Lout 3.17.

git-svn-id: http://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/svn/lout/trunk@2 9365b830-b601-4143-9ba8-b4a8e2c3339c

31 files changed, 14979 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/doc/design/README b/doc/design/README
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+++ b/doc/design/README
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+Directory lout/doc/design
+
+This directory contains the Lout source files
+for the report entitled `The design and
+implementation of the Lout document formatting
+language'  which appeared in Software--Practice
+and Experience, vol 23, pp1001-1041 (September
+1993).  To produce the report, type the command
+
+	lout all > outfile.ps
+
+in this directory.  This must be done three
+times to completely resolve all cross references,
+although the PostScript file outfile.ps is
+printable after the first run.  Auxiliary files
+with .li and .ld suffixes will be created in
+this directory.  A copy of the final outfile.ps
+is included.
+
+The second and third runs should produce no error
+messages (although changing the paper size might
+produce one or two benign ones).
+
+Jeffrey H. Kingston
+17 September 1999
diff --git a/doc/design/all b/doc/design/all
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+++ b/doc/design/all
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+@SysInclude { eq }
+@SysInclude { tab }
+@SysInclude { fig }
+@SysInclude { report }
+@SysDatabase @Reference { oldrefs }
+@Report
+    @Title { The Design and Implementation
+of the
+Lout Document Formatting Language }
+    @Author { Jeffrey H. Kingston }
+    @Institution { Basser Department of Computer Science,
+The University of Sydney 2006,
+Australia }
+    @DateLine { 27 January, 1993 }
+    @InitialLanguage { English }
+    @OptimizePages { Yes }
+    @AbstractTitle { SUMMARY }
+    @Abstract
+{
+Lout is a high-level language for document formatting, whose ease of use
+has permitted an unprecedented number of advanced features to be added
+quickly and reliably.  This paper charts the evolution of the design and
+implementation of Lout from conception in mid-1984 to public release in
+October 1991.  It includes extensive discussions of remaining problems
+and possible solutions.
+@DP
+{@B Keywords}  document formatting typesetting
+}
+
+//
+
+@Include { s1_0 }
+@Include { s2_0 }
+@Include { s2_1 }
+@Include { s2_2 }
+@Include { s2_3 }
+@Include { s2_4 }
+@Include { s2_5 }
+@Include { s2_9 }
+@Include { s3_0 }
+@Include { s3_1 }
+@Include { s3_2 }
+@Include { s3_3 }
+@Include { s3_4 }
+@Include { s3_9 }
+@Include { s4_0 }
+@Include { s5_0 }
+@Include { s5_1 }
+@Include { s5_2 }
+@Include { s5_3 }
+@Include { s5_4 }
+@Include { s5_5 }
+@Include { s5_9 }
+@Include { s6_0 }
+@Include { s6_1 }
+@Include { s6_2 }
+@Include { s6_9 }
+@Include { s7_0 }
diff --git a/doc/design/mydefs b/doc/design/mydefs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5473fbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/mydefs
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+
+def @TeX { T{ /0.2fo E}X }
+
+def @Code
+    right x
+{   { Helvetica Base -1p } @Font lines @Break x
+}
+
+######################################################
+#                                                    #
+#  Nodes and trees.                                  #
+#                                                    #
+######################################################
+
+import @Fig
+def @FBox
+    named width  { 0.6c }
+    named height { 0.4c }
+    named margin { 0.1c }
+    right x
+{
+    @Box margin { margin }
+    {	width @Wide height @High
+	{ /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+import @Fig
+def @FEllipse
+    named width  { 0.6c }
+    named height { 0.4c }
+    named margin { 0.1c }
+    right x
+{
+    @Ellipse margin { margin }
+    {	height @High
+	{ /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+import @Fig
+def @FCircle
+    named width  { 0.4c }
+    named height { 0.4c }
+    named margin { 0.1c }
+    right x
+{
+    @Circle margin { margin }
+    {	width @Wide height @High
+	{ /0.5rt |0.5rt @OneCol @OneRow 0.8f @Font x
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+import @Fig
+def @JoinFigures
+    left A
+    named linestyle  { solid   }
+    named linewidth  { 0.5 pt  }
+    named linecap    { round   }
+    named dashlength { 0.15 cm }
+    named arrow      { noarrow }
+    named headstyle  { open    }
+    named headwidth  { 0.05 cm }
+    named headlength { 0.15 cm }
+    right B
+{
+    @Line
+	from       { {A"@CTR"} ++ {{A"@CTR"} @Angle {B"@CTR"} A"@CIRCUM"} }
+	to         { {B"@CTR"} ++ {{B"@CTR"} @Angle {A"@CTR"} B"@CIRCUM"} }
+	linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	linecap    { linecap    }
+	dashlength { dashlength }
+	arrow      { arrow      }
+	headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	headlength { headlength }
+    {}
+}
+
+import @Fig
+export @LeftSub @RightSub @FirstSub @NextSub @StubSub @Node
+def @Tree
+    named hmargin    { 0.2c    }
+    named vmargin    { 0.3c    }
+    named linestyle  { solid   }
+    named linewidth  { 0.5 pt  }
+    named linecap    { round   }
+    named dashlength { 0.15 cm }
+    named arrow      { noarrow }
+    named headstyle  { open    }
+    named headwidth  { 0.05 cm }
+    named headlength { 0.15 cm }
+    body x
+@Begin
+
+    def @LeftSub
+	precedence 90
+	associativity left
+	left root
+	named hmargin    { hmargin    }
+	named linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	named linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	named linecap    { linecap    }
+	named dashlength { dashlength }
+	named arrow      { arrow      }
+	named headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	named headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	named headlength { headlength }
+	right x
+    {
+	{ /vmargin {L::x} } |hmargin  root |
+	L@T @JoinFigures
+	        linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	        linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	        linecap    { linecap    }
+	        dashlength { dashlength }
+	        arrow      { arrow      }
+	        headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	        headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	        headlength { headlength }
+	T
+    }
+
+    def fixroot
+	precedence 90
+	left root
+    {
+	|0.5rt root
+    }
+
+    def firstsub
+	precedence 90
+	associativity left
+	named hmargin    { hmargin    }
+	named linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	named linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	named linecap    { linecap    }
+	named dashlength { dashlength }
+	named arrow      { arrow      }
+	named headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	named headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	named headlength { headlength }
+	right x
+    {
+	S::x &
+	S@T @JoinFigures
+		linestyle  { linestyle  }
+		linewidth  { linewidth  }
+		linecap    { linecap    }
+		dashlength { dashlength }
+		arrow      { arrow      }
+		headstyle  { headstyle  }
+		headwidth  { headwidth  }
+		headlength { headlength }
+	T
+    }
+
+    macro @FirstSub { fixroot //vmargin |0.5rt firstsub }
+
+    def @NextSub
+	precedence 90
+	associativity left
+	left others
+	named hmargin    { hmargin    }
+	named linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	named linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	named linecap    { linecap    }
+	named dashlength { dashlength }
+	named arrow      { arrow      }
+	named headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	named headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	named headlength { headlength }
+	right x
+    {
+	others &hmargin S::x &
+	S@T @JoinFigures
+		linestyle  { linestyle  }
+		linewidth  { linewidth  }
+		linecap    { linecap    }
+		dashlength { dashlength }
+		arrow      { arrow      }
+		headstyle  { headstyle  }
+		headwidth  { headwidth  }
+		headlength { headlength }
+	T
+    }
+
+    def @RightSub
+	precedence 90
+	associativity left
+	left root
+	named hmargin    { hmargin    }
+	named linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	named linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	named linecap    { linecap    }
+	named dashlength { dashlength }
+	named arrow      { arrow      }
+	named headstyle  { headstyle  }
+	named headwidth  { headwidth  }
+	named headlength { headlength }
+	right x
+    {
+	root |hmargin  { /vmargin {R::x} } |
+	R@T @JoinFigures
+		linestyle  { linestyle  }
+		linewidth  { linewidth  }
+		linecap    { linecap    }
+		dashlength { dashlength }
+		arrow      { arrow      }
+		headstyle  { headstyle  }
+		headwidth  { headwidth  }
+		headlength { headlength }
+	T
+    }
+
+    def @StubSub
+	precedence 90
+	associativity left
+	left root
+	named linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	named linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	named linecap    { linecap    }
+	named dashlength { dashlength }
+    {
+	root |
+	@Figure
+	    shape { T@SW
+		    T@W -- { 0.1 cm 0.7 cm }
+		    T@E -- {-0.1 cm 0.7 cm }
+		    T@SE
+		  }
+	    linestyle  { linestyle  }
+	    linewidth  { linewidth  }
+	    linecap    { linecap    }
+	    dashlength { dashlength }
+	{ @Null }
+    }
+
+    def @Node
+	# named mark {}
+	right root
+    {
+	T:: root
+	# & T@W ++ { -0.2 cm 0.1 cm } @BaseOf mark
+    }
+
+    @OneCol @OneRow x
+
+@End @Tree
+
+
+def @ShowMarks
+    named linewidth  { 0.015 cm }
+    named linestyle  { dashed   }
+    named dashlength { 0.15 cm  }
+    named paint      { lightgrey    }
+    named marks      { both     } # none, horizontal, vertical, or both
+    right x
+{
+    @Fig
+    {	@Box margin { 0c } linewidth { linewidth } paint { paint }
+	{   @Figure
+		shape {
+		    marks @Case {
+		        { horizontal both } @Yield
+			    { -0.3 cm ymark {xsize ymark} ++ {0.3 cm 0} }
+		        else @Yield {}
+		    }
+		    marks @Case {
+			both @Yield []
+			else @Yield {}
+		    }
+		    marks @Case {
+			{ vertical both } @Yield
+			    { xmark -0.3 cm {xmark ysize} ++ {0 0.3 cm} }
+			else @Yield {}
+		    }
+		}
+		linewidth { linewidth }
+		linestyle { linestyle }
+		dashlength { dashlength }
+	      x
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+   import @Fig
+   def @DagBox
+      named top {}
+      named mid {}
+      named base {}
+   {
+      @OneRow {
+	   TOP::  @FBox top
+	// MID::  @FBox mid
+	// BASE:: @FBox base
+      }
+   }
+
+   import @Fig
+   def @BlackDot
+      named diameter { 0.07c }
+   {
+      @Circle
+	margin { 0c }
+	paint { black }
+      { diameter @Wide diameter @High {}
+      }
+   }
+
+   import @Fig
+   def @TVShape   # television shape enclosing points ne, nw, se, sw
+       named nw {}
+       named ne {}
+       named sw {}
+       named se {}
+       named delta { 0.5 cm }
+   {
+       @Figure
+	   shape {
+		{ {nw @Min sw @Min ne @Min se} -- { delta 0 } } @Label BL
+		{ {nw @Max sw @Max ne @Max se} ++ { delta 0 } } @Label TR
+		BL ++ { 0 BL @YDistance TR } @Label TL
+		BL ++ { BL @XDistance TR 0 } @Label BR
+		BL
+		BR			[ BR ++ {0 delta} ]
+		BR ++ {delta delta}
+		TR ++ {delta -delta}	[ TR -- {0 delta} ]
+		TR
+		TL			[ TL -- {0 delta} ]
+		TL -- {delta delta}
+		BL ++ {-delta delta}	[ BL ++ {0 delta} ]
+		BL
+	   }
+       {}
+   }
+
+   import @Fig
+   def @FunnyArrow
+      named from {}
+      named to {}
+      named arrow { forward }
+   {
+      @Figure
+         shape {from from ++ {0 from @YDistance to} to}
+         arrow { arrow }
+      {}
+   }
+
+   def "->" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\256" } #174 decimal
+   def "=>" { {Symbol Base} @Font "\336" } #222 decimal
+   macro @JP	{ /0.5v  }
+
+   ###################################################
+   #                                                 #
+   #  Lout keywords.                                 #
+   #                                                 #
+   ###################################################
+
+   def @@Begin         { @Code "@Begin"        }
+   def @@Break         { @Code "@Break"        }
+   def @@Case          { @Code "@Case"         }
+   def @@Database      { @Code "@Database"     }
+   def @@End           { @Code "@End"          }
+   def @@Font          { @Code "@Font"         }
+   def @@Galley        { @Code "@Galley"       }
+   def @@Graphic       { @Code "@Graphic"      }
+   def @@HExpand       { @Code "@HExpand"      }
+   def @@HScale        { @Code "@HScale"       }
+   def @@High          { @Code "@High"         }
+   def @@Include       { @Code "@Include"      }
+   def @@Key           { @Code "@Key"          }
+   def @@LClos         { @Code "@LClos"        }
+   def @@LEnv          { @Code "@LEnv"         }
+   def @@LInput        { @Code "@LInput"       }
+   def @@Moment        { @Code "@Moment"       }
+   def @@Next          { @Code "@Next"         }
+   def @@Null          { @Code "@Null"         }
+   def @@OneCol        { @Code "@OneCol"       }
+   def @@OneRow        { @Code "@OneRow"       }
+   def @@Open          { @Code "@Open"         }
+   def @@Prepend       { @Code "@Prepend"      }
+   def @@Rotate        { @Code "@Rotate"       }
+   def @@Space         { @Code "@Space"        }
+   def @@SysDatabase   { @Code "@SysDatabase"  }
+   def @@SysInclude    { @Code "@SysInclude"   }
+   def @@SysPrepend    { @Code "@SysPrepend"   }
+   def @@Tag           { @Code "@Tag"          }
+   def @@Tagged        { @Code "@Tagged"       }
+   def @@Use           { @Code "@Use"          }
+   def @@VExpand       { @Code "@VExpand"      }
+   def @@VScale        { @Code "@VScale"       }
+   def @@Yield         { @Code "@Yield"        }
+   def @@Wide          { @Code "@Wide"         }
+
+
+   ###################################################
+   #                                                 #
+   #  Miscellaneous, mostly graphical definitions.   #
+   #                                                 #
+   ###################################################
+
+   def @Leaders
+   { ..   @Leaders
+   }
+
+   def @HLine {
+     @BackEnd @Case {
+       PostScript @Yield {
+        { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto stroke }
+        @Graphic {}
+       }
+       PDF @Yield {
+        { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l S }
+        @Graphic {}
+       }
+     }
+   }
+
+   def @VDashLine
+      right length
+   {
+     @BackEnd @Case {
+       PostScript @Yield {
+         length @High
+         { 0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke }
+         @Graphic {}
+       }
+       PDF @Yield {
+         length @High
+         { [ __mul(3, __pt) ] 0 d   0 0 m 0 __ysize l stroke }
+         @Graphic {}
+       }
+     }
+   }
+
+   def @LBox
+      right offset
+   {
+     @BackEnd @Case {
+       PostScript @Yield {
+         @OneCol @OneRow
+         {
+         {  //0.2c
+            0.6c @High 1.2c @Wide
+            { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+	          xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto closepath
+	          gsave 0.9 setgray fill grestore stroke }
+            @Graphic {}
+         }
+         ||offset @VDashLine 1c
+         }
+       }
+       PDF @Yield {
+         @OneCol @OneRow
+         {
+         {  //0.2c
+            0.6c @High 1.2c @Wide
+            { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l
+	          __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l h
+	          q 0.9 g f Q S }
+            @Graphic {}
+         }
+         ||offset @VDashLine 1c
+         }
+       }
+     }
+   }
+
+   def @Arrow
+      right length
+   {  @OneCol @OneRow
+      {
+	   30d @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine}
+	   //
+	   length @Wide @HLine
+	   //
+	   "-30d" @Rotate {0.12c @Wide @HLine}
+      }
+   }
+
+   def @DoubleArrow
+      right length
+   {  @OneCol @OneRow
+      { 
+         & 180d @Rotate @Arrow length
+         |0io @Arrow length
+      }
+   }
+
+   def @Put
+     left coord
+     right x
+   { @OneCol @OneRow
+     { coord / | @OneCol @OneRow x
+     }
+   }
+   
+   macro @At { //0io }
+
+
+   ###################################################
+   #                                                 #
+   #  Interpolated example documents.                #
+   #                                                 #
+   ###################################################
+
+   def @LittleEndRunPlace { @Galley }
+   def @LittleEndRun
+      force into { @LittleEndRunPlace&&preceding }
+   {}
+
+   def @LittleTextPlace { @Galley }
+   def @LittleText into { @LittleTextPlace&&preceding }
+      right x
+   { x
+   }
+
+   def @LittleFootPlace { @Galley }
+   def @LittleFootNote into { @LittleFootPlace&&following }
+      right x
+   { x
+   }
+
+   def @LittlePageColumn
+      right x
+   {
+        9px @Break 8p @Font
+        2.8c @Wide x
+   }
+
+   def @LittlePage
+      right x
+   {
+     @BackEnd @Case {
+       PostScript @Yield {
+         @HContract @VContract
+         { 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto xsize ysize lineto
+	       0 ysize lineto closepath stroke } @Graphic
+         {  //0.3c ||0.3c
+           9px @Break 8p @Font
+           2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x
+           ||0.3c //0.3c
+         }
+       }
+       PDF @Yield {
+         @HContract @VContract
+         { 0 0 m __xsize 0 l __xsize __ysize l 0 __ysize l s } @Graphic
+         {  //0.3c ||0.3c
+           9px @Break 8p @Font
+           2.8c @Wide 3.8c @High x
+           ||0.3c //0.3c
+         }
+       }
+     }
+   }
+
+   def @LittleFootSect
+   {  1c @Wide @HLine
+      //0.3v @LittleFootPlace ||0.5c
+   }
+
+   def @LittlePageList
+     right @PageNum
+   {
+      @LittlePage { # |0.5rt @PageNum //0.8v
+		//0.3v @LittleTextPlace
+		//1rt @LittleFootSect
+	     }
+      //
+      @LittlePageList @Next @PageNum
+   }
+
+   def @LittleDocument
+   {  @LittlePage
+      {  @LittleTextPlace
+         //1rt @LittleFootSect
+      }
+      // @LittlePageList 2
+      // @LittleEndRunPlace
+   }
+		
+   def @Strange
+       named @Format right @Val { [@Val] }
+       right x
+   {   @Format x
+   }
diff --git a/doc/design/outfile.ps b/doc/design/outfile.ps
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f7525a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/outfile.ps
@@ -0,0 +1,11727 @@
+%!PS-Adobe-3.0
+%%Creator: Basser Lout Version 3.17 (September 1999)
+%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 17 11:56:58 1999
+%%DocumentData: Binary
+%%DocumentNeededResources: (atend)
+%%DocumentMedia: Plain 595 842 0 white ()
+%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend)
+%%Pages: (atend)
+%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842
+%%EndComments
+
+%%BeginProlog
+%%BeginResource: procset LoutStartUp
+/m  { 3 1 roll moveto show } bind def
+/s  { exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show } bind def
+/k  { exch neg 0 rmoveto show } bind def
+/ul { gsave setlinewidth dup 3 1 roll
+      moveto lineto stroke grestore } bind def
+/in { 1440 mul } def
+/cm { 567 mul } def
+/pt { 20 mul } def
+/em { 120 mul } def
+/sp { louts mul } def
+/vs { loutv mul } def
+/ft { loutf mul } def
+/dg {           } def
+
+/LoutGraphic {
+  /louts exch def
+  /loutv exch def
+  /loutf exch def
+  /ymark exch def
+  /xmark exch def
+  /ysize exch def
+  /xsize exch def
+} def
+
+/LoutGr2 { gsave translate LoutGraphic gsave } def
+
+/LoutFont
+{ findfont exch scalefont setfont
+} bind def
+
+/LoutRecode {
+  { findfont dup length dict begin
+    {1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall
+    /Encoding exch def
+    currentdict end definefont pop
+  }
+  stopped pop
+} bind def
+
+/BeginEPSF {
+  /LoutEPSFState save def
+  /dict_count countdictstack def
+  /op_count count 1 sub def
+  userdict begin
+  /showpage { } def
+  0 setgray 0 setlinecap
+  1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin
+  10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath
+  /languagelevel where
+  { pop languagelevel
+    1 ne
+    { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint
+    } if
+  } if
+} bind def
+
+/EndEPSF {
+  count op_count sub { pop } repeat
+  countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat
+  LoutEPSFState restore
+} bind def
+%%EndResource
+
+%%BeginResource encoding vec2
+/vec2 [
+/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
+/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
+/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
+/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
+/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright
+/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash
+/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven
+/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question
+/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G
+/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O
+/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W
+/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore
+/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g
+/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o
+/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w
+/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef
+/quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /ellipsis /OE /oe /quotedblleft /quotedblright /fi
+/fl /endash /emdash /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /florin /fraction
+/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent
+/dieresis /.notdef /ring /cedilla /.notdef /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron
+/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section
+/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen /registered /macron
+/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered
+/cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown
+/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla
