m -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -grestore - -pgsave restore -showpage - -%%Trailer -%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica -%%+ font Helvetica-Oblique -%%+ font Symbol -%%+ font Times-Roman -%%+ font Times-Italic -%%+ font Times-Bold -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset LoutStartUp -%%+ procset LoutTabPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutFigPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutGraphPrependGraphic -%%+ procset LoutBasicSetup -%%+ encoding vec2 -%%Pages: 42 -%%EOF |