+/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis
+/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply
+/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls
+/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla
+/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis
+/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide
+/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis
+] def
+%%EndResource
+
+%%BeginResource: procset LoutTabPrependGraphic
+% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/tabf.lpg
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%                                                  %
+%  PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Tab     %
+%                                                  %
+%  To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names   %
+%  of all these symbols begin with "ltab".         %
+%                                                  %
+%  Jeffrey H. Kingston                             %
+%  24 September 1991                               %
+%  22 December 1992                                %
+%                                                  %
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% linewidth ltabhs -
+% horizontal single line
+/ltabhs
+{  0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhsp -
+% horizontal single line with projecting ends
+/ltabhsp
+{  0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 2 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhd -
+% horizontal double line
+/ltabhd
+{  dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   0 exch 3 mul moveto xsize exch 3 mul lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhdb -
+% horizontal double line below mark
+/ltabhdb
+{  dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   0 exch -3 mul moveto xsize exch -3 mul lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhdnw -
+% horizontal double line with northwest corner
+/ltabhdnw
+{  dup dup dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   xsize exch 3 mul moveto
+   -3 mul exch 3 mul lineto
+   -3 mul 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhdne -
+% horizontal double line with northeast corner
+/ltabhdne
+{  dup dup dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   0 exch 3 mul moveto
+   3 mul xsize add exch 3 mul lineto
+   3 mul xsize add 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhdsw -
+% horizontal double line with southwest corner
+/ltabhdsw
+{  dup dup dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   xsize exch -3 mul moveto
+   -3 mul exch -3 mul lineto
+   -3 mul 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabhdse -
+% horizontal double line with southeast corner
+/ltabhdse
+{  dup dup dup dup
+   0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+   0 exch -3 mul moveto
+   3 mul xsize add exch -3 mul lineto
+   3 mul xsize add 0 lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 2 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabvs -
+% vertical single line
+/ltabvs
+{  0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabvd -
+% vertical double line
+/ltabvd
+{  dup dup
+   0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto
+   -3 mul 0 moveto -3 mul ysize lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+
+% linewidth ltabvdr -
+% vertical double line to right of mark
+/ltabvdr
+{  dup dup
+   0 0 moveto 0 ysize lineto
+   3 mul 0 moveto 3 mul ysize lineto
+   setlinewidth 0 setlinecap stroke
+} def
+%%EndResource
+
+%%BeginResource: procset LoutFigPrependGraphic
+% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/figf.lpg
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%                                                                    %
+%  PostScript @SysPrependGraphic file for @Fig  Jeffrey H. Kingston  %
+%  Version 2.0 (includes CIRCUM label)                 January 1992  %
+%                                                                    %
+%  To assist in avoiding name clashes, the names of all symbols      %
+%  defined here begin with "lfig".  However, this is not feasible    %
+%  with user-defined labels and some labels used by users.           %
+%                                                                    %
+%  <point>      is two numbers, a point.                             %
+%  <length>     is one number, a length                              %
+%  <angle>      is one number, an angle in degrees                   %
+%  <dashlength> is one number, the preferred length of a dash        %
+%                                                                    %
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+errordict begin
+   /handleerror
+   {
+      {  /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont
+	 0 setgray 4 pt 4 pt moveto
+	 $error /errorname get
+	 dup lfigdict exch known
+	 { lfigdict exch get }
+	 { 30 string cvs } ifelse
+	 show
+	 (  Command: ) show
+	 $error /command get 30 string cvs show
+      } stopped {} if
+      showpage stop
+   } def
+end
+
+% concat strings: <string> <string> lfigconcat <string>
+% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in lfigpromotelabels
+/lfigconcat
+{ 2 copy length exch length add string
+  dup 0 4 index putinterval
+  dup 3 index length 3 index putinterval
+  3 1 roll pop pop
+} def
+
+% <string> lfigdebugprint -
+% must be defined outside lfigdict since used in arbitrary places
+% /lfigdebugprint
+% { print
+%   (;  operand stack:\n) print
+%   count copy
+%   count 2 idiv
+%   { ==
+%     (\n) print
+%   } repeat
+%   (\n) print
+% } def
+
+/lfigdict 120 dict def
+lfigdict begin
+
+% error messages
+/dictfull (dictfull error:  too many labels?) def
+/dictstackoverflow (dictstackoverflow error:  labels nested too deeply?) def
+/execstackoverflow (execstackoverflow error:  figure nested too deeply?) def
+/limitcheck (limitcheck error:  figure nested too deeply or too large?) def
+/syntaxerror (syntaxerror error:  syntax error in text of figure?) def
+/typecheck (typecheck error:  syntax error in text of figure?) def
+/undefined (undefined error:  unknown or misspelt label?) def
+/VMError (VMError error:  run out of memory?) def
+
+% push pi onto stack:  - lfigpi <num>
+/lfigpi 3.14159 def
+
+% arc directions
+/clockwise     false def
+/anticlockwise true  def
+
+% maximum of two numbers:  <num> <num> lfigmax <num>
+/lfigmax { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def
+
+% minimum of two numbers:  <num> <num> lfigmin <num>
+/lfigmin { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def
+
+% add two points:  <point> <point> lfigpadd <point>
+/lfigpadd { exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } def
+
+% subtract first point from second:  <point> <point> lfigpsub <point>
+/lfigpsub { 3 2 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub exch } def
+
+% max two points:  <point> <point> lfigpmax <point>
+/lfigpmax { exch 3 1 roll lfigmax 3 1 roll lfigmax exch } def
+
+% min two points:  <point> <point> lfigpmin <point>
+/lfigpmin { exch 3 1 roll lfigmin 3 1 roll lfigmin exch } def
+
+% scalar multiplication: <point> <num> lfigpmul <point>
+/lfigpmul { dup 3 1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch } def
+
+% point at angle and distance:  <point> <length> <angle> lfigatangle <point>
+/lfigatangle { 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul lfigpadd } def
+
+% angle from one point to another:  <point> <point> lfigangle <angle>
+/lfigangle { lfigpsub 2 copy 0 eq exch 0 eq and {pop} {exch atan} ifelse } def
+
+% distance between two points:  <point> <point> lfigdistance <length>
+/lfigdistance { lfigpsub dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt } def
+
+% difference in x coords: <point> <point> lfigxdistance <length>
+/lfigxdistance { pop 3 1 roll pop sub } def
+
+%difference in y coords: <point> <point> lfigydistance <length>
+/lfigydistance { 3 1 roll pop sub exch pop } def
+
+% stroke a solid line:  <length> <dashlength> lfigsolid -
+/lfigsolid
+{  pop pop [] 0 setdash stroke
+} def
+
+% stroke a lfigdashed line:   <length> <dashlength> lfigdashed -
+/lfigdashed
+{  2 copy div 2 le 1 index 0 le or
+   {  exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] 0 setdash }
+   {  dup [ exch 4 2 roll 2 copy div
+      1 sub 2 div ceiling dup 4 1 roll
+      1 add mul sub exch div ] 0 setdash
+   } ifelse stroke
+} def
+
+% stroke a lfigcdashed line:  <length> <dashlength> lfigcdashed -
+/lfigcdashed
+{  2 copy le 1 index 0 le or
+   { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch dup ] dup 0 get 2 div setdash }
+   { dup [ 4 2 roll exch 2 copy exch div
+     2 div ceiling div 1 index sub
+     ] exch 2 div setdash
+   } ifelse stroke
+} def
+
+% stroke a dotted line:  <length> <dashlength> lfigdotted -
+/lfigdotted
+{  2 copy le 1 index 0 le or
+   { exch pop 1 pt lfigmax [ exch 0 exch ] 0 setdash }
+   { 1 index exch div ceiling div
+     [ 0 3 2 roll ] 0 setdash
+   } ifelse stroke
+} def
+
+% stroke a noline line:  <length> <dashlength> lfignoline -
+/lfignoline
+{ pop pop
+} def
+
+% painting (i.e. filling): - lfigwhite - (etc.)
+/lfignopaint		{			       } def
+/lfignochange		{ 			  fill } def
+/lfigdarkblue		{ 0.0 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigblue		{ 0.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightblue		{ 0.5 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkgreen		{ 0.0 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiggreen		{ 0.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightgreen		{ 0.5 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkred		{ 0.5 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigred		{ 1.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightred		{ 1.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkcyan		{ 0.0 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigcyan		{ 0.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightcyan		{ 0.5 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkmagenta	{ 0.5 0.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigmagenta		{ 1.0 0.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightmagenta	{ 1.0 0.5 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkyellow		{ 0.5 0.5 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigyellow		{ 1.0 1.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightyellow	{ 1.0 1.0 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkgray		{ 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiggray		{ 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightgray		{ 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigdarkgrey		{ 0.2 0.2 0.2 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiggrey		{ 0.5 0.5 0.5 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfiglightgrey		{ 0.8 0.8 0.8 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigblack		{ 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+/lfigwhite		{ 1.0 1.0 1.0 setrgbcolor fill } def
+
+% line caps (and joins, not currently used)
+/lfigbutt       0 def
+/lfiground      1 def
+/lfigprojecting 2 def
+/lfigmiter      0 def
+/lfigbevel      2 def
+
+% shape and labels of the @Box symbol
+/lfigbox
+{
+   0     0     /SW  lfigpointdef
+   xsize 0     /SE  lfigpointdef
+   xsize ysize /NE  lfigpointdef
+   0     ysize /NW  lfigpointdef
+   SE 0.5 lfigpmul /S   lfigpointdef
+   NW 0.5 lfigpmul /W   lfigpointdef
+   W SE lfigpadd   /E   lfigpointdef
+   S NW lfigpadd   /N   lfigpointdef
+   NE 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef
+   [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   SW SE NE NW SW
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @CurveBox symbol
+/lfigcurvebox
+{
+
+   xsize 0.5 mul	ysize 0.5 mul	/CTR lfigpointdef
+   xsize 0.5 mul	0		/S   lfigpointdef
+   xsize		ysize 0.5 mul	/E   lfigpointdef
+   xsize 0.5 mul	ysize		/N   lfigpointdef
+   0			ysize 0.5 mul	/W   lfigpointdef
+
+   xmark 0.293 mul		xmark 0.293 mul		  /SW  lfigpointdef
+   xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub	xmark 0.293 mul		  /SE  lfigpointdef
+   xsize xmark 0.293 mul sub	ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NE  lfigpointdef
+   xmark 0.293 mul		ysize xmark 0.293 mul sub /NW  lfigpointdef
+
+   [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul xmark /lfigcurveboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+
+   xmark		0
+   xsize xmark sub	0
+   [ xsize xmark sub	xmark		]
+   xsize		xmark
+   xsize		ysize xmark sub
+   [ xsize xmark sub	ysize xmark sub	]
+   xsize xmark sub	ysize
+   xmark		ysize
+   [ xmark		ysize xmark sub	]
+   0			ysize xmark sub
+   0			xmark
+   [ xmark		xmark		]
+   xmark		0
+} def
+
+% shadow of the @ShadowBox symbol
+% its shape and labels are done, somewhat inaccurately, with lfigbox
+/lfigshadow
+{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+  xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto
+  xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto
+  xsize xmark sub xmark lineto
+  xmark 2 mul xmark lineto closepath fill
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @Square symbol
+/lfigsquare
+{
+   xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef
+   CTR xsize xsize ysize ysize lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR NE lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef
+   SW 0.5 lfigpmul SE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef
+   NW 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef
+   SW 0.5 lfigpmul NW 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef
+   SE 0.5 lfigpmul NE 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef
+   [ CTR NE lfigpsub /lfigboxcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   SW SE NE NW SW
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @Diamond symbol
+/lfigdiamond
+{
+   xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S   lfigpointdef
+   0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W   lfigpointdef
+   S W         lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef
+   CTR W       lfigpadd /N   lfigpointdef
+   CTR S       lfigpadd /E   lfigpointdef
+   [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigdiamondcircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   S E N W S
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @Ellipse symbol
+/lfigellipse
+{
+   xsize 0 0.5 lfigpmul /S   lfigpointdef
+   0 ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /W   lfigpointdef
+   S W         lfigpadd /CTR lfigpointdef
+   CTR W       lfigpadd /N   lfigpointdef
+   CTR S       lfigpadd /E   lfigpointdef
+   CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef
+   0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd lfigpsub /SE lfigpointdef
+   xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub 0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef
+   0 ysize 0.3536 lfigpmul xsize 0 0.3536 lfigpmul CTR lfigpsub lfigpsub /SW lfigpointdef
+   [ xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @Circle symbol
+/lfigcircle
+{
+   xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef
+   CTR xsize 0 ysize 0 lfigpmax 0.5 lfigpmul lfigpadd /E lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 45 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NE lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 90 lfigatangle lfigpadd /N lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 135 lfigatangle lfigpadd /NW lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 180 lfigatangle lfigpadd /W lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 225 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SW lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 270 lfigatangle lfigpadd /S lfigpointdef
+   CTR 0 0 CTR E lfigdistance 315 lfigatangle lfigpadd /SE lfigpointdef
+   [ S E lfigpsub /lfigellipsecircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   S [ CTR ] E [ CTR ] N [ CTR ] W [ CTR ] S
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @HLine and @HArrow symbols
+/lfighline
+{
+   0 ymark lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef
+   xsize ymark lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef
+} def
+
+% shape and labels of the @VLine and @VArrow symbols
+/lfigvline
+{
+   xmark ysize lfigprevious /FROM lfigpointdef
+   xmark 0 lfigprevious /TO lfigpointdef
+} def
+
+% points of a polygon around base with given no of sides, vert init angle:
+% <sides> <angle> figpolygon <point> ... <point>
+/lfigpolygon
+{  xsize ysize 0.5 lfigpmul /CTR lfigpointdef
+   90 sub CTR 2 copy lfigmax 5 3 roll
+   [ 4 copy pop /lfigpolycircum cvx ] lfigcircumdef
+   exch dup 360 exch div exch
+   1 1  3 2 roll
+   {  4 string cvs (P) exch lfigconcat cvn
+      6 copy pop pop lfigatangle 2 copy 10 2 roll
+      3 2 roll lfigpointdef
+      dup 3 1 roll add exch
+   }  for
+   pop lfigatangle
+} def
+
+% next array element:  <array> <index> lfiggetnext <array> <index> <any> true
+%                                               or <array> <index> false
+/lfiggetnext
+{  2 copy exch length ge
+   { false }
+   { 2 copy get exch 1 add exch true } ifelse
+} def
+
+% check whether thing is number:  <any> lfigisnumbertype <any> <bool>
+/lfigisnumbertype
+{  dup type dup
+   /integertype eq exch /realtype eq or
+} def
+
+% check whether thing is an array:  <any> lfigisarraytype <any> <bool>
+/lfigisarraytype { dup type /arraytype eq } def
+
+% get next item:  <array> <index> lfiggetnextitem <array> <index> 0
+%                                              or <array> <index> <array> 1
+%                                              or <array> <index> <point> 2
+/lfiggetnextitem
+{   lfiggetnext
+    {	lfigisarraytype
+	{   1
+	}
+	{   lfigisnumbertype
+	    {	3 1 roll
+		lfiggetnext
+		{   lfigisnumbertype
+		    {	4 3 roll exch  2
+		    }
+		    {	pop 3 2 roll pop  0
+		    } ifelse
+		}
+		{   3 2 roll pop  0
+		} ifelse
+	    }
+	    {	pop 0
+	    } ifelse
+	} ifelse
+    }
+    {	0
+    } ifelse
+} def
+
+% set arc path:  bool x1 y1  x2 y2  x0 y0  lfigsetarc  <angle> <angle> <dist>
+% the path goes from x1 y1 to x2 y2 about centre x0 y0,
+% anticlockwise if bool is true else clockwise.
+% The orientations of backwards pointing and forwards pointing
+% arrowheads are returned in the two angles, and
+% the length of the arc is returned in <dist>.
+/lfigsetarc
+{
+  20 dict begin
+     matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll
+     2 copy translate 2 copy 8 2 roll
+     4 2 roll lfigpsub 6 2 roll lfigpsub
+     dup /y1 exch def dup mul /y1s exch def
+     dup /x1 exch def dup mul /x1s exch def
+     dup /y2 exch def dup mul /y2s exch def
+     dup /x2 exch def dup mul /x2s exch def
+
+     y1s y2s eq
+     {	-1
+     }
+     {	y1s x2s mul y2s x1s mul sub y1s y2s sub div
+     } ifelse
+     /da exch def
+
+     x1s x2s eq
+     {	-1
+     }
+     {	x1s y2s mul x2s y1s mul sub x1s x2s sub div
+     } ifelse
+     /db exch def
+
+     da 0 gt db 0 gt and
+     {	/LMax da sqrt db sqrt lfigmax def
+	/scalex da sqrt LMax div def
+	/scaley db sqrt LMax div def
+	scalex scaley scale
+	0 0 LMax
+	0 0 x1 scalex mul y1 scaley mul lfigangle
+	0 0 x2 scalex mul y2 scaley mul lfigangle
+	2 copy eq { 360 add } if
+	2 copy 8 2 roll
+	5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse
+	2 index 1 index
+	{ 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse
+	dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan
+	2 index 2 index
+	{ 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse
+	dup sin scaley mul exch cos scalex mul atan
+	5 2 roll  % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 anticlockwise
+	{ exch sub } { sub } ifelse
+	dup 0 le { 360 add } if  lfigpi mul LMax mul 180 div
+     }
+     {	0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 0 x2 y2 lfigdistance eq
+	0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance 0 gt and
+	{	0 0
+		0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance
+		0 0 x1 y1 lfigangle
+		0 0 x2 y2 lfigangle
+		2 copy eq { 360 add } if
+		2 copy 8 2 roll
+		5 index { arc } { arcn } ifelse
+		2 index 1 index
+		{ 90 sub } { 90 add } ifelse
+		2 index 2 index
+		{ 90 add } { 90 sub } ifelse
+		5 2 roll % res1 res2 ang1 ang2 clockwise
+		{ exch sub } { sub } ifelse
+		dup 0 le { 360 add } if lfigpi mul 0 0 x1 y1 lfigdistance mul 180 div
+	}
+	{	x2 y2 lineto pop
+		x2 y2 x1 y1 lfigangle
+		x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigangle
+		x1 y1 x2 y2 lfigdistance
+	} ifelse
+     } ifelse
+     4 -1 roll setmatrix
+   end
+} def
+
+% lfigsetcurve: set up a Bezier curve from x0 y0 to x3 y3
+% and return arrowhead angles and length of curve (actually 0)
+% x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 lfigsetcurve <angle> <angle> <length>
+/lfigsetcurve
+{ 8 copy curveto pop pop
+  lfigangle
+  5 1 roll
+  4 2 roll lfigangle
+  exch
+  0
+} def
+
+% lfigpaintpath: paint a path of the given shape
+% /paint [ shape ] lfigpaintpath -
+/lfigpaintpath
+{
+  10 dict begin
+    0 newpath
+    /prevseen false def
+    /curveseen false def
+    { lfiggetnextitem
+      dup 0 eq { pop exit }
+      { 1 eq
+        { /curveseen true def
+	  /curve exch def
+	  curve length 0 eq { /curveseen false def } if
+        }
+        { /ycurr exch def
+	  /xcurr exch def
+	  prevseen
+	  { curveseen
+	    { curve length 4 eq
+	      { xprev yprev
+		curve 0 get curve 1 get
+		curve 2 get curve 3 get
+		xcurr ycurr
+		lfigsetcurve pop pop pop
+	      }
+	      { xprev yprev xcurr ycurr
+	        curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse
+	        curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse
+	        curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse
+	        7 1 roll
+	        lfigsetarc pop pop pop
+	      } ifelse
+	    }
+	    { xcurr ycurr lineto
+	    } ifelse
+	  }
+	  { xcurr ycurr moveto
+	  } ifelse
+	  /xprev xcurr def
+	  /yprev ycurr def
+	  /prevseen true def
+	  /curveseen false def
+        } ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    } loop pop pop cvx exec
+  end
+} def
+
+% stroke a path of the given shape in the given linestyle and dash length.
+% Return the origin and angle of the backward and forward arrow heads.
+% dashlength /linestyle [shape] lfigdopath  [<point> <angle>] [<point> <angle>] 
+/lfigdopath
+{
+  10 dict begin
+    0
+    /prevseen  false def
+    /curveseen false def
+    /backarrow []    def
+    /fwdarrow  []    def
+    {
+	lfiggetnextitem
+	dup 0 eq { pop exit }
+	{
+	    1 eq
+	    {	/curveseen true def
+		/curve exch def
+		curve length 0 eq { /prevseen false def } if
+	    }
+	    {	/ycurr exch def
+		/xcurr exch def
+		prevseen
+		{   newpath xprev yprev moveto
+		    curveseen
+		    {	curve length 4 eq
+			{   xprev yprev
+			    curve 0 get curve 1 get
+			    curve 2 get curve 3 get
+			    xcurr ycurr lfigsetcurve
+			}
+			{   xprev yprev xcurr ycurr
+			    curve length 1 ge { curve 0 get } { 0 } ifelse
+			    curve length 2 ge { curve 1 get } { 0 } ifelse
+			    curve length 3 ge { curve 2 get } { true } ifelse
+			    7 1 roll
+			    lfigsetarc
+			} ifelse
+		    }
+		    {	xcurr ycurr lineto
+			xcurr ycurr xprev yprev lfigangle dup 180 sub
+			xprev yprev xcurr ycurr lfigdistance
+		    } ifelse
+		    6 index 6 index cvx exec
+		    [ xprev yprev 5 -1 roll ]
+		    backarrow length 0 eq
+		    { /backarrow exch def }
+		    { pop } ifelse
+		    [ xcurr ycurr 4 -1 roll ] /fwdarrow exch def
+		} if
+		/xprev xcurr def
+		/yprev ycurr def
+		/prevseen true def
+		/curveseen false def
+	    } ifelse
+	} ifelse
+    } loop
+    pop pop pop pop
+    backarrow length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { backarrow } ifelse
+    fwdarrow  length 0 eq { [ 0 0 0 ] } { fwdarrow  } ifelse
+  end
+} def
+
+% lfigdoarrow: draw an arrow head of given form
+% dashlength /lstyle /pstyle hfrac height width [ <point> <angle> ] lfigdoarrow -
+/lfigdoarrow
+{  matrix currentmatrix 8 1 roll
+   dup 0 get 1 index 1 get translate
+   2 get rotate
+   [ 2 index neg 2 index 0 0
+     3 index 3 index neg
+     1 index 10 index mul 0
+     7 index 7 index ]
+   4 1 roll pop pop pop
+   dup 3 1 roll
+   gsave lfigpaintpath grestore lfigdopath pop pop
+   setmatrix
+} def
+
+% arrow head styles
+/lfigopen     0.0 def
+/lfighalfopen 0.5 def
+/lfigclosed   1.0 def
+
+% stroke no arrows, forward, back, and both
+/lfignoarrow { pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop                        } def
+/lfigforward { 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow pop                              } def
+/lfigback    { 8 -2 roll pop lfigdoarrow                              } def
+/lfigboth    { 8 -1 roll 7 copy lfigdoarrow pop 7 -1 roll lfigdoarrow } def
+
+% lfigprevious: return previous point on path
+/lfigprevious
+{ lfigisnumbertype
+  { 2 copy }
+  { lfigisarraytype
+    { 2 index 2 index }
+    { 0 0 }
+    ifelse
+  } ifelse
+} def
+
+% label a point in 2nd top dictionary:  <point> /name lfigpointdef -
+/lfigpointdef
+{
+  % (Entering lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint
+  [ 4 2 roll transform
+    /itransform cvx ] cvx
+    currentdict end
+    3 1 roll
+    % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt
+    % { def }
+    % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop }
+    % ifelse
+    def
+    begin
+  % (Leaving lfigpointdef) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% promote labels from second top to third top dictionary
+% <string> lfigpromotelabels -
+/lfigpromotelabels
+{
+  % (Entering lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint
+  currentdict end exch currentdict end
+  { exch 20 string cvs 2 index
+    (@) lfigconcat exch lfigconcat cvn exch def
+  } forall pop begin
+  % (Leaving lfigpromotelabels) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% show labels (except CIRCUM): - lfigshowlabels -
+/lfigshowlabels
+{
+  % (Entering lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint
+  currentdict end
+    currentdict
+    { 1 index 20 string cvs (CIRCUM) search % if CIRCUM in key
+      { pop pop pop pop pop }
+      { pop cvx exec 2 copy
+        newpath 1.5 pt 0 360 arc
+        0 setgray fill
+        /Times-Roman findfont 8 pt scalefont setfont
+        moveto 0.2 cm 0.1 cm rmoveto 20 string cvs show
+      }
+      ifelse
+    } forall
+  begin
+  % (Leaving lfigshowlabels) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% fix an angle to 0 <= res < 360:  <angle> lfigfixangle <angle>
+/lfigfixangle
+{
+  % (Entering lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint
+  { dup 0 ge { exit } if
+    360 add
+  } loop
+  { dup 360 lt { exit } if
+    360 sub
+  } loop
+  % (Leaving lfigfixangle) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point on circumference of box:  alpha a b lfigboxcircum x y
+/lfigboxcircum
+{
+  % (Entering lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint
+  4 dict begin
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    lfigfixangle /alpha exch def
+    0 0 a b lfigangle /theta exch def
+
+    % if alpha <= theta, return (a, a*tan(alpha))
+    alpha theta le
+    { a  a alpha sin mul alpha cos div }
+    {
+      % else if alpha <= 180 - theta, return (b*cot(alpha), b)
+      alpha 180 theta sub le
+      { b alpha cos mul alpha sin div  b }
+      {
+        % else if alpha <= 180 + theta, return (-a, -a*tan(alpha))
+        alpha 180 theta add le
+        { a neg  a neg alpha sin mul alpha cos div }
+        {
+	  % else if alpha <= 360 - theta, return (-b*cot(alpha), -b)
+	  alpha 360 theta sub le
+          { b neg alpha cos mul alpha sin div  b neg }
+	  {
+	    % else 360 - theta <= alpha, return (a, a*tan(alpha))
+	    a  a alpha sin mul alpha cos div
+	  } ifelse
+        } ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    } ifelse
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigboxcircum) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find quadratic roots (assume a != 0): a b c lfigqroots x1 x2 2
+%                                                     or    x2 1
+%                                                     or       0
+/lfigqroots
+{
+  4 dict begin
+    /c exch def
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    /disc b b mul 4 a c mul mul sub def
+    disc 0 lt
+    { 0
+    }
+    { disc 0 eq
+      { b neg 2 a mul div
+	1
+      }
+      { b neg disc sqrt add 2 a mul div
+        b neg disc sqrt sub 2 a mul div
+	2
+      }
+      ifelse
+    }
+    ifelse
+  end
+} def
+
+% work our which quadrant: <angle> lfigquadrant <0-3>
+/lfigquadrant
+{ dup 90 lt
+  { pop 0
+  }
+  { dup 180 lt
+    { pop 1
+    }
+    { 270 lt
+      { 2
+      }
+      { 3
+      } ifelse
+    } ifelse
+  } ifelse
+} def
+
+% find curvebox circum, assuming upper right quadrant: alpha a b xmk lfigcb x y
+/lfigcb
+{
+  6 dict begin
+    /xmk exch def
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    /alpha exch def
+    /theta1 0 0 a b xmk sub lfigangle def
+    /theta2 0 0 a xmk sub b lfigangle def
+    alpha theta1 le
+    { % if alpha <= theta1, return (a, a*tan(alpha))
+      a  a alpha sin mul alpha cos div
+    }
+    { alpha theta2 ge
+      { % else if alpha > theta2, return (b*cot(alpha), b)
+	b alpha cos mul alpha sin div  b
+      }
+      {
+	% else, return the intersection of line and circle
+	a xmk sub b xmk sub xmk  0 0 alpha lfigcircleintersect
+	dup 0 eq
+	{ % should never happen, just return any reasonable point
+	  pop
+	  a b 0.5 lfigpmul
+	}
+	{ 1 eq
+	  { % should never happen, just return the point on top of stack
+	  }
+	  { % the usual case, two points on stack, return the larger
+	    lfigpmax
+	  } ifelse
+	} ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    } ifelse
+  end
+} def
+
+% find point on circumference of curvebox: alpha a b xmk lfigcurveboxcircum x y
+/lfigcurveboxcircum
+{
+  % (Entering lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint
+  5 dict begin
+    /xmk exch def
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    lfigfixangle /alpha exch def
+
+    % work out which quadrant we are in, and reflect accordingly
+    /quad alpha lfigquadrant def
+    quad 0 eq
+    { alpha a b xmk lfigcb
+    }
+    { quad 1 eq
+      { 180 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb exch neg exch
+      }
+      { quad 2 eq
+	{ alpha 180 sub a b xmk lfigcb neg exch neg exch
+	}
+	{ 360 alpha sub a b xmk lfigcb neg
+	} ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    } ifelse
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigcurveboxcircum) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point on circumference of diamond:  alpha a b lfigdiamondcircum x y
+/lfigdiamondcircum
+{
+  % (Entering lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint
+  4 dict begin
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    lfigfixangle /alpha exch def
+    b alpha cos abs mul  a alpha sin abs mul  add  /denom exch def
+    a b mul alpha cos mul denom div
+    a b mul alpha sin mul denom div
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigdiamondcircum) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point on circumference of ellipse:  alpha a b lfigellipsecircum x y
+/lfigellipsecircum
+{
+  % (Entering lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint
+  4 dict begin
+    /b exch def
+    /a exch def
+    lfigfixangle /alpha exch def
+    b alpha cos mul dup mul  a alpha sin mul dup mul  add sqrt /denom exch def
+    a b mul alpha cos mul denom div
+    a b mul alpha sin mul denom div
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigellipsecircum) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point of intersection of two lines each defined by two points
+% x1 y1 x2 y2  x3 y3 x4 y4  lfiglineintersect x y
+/lfiglineintersect
+{
+  % (Entering lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint
+  13 dict begin
+    /y4 exch def
+    /x4 exch def
+    /y3 exch def
+    /x3 exch def
+    /y2 exch def
+    /x2 exch def
+    /y1 exch def
+    /x1 exch def
+    x2 x1 sub /x21 exch def
+    x4 x3 sub /x43 exch def
+    y2 y1 sub /y21 exch def
+    y4 y3 sub /y43 exch def
+    y21 x43 mul y43 x21 mul sub /det exch def
+  
+    % calculate x 
+    y21 x43 mul x1 mul
+    y43 x21 mul x3 mul sub
+    y3 y1 sub x21 mul x43 mul add
+    det div
+
+    % calculate y
+    x21 y43 mul y1 mul
+    x43 y21 mul y3 mul sub
+    x3 x1 sub y21 mul y43 mul add
+    det neg div
+
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfiglineintersect) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point on circumference of polygon
+% alpha radius num theta lfigpolycircum x y
+/lfigpolycircum
+{
+  % (Entering lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint
+  13 dict begin
+    /theta exch def
+    /num exch def
+    /radius exch def
+    /alpha exch def
+
+    % calculate delta, the angle from theta to alpha
+    alpha theta sub lfigfixangle
+
+    % calculate the angle which is the multiple of 360/num closest to delta
+    360 num div div truncate 360 num div mul theta add /anglea exch def
+
+    % calculate the next multiple of 360/num after anglea
+    anglea 360 num div add /angleb exch def
+
+    % intersect the line through these two points with the alpha line
+    anglea cos anglea sin  angleb cos angleb sin
+    0 0  alpha cos 2 mul alpha sin 2 mul
+    lfiglineintersect radius lfigpmul
+
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigpolycircum) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% find point of intersection of a point and a circle
+% x0 y0 r  x1 y1 theta  lfigcircleintersect xa ya xb yb 2
+%                                        or       xb yb 1
+%                                        or             0
+/lfigcircleintersect
+{
+  % (Entering lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint
+  15 dict begin
+    /theta exch def
+    /y1    exch def
+    /x1    exch def
+    /r     exch def
+    /y0    exch def
+    /x0    exch def
+
+    % if sin(theta) = 0 then line is horizontal and y must be y1
+    theta sin abs 0.00001 lt
+    { 
+      /a 1 def
+      /b -2 x0 mul def
+      /c x0 dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def
+      a b c lfigqroots dup
+      0 eq
+      { pop
+	0
+      }
+      { 1 eq
+	{ y1 1
+	}
+	{ y1 exch y1 2
+	} ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    }
+    {
+      /ct theta cos theta sin div def
+      /a ct ct mul 1 add def
+      /b ct x1 x0 sub mul y1 add y0 sub 2 mul def
+      /c x1 x0 sub dup mul y1 y0 sub dup mul add r dup mul sub def
+      a b c lfigqroots dup
+      0 eq
+      { pop
+	0
+      }
+      { 1 eq
+	{ y1 add /yb exch def
+	  yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def
+	  xb yb 1
+	}
+	{ y1 add /ya exch def
+	  ya y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xa exch def
+	  y1 add /yb exch def
+	  yb y1 sub ct mul x1 add /xb exch def
+	  xa ya xb yb 2
+	} ifelse
+      } ifelse
+    } ifelse
+  end
+  % (Leaving lfigcircleintersect) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+% add CIRCUM operator with this body:  <array> lfigcircumdef -
+/lfigcircumdef
+{   % (Entering lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint
+    /CIRCUM exch cvx
+    currentdict end
+    3 1 roll
+    % currentdict length currentdict maxlength lt
+    % { def }
+    % { exec moveto (too many labels) show stop }
+    % ifelse
+    def
+    begin
+    % (Leaving lfigcircumdef) lfigdebugprint
+} def
+
+end
+%%EndResource
+
+%%BeginResource: procset LoutBasicSetup
+% @PrependGraphic file /usr/staff/jeff/lout.lib/include/bsf.lpg
+
+% width height linethickness louteuro -
+% draw a Euro symbol of this width and height with this line thickness
+% Author: Jeff Kingston, based on code from Andrew Beardsley
+/louteuro {
+  20 dict begin
+    /eurothick exch def
+    /euroheight exch def
+    /eurowidth exch def
+    /eurostrokewidth euroheight 0.8 mul def
+    /eurostep eurothick 60 cos mul 60 sin div def
+    /eurotheta 40 def
+
+    % llx lly width thickness louteurobox -
+    % draw angled box starting at (llx, lly) with given width and thickness
+    /louteurobox
+    {
+      /euroboxthick exch def
+      /euroboxwidth exch def
+      newpath moveto euroboxwidth 0 rlineto
+      eurostep euroboxthick rlineto
+      euroboxwidth neg 0 rlineto closepath fill
+    } def
+
+    % lower cross stroke
+    0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 1.5 mul sub
+    eurostrokewidth eurothick louteurobox
+
+    % upper cross stroke
+    0 euroheight 2 div eurothick 0.5 mul add
+    eurostrokewidth eurostep 2 mul add eurothick louteurobox
+
+    % circular part
+    /eurohctr eurowidth euroheight 2 div eurotheta cos mul sub def
+    /eurovctr euroheight 2 div def
+    newpath
+    eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurotheta 350 eurotheta sub arc
+    eurohctr eurovctr eurovctr eurothick sub 365 eurotheta sub eurotheta arcn
+    closepath fill
+  end
+} def
+
+% path for @FullWidthRule symbol
+/LoutRule
+{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+} def
+
+% path for @Box symbol
+/LoutBox
+{ 0 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+  xsize ysize lineto 0 ysize lineto
+  closepath
+} def
+
+% path for @CurveBox symbol
+/LoutCurveBox
+{ xmark 0 moveto
+  xsize xmark sub xmark xmark 270 360 arc
+  xsize xmark sub ysize xmark sub xmark 0 90 arc
+  xmark ysize xmark sub xmark 90 180 arc
+  xmark xmark xmark 180 270 arc
+  closepath
+} def
+
+% path for @ShadowBox symbol
+/LoutShadowBox
+{ xmark 2 mul 0 moveto xsize 0 lineto
+  xsize ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto
+  xsize xmark sub ysize xmark 2 mul sub lineto
+  xsize xmark sub xmark lineto
+  xmark 2 mul xmark lineto
+  closepath
+} def
+
+% set up dictionary containing margin note data: parity LoutMargSet -
+/LoutMargSet
+{ /LoutMargDict 12 dict def
+  LoutMargDict begin
+    /parity exch def
+    /matr matrix currentmatrix def
+    /rightx xsize def
+    /lefty ysize def   % highest allowable point for top of next left note
+    /righty ysize def  % highest allowable point for top of next right note
+    /max { 2 copy gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def
+    /min { 2 copy lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def
+  end
+} def
+
+%translate coordinate system for marginal notes:  type LoutMargShift -
+% where type 0 is left margin, 1 is right margin, 2 is outer, 3 is inner
+/LoutMargShift
+{ LoutMargDict begin
+
+    % y coordinate of top of note, in margin coords, before vertical adjust
+    0 ysize transform matr itransform exch pop
+
+    % decide whether left or right margin based on type and parity
+    exch [ 0 1 parity 1 parity sub ] exch get 0 eq
+    {
+      % left margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note
+      lefty min
+
+      % bottom of note is new lefty position and also translate position
+      ysize sub dup /lefty exch def
+
+      % want right edge of note at coordinate zero
+      xsize neg exch
+    }
+    {
+      % right margin: adjust top of note downwards if overlaps previous note
+      righty min
+
+      % bottom of note is new righty position and also translate position
+      ysize sub dup /righty exch def
+
+      % want left edge of note at coordinate rightx
+      rightx exch
+    } ifelse
+
+    % stack now contains coord of bottom left corner in margin coordinates
+    matr setmatrix translate
+  end
+} def
+
+% create LoutPageDict with left, right, foot, top for @Place symbol users
+/LoutPageSet
+{
+  /LoutPageDict 5 dict def
+  LoutPageDict begin
+    /matr matrix currentmatrix def
+    /left 0 def
+    /right xsize def
+    /foot 0 def
+    /top ysize def
+  end
+
+} def
+
+%%EndResource
+
+%%EndProlog
+
+%%BeginSetup
+%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman
+/Times-Romanfnt82 vec2 /Times-Roman LoutRecode
+/fnt82 { /Times-Romanfnt82 LoutFont } def
+%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold
+/Times-Boldfnt84 vec2 /Times-Bold LoutRecode
+/fnt84 { /Times-Boldfnt84 LoutFont } def
+%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic
+/Times-Italicfnt83 vec2 /Times-Italic LoutRecode
+/fnt83 { /Times-Italicfnt83 LoutFont } def
+%%EndSetup
+
+%%Page: i 1
+%%BeginPageSetup
+%%PageResources: font Times-Roman
+%%+ font Times-Bold
+%%+ font Times-Italic
+/pgsave save def
+0.0500 dup scale 10 setlinewidth
+%%EndPageSetup
+
+gsave
+0 0 translate
+240 fnt82 0.0 0.0 0.0 setrgbcolor 11900 16840 0 16840 240 288 60 LoutGraphic
+gsave
+LoutPageSet
+grestore
+gsave
+0 16840 translate
+0.0000 rotate
+9066 14006 0 14006 240 288 60 1417 -15423 LoutGr2
+1 LoutMargSet
+grestore
+240 fnt84 2897 12401(The)m 3352(Design)s 4099(and)s 4540(Implementation)s
+4239 11998(of)m 4511(the)s 2589 11595(Lout)m 3141(Document)s 4250(F)s 6(ormatting)k
+5468(Language)s 240 fnt83 3630 11097(J)m 6(ef)k 4(fr)k 8(e)k 7(y)k
+4310(H.)s 4577(Kingston)s 240 fnt82 2551 10596(Basser)m 3248(Department)s
+4436(of)s 4707(Computer)s 5724(Science,)s 3007 10308(The)m 3435(Uni)s 6(v)k 3(ersity)k
+4489(of)s 4760(Sydne)s 3(y)k 5530(2006,)s 4095 10020(Australia)m
+3739 9568(27)m 4027(January)s 15(,)k 4863(1993)s 240 fnt84
+3901 8775(SUMMAR)m 8(Y)k 240 fnt82 480 8320(Lout)m 992(is)s
+1202(a)s 1367(high-)s 1861(le)s 6(v)k 3(el)k
+2371(language)s 3291(for)s 3628(document)s 4632(formatting,)s 5746(whose)s
+6414(ease)s 6881(of)s 7151(use)s 7526(has)s 7895(permit)s
+8518(-)s 480 8032(ted)m 839(an)s 1131(unprecedented)s 2593(number)s
+3394(of)s 3674(adv)s 6(anced)k 4639(features)s 5454(to)s
+5703(be)s 5994(added)s 6633(quickly)s 7414(and)s 7828(reliably)s 15(.)k
+480 7744(This)m 942(paper)s 1518(charts)s 2125(the)s 2458(e)s 6(v)k 4(olution)k
+3395(of)s 3651(the)s 3985(design)s 4652(and)s 5042(implementation)s
+6584(of)s 6841(Lout)s 7338(from)s 7847(concep)s 8518(-)s
+480 7456(tion)m 913(in)s 1161(mid-)s 1601(1984)s 2139(to)s
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diff --git a/doc/design/s1_0 b/doc/design/s1_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca487ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s1_0
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Introduction }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Lout [1, 2] is a high-level language
+for document formatting, designed and implemented by the author.  The
+implementation, known as Basser Lout, is a fully operational production
+version written in C for the Unix operating system,
+@FootNote { Unix is a trademark of "AT&T" Bell Laboratories. }
+which translates Lout source code into PostScript,
+@FootNote { PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. }
+a device-independent graphics rendering language accepted by many
+high-resolution output devices, including most laser printers.  Basser
+Lout is available free of charge [3].  It includes
+installation instructions, C source, seven standard packages, and complete
+documentation in the form of six technical reports and a manual page.
+@PP
+The Lout project arose out of the author's desire to bring to document
+formatting languages the elegance of expression found in programming
+languages like Algol-60 and Pascal.  This emphasis on expressiveness
+has produced an order of magnitude reduction in the cost of developing
+document formatting applications.  For example, an equation formatting
+application, which may be difficult or impossible to add to other
+systems, can be written in Lout in a few days.
+@PP
+When expert users can implement such applications quickly, non-experts
+benefit.  Although Lout itself provides only a small kernel of carefully
+chosen primitives, packages written in Lout and distributed with Basser
+Lout provide an unprecedented array of advanced features in a form
+accessible to non-expert users.  The features include rotation and scaling,
+fonts, paragraph and page breaking, displays and lists, floating figures
+and tables, footnotes, chapters and sections (automatically numbered),
+running page headers and footers, odd-even page layouts, automatically
+generated tables of contents, sorted indexes and reference lists,
+bibliographic and other databases (including databases of formats for
+printing references), equations, tables, diagrams, formatting of
+Pascal programs, and automatically maintained cross references.
+@PP
+This paper charts the evolution of Lout from conception in mid-1984 to the
+public release of Basser Lout in October 1991.  Lout is organized around
+four key concepts -- objects, definitions, galleys, and cross references --
+and they were developed in the order listed, so this paper will treat each
+in turn, discussing its design, implementation, problems, and
+prospects for further improvement.
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_0 b/doc/design/s2_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4bea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_0
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Objects }
+@Begin
+@PP
+The essence of any move to a higher level is the introduction of some
+abstraction which serves to organize the low-level operations,
+resulting in a more succinct expression of their
+common combinations at the cost of some loss of detailed control.  The
+early part of the Lout project was spent in the development of such an
+abstraction for the building blocks of documents, one which could
+explain, not just the simple phenomena of words, lines, and paragraphs,
+but also the alignment of columns in tables, and the complex nested
+structures of equations.
+@BeginSubSections
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_1 b/doc/design/s2_1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ee4c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_1
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { genesis }
+    @Title { The genesis of the object abstraction }
+@Begin
+@PP
+When one examines previous document formatting systems [4]
+looking for ideas for abstractions, as the author did in 1984, the Eqn
+formatting language [5] stands out like a beacon.  In
+Eqn, a mathematical formula such as 
+@ID @Eq { { x sup 2 + 1 } over 4 }
+is produced by typing
+@ID @Code "{ x sup 2 + 1 } over 4"
+in the input file; @Code sup and @Code over are binary operators, and
+braces are used for grouping.  This is document formatting at a very
+high level, close to the language of mathematics itself, with all
+reference to font changes and spacing suppressed.
+@PP
+Eqn provides a single data type (let us call it the {@I expression}),
+built up recursively in context-free style:  where one expression may appear,
+any expression may appear.  This approach is common in algebra and
+programming languages, where its simplicity and expressiveness have long
+been appreciated; but Eqn was the first language to demonstrate its
+utility in document formatting.
+@PP
+Each expression is treated by Eqn as a rectangle with a
+{@I {horizontal axis}}, used for alignment with adjacent expressions:
+@ID @ShowMarks marks { horizontal } @Eq { { x sup 2 + 1 } over 4 }
+The size and rendering of the expression on the printed page are
+known only to the implementation, never explicitly calculated or
+accessed by the user.  This prohibition is
+crucial to the maintenance of the context-free property in practice.  In
+Lout, for example, equations, figures, tables, and arbitrary objects may
+be mixed together freely.  This would be impossible if size information
+was hidden from the implementation in user calculations.
+@PP
+The object abstraction of Lout is a direct descendant of the Eqn
+expression.  It employs the same context-free recursive style of construction,
+and each object is treated by Lout as a rectangle:
+@ID @Fig {
+@ShowMarks { 1c @Wide ^| 2c @Wide 0.45c @High ^/ 0.35c @High }
+}
+The horizontal axis, called a @I { row mark } in Lout, has a
+vertical analogue called a {@I {column mark}}, creating a valuable
+symmetry between horizontal and vertical.  Multiple column and row marks
+are permitted:
+@ID @OneRow @Fig {
+A:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1.2c @Wide 0.8c @High }
+|1c
+B:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1c @Wide 0.8c @High }
+/0.5c
+C:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 0.7c @Wide 0.8c @High }
+|1c
+D:: @Box margin { 0c } paint { grey } { 1.3c @Wide 0.8c @High }
+// @Line linestyle { dashed }
+     from { A@W -- { 0.3 cm 0 } }
+     to   { B@W ++ { 1.6 cm 0 } }
+// @Line linestyle { dashed }
+     from { C@W -- { 0.3 cm 0 } }
+     to   { D@W ++ { 1.6 cm 0 } }
+// @Line linestyle { dashed }
+     from { A@NW ++ { 0 0.3 cm } }
+     to   { C@SW -- { 0 0.3 cm } }
+// @Line linestyle { dashed }
+     from { B@NW ++ { 0.3 cm 0.3 cm } }
+     to   { D@SW ++ { 0.3 cm -0.3 cm } }
+}
+so that objects are able to represent tables.
+@PP
+This abstraction has some limitations, the most obvious being the restriction
+of size calculations to rectangular bounding boxes.  Non-rectangular and
+disconnected shapes arise naturally in figures and in the characters of
+fonts; the extension to them is conceptually straightforward and might
+help to explain some fine points of layout such as kerning.  However,
+there are implementation and language design problems, particularly
+when filling non-rectangular shapes with text, and so the author chose
+to keep to Eqn's rectangles.
+@PP
+A more fundamental limitation of the object abstraction arises from the
+inability of recursive data types to describe cross-linked structures,
+which seem to require some means of naming the multiply referenced
+parts.  Lout is obliged to introduce additional abstractions to cope
+with cross linking:  galleys for inserting text into pages
+(Section {@NumberOf galleys}), cross references (Section {@NumberOf cross}),
+and labelled points in figure drawing [6].  An
+abstraction closer to hypertext might form a more unified basis for
+these features.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_2 b/doc/design/s2_2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4a3818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_2
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { lexical }
+    @Title { Grammatical and lexical structure }
+@Begin
+@PP
+If objects are to be constructed like mathematical expressions, the
+natural notation is a functional language based on operators, as in
+Eqn.  The grammar of Lout objects is accordingly
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+object
+nextcol
+--> above --> above --> above --> above --> above --> above --> above -->
+nextcol
+{ object ``` infixop ``` object }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ prefixop ``` object }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ object ``` postfixop }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ noparsop }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ literalword }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ @Code "{" ``` object ``` @Code "}" }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+{ object ``` object }
+labove gap { "1fx" }
+}
+}
+where {@Eq {infixop}}, {@Eq {prefixop}}, {@Eq {postfixop}}, and
+{@Eq {noparsop}} are identifiers naming operators which take 0, 1
+or 2 parameters, as shown, and @Eq {literalword} is a sequence of
+non-space characters, or an arbitrary sequence of characters
+enclosed in double quotes.  Ambiguities are resolved by precedence
+and associativity.
+@PP
+The last production allows a meaning for expressions such as
+{@Code "{}"}, in which an object is missing.  The value of this
+@I {empty object} is a rectangle of size 0 by 0, with one column
+mark and one row mark, that prints as nothing.
+@PP
+The second-last production generates sequences of arbitrary objects
+separated by white space, called {@I paragraphs}.  Ignoring
+paragraph breaking for now, the natural meaning is that the two
+objects should appear side by side, and Lout's parser accordingly
+interpolates an infix horizontal concatenation operator (see below)
+between them.  This operator is associative, so the grammatical
+ambiguity does no harm.  However, the Algol-60 rule that white space
+should be significant only as a separator is necessarily broken by
+Lout in just this one place.
+@PP
+Algol-like languages distinguish literal strings from identifiers by
+enclosing them in quotes, but literals are far too frequent in document
+formatting for this to be viable.  The conventional solution is to
+begin identifiers with a special character, and Lout follows Scribe
+[7] in using "`@'" rather than the "`\\'" of troff
+[8] and @TeX [9].
+@PP
+However, Lout takes the unusual step of making an initial "`@'"
+optional.  The designers of Eqn apparently considered such
+characters disfiguring in fine-grained input like equations, and
+this author agrees.  The implementation is straightforward:  "`@'" is
+classed as just another letter, and every word is searched for in
+the symbol table.  If it is found, it is an identifier, otherwise it
+is a literal.  A warning message is printed when a literal beginning
+with "`@'" is found, since it is probably a mis-spelt identifier.  No
+such safety net is possible for identifiers without "`@'".
+@PP
+Equation formatting also demands symbols made from punctuation
+characters, such as @Code "+" and {@Code "<="}.  It is traditional to
+allow such symbols to be juxtaposed, which means that the input
+@ID @Code "<=++"
+for example must be interpreted within the lexical analyser by searching
+the symbol table for its prefixes in the order {@Code "<=++"},
+{@Code "<=+"}, {@Code "<="}.  Although this takes quadratic time, in
+practice such sequences are too short to make a more sophisticated
+linear method like tries worthwhile.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_3 b/doc/design/s2_3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..341ea74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_3
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { objects }
+    @Title { Basic structural operators }
+@Begin
+@PP
+A programming language may be considered complete when it attains the
+power of a Turing machine, but no such criterion seems relevant to
+document formatting.  Instead, as the language develops and new
+applications are attempted, deficiencies are exposed and the operator set is
+revised to overcome them.
+@PP
+Lout has a repertoire of 23 primitive operators
+(Figure {@NumberOf primitives}),
+
+@Figure
+   @Caption { The 23 primitive operators of Lout, in order of
+increasing precedence. }
+   @Tag { primitives }
+@Tab
+   vmargin { 0.5vx }
+   @Fmta { @Col @I A ! @Col B }
+{
+@Rowa
+   A { object  {@Code "/"}gap  object }
+   B { Vertical concatenation with mark alignment }
+@Rowa
+   A { object  {@Code "//"}gap  object }
+   B { Vertical concatenation with left justification }
+@Rowa
+   A { object  {@Code "|"}gap  object }
+   B { Horizontal concatenation with mark alignment }
+@Rowa
+   A { object  {@Code "||"}gap  object }
+   B { Horizontal concatenation with top-justification }
+@Rowa
+   A { object  {@Code "&"}gap  object }
+   B { Horizontal concatenation within paragraphs }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@OneCol"}  object }
+   B { Hide all but one column mark of @I object }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@OneRow"}  object }
+   B { Hide all but one row mark of @I object }
+@Rowa
+   A { font  @Code "@Font"  object }
+   B { Render @I object in nominated font }
+@Rowa
+   A { breakstyle  @Code "@Break"  object}
+   B { Break paragraphs of @I object in nominated style }
+@Rowa
+   A { spacestyle  @Code "@Space"  object }
+   B { Render spaces between words in nominated style }
+@Rowa
+   A { length  {@Code "@Wide"}  object }
+   B { Render @I object to width @I length }
+@Rowa
+   A { length  {@Code "@High"}  object }
+   B { Render @I object to height @I length }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@HExpand"}  object}
+   B { Expand horizontal gaps to fill available space }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@VExpand"}  object}
+   B { Expand vertical gaps to fill available space }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@HScale"}  object }
+   B { Horizontal geometrical scaling to fill available space }
+@Rowa
+   A { {@Code "@VScale"}  object }
+   B { Vertical geometrical scaling to fill available space }
+@Rowa
+   A { angle  {@Code "@Rotate"}  object }
+   B { Rotate @I object by @I angle }
+@Rowa
+   A { PostScript  {@Code "@Graphic"}  object }
+   B { Escape to graphics language }
+@Rowa
+   A { @Code "@Next"  object }
+   B { Add 1 to an object denoting a number }
+@Rowa
+   A { object  @Code "@Case"  alternatives }
+   B { Select from a set of alternative objects }
+@Rowa
+   A { identifier  @Code "&&"  object }
+   B { Cross reference }
+@Rowa
+   A { cross-reference  @Code "@Open"  object }
+   B { Retrieve value from cross reference }
+@Rowa
+   A { cross-reference  @Code "@Tagged"  object}
+   B { Attach cross referencing tag to object }
+}
+
+which has proven adequate for a wide variety of features, including equations,
+tables, and page layout, and so seems to be reasonably complete in this
+pragmatic sense.  In this section we introduce the eight concatenation and
+mark-hiding operators.  To them falls the basic task of assembling complex
+objects from simple ones, and they were the first
+to be designed and implemented.
+@PP
+Many of the operators of Eqn can be viewed as building small tables.  A
+built-up fraction, for example, has one column and three rows
+(numerator, line, and denominator).  Numerous investigations of this
+kind convinced the author that operators capable of assembling the rows
+and columns of tables would suffice for building all kinds of objects.
+@PP
+The simplest objects are empty objects and literal words like
+{@Code metempsychosis}, which have one column mark and one row mark:
+@ID {
+@ShowMarks metempsychosis
+}
+To place two arbitrary objects side by side, we use the infix
+operator {@Code "|"}, denoting horizontal concatenation.  For
+example,
+@ID {
+@Code "USA  |0.2i  Australia"
+}
+produces the object
+@ID {
+@ShowMarks USA |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia
+}
+The row marks are merged into one, fixing the vertical position of
+the objects relative to each other; their horizontal separation is
+determined by the @I gap attached to the operator, in this case 0.2
+inches.  We think of the gap as part of the operator, although
+strictly it is a third parameter.  It may be omitted, defaulting to
+{@Code "0i"}.
+@PP
+@I {Vertical concatenation} & , denoted by the infix operator {@Code "/"},
+is the same apart from the change of direction:
+@ID {
+@Code "Australia  /0.1i  USA"
+}
+produces the object
+@ID {
+@ShowMarks Australia /0.1i
+@ShowMarks USA
+}
+with column marks merged and a 0.1 inch gap.
+@PP
+Consider now what happens when horizontal and vertical are combined:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+             |1m  "{"  USA         |1m  "|0.2i" |1m   Australia  "}"
+/1vx "/0.1i" |    "{"  Washington  |    "|"     |     Canberra  "}"
+}
+The two parameters of @Code "/" now have two column marks each, and
+they will be merged with the corresponding marks in the other
+parameter, yielding the object
+
+@ID @OneRow {
+  @BackEnd @Case {
+    PostScript @Yield {
+      @ShowMarks USA &
+      { 0 ymark moveto xsize 10 pt add ymark lineto [ 3 pt ] 0 setdash stroke }
+      @Graphic {1c @Wide }
+      |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia
+/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington  |     @ShowMarks Canberra
+    }
+    PDF @Yield {
+      @ShowMarks USA &
+      { [ __mul(3, __pt) ] 0 d 0 __ymark m __add(__xsize, __mul(10, __pt)) __ymark l S }
+      @Graphic {1c @Wide }
+      |0.2i @ShowMarks Australia
+/0.1i @ShowMarks Washington  |     @ShowMarks Canberra
+    }
+  }
+}
+The @Code "0.2i" gap separates columns, not individual items in
+columns, so a gap attached to the second @Code "|" would serve no
+purpose; any such gap is ignored.  If the number of marks to be merged
+differs, empty columns are added at the right to equalize the number.  The
+four marks protruding from the result are all available for merging
+with neighbouring marks by other concatenation operators.  The precedence
+of @Code "|" is higher than the precedence of {@Code "/"}, so the braces
+could be omitted.
+@PP
+When lines of text are concatenated, it is conventional to measure
+their separation from baseline to baseline (mark to mark in Lout),
+rather than from edge to edge as above.  This idea of different
+reference points for measurement evolved over the years into a
+system of six @I {gap modes} (Figure {@NumberOf gapmodes}), expressed
+by appending a letter to the length.  For example, @Code "|0.2i" is
+an abbreviation for {@Code "|0.2ie"}, meaning 0.2 inches measured
+from edge to edge; @Code "|0.3ix"
+produces a 0.3 inch gap measured from mark to mark and widened if
+necessary to prevent overstriking; and @Code "|2.5it" places its right
+parameter 2.5 inches from the current left margin, irrespective of
+the position of the left parameter.  There is also a choice of
+eleven units of measurement (inches, centimetres, multiples of the
+current font size, etc.), the most interesting being
+the @Code r unit:  one @Code r is the column width minus the width of
+the following object, so that @Code "|1rt" produces sufficient space
+to right justify the following object, and @Code "|0.5rt" to center
+it.  These features implement spacings needed in practice rather
+than suggested by theory.  They work with all five concatenation
+operators, horizontal and vertical.
+
+@Figure
+   @Tag { gapmodes }
+   @Caption { The six gap modes (@I length is any length).  Hyphenation
+mode has an extra property not shown here. }
+@Fig {
+{ /2.5vx Edge-to-edge |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code e}
+  /4.2vx Hyphenation    |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code h}
+  /4.2vx Overstrike     |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code o}
+  /4.2vx Mark-to-mark   |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code x}
+  /4.2vx Kerning        |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code k}
+  /4.2vx Tabulation     |0.3i   {@Code "|"} &1p {@I length} &1p {@Code t}
+}
+||0.5i
+@Box margin { 0c } 6c @Wide 14.5c @High 9p @Font
+{
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c }
+     @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } }
+  }
+  //4vx
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.8c }
+     @At { 2.2c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { 1.8c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } }
+  }
+  //4vx
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High } @Put { 3.3c @Wide { &0.5rt @I length } }
+  }
+  //4vx
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High }
+	@Put 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt @Eq { max(length, a+b) } }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } }
+  }
+  //4.5vx
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.5c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 3.3c }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 1.7c @High }
+	@Put { 3.3c @Wide { |0.5rt @Eq { max(length, a, b) } } }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 1.0c }
+     @At { 1.2c @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 1.0c @Wide { &0.5rt @I a } }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.4c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 0.5c }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.2c @High } @Put { 0.5c @Wide { &0.5rt @I b } }
+  }
+  //4vx
+  @OneRow {
+     @At { 1c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.2co }
+     @At { 4c   @Wide 0.5c @High } @Put { @LBox 0.5co }
+     @At { 0.0c @Wide 1.6c @High } @Put { @DoubleArrow 4.0c }
+     @At { 2.8c @Wide 1.8c @High } @Put { @I length }
+  }
+  //5vx
+  @DoubleArrow 6c
+  //0.1c |0.5rt @I { current bound }
+}
+}
+
+@PP
+When we construct a built-up fraction, the result has three row marks, but
+only the second should be visible outside the object:
+@ID @Eq { @ShowMarks { X over Y } }
+This is a common problem, and accordingly a @Code "@OneRow" operator was
+introduced for hiding all but one of the row marks of its
+parameter.  Normally, the first mark is the survivor, but a later mark can
+be chosen by prefixing @Code "^" to the preceding concatenation operator:
+@ID @Code "@OneRow { X  ^/2p  @HLine  /2p  Y }"
+has the desired result, where {@Code "2p"} is two points and @Code "@HLine"
+is an easy combination of Lout's graphics operators.  A similar operator,
+{@Code "@OneCol"}, hides column marks.
+@PP
+A variant of @Code "/" called @Code "//" is provided which performs
+vertical concatenation but ignores all column marks and simply
+left-justifies its two parameters:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"Heading  //0.1i"
+"A  |0.2i  B  /0.1i"
+"C  |  D"
+}
+has result
+@ID { Heading //0.1i  A  |0.2i  B  /0.1i  C  |  D }
+showing that spanning columns in tables motivate the inclusion of this
+operator.  There is an analogous @Code "||" operator.  The author
+would have preferred to leave out these operators, since they
+complicate the implementation, and it is interesting to examine the
+prospects of doing so.
+@PP
+The @Code "//" operator is formally redundant, because in general
+the expression @Code "x // y" can be replaced by
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@OneCol {  |  x  }   /"
+"@OneCol {  |  y  }"
+}
+for any objects {@Code x} and {@Code y}.  By concatenating an empty
+object at the left of @Code x and hiding all but that empty object's
+column mark, we effectively shift {@Code x}'s column mark to its left
+edge.  The same goes for {@Code y}, so the @Code "/" operator has just
+one column mark to merge, at the extreme left, and its effect is
+indistinguishable from {@Code "//"}.
+@PP
+Unfortunately, if @Code y consists of two rows separated by {@Code "/"},
+as in the example above, both rows must be placed inside the
+{@Code "@OneCol"}, and the table cannot be entered in the simple
+row-by-row manner that non-expert users naturally expect.  Another
+advantage of @Code "//" is that its left parameter can be printed
+before its right parameter is known; this is important when the left
+parameter is an entire page.
+@PP
+The fifth and final concatenation operator, {@Code "&"}, is an explicit
+version of the horizontal concatenation operator interpolated when
+objects are separated by white space.  It is formally identical to
+@Code "|" except for taking higher precedence and being subject to
+replacement by @Code "//1vx" during paragraph breaking
+(Section {@NumberOf style}).
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_4 b/doc/design/s2_4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38d25e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_4
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { objects.impl }
+    @Title { Implementation of objects and concatenation }
+@Begin
+@PP
+In this section we discuss the implementation of objects and concatenation,
+and especially mark alignment.  The first step is to use an operator
+precedence parser to convert input such as
+@ID @Code "a  |0.5i  b  /0.2i  c  |  d"
+into parse trees such as
+@ID @Eq {
+@Fig {
+@Tree {
+@Node @FCircle fraction
+@FirstSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FEllipse 0.5i }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FCircle b }
+}
+@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i }
+@NextSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FCircle   }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FCircle d }
+}
+}
+}
+}
+Missing objects are replaced by empty objects, and sequences of
+concatenation operators are consolidated:
+@ID @Eq {
+@Fig {
+@Tree {
+@Node @FCircle bar
+@FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a }
+@NextSub { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i }
+@NextSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @FirstSub { @Node @FCircle c     }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FEllipse 0.3i }
+   @NextSub  { @Node @FCircle d     }
+}
+}
+}
+&2m ==> &2m
+@Fig {
+@Tree {
+@Node @FCircle bar
+@FirstSub { @Node @FCircle a     }
+@NextSub  { @Node @FEllipse 0.2i }
+@NextSub  { @Node @FCircle c     }
+@NextSub  { @Node @FEllipse 0.3i }
+@NextSub  { @Node @FCircle d     }
+}
+}
+}
+to make manifest their associativity and reduce the depth of the tree
+for efficiency later.
+@PP
+The required semantic information is the size of each subobject,
+consisting of four integers:  width to left and right of the
+distinguished column mark, and height above and below the distinguished
+row mark.  These numbers are always non-negative in Basser Lout, but
+this restriction is unnecessary and should be dropped.
+@PP
+For the leaves, which are simple words, the numbers are obtained from
+font tables.  For the higher levels we apply recursive rules.  Suppose
+that @Eq { hgap(x, g, y) } returns the desired distance between the
+column marks of objects @Eq { x } and @Eq { y } when they are separated by
+gap @Eq { g }:  @Eq { right(x) + length(g) + left(y) } when the gap mode is
+edge-to-edge, the larger of @Eq { length(g) } and
+@Eq { right(x) + left(y) } when the mode is mark-to-mark, and so on.  Given
+an object
+@ID @Eq {
+X = x sub 1 ````` bar g sub 1 ````` ... ````` { "-2p" @Font "^"}bar g sub i-1
+````` x sub i ````` ... ````` bar g sub n-1 ````` x sub n
+}
+we may calculate its size as follows:
+@ID @Eq {
+left(X) ^= left( x sub 1 ) + hgap( x sub 1 , g sub 1 , x sub 2 )
++ ... + hgap( x sub i-1 , g sub i-1 , x sub i )
+/1.4vx
+right(X) ^= hgap( x sub i , g sub i , x sub i+1 )
++ ... + hgap( x sub n-1 , g sub n-1 , x sub n ) + right( x sub n )
+/1.4vx
+"above"(X) ^= "above"(x sub 1 ) up ... up "above"(x sub n )
+/1.4vx
+"below"(X) ^= "below"(x sub 1 ) up ... up "below"(x sub n )
+}
+where @Eq { non up } returns the larger of its two parameters.  Similar
+formulas are easily derived for the other operators.
+@PP
+For purposes of exposition we will now make the simplifying
+assumptions that all gaps are {@Code "0i"}, all column marks lie at
+the left edge, and all row marks lie at the top edge.  Then the size
+of each object can be expressed by just two numbers, width and
+height, and the four formulas reduce to
+@ID @Eq {
+width( x sub 1 rel bar ... rel bar x sub n ) ^=
+width( x sub 1 ) + ... + width( x sub n )
+/1.4vx
+height( x sub 1 rel bar ... rel bar x sub n ) ^=
+height( x sub 1 ) up ... up height( x sub n )
+}
+The corresponding formulas for vertical concatenation are
+@ID @Eq {
+width( x sub 1 rel "/" ... rel "/" x sub n ) ^=
+width( x sub 1 ) up ... up width( x sub n )
+/1.4vx
+height( x sub 1 rel "/" ... rel "/" x sub n ) ^=
+height( x sub 1 ) + ... + height( x sub n )
+}
+According to these formulas, the height of
+@ID @Eq { @Fig { @Tree {
+@Node @FCircle fraction
+@LeftSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @LeftSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+   @RightSub { @Node @FCircle b }
+}
+@RightSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @LeftSub  { @Node @FCircle c }
+   @RightSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+}
+}}}
+is
+@ID @Eq {
+[ height(a) up height(b)] + [ height(c) up height(d)]
+}
+which is correct, but for width they yield
+@ID @Eq {
+[ width(a) + width(b)] up [ width(c) + width(d)]
+}
+which is not, since it does not take the merging of column marks into
+account.  The asymmetry between horizontal and vertical has come
+about because the row entries, such as @Eq {a} and {@Eq {b}}, are
+adjacent in the tree, but the column entries, such as @Eq {a} and
+{@Eq {c}}, are not.  It would be possible to solve this cross-linking
+problem by augmenting the size information stored in each node to
+record the number of marks and the size of each, but the author has
+preferred the following method which makes structural changes to the
+tree instead.
+@PP
+If @Eq { a } and @Eq { c } share a column mark, they each might as well
+have width { @Eq {width(a) up width(c) }}, since all width calculations
+apply to entire columns.  Accordingly, we introduce a new operator,
+@Eq {COL}, defined by
+@ID @Eq { width( x sub 1 bin COL ... bin COL x sub n ) =
+width( x sub 1 ) up ... up width( x sub n )
+}
+and replace both @Eq { a } and @Eq { c } by {@Eq { a bin COL c }}.  To
+prevent @Eq { COL } operators from disturbing height calculations, we
+define a binary operator called @Eq { SPLIT } by
+@ID @Eq { width( x bin SPLIT y) ^= width(x)
+/1.4vx
+height( x bin SPLIT y) ^= height(y) }
+which switches height and width calculations onto different
+subtrees.  Then the transformation
+@ID @Eq {
+@Fig { @Tree {
+   @Node @FCircle a
+}}
+&2m ==> &2m
+@Fig { @Tree {
+   @Node @FEllipse SPLIT
+   @LeftSub {
+      @Node @FEllipse COL
+      @LeftSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+      @RightSub { @Node @FCircle c }
+   }
+   @RightSub { @Node @FCircle a }
+}}
+}
+# where @Eq { S } denotes a @Eq { SPLIT } node and @Eq { C } denotes a
+# @Eq { COL } node,
+widens @Eq { a } to @Eq {width(a) up width(c) } without affecting its height;
+it is applied to every object that shares its column mark with at least
+one other object.  A similar transformation involving a @Eq { ROW } operator
+deals with shared row marks.  The effect on our little table is to replace
+@ID @Eq { @Fig { @Tree {
+@Node @FCircle fraction
+@LeftSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @LeftSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+   @RightSub { @Node @FCircle b }
+}
+@RightSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @LeftSub  { @Node @FCircle c }
+   @RightSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+}
+}}}
+by
+@ID @Eq { @Fig maxlabels { "70" } { @Tree hmargin { "0.1c" } {
+@Node @FCircle fraction
+@FirstSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @FirstSub  {
+      @Node @FEllipse SPLIT
+      @FirstSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse COL
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle c }
+      }
+      @NextSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse ROW
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle b }
+      }
+   }
+   @NextSub {
+      @Node @FEllipse SPLIT
+      @FirstSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse COL
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle b }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+      }
+      @NextSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse ROW
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle b }
+      }
+   }
+}
+@NextSub {
+   @Node @FCircle bar
+   @FirstSub  {
+      @Node @FEllipse SPLIT
+      @FirstSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse COL
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle a }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle c }
+      }
+      @NextSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse ROW
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle c }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+      }
+   }
+   @NextSub {
+      @Node @FEllipse SPLIT
+      @FirstSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse COL
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle b }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+      }
+      @NextSub {
+         @Node @FEllipse ROW
+         @FirstSub  { @Node @FCircle c }
+         @NextSub { @Node @FCircle d }
+      }
+   }
+}
+}}}
+In fact, common subexpressions are identified (trivially) and the result
+is a directed acyclic graph; each affected leaf has two parents, one for
+width and one for height; and each @Eq { COL } or @Eq { ROW } node has
+one parent and one child for each object lying on the corresponding
+mark.  The data structure roughly doubles in size, and this occurs only
+rarely in practice.
+@PP
+This method can cope with any legal input, including
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"{  a  //  c  |  d  }  |  {  b  /  e  }"
+"/  {  f  /  i  }  |  {  g  |  h  //  j  }"
+}
+which produces overlapping spanning columns:
+@ID @I @Fig {
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 1.6c } 1.2f @Font a |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font b |
+//  @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font c |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font d |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font e |
+//  @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font f |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font g |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font h |
+//  @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 0.6c } 1.2f @Font i |
+    @FBox margin { 0.2c } width { 1.6c } 1.2f @Font j |
+}
+The boxes have been added to clarify the structure.  The width of this
+object is formally
+@ID @Eq { ((width(a) up (x + y)) + z) up (x + ((y + z) up width(j))) }
+where
+@IL
+@ListItem @Eq { x = width(c) up width(`f`) up width(i) }
+@ListItem @Eq { y = width(d`) up width(g) }
+@ListItem @Eq { z = width(b) up width(e) up width(h) }
+@EL
+It seems clear that @Eq { y } at least must appear twice in any
+expression for the width of this object made out of simple addition
+and maxing operations, showing that an ordinary tree
+structure is insufficient for overlapping spanning columns.  The Basser
+Lout interpreter actually rejects such structures, owing to the author's
+doubts about the implementability of @I Constrained and @I AdjustSize
+(Section {@NumberOf constraints}) on them; but with hindsight this caution
+was unnecessary.
+@PP
+The directed acyclic graph is ordered in the sense that the order of
+the edges entering and leaving each node matters.  The structure is
+highly dynamic, and traversals both with and against the arrows are
+required.  After a few ad-hoc attempts to extend the usual tree
+representation had failed, the author developed a representation based
+on doubly linked lists of records denoting links, whose flexibility more
+than compensated for the somewhat excessive memory consumption.  For example,
+@ID @Eq { @Fig {
+       A:: @FCircle a   |2c                  |2c  B:: @FCircle b
+/1.5c  C:: @FCircle c   |    D:: @FCircle d
+// A @JoinFigures arrow { forward } C
+// A @JoinFigures arrow { forward } D
+// B @JoinFigures arrow { forward } D
+}}
+is represented by
+@CD @Eq { @Fig maxlabels { "300" } {
+A:: @DagBox mid { @BlackDot } base { a } |2c |2c |2c |2c
+B:: @DagBox mid { @BlackDot } base { b }
+/1c L:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK }
+|   M:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK }
+| | N:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } mid { @BlackDot } base { LK }
+/1c
+C:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } base { c } | |
+D:: @DagBox top { @BlackDot } base { d }
+// @TVShape nw { A@MID@CTR } ne { A@MID@CTR } sw {L@MID@CTR } se { M@MID@CTR }
+// @TVShape nw { L@TOP@CTR } ne { L@TOP@CTR } sw {C@TOP@CTR } se { C@TOP@CTR }
+// @TVShape nw { M@TOP@CTR } ne { N@TOP@CTR } sw {D@TOP@CTR } se { D@TOP@CTR }
+// @TVShape nw { B@MID@CTR } ne { B@MID@CTR } sw {N@MID@CTR } se { N@MID@CTR }
+}}
+where @Eq { LK } tags a record representing a link.  The first list
+in any node contains all the incoming links, the second contains the
+outgoing ones.  The node serves as the header for both lists.  The
+required operations reduce to simple appends, deletes, and traversals
+of doubly linked lists, all having small constant cost.  There is a
+highly tuned memory allocator, and care is taken to dispose of each node
+when the last incoming link is deleted, so that there is no need for
+garbage collection.
+@PP
+In normal use the number of nodes at higher levels of the dag is small
+in comparison with the leaves and their incoming links, so we may
+estimate the space complexity at about 60 bytes per input word (20 bytes
+per link, 40 per leaf node).  Careful optimization could easily halve
+this, but since memory is reclaimed after printing each page there is
+little need.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_5 b/doc/design/s2_5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87d826b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_5
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { style }
+    @Title { Context-sensitive attributes of objects }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Although we are free to place any object in any context, the context
+must influence the appearance of the object, since otherwise
+@ID @Code "A short paragraph of text."
+could not appear in a variety of fonts, column widths, etc.  This
+influence cannot take the purely static form that block-structured
+languages use to associate values with identifiers, for then an operator
+could not influence the appearance of its parameters; and a state
+variable solution is not compatible with the overall functional design.
+@PP
+The information needed from the context seems quite limited, comprising
+the font family, face, and size to use, the style of paragraph breaking
+required, how much space to substitute between the words of paragraphs,
+and how much horizontal and vertical space is available to receive the
+object.  These four items constitute the so-called `style information'
+of Lout.  As graphics rendering hardware improves, the style information
+will probably grow to include colour and texture information.
+@PP
+The way to deal with fonts at least is very clear:
+@ID @Code "{ Times Slope 12p } @Font { Hello, world }"
+should have result
+@ID { { Times Slope 12p } @Font { Hello, world } }
+Lout also provides @Code "@Break" and @Code "@Space" symbols for
+controlling the paragraph breaking and space styles mentioned
+above.  These work in the same way, returning their right
+parameters in the style of their left.  The implementation is very
+simple:  one merely broadcasts the style information down into the parse
+tree of the right parameter.  A font, for example, is converted to an
+8-bit internal name and stored in each leaf, while a breaking style is
+stored in the root node of each paragraph.
+@PP
+The same language design can be used for available width and height,
+only here the implementation is much more demanding:
+@ID @Code {
+"2i @Wide {"
+"(1)  |0.1i  An example"
+"containing a small"
+"paragraph of filled text."
+"}"
+}
+is guaranteed to be two inches wide:
+@ID {
+2i @Wide {
+(1)  |0.1i  An example
+containing a small
+paragraph of filled text.
+}
+}
+One must calculate that 1.9 inches minus the width of @Code "(1)" is
+available
+to the paragraph, and break it accordingly; Basser Lout does this in two
+stages.  In the first, upward-moving stage, widths are calculated using the
+formulae of Section {@NumberOf objects}, which assume that available
+space is infinite.  If the upward movement reaches a @Eq { WIDE }
+node, corresponding to a @Code "@Wide" operator, and
+the calculated width exceeds that allowed, a second, downward-moving stage
+is initiated which attempts to reduce the width by finding and breaking
+paragraphs.  This second stage is quite routine except at @Code "|" nodes,
+whose children are the columns of a table.  It is necessary to apportion
+the available width (minus inter-column gaps) among the columns.  Basser
+Lout leaves narrow columns unbroken and breaks the remaining columns to
+equal width, using up all of the available space.
+@PP
+The size of an object is not clearly determined when the upward-moving
+size is less than the downward-moving available space, and the object
+contains constructs that depend on available space (e.g. right
+justification).  For example, in
+@ID @Code "2i @Wide { Heading // a |1rt b }"
+it seems natural to assign a width of two inches to the subobject
+@Code "a |1rt b" because of the right justification, but it would be
+equally plausible if the width of @Code Heading was assigned to the
+subobject instead.  The author is conscious of having failed to resolve
+this matter properly; an extra operator for controlling available space
+is probably necessary.
+@PP
+The actual paragraph breaking is just a simple transformation on the
+parse tree; the real issue is how to describe the various styles:  ragged
+right, adjusted, outdented, and so on.  Their diversity suggests that
+they should somehow be defined using more basic features; but then there
+are algorithms for high-quality paragraph breaking, which presumably
+must be built-in.  This dilemma was not clearly grasped by the author in
+1985, and he included a built-in paragraph breaker, with the @Code
+"@Break" operator selecting from a fixed set of styles.  A much better
+solution based on galleys will be given in Section {@NumberOf horizontal},
+but, regrettably, it is not implemented.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s2_9 b/doc/design/s2_9
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..648a1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s2_9
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@EndSubSections
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_0 b/doc/design/s3_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f42ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_0
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Definitions }
+@Begin
+@PP
+The need to provide a means of packaging useful pieces of code for easy
+repeated use was recognised in the very earliest programming
+languages.  This need is even more acute in document formatting, if that
+is possible, because the majority of users are not programmers and do
+not understand the code they invoke.
+@BeginSubSections
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_1 b/doc/design/s3_1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fb44c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_1
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { operators }
+    @Title { Operators }
+@Begin
+@PP
+It is evident from the example of Eqn that user-defined operators are
+needed that mimic the primitive ones in taking objects as parameters
+and returning objects as results.  For example, to define a superscript
+operator so that
+@ID @Code "2 sup n"
+appears as {@Eq {2 sup @R n}}, the following operator definition may
+be used:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def sup"
+"    precedence 50"
+"    associativity right"
+"    left x"
+"    right y"
+"{"
+"    @OneRow {  |  {-2p @Font y}  ^/0.5fk  x  }"
+"}"
+}
+The @Code "sup" operator has precedence 50, is right associative, takes
+two objects as parameters passed on the left and right, and returns the
+object between braces as result.  This object has the structure
+@ID @I +2p @Font {
+| @ShowMarks @Code y / @ShowMarks @Code x
+}
+but with the first row mark hidden by the @Code "@OneRow" operator,
+and @Code y two points smaller than it would otherwise have been.  The
+length @Code "0.5f" specifies half the current font size;  Figure
+{@NumberOf gapmodes} describes the @Code k gap mode.  In the Eq equation
+formatting package [10] the equation as a whole is
+set in italic font, and @Code 2 is an identifier whose body contains
+a font change back to Roman.  The digits @Code 0 to @Code 9 are classed
+as punctuation characters, permitting @Code 234 for example to be
+interpreted as a sequence of three identifiers.
+@PP
+These definitions are easily implemented by a standard symbol table
+and an operator precedence parser.  Algol block structure with the
+usual scope rules was adopted as a matter of course.
+@PP
+Operators are limited to at most two parameters, left and
+right, and the parameters cannot be given default values.  @I Named
+parameters solve both problems:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @Preface"
+"    named @Tag {}"
+"    named @Title { Preface }"
+"    right @Body"
+"{"
+"    Bold @Font @Title"
+"    //0.3v  @Body"
+"}"
+}
+The default value appears just after the parameter's declaration,
+between braces.  Invocations have a natural syntax:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@Preface"
+"    @Title { About this book }"
+"{"
+"    Few observers would have supposed in 1984, that ..."
+"}"
+}
+with the actual named parameters following directly after the
+operator, before any right parameter.  In this example, @Code "@Tag"
+will receive its default value, and a less expert user could safely
+omit the @Code "@Title" parameter as well.
+@PP
+Lout permits named parameters to have parameters, a feature with
+applications to bibliographic databases, running headers, and other
+places where a format has to be supplied before content is
+known.  One could go further and provide a complete lambda calculus,
+with functions as first-class objects, provided care was taken not
+to intimidate the non-expert user.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_2 b/doc/design/s3_2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c5fd70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_2
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { recursion }
+    @Title { Recursion and page layout }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Design and implementation should proceed together in exploratory projects,
+since otherwise the design too easily becomes unrealistic.  Sometimes the
+implementation does more than its designer intended.  The author wrote the
+following purely as a testing scaffold:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @Page right x"
+"{"
+"    8i @Wide 11i @High"
+"    {"
+"        //1i  ||1i  x  ||1i"
+"        //1i"
+"    }"
+"}"
+}
+Only afterwards did he realize its significance:  the concept of a page
+had been defined outside the implementation, removing the need for
+commands for setting page width and height, margins, and so on.
+@PP
+Defining a sequence of pages is harder, since their number is not known
+in advance.  A simple version of this same problem is afforded by the
+leaders found in tables of contents:
+@ID {
+4i @Wide { Chapter 7  @Leaders  53 }
+}
+This seemed to require recursion, specifically the definition
+@ID @Code {
+"def @Leaders { ..   @Leaders }"
+}
+Note that both @Code ".." and @Code "@Leaders" are objects, so the two
+spaces separating them are significant.  No base case is given, and indeed
+we have no boolean or conditional operators with which to express it;
+but we can adopt the implicit base `if space is not sufficient, delete
+{@Code "@Leaders"} and any preceding space'.  Then the expression
+@ID @Code "4i @Wide { Chapter 7  @Leaders  53 }"
+will produce the object shown above.  It is hard to see how this base
+could be made explicit, without violating the general principle of
+keeping all size information internal.  In the implementation,
+@Code "@Leaders" remains unexpanded while sizes are being
+calculated; then it is treated similarly to a receptive symbol, with
+its body as an incoming galley (Section {@NumberOf flushing}).
+@PP
+With this settled, it is now clear how to define a document which is a
+numbered sequence of pages.  Let @Code "@Next" be a prefix operator
+which returns its parameter plus one.  Then
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @PageList"
+"    right @PageNum"
+"{"
+"    @Page {"
+"          |0.5rt - @PageNum -"
+"          //1v   @TextPlace"
+"          //1rt  @FootSect"
+"    }"
+"    //"
+"    @PageList @Next @PageNum"
+"}"
+}
+when invoked in the expression {@Code "@PageList 1"}, has for its result
+the potentially infinite object
+@ID @OneRow {
+@LittlePage {
+|0.5rt - 1 -
+//1.2vx @Code "@TextPlace"
+//1rt @Code "@FootSect"
+}
+//
+@LittlePage {
+|0.5rt - 2 -
+//1.2vx @Code "@TextPlace"
+//1rt @Code "@FootSect"
+}
+//0.2c
+8p @Font @Code "@PageList 3"
+}
+Similarly, we may define @Code "@FootSect" like this:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @FootSect"
+"{"
+"    def @FootList"
+"        right @Num"
+"    {"
+"        @FootPlace"
+"        //1v"
+"        @FootList @Next @Num"
+"    }"
+""
+"    1i @Wide @HLine"
+"    //1v"
+"    @FootList 1"
+"}"
+}
+so that an invocation of @Code "@FootSect" produces
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+1i @Wide @HLine
+"@FootPlace"
+"@FootPlace"
+"@FootPlace"
+"..."
+}
+The expansion process is very similar to a BNF derivation, and would be
+attempted only on demand.
+@PP
+Clearly, deciding which expansions to take and replacing @Code "@TextPlace"
+and {@Code "@FootPlace"} by the appropriate actual text will not be easy;
+this is the subject of Section {@NumberOf galleys}.  The important point
+for now is that we have here a very simple and flexible method of specifying
+the layout of pages, which requires no specialized language features.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_3 b/doc/design/s3_3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d04a8db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_3
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { modules }
+    @Title { Modules }
+@Begin
+@PP
+It is well accepted that the visibility of symbols is not adequately
+controlled by Algol block structure.  The author is aware of several
+major problems of this kind in document formatting.
+@PP
+One problem is that some symbols should be visible only within
+restricted parts of a document.  For example, we naturally expect
+equation formatting to be accomplished like this:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"surrounding text"
+"@Eq { {x sup 2  +  1} over 4 }"
+"surrounding text"
+}
+with the symbols {@Code "sup"}, {@Code "over"}, etc., visible only within
+the equation, not in the surrounding text.
+@PP
+It seems natural to define these symbols within {@Code "@Eq"}, since
+they are local to equations.  It only remains then to decree that
+symbols local to @Code "@Eq" are to be visible within its actual right
+parameter, and this is done by replacing the right formal parameter with a
+@I body parameter:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"export sup over"
+"def @Eq"
+"    body @Body"
+"{"
+"    def sup ..."
+"    def over ..."
+""
+"    Slope @Font @Body"
+"}"
+}
+The @Code export clause lists the identifiers which are permitted to be
+visible outside their usual range, the body of {@Code "@Eq"}; and the
+@Code body declaration imports them into (makes them visible within)
+the actual right parameter of each invocation of {@Code "@Eq"}.  This
+arrangement has proven very convenient for defining a variety of
+special-purpose packages.
+@PP
+Another problem arises when global symbols, such as the ones used for
+headings and paragraph separators, call on values that the non-expert
+user will need to modify, such as the initial font or paragraph
+indent.  These values are like parameters of the document as a whole, so
+it is natural to try this:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"export @Heading @PP ..."
+"def @BookLayout"
+"    named @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }"
+"    named @InitialBreak { adjust 14p }"
+"    named @ColumnWidth { 6i }"
+"    ..."
+"{"
+"    def @Heading ..."
+"    def @PP ..."
+"}"
+}
+Now @Code "@Heading" and @Code "@PP" may invoke @Code "@InitialFont"
+and the other parameters.  To make @Code "@Heading" and @Code "@PP"
+visible throughout the document, we need only add a body parameter to
+@Code "@BookLayout" and present the entire document as
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@BookLayout"
+"    @InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }"
+"    @InitialBreak { adjust 12p }"
+"{"
+"    The document."
+"}"
+}
+but for practical reasons given below we prefer not to enclose the
+entire document in braces.  Instead, we write
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@Use { @BookLayout"
+"    @InitialFont { Helvetica Base 10p }"
+"    @InitialBreak { adjust 12p }"
+"}"
+"The document."
+}
+which has the same effect:  @Code "@Use" makes the exported symbols of
+@Code "@BookLayout" visible for the remainder of the document, and is
+permitted only at the beginning.
+@PP
+The third feature that affects visibility, and which will prove useful
+for cross referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}), is the @Code "@Open"
+symbol.  It makes the exported symbols of its left parameter visible
+within its right parameter, and is therefore similar to the Pascal @Code
+with statement.
+@PP
+It could be argued that Lout is over-supplied with these visibility modifying
+features: the body parameter, @Code "@Use" and @Code "@Open" do not seem
+sufficiently different from each another.  The @Code "@Open" symbol is
+the most general, being capable of replacing the other two.  For
+example,
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@Use { x }"
+"@Use { y }"
+"Body of document"
+}
+can be replaced by
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"x @Open {"
+"y @Open {"
+"Body of document"
+"}}"
+}
+and, taking the @Code "@Eq" symbol above as example, we could eliminate
+its body parameter, add
+@ID @Code "def @Body right x { Slope @Font x }"
+to the exported definitions of {@Code "@Eq"}, and replace
+@ID @Code "@Eq { object }"
+by
+@ID @Code "@Eq @Open { @Body { object } }"
+If @Code "@Eq" is a galley (Section {@NumberOf galleys}), @Code "@Body"
+must take over that function.  But one would not want to write these
+clumsy expressions in practice, and the enclosure of large quantities
+of input in extra braces could cause Basser Lout to run out of memory
+(Section {@NumberOf lookahead}).
+@PP
+A quite separate kind of visibility problem arises when expert
+users wish to define an object or operator for repeated use within, say,
+equations:
+@ID @Code "def isum { sum from i=1 to n }"
+As it stands this can only be placed within the @Code "@Eq" package itself, 
+where @Code "sum" and the other symbols are visible, but it is not desirable
+to modify the source code of a standard package.  Lout provides an
+@Code "import" clause to solve this problem:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"import @Eq"
+"def isum { sum from i=1 to n }"
+}
+may appear after @Code "@Eq" is defined, and it will make the exported symbols
+of @Code "@Eq" visible within the body of {@Code "isum"}.  This feature
+complicates the treatment of environments (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}),
+and even introduces an insecurity, when @Code isum is invoked outside an
+equation.  A simpler approach would be to allow only one symbol in an
+@Code import clause, and treat the following definition exactly like a
+local definition of that symbol; but then it would not be possible
+to define symbols using the resources of more than one of the standard
+packages.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_4 b/doc/design/s3_4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b0f5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_4
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { defs.impl }
+    @Title { Implementation of definitions }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Input is processed by a hybrid parser which employs operator precedence
+for objects and simple recursive descent for the headers of
+definitions.  A symbol table stores the body of each definition as a
+parse tree, except for macros which are lists of tokens, and manages the
+usual stack of static scopes, accepting @I PushScope and @I PopScope
+operations as the parser enters and leaves scope regions, including
+actual body parameters and the right parameter of the @Code "@Open"
+operator.
+@PP
+As the parse proceeds, a complete call graph is constructed, recording,
+for each symbol, which symbols are invoked within its body.  Immediately
+after the last definition is read, the transitive closure of the call
+graph is computed, and used to determine whether each non-parameter
+symbol is recursive or receptive (Section {@NumberOf galleys}), and
+whether each parameter is invoked exactly once or not.
+@PP
+Purely functional systems may evaluate symbol invocations in applicative
+order (where parameters are evaluated before substitution into bodies),
+or in normal order (substitution before evaluation), and they may also
+share the value of a parameter among all uses of it.  But in Basser
+Lout, the presence of context-sensitive style information (Section
+{@NumberOf style}) forces normal order evaluation and prevents sharing
+of parameter values.
+@PP
+To evaluate an unsized object (pure parse tree), its {@I environment},
+the equivalent of the stack frames in Algol-like languages, must be
+available, containing the actual values of all formal parameters
+that are visible within the unsized object.  Environment handling is
+a well-known implementation technique, so it will be discussed
+only briefly here.
+@PP
+Environments are extra subtrees hung from the objects they refer
+to.  This organization makes excellent use of the ordered dag to
+permit environments to be shared, and deleted when the last
+reference to them is removed.  Several optimizations have been
+implemented.  Actual parameters known to be invoked only once are moved
+in from the environment, not copied; copying could lead to quadratic time
+complexity.  Actual parameters of the form @Code "@Next" @I object
+receive an applicative pre-evaluation which prevents long chains of
+@Code "@Next" symbols from forming during the generation of large page
+numbers.  Some environments which provably contribute nothing are
+deleted, most notably when a symbol invocation has no symbols within its
+actual parameters and no import list, so that only the environment of its
+body need be kept; this saves a great deal of space when objects with
+environments are written to auxiliary files (Section {@NumberOf cross}).
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s3_9 b/doc/design/s3_9
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..648a1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s3_9
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@EndSubSections
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s4_0 b/doc/design/s4_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f89426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s4_0
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+@Section
+    @Tag { functional }
+    @Title { Implementation of the functional subset }
+@Begin
+@PP
+The objects and definitions of Lout are very similar to those found in
+other functional languages, and they form a natural subset of the
+language.  So we pause here and present an overview of the Basser Lout
+object evaluation algorithm.
+@PP
+The problem is to take an unsized object (pure parse tree), its
+environment (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}), and its style
+(Section {@NumberOf style}), and to produce a PostScript file for
+rendering the object on an output device.  This file is essentially a
+sequence of instructions to print a given string of characters in a
+given font at a given point.
+@PP
+Before the algorithm begins, the parse tree must be obtained, either by
+parsing input or by copying from the symbol table.  Afterwards the data
+structure must be disposed.  The algorithm proper consists of five
+passes, each a recursive traversal of the structure from the root down
+to the leaves and back.
+@DP
+@I {1.  Evaluation of unsized objects.}  On the way down, calculate
+environments and replace non-recursive, non-receptive symbols by their
+bodies (Section {@NumberOf defs.impl}); broadcast fonts to the leaves,
+and paragraph breaking and spacing styles to the paragraph nodes.  On the
+way back up, delete @Eq { FONT }, @Eq { BREAK }, and @Eq { SPACE } nodes,
+and insert @Eq { SPLIT }, @Eq { COL }, and @Eq { ROW } nodes
+(Section {@NumberOf objects}).
+@DP
+@I {2.  Width calculations and breaking.}  Calculate the width of every
+subobject from the bottom up.  As described in Section {@NumberOf objects},
+@Eq { WIDE } nodes may trigger object breaking sub-traversals during this pass.
+@DP
+@I {3.  Height calculations.}  Calculate the height of every subobject,
+from the bottom up.
+@DP
+@I {4.  Horizontal coordinates.}  Calculate the horizontal coordinate of
+each subobject from the top down, and store each leaf's coordinate in
+the leaf.
+@DP
+@I {5.  Vertical coordinates and PostScript generation.}  Calculate the
+vertical coordinate of every subobject from the top down, and at each
+leaf, retrieve the character string, font, and horizontal coordinate,
+and print the PostScript instruction for rendering that leaf.
+@DP
+Figure {@NumberOf components} gives the amount of code required for each
+
+@Figure
+    @Tag { components }
+    @Caption { Major components of the Basser Lout interpreter, showing
+the approximate number of lines of C code.  }
+@Begin
+@Tab
+   vmargin { 0.5vx }
+   @Fmta { @Col @RR A ! @Col B ! @Col @RR C }
+   @Fmtb { @Col @RR A ! @Col B ! @Col     C }
+{
+   @Rowa A { 1. } B { Initialization } C { 200 }
+   @Rowa A { 2. } B { Memory allocation, ordered dag operations } C { 400 }
+   @Rowa A { 3. } B { Lexical analysis, macros, file handling } C { 1,350 }
+   @Rowa A { 4. } B { Parsing of objects and definitions } C { 1,150 }
+   @Rowa A { 5. } B { Symbol table and call graph } C { 600 }
+   @Rowa A { 6. } B { Evaluation of pure parse trees } C { 1,650 }
+   @Rowa A { 7. } B { Reading, storing, and scaling of fonts } C { 600 }
+   @Rowa A { 8. } B { Cross references and databases } C { 1,000 }
+   @Rowa A { 9. } B { Width and height calculations, and breaking } C { 700 }
+   @Rowa A { 10. } B { @I Constrained and @I AdjustSize } C { 700 }
+   @Rowa A { 11. } B { Transfer of sized objects into galley tree } C { 450 }
+   @Rowa A { 12. } B { Galley flushing algorithm } C { 1,500 }
+   @Rowa A { 13. } B { Coordinate calculations and PostScript output } C { 700 }
+   @Rowa A { 14. } B { Debugging and error handling } C { 1,200 }
+   @Rowb vmargin { 0.1c } C { @Line }
+   @Rowa C { 12,200 }
+}
+@End @Figure
+
+pass.  Symmetry between horizontal and vertical is exploited throughout
+Basser Lout, and passes 2 and 3, as well as 4 and 5, are executed on
+shared code.
+@PP
+The author can see no simple way to reduce the number of passes.  The
+introduction of horizontal galleys (Section {@NumberOf horizontal})
+would remove the need for the object breaking transformations within this
+algorithm that are the principal obstacles in the way of the merging of
+passes 2 and 3.
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_0 b/doc/design/s5_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d176f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_0
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Galleys }
+@Begin
+@PP
+With objects and definitions under control, the author faced the problem
+of getting body text, footnotes, floating figures and tables,
+references, index entries, and entries in the table of contents into
+their places.  The resulting investigation occupied three months of
+full-time design work, and proceeded approximately as described in
+Section {@NumberOf galleys}; the implementation occupied the years 1987-89.
+@BeginSubSections
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_1 b/doc/design/s5_1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab65bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_1
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { galleys }
+    @Title { The galley abstraction }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Let us take the footnote as a representative example.  At some point in
+the document, we wish to write
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"preceding text"
+"@FootNote { footnote text }"
+"following text"
+}
+and we expect the formatter to remove the footnote from this context and
+place it at the bottom of the current page, possibly splitting some or
+all of it onto a following page if space is insufficient.
+@PP
+An object appears in the final document at the point it is invoked, but
+this basic property does not hold for footnotes:  the point of
+invocation and the point of appearance are different.  In some way, the
+footnote is attached to the document at both points, introducing a cross
+linking (Section {@NumberOf genesis}) that cannot be described in purely
+functional terms.
+@PP
+Since the interpretation of any object depends on an environment and
+style inherited from the context, the first question must be whether
+the footnote inherits them through the invocation point or through
+the point(s) of appearance.
+@PP
+If symbols are to be interpreted statically as heretofore, then environments
+must be inherited through the invocation point alone.  Dynamic inheritance
+through the point of appearance is enticing in some ways:  it might
+replace the body parameter, and it might help with automatic numbering,
+since the number of a footnote is known only at the point of appearance;
+but the implementation problems are severe, and static inheritance seems
+much simpler and more comprehensible to the user.  Style, at least its
+available width and height part, must of necessity be inherited through
+the point of appearance.  For consistency, the entire style should be
+inherited in this way.  There is a suggestive analogy here with actual
+parameters, which have a point of invocation from which they inherit an
+environment, and a point of appearance within the body of the enclosing
+definition, from which they inherit a style.  It may be possible to treat
+a footnote as the actual parameter of some symbol, therefore, although
+the details seem very obscure.
+@PP
+But the most profound consequence of having two types of attachment
+point is that it leads to two distinctive tree structures.  Considering
+invocation points only leads to static trees like this one:
+@ID @I @Fig margin { 0.3c } { @Tree {
+@Node @Ellipse { body text }
+@LeftSub { @Node @Ellipse footnote }
+@RightSub {
+   @Node @Ellipse figure
+   @FirstSub { @Node @Ellipse footnote }
+}
+}}
+which shows that the body text contains a footnote and a figure, the
+latter itself containing a footnote.  Considering points of appearance
+only gives a completely different, dynamic tree:
+@ID @I @Fig margin { 0.3c } { @Tree {
+@Node @Ellipse { sequence of pages }
+@FirstSub { @Node @Ellipse { body text } }
+@NextSub  { @Node @Ellipse { footnote  } }
+@NextSub  { @Node @Ellipse { figure    } }
+@NextSub  { @Node @Ellipse { footnote  } }
+}}
+The tree can be deeper, for example with sections appearing within
+chapters which appear within the body text, which appears within the
+final sequence of pages.  Document formatting languages generally shirk
+the issues raised by this dual tree structure, by making the dynamic
+tree built-in, by limiting one or both trees to two levels, and so on,
+providing a classic example of the impoverishing effect of failing to
+permit language features to attain their natural level of generality.
+@PP
+We are thus led to propose a second abstraction for document formatting,
+which we name the @I galley in recognition of its similarity to the
+galleys used in manual typesetting.  A galley consists of an object (such
+as a footnote) together with a sequence of places where that object may
+appear (such as the bottoms of the current and following pages).  Splitting
+occurs quite naturally when space at any place is insufficient to hold
+the entire object.
+@PP
+In Lout, a footnote galley and its place of appearance are defined
+as follows:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @FootPlace { @Galley }"
+""
+"def @FootNote into { @FootPlace&&following }"
+"    right x"
+"{ x }"
+}
+The @Code "@FootPlace" symbol contains the special symbol {@Code "@Galley"},
+indicating that it is a point of appearance for a galley.  By placing
+invocations of @Code "@FootPlace" at the bottoms of pages, as in Section
+{@NumberOf recursion}, we define the desired points of appearance for
+footnotes.  Symbols whose body contains @Code "@Galley" either directly
+or indirectly are called receptive symbols, meaning receptive to
+galleys, and they are expanded only on demand.  The effect of the
+@Code "into" clause is to make each invocation of @Code "@FootNote" a
+galley whose object is the result of the invocation in the usual way,
+and whose sequence of points of appearance is specified by the @Code "into"
+clause; in this example, the sequence of all @Code "@FootPlace" symbols
+following the invocation point.
+@PP
+Lout permits galleys to be invoked within other galleys to arbitrary
+depth, so that one may have footnotes within figures within the body
+text galley, for example, creating arbitrary static trees.  Receptive
+symbols like @Code "@FootPlace" may appear within any galley, creating
+arbitrary dynamic trees as well.  The root of the dynamic tree, which
+would normally consist of the sequence of pages of the complete assembled
+document, is considered to be a galley whose point of appearance is the 
+output file.  Points of appearance may be @Code preceding or @Code following
+the invocation point; entries in tables of contents are the main users
+of {@Code preceding}.
+@PP
+The galley abstraction is adequate for all of the applications listed at
+the beginning of this section, except that there is no provision for
+sorting index entries and references.  Sorting of galleys has been added
+to Lout as a built-in feature, invoked by adding a special @Code "@Key"
+parameter to the galleys, and using its value as the sort key.  The author
+was at a loss to find any other way, or any useful generalization of this
+feature.  Its implementation will be discussed in Section
+{@NumberOf cross.impl}.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_2 b/doc/design/s5_2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a81630d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_2
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { flushing }
+    @Title { The galley flushing algorithm }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Galley components are promoted one by one into the point of appearance in
+the dynamic parent galley, then carried along with it, ultimately to the
+root galley and the output file.  This process is called @I galley
+{@I flushing}: the galleys are rivers running together to the sea, and
+each component is a drop of water.
+@PP
+Here is a snapshot of a small dynamic tree, based on the @Code "@PageList"
+definitions of Section {@NumberOf recursion}:
+@ID @Fig {
+
+@I 10p @Font { output file } A:: @Box linestyle { noline } margin { 0c }
+
+||2c
+
+{
+@I 10p @Font { root galley }
+//0.2c
+B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline }
+//
+@LittlePage {
+|0.5rt - 1 -
+//1.2vx &2m A small
+//1.2vx @Code "@Galley" * C:: @Box margin { 0.01c } linestyle { noline }
+//1rt @Code "@FootSect"
+}
+//
+@Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@PageList 2"
+}
+
+||2c
+
+{
+//0.9c  @I 10p @Font { body text }
+//0.2c  D:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font paragraph
+//      @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font { of text. }
+//      @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide @Code 8p @Font "@Input"
+}
+
+// @Arrow from { B@W } to { A@E }
+// @Arrow from { D@W } to { C@E }
+
+}
+The components of the body text galley are lines, except for the special
+receptive symbol @Code "@Input" which is a placeholder for as yet unread
+input (Section {@NumberOf lookahead}).  The components of the root galley are
+pages, except for the concluding unexpanded invocation of {@Code "@PageList"},
+which is an inexhaustible source of more pages, expanded on demand.
+@PP
+The concrete data structure used by Basser Lout permits the galley
+flushing algorithm to navigate the dynamic tree and find significant
+features quickly:
+@ID 10p @Font @Fig maxlabels { 100 } {
+
+A:: @Ellipse @I { HEAD }
+
+||1.5c
+
+@OneCol @OneRow {
+B:: @Ellipse @I { RECEIVING * }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W  A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W  }
+//0.6c
+C:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W  A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W  }
+//0.6c
+D:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle D@NW  A@CIRCUM} } to { D@NW  }
+//
+@LittlePage {
+|0.5rt - 1 -
+//1.2vx &2m A small
+//1.2vx  E:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley "
+//1rt    F:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@FootSect "
+}
+// @FunnyArrow arrow { forward } from { B@E } to { E@E }
+// @FunnyArrow arrow { forward } from { C@E } to { F@E }
+//0.6c
+C:: @Ellipse @I { GAP }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W  A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W  }
+//0.6c
+C:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@W  A@CIRCUM} } to { C@W  }
+//0.6c
+D:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@PageList 2"
+//  @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle D@NW  A@CIRCUM} } to { D@NW  }
+//  @FunnyArrow from { C@E } to { D@W ++ { 1.8 cm 0 } }
+}
+
+||1.0c
+
+A:: @Ellipse @I { HEAD }
+& @Arrow from { B@E } to { A@W }
+
+||1.5c
+
+@OneCol @OneRow {
+B:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font paragraph
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W }
+//0.6c
+B:: @Ellipse @I { GAP }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W }
+//0.6c
+B:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font { of text. }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { B@NW }
+//0.6c
+B:: @Ellipse @I { GAP }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W }
+//0.6c
+B:: @Ellipse @I { RECEPTIVE }
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle B@W A@CIRCUM} } to { B@W }
+//0.6c
+C:: @Box margin { 0.3c } 2.8c @Wide 8p @Font @Code "@Input"
+// @Arrow from { A@CTR ++ {A@CTR @Angle C@NW A@CIRCUM} } to { C@NW }
+// @FunnyArrow from { B@E } to { C@W ++ { 1.2 cm 0 } }
+}
+
+}
+Each galley has a @Eq { HEAD } node whose children are its component
+objects, separated by @Eq { GAP } nodes recording the inter-component
+gaps.
+@PP
+Each component is preceded by zero or more @I {galley index nodes} of
+various types.  Every receptive symbol has a @Eq { RECEPTIVE } index pointing
+to it, so that it can be found without searching through its
+component.  If the symbol is currently the target of a galley, it has a
+@Eq { RECEIVING } index instead which is also linked to the incoming
+galley.  Galleys that are currently without a target are linked to the
+dynamic tree by @Eq { UNATTACHED } galley indexes, either just after their
+most recent target if there has been one, or else at their point of
+invocation.
+@PP
+Each galley should be thought of as a concurrent process, although the
+implementation in C uses coroutines implemented by procedures.  A galley
+may promote its first component only if it has a target, sufficient space
+is available at the target to receive the component, and the component
+contains no receptive symbols.  This last condition seems to be the key
+to galley synchronization:  it forces a bottom-up promotion regime,
+preventing pages from flushing to output before text flushes into them,
+for example.
+@PP
+Each galley contains a number of binary semaphores, shown as asterisks
+in our snapshots when set.  At any given moment, a galley process is
+either running or else is suspended on one of its own semaphores.  The
+@Eq { HEAD } node contains a semaphore which is set when the galley has tried
+to find a target and failed.  Each receptive symbol has a semaphore
+which is set when that symbol is preventing the first component from
+being promoted.
+@PP
+For example, in the snapshot at the beginning of this section, the root
+galley is suspended on the @Code "@Galley" symbol, but the text galley
+is running.  It will suspend on the @Code "@Input" symbol after the
+first two components are promoted.
+@PP
+Every galley {@I G}, be it a list of pages, body text, a footnote, or
+whatever, executes the following algorithm in parallel with every other
+galley:
+@DP
+1.  Initially @I G is unattached.  Search forwards or backwards from its
+@Eq { UNATTACHED } index as required, to find a receptive symbol @I S which
+can expand to reveal a target for {@I G}.
+@DP
+2.  If no @I S can be found, suspend on the attachment semaphore.  Resume
+later from step 1.
+@DP
+3.  Expand @I S to reveal the target of {@I G}.  Preserve {@I S}'s
+semaphore by moving it to the first receptive symbol within the
+expansion of {@I S}.
+@DP
+4.  Calculate the available width and height at the target, and if
+@I G is still a pure parse tree, use the environment attached to @I G
+and the style information from the target to evaluate @I G as in
+Section {@NumberOf functional}.
+@DP
+5.  Examine the components of @I G one by one.  For each component there
+are three possibilities:
+@PP
+@I ACCEPT.  If the component fits into the available space, and has
+no other problems, then promote it into the target.  If this is the
+first component promoted into this target, and @I G is a forcing
+galley (Section {@NumberOf lookahead}), delete every receptive symbol
+preceding the target in the parent galley.  If @I G is the root galley,
+render the component on the output file and dispose it;
+@PP
+@I REJECT.  If the component is too large for the available space, or a
+@Eq { FOLLOWS } index (described below) forbids its promotion into this
+target, then detach @I G from the target.  If this was the first component
+at this target, @I S has been a complete failure, so undo step 3 (Basser
+Lout is not able to undo step 4); otherwise delete the target.  Return to
+step 1 and continue immediately;
+@PP
+@I SUSPEND.  If the component contains a receptive symbol, it cannot be
+promoted yet.  If this symbol is the target of a galley that was written
+to an auxiliary file on a previous run, read in that galley and flush
+it.  Otherwise suspend on the receptive symbol's semaphore; resume later
+from step 4.
+@DP
+6.  Terminate when the galley is empty.
+@DP
+At various points in this algorithm, receptive symbols (and their
+semaphores) are deleted in the dynamic parent galley, possibly
+permitting it to resume flushing.  When this happens, Basser Lout resumes
+the parent immediately after @I G suspends or terminates.  Also,
+whenever a component is promoted, any child galleys connected to
+it by @Eq { UNATTACHED } indexes must be resumed, since these
+galleys may be able to find a target now.  A good example of this
+situation occurs when a line of body text with one or more footnotes
+is promoted onto a page.  Basser Lout gives priority to such children,
+suspending @I G while each is given a chance to flush.
+@PP
+Basser Lout searches for the first target of @I G only in regions of the
+dynamic tree that will clearly precede or follow {@I G}'s invocation
+point in the final printed document, whichever is specified in the
+@Code into clause; subsequent targets are sought later in the same
+galley as the first.  An exception to this rule, whose necessity will
+be made clear later, is that a first @Code following target will be
+sought within a dynamic sibling galley preceding {@I G}'s invocation
+point:
+@ID 10p @Font @Fig {
+
+{
+@I { dynamic parent }
+//0.2c
+@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.5c @High
+{
+   //0.5c A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@XTarget"
+   //1.0c C:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Eq { UNATTACHED }
+   //1.3c @Code "@XTarget"
+}
+}
+
+||1.5c
+
+{
+//0.6c
+B:: @Box margin {0c} linestyle {noline} @Code "X into { @XTarget&&following }"
+//0.2c
+@Box 2.8c @Wide 1.5c @High { //0.8c @Code "@GTarget" }
+//1.0c
+D:: @Box margin {0c} linestyle {noline} @Code "G into { @GTarget&&following }"
+//0.2c
+@Box 2.8c @Wide 2.5c @High {}
+}
+
+// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} }
+// @Arrow from { C@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { D@W -- {0.2 cm 0} }
+
+}
+Here @I G will find the @Code "@GTarget" target within {@I X}.  This is
+dangerous, since if the first component of @I G is then promoted via
+@I X into the first {@Code "@XTarget"} rather than into the second,
+{@I G}'s target will not appear later in the final printed document than
+its invocation point, as required by the @Code into clause.
+@PP
+Accordingly, when such a target is chosen, two special galley indexes
+are inserted and linked together: a @Eq { PRECEDES } index at {@I G}'s
+invocation point, and a @Eq { FOLLOWS } index at the first component of
+{@I G}.  The algorithm checks before promoting any @Eq { FOLLOWS } index
+that its promotion would not place it earlier than the corresponding
+@Eq { PRECEDES } index in the same galley, and rejects the component if
+it would.  Since @Eq { PRECEDES } and @Eq { FOLLOWS } indexes are rarely used,
+this check can be implemented by linear search.
+@PP
+When two components are separated by {@Code "/"}, as opposed to the more
+usual {@Code "//"}, each influences the horizontal position of the
+other.  Because of this, the @I SUSPEND action is in fact taken if a
+receptive symbol occurs in any component separated from the first by
+{@Code "/"} operators only.  Again, linear search forwards to the first
+{@Code "//"} suffices for this check.
+@PP
+A good illustration of these unusual cases is afforded by the
+@Code "@Align" symbols from the standard DocumentLayout package.  These
+are used to produce displayed equations, aligned on their equals signs
+despite being separated by arbitrary body text.
+@PP
+The @Code "@Align" symbols are packaged neatly for the convenience of
+the non-expert user, but we will show just the essence of the
+implementation here.  First, an @Code "@AlignList" galley is created
+which contains an infinite supply of @Code "@AlignPlace" receptive
+symbols separated by @Code "/" operators:
+@ID @Fig {
+
+{
+@I { body text galley }
+//0.2c
+@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.0c @High
+{ //1.5c
+  A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley"
+}
+}
+
+||1.5c
+
+{
+//2.4c
+B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@AlignList"
+//0.2c
+@Box {
+      @Code "@AlignPlace"
+//1vx @Code "@AlignPlace"
+//1vx @Code "..."
+//1vx @Code "@EndAlignList"
+}
+
+}
+
+// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} }
+}
+Then equations like
+@ID @ShowMarks @Eq { f(x) ^= g(x) + 2 }
+are created and sent to @Code "@AlignPlace&&following" targets.  They
+collect in the @Code "@AlignList" galley and are aligned there:
+@ID @Fig {
+
+{
+@I { body text galley }
+//0.2c
+@Box 2.8c @Wide 4.0c @High
+{ //1.5c
+  A:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@Galley"
+}
+}
+
+||1.5c
+
+{
+//2.4c
+B:: @Box margin { 0c } linestyle { noline } @Code "@AlignList"
+//0.2c
+@Box {
+   @Line linestyle { dashed } from { xmark ysize } to { xmark 0 }
+   {
+	     @Eq { f(x) ^= g(x) + 2 }
+	/1vx @Eq { f(x) - g(x) ^= 2 }
+	/1vx @Code "..."
+	/1vx @Code "@EndAlignList"
+   }
+}
+
+}
+
+// @Arrow from { A@E ++ {0.2 cm 0} } to { B@W -- {0.2 cm 0} }
+}
+The @Code "@AlignList" galley does not flush, because its first
+component is connected to a receptive symbol by @Code "/" operators.
+@PP
+After the last equation, an empty forcing galley is sent to
+{@Code "@EndAlignList"}, deleting the two remaining receptive symbols from
+the @Code "@AlignList" galley and permitting it to flush.  @Eq { FOLLOWS }
+indexes ensure that each equation finds a target placed in the body text
+just after its point of invocation, so the equations return, aligned, to
+approximately the points where they were invoked.  Notice that the flushing
+of body text is suspended until the list of equations is completed, as it
+must be, since the horizontal position of the first equation cannot
+be known until the last equation is added to the list.
+@PP
+Layout quality can occasionally be improved by rejecting a component
+that could be promoted -- for example, a component of body text that
+carries a footnote too large to fit on the current page.  Since Lout
+does not specify how breaking decisions are made, beyond the basic
+constraints imposed by available space and @Code into clauses, in
+principle such high quality breaking could be added to the
+implementation with no change to the language.  However, the
+generality of the galley flushing algorithm, and its already
+considerable complexity, make this a daunting problem in practice,
+although a fascinating one.  @TeX [9], with its unnested
+set of `floating insertions' clearly identifiable as each page is begun,
+has the advantage in this respect.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_3 b/doc/design/s5_3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ff9881
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_3
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { constraints }
+    @Title { Size constraints and size adjustments }
+@Begin
+@PP
+The galley flushing algorithm needs to know the available width and
+height at each receptive symbol.  These symbols may lie within
+arbitrarily complex objects, and they may compete with each other for
+available space (as body text and footnote targets do), so this
+information must be extracted from the tree structure when required.
+@PP
+For example, consider the object
+@ID @Code "5i  @Wide  {  a  /  b  }"
+and suppose that the width of @Code { a } is @Eq { 1i, 2i } (@Eq {1i} to
+the left of the mark, @Eq { 2i } to the right).  What then is the
+available width at {@Code { b }}?  If we let the width of @Code b be
+@Eq {l,r}, we must have
+@ID @Eq { (1i up l) + (2i up r) <= 5i }
+with the @Eq {non up } (i.e. max) operations arising from mark
+alignment.  Eliminating them gives
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+	{ 1i + 2i ^<= 5i }
+mabove	{ l  + 2i ^<= 5i }
+mabove	{ 1i + r  ^<= 5i }
+mabove	{ l  + r  ^<= 5i }
+}
+}
+and since we assume that @Code a fits into the available space, the
+first inequality may be dropped, leaving
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+	{ l     ^<= 3i }
+mabove	{ l + r ^<= 5i }
+mabove	{ r     ^<= 4i }
+}
+}
+Object @Code b may have width @Eq {l, r} for any @Eq { l } and
+@Eq { r } satisfying these inequalities, and no others.
+@PP
+Here is another example:
+@ID @Code "5i  @High  {  a  /2ix  b  }"
+Assuming that @Code a has height @Eq {1i,1i}, the height @Eq {l, r} of
+@Code b must satisfy
+@ID @Eq { 1i + ((1i + l) up 2i) + r <= 5i }
+This time the @Eq { non up } operation arises from the mark-to-mark gap
+mode, which will widen the @Eq { 2i } gap if necessary to prevent
+@Code a and @Code b from overlapping.  This inequality can be rewritten as
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+	{ l     ^<= infinity }
+mabove	{ l + r ^<= 3i       }
+mabove	{ r     ^<= 2i       }
+}
+}
+In general, Lout is designed so that the available width or height at
+any point can be expressed by three inequalities of the form
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+	{ l     ^<= x }
+mabove	{ l + r ^<= y }
+mabove	{ r     ^<= z }
+}
+}
+where @Eq {x }, @Eq {y} and @Eq {z} may be @Eq { infinity }.  We
+abbreviate these three inequalities to @Eq { l, r <= x, y, z }, and we
+call @Eq {x, y, z} a {@I{size constraint}}.
+@PP
+The two examples above showed how to propagate the size constraint
+@Eq { infinity, 5i, infinity } for
+@Code "a / b" down one level to the child {@Code b}.  Basser Lout
+contains a complete set of general rules for all node types, too
+complicated to give here.  Instead, we give just one example of how
+these rules are derived, using the object
+@ID @OneRow {
+@Eq {x sub 1}  @Code "/"  @Eq {x sub 2}  @Code "/"  @Eq {ldots}  @Code
+"/"  @Eq {x sub n}
+}
+where @Eq { x sub j } has width @Eq { l sub j , r sub j } for all @Eq {j}.
+@PP
+Suppose the whole object has width constraint @OneCol @Eq {X,Y,Z}, and we
+require the width constraint of {@Eq { x sub i }}.  Let
+@Eq { L = max sub j ` l sub j } and @Eq { R = max sub j ` r sub j },
+so that @OneCol @Eq {L, R} is the width of the whole object.  We assume
+@Eq {L, R <= X,Y,Z}.  Then @Eq { x sub i } can be enlarged to any size
+@Eq { l sub i ` , r sub i } satisfying
+@ID @Eq { ( l sub i up L), ( r sub i up R) <= X, Y, Z }
+which expands to eight inequalities:
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+         { l sub i           ^<= X }
+mabove   { L                 ^<= X }
+mabove   { l sub i + r sub i ^<= Y }
+mabove   { l sub i + R       ^<= Y }
+mabove   { L + r sub i       ^<= Y }
+mabove   { L + R             ^<= Y }
+mabove   { r sub i           ^<= Z }
+mabove   { R                 ^<= Z }
+}
+}
+Three are already known, and slightly rearranging the others gives
+@ID @OneRow @Eq {
+matrix {
+         { l sub i           ^<= X     }
+mabove   { l sub i           ^<= Y - R }
+mabove   { l sub i + r sub i ^<= Y     }
+mabove   { r sub i           ^<= Z     }
+mabove   { r sub i           ^<= Y - L }
+}
+}
+Therefore the width constraint of @Eq { x sub i } is
+@ID @Eq { min(X, Y-R), Y, min(Z, Y-L) }
+The size constraint of any node can be found by climbing the tree to a
+@I WIDE or @I HIGH node where the constraint is trivial, then propagating
+it back down to the node, and this is the function of procedure
+{@I Constrained} in Basser Lout.
+@PP
+After some components have been promoted into a target, the sizes stored
+in its parent and higher ancestors must be adjusted to reflect the
+increased size.  This is done by yet another set of recursive rules,
+upward-moving this time, which cease as soon as some ancestor's size
+does not change.  These rules are embodied in procedure @I AdjustSize
+of Basser Lout.  The adjustment must be done before relinquishing
+control to any other galley, but not after every component.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_4 b/doc/design/s5_4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b91d7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_4
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { lookahead }
+    @Title { The limited lookahead problem }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Basser Lout assumes that there will be enough internal memory to hold
+the symbol table plus a few pages, but not an entire document.  This
+section describes the consequent problems and how they were solved.
+Other interpreters, notably interactive editors running on virtual
+memory systems, would not necessarily need this assumption.
+@PP
+Although Basser Lout can read and format any legal input, its memory
+consumption will be optimized when the bulk of the document resides in
+galleys whose targets can be identified at the moment they are
+encountered.  Let us take the typical example of a root galley which
+is a list of pages, a @Code "@BodyText" galley targeted into the
+pages, @Code "@Chapter" galleys targeted into {@Code "@BodyText"},
+and @Code "@Section" galleys targeted into the @Code "@Chapter"
+galleys:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@PageList"
+"//"
+"@BodyText"
+"//"
+"@Chapter {"
+"    @Section { ... }"
+"    @Section { ... }"
+"    ..."
+"    @Section { ... }"
+"}"
+"@Chapter {"
+"    ..."
+"}"
+}
+Basser Lout is able to read and process such galleys one paragraph at
+a time (strictly, from one @Code "//" at the outer level of a galley
+to the next), as we now describe.
+@PP
+When the parser encounters the beginning of a galley, like @Code "@Chapter"
+or {@Code "@Section"}, it initiates a new galley process.  The special
+receptive symbol @Code "@Input" is substituted for the as yet
+unread right parameter of the galley.  As each paragraph of the right
+parameter is read, it is deleted from the parse tree and injected into
+the galley's {@Code "@Input"}.  The galley is then resumed.  The parser
+thus acts as an extra
+concurrent process; it has low priority, so that input is read only when
+there is nothing else to do.  Since galleys may be nested, a stack of
+@Code "@Input" symbols is needed, each with its own environment and
+style.  If a galley is encountered for which a target is not immediately
+identifiable (a footnote, for example), it is read in its entirety and
+hung in pure parse tree form from an @I UNATTACHED index in the usual way,
+with an environment but without a style.  It will be flushed later
+when its component is promoted.
+@PP
+In addition to producing a steady flow of components from input, we must
+also ensure that receptive symbols do not unduly block their
+promotion.  The @Code "@FootSect" symbol at the foot of each page is a
+typical example:  until it is deleted the page cannot be printed.
+@PP
+Receptive symbols are expanded only on demand, so @Code "@FootSect" can
+be deleted as soon as we can prove that it is not wanted.  The symbol
+table can tell us that only @Code "@FootNote" galleys (with
+@Code "@FootPlace&&following" targets) want it, so it might be possible
+to deduce that @Code "@FootSect" may be deleted as soon as body text
+enters the following page.
+@PP
+The author was unable to make this work, so Basser Lout requires the
+user to identify those galleys which will carry the bulk of the document
+({@Code "@Chapter"}, {@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@BodyText"}) as
+{@I {forcing galleys}}, by writing @Code "force into" instead of
+@Code "into" in their definitions.  As described in the previous
+section, when a forcing galley attaches to a target, all receptive
+symbols preceding the target in its galley are deleted, removing all
+impediments to flushing.  For example, when a forcing body text galley
+enters a new page, the @Code "@FootSect" symbol on the preceding page
+will be deleted.  It seems likely that a system which could afford to
+wait until all input was read before deleting any receptive symbols
+would not need forcing galleys.
+@PP
+Galleys whose targets are a long way from their invocation points can be
+a problem.  If the direction is {@Code "following"}, such galleys are
+held in internal memory for a long time, unless they are to be
+sorted.  If the direction is
+{@Code "preceding"}, then either the entire intervening document must be
+held in memory (prevented by the target from flushing), or else some
+forcing galley prematurely deletes the target, leaving the galley bereft.
+@PP
+The typical example of the latter case occurs when the galley is an
+entry in the table of contents, launched backwards from the beginning of
+a chapter or section.  Its target in the table of contents will have
+been deleted long before, to permit the rest of the document to print,
+so the galley ultimately emerges as an unattached galley promoted out of
+the root galley.  All such galleys are written to an auxiliary file,
+indexed by the missing target.  On the next run, just before that target
+is deleted, the auxiliary file is checked and any galleys for it are
+read in and flushed.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_5 b/doc/design/s5_5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af4d88b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_5
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { horizontal }
+    @Title { Horizontal galleys }
+@Begin
+@PP
+There is a strong analogy between breaking a column of text into
+page-sized pieces, and breaking a paragraph into line-sized pieces.  In
+fact, the two differ only in direction:  vertical for body text,
+horizontal for paragraphs.  In this section we define {@I{horizontal
+galleys}}, and show how they provide an unlimited number of paragraph
+breaking styles, as well as solve some other problems.  Regrettably,
+lack of time has prevented their incorporation into the Basser Lout
+interpreter.
+@PP
+Imagine a galley whose components are separated by horizontal
+concatenation operators instead of vertical ones, perhaps indicated by a
+@Code { horizontally into } clause.  Then all object breaking, including
+paragraph breaking, could be replaced by galley component promotion like
+this:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @Paragraph right x"
+"{"
+"    def @LinePlace { @Galley }"
+""
+"    def @LineList"
+"    {"
+"        @HExpand @LinePlace"
+"        //1vx  @LineList"
+"    }"
+""
+"    def @Par horizontally into { @LinePlace&&preceding }"
+"        right x"
+"    { x }"
+""
+"    @LineList  //  @Par { 0.2i @Wide {}  &0i  x  &1rt }"
+"}"
+}
+The @Code "@HExpand" operator, which is a primitive of Basser Lout,
+horizontally expands the gaps in its right parameter until the result
+fills the available space, thus implementing line adjustment, except
+when the parameter contains tabulation gaps like {@Code "&1rt"}, which
+cause the parameter to be already expanded.  The result of
+@ID @Code "@Paragraph { A short paragraph of text. }"
+would then be something like
+@ID 1.5i @Wide {
+0.2i @Wide {} & A short paragraph of text.
+}
+depending on the available horizontal space.  An unlimited range of
+paragraph breaking styles could be defined, including ragged right, ragged
+left, break-and-center, and so on.
+@PP
+In Basser Lout, indented paragraphs are produced by preceding them with
+a horizontal concatenation operator, for example {@Code "|0.5i"}.  This
+has the unfortunate effect of making an indented paragraph into a single
+component of the enclosing galley, so that it will always be kept
+together on one page.  Horizontal galleys solve this problem with a
+simple change to {@Code "@LineList"}:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @LineList"
+"{"
+"    |0.5i  @HExpand @LinePlace"
+"    //1vx  @LineList"
+"}"
+}
+showing the flexibility that comes from bringing the full power of the
+Lout language to bear on paragraph layout.  It is easy to make provision
+for a tag on the first line.
+@PP
+Although Basser Lout permits receptive symbols within paragraphs, they
+are of little use, because their available width is calculated after
+paragraph breaking, and the incoming galley cannot spread over more than
+one line.  With horizontal galleys, such symbols would have infinite
+available width, and we could easily produce a filled paragraph of
+footnotes like this:
+@ID 3.5i @Wide {
+@OneRow { -2p @Font 1 ^/0.3vo } & See Jones and Saunders (1982). &2m
+@OneRow { -2p @Font 2 ^/0.3vo } & Or so Jacobsen (1973) asserts. &2m
+@OneRow { -2p @Font 3 ^/0.3vo } & {@I ibid}, p. 327.
+}
+based on an infinite horizontal sequence of @Code "@FootPlace" symbols
+inside a horizontal galley.
+@PP
+When body text is placed on pages, the length of each column varies
+depending on the available vertical space.  Horizontal galleys could
+analogously produce lines of varying length, and so could fill
+non-rectangular shapes.
+@PP
+An important theoretical benefit of horizontal galleys is that they
+would permit horizontal and vertical to be treated in a perfectly
+symmetrical way, whereas at present paragraph breaking is horizontal
+only, and galley breaking is vertical only.  This must simplify the
+treatment of non-European languages which fill in unusual directions,
+although it is not itself sufficient to implement them.
+@PP
+There are a few minor problems with horizontal galleys.  First, the
+syntactic overhead of enclosing each paragraph in @Code "@Paragraph { ... }"
+or whatever is unacceptable.  Permitting user-defined operators to have lower
+precedence than the white space between two words might help here.  Second,
+the built-in paragraph breaker includes hyphenation, and it permits line
+breaks in the input to determine line breaks in the output, if
+desired.  These features must somehow be preserved.  Finally, we have
+explained how the Basser Lout interpreter assigns equal width to the
+wider columns of tables (Section {@NumberOf style}).  The equivalent
+situation in vertical galleys occurs when two receptive symbols compete
+for vertical space (e.g. @Code "@TextPlace" and {@Code "@FootSect"}),
+and there it is conventional to grant as much as required to the first
+arrival.  It is not clear to the author how these different approaches
+can be reconciled.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s5_9 b/doc/design/s5_9
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..648a1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s5_9
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@EndSubSections
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s6_0 b/doc/design/s6_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07fb62e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s6_0
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Cross references }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Cross references, such as `see page 57' and `see Figure 5,' are a useful
+but highly error-prone feature of documents.  Scribe [7]
+introduced a method of keeping them up to date automatically as the
+document changes:  the user gives each referenced entity a tag, and
+operators are provided that return the page or sequence number of the
+entity with a given tag.
+@PP
+A cross reference takes an object (such as a page number) from one point
+in the document and copies it to another, and this generalization
+suggests other applications.  For example, a running header is copied
+from the title of a nearby chapter, and a reference is copied from a
+bibliographic database.  Making the unity of these applications manifest
+is an interesting language design problem.
+@BeginSubSections
diff --git a/doc/design/s6_1 b/doc/design/s6_1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ffc70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s6_1
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { cross }
+    @Title { The cross reference abstraction }
+@Begin
+@PP
+In developing the cross reference abstraction, it seemed best to begin
+with the database application, since it is the simplest.  Database
+relations are naturally mapped into Lout definitions:
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @Reference"
+"    named @Tag {}"
+"    named @Author {}"
+"    named @Title {}"
+"    named @Journal {}"
+"{}"
+}
+The set of all invocations of @Code "@Reference" is a relation whose
+attributes are the parameters, and whose tuples are the invocations.  To
+complete the correspondence, we need only declare that the @Code "@Tag"
+parameter is special, serving as the key attribute.
+@PP
+Following the database model, we next need a notation for retrieving the
+invocation with a given tag:
+@ID @Code "@Reference&&kingston91"
+This @I {cross reference} is like an arrow pointing to the invocation.  To
+access its attributes, we write
+@ID @Code "@Reference&&kingston91 @Open { @Author, @Title }"
+The @Code "@Open" operator evaluates its right parameter in an
+environment which includes the exported parameters of its left.
+@PP
+An invocation is chosen to be a running header because of its proximity
+to the place where it is used, rather than by its tag.  Such proximity
+is naturally expressed by two special tags, {@Code preceding} and
+{@Code following}; for example, @Code "@Sym&&following" will point to
+the closest following invocation of @Code "@Sym" in the final printed
+document.  This is much simpler conceptually than reference to the
+internal state of the document formatter at a critical moment, the usual
+approach to running headers.
+@PP
+It turns out that the above design solves all the cross referencing
+problems encountered in practice except one, which may be typified by
+the problem of finding the number of the page on which the chapter whose
+tag is @Code "intro" begins.  Two cross referencing steps are needed,
+first to {@Code "@Chapter&&intro"}, then from there to
+{@Code "@Page&&preceding"}, where the page number is known.
+@PP
+Given our success so far, this last problem proves to be
+surprisingly difficult.  We first try
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"@Chapter&&intro @Open {"
+"    @Page&&preceding @Open { @PageNum }"
+"}"
+}
+but this fails because @Code "@Page&&preceding" is evaluated in the
+present context, not in the context of @Code "@Chapter&&intro" as
+required.  So our next attempt is
+@ID @OneRow @Code {
+"def @Chapter"
+"    named @PageNum { @Page&&preceding @Open { @PageNum } }"
+"    ..."
+}
+with the @Code "@Page&&preceding" cross reference attached to the
+chapter; we write
+@ID @Code "@Chapter&&intro @Open { @PageNum }"
+This also fails, because parameters are evaluated after substitution, so
+once again @Code "@Page&&preceding" is evaluated in the wrong context.  We
+could of course define a new operator specifically for this case:
+@ID @Code "@Page&&{ @Preceding @Chapter&&intro }"
+or some such.  This is free of the annoying context-sensitivity, but it
+seems quite complex, and the expected cross reference @Code "@Page&&preceding"
+does not appear.
+@PP
+The author was lost in these obscurities for some time, and ultimately
+rescued himself by looking ahead to the implementation of the
+@Code preceding and @Code following tags, to see if a simple extension
+of it would solve the problem.  This led to the @Code "@Tagged" operator:
+@ID @Code "@Page&&preceding @Tagged intro"
+placed at the beginning of the body of the chapter will attach @Code intro
+as an extra tag to the closest preceding invocation of {@Code "@Page"},
+so that
+@ID @Code "@Page&&intro @Open { @PageNum }"
+yields the desired page number.  There is something low-level and ad hoc
+about the @Code "@Tagged" operator, but the two cross references do
+appear naturally, and it works.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s6_2 b/doc/design/s6_2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2df5478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s6_2
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+@SubSection
+    @Tag { cross.impl }
+    @Title { Implementation of cross references }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Before an object can be sized and printed, the values of any cross
+references within it must be known.  If they refer to invocations that
+have not yet been read, there is a problem.  Scribe [7]
+solves it by capitalizing on the fact that documents are formatted
+repeatedly during the drafting process.  All tagged invocations are
+copied to an auxiliary file during the first run, and indexed for quick
+retrieval on the second.  A new auxiliary file is written during the second
+run, for retrieval on the third, and so on.  Cross references always lag
+one run behind the rest of the document; a perfect copy may be produced
+by formatting the same version twice, except in a few pathological cases
+that fail to converge.
+@PP
+Cross referencing in Lout is implemented on top of a simple database
+system.  Each database is either writable or readable but not both at
+once, and holds a set of key-value entries:  the keys are @S ASCII
+strings, and the values are Lout objects, possibly with environments,
+written in Lout source.  Operations are provided for writing an entry,
+converting from writable to readable, retrieval by key, and sequential
+retrieval in key order.
+@PP
+The implementation, which is quite unsophisticated, employs one or more
+@S ASCII {@I{ database files}}, containing the values, and one @S ASCII
+{@I{ index file}} per database, containing the keys.  To write an entry,
+the value is first appended to a database file, then a line like
+@ID @Code "@Chapter&&intro  ch1.ld  57"
+is appended to the index file, giving the file and offset where the value
+is stored.  To convert from writable to readable, the index file is
+sorted.  Then retrieval by key requires a binary search of the index
+file and one seek into a database file, and sequential retrieval by key
+is trivial.
+@PP
+This database system is used in several ways.  For an external database,
+say of bibliographic references, the user creates the database file of
+values (without environments), Lout creates the index file whenever it
+cannot find one, and retrievals by key proceed as usual.  Cross
+references with tags other than @Code preceding and @Code following are
+treated as described above, by writing all tagged invocations (with
+environments) to a single database, which is converted to readable at
+the end of the run for retrievals on the next run.  Sorted galleys, such
+as index entries, are written out indexed by target and key and retrieved
+sequentially on the next run.  Unsorted galleys with preceding targets
+which pop off the top of the root galley without finding a target, such
+as entries in tables of contents, are treated similarly, except that they
+are indexed by target and a sequence number that preserves their relative
+order during the sort.
+@PP
+When Lout processes a multi-file document, one cross reference database
+file is written for each input file, but they share a common index
+file.  At end of run, the new index file is sorted and merged with the
+old one in such a way as to preserve entries relating to files not read
+on the current run.  This provides some support for piecemeal
+formatting, but eventually the files must all be formatted together.
+@PP
+When a @Code preceding or @Code following cross reference is found,
+it is attached to a galley index of type @Eq { CROSS_PREC } or
+{@Eq { CROSS_FOLL }}, together with an automatically generated tag composed
+of the current file name and a sequence number.  When a tagged
+invocation is found, it is attached to a @Eq { CROSS_TARG } index.  These
+galley indexes are carried along through the dynamic tree, and
+eventually pop off the top of the root galley, at which point it is easy
+to determine which cross references refer to which invocations, since
+the indexes are now in final printed document order.  Each referenced
+invocation is then written to the cross reference database, multiply indexed 
+by the generated tags of the associated cross references.  On the next
+run, when the same @Code preceding and @Code following cross references
+are found, chances are good that the same tags will be generated, and
+the appropriate values can be retrieved from the database immediately.
+@PP
+This approach was the genesis of the @Code "@Tagged" operator, whose
+implementation is now immediate: for each @Code "@Tagged" operator we
+produce one @Eq { CROSS_PREC } or @Eq { CROSS_FOLL } galley index,
+replacing the generated tag with the right parameter of the @Code "@Tagged"
+operator.  Nothing more is required.
+@End @SubSection
diff --git a/doc/design/s6_9 b/doc/design/s6_9
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..648a1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s6_9
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@EndSubSections
+@End @Section
diff --git a/doc/design/s7_0 b/doc/design/s7_0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cb4245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/design/s7_0
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+@Section
+    @Title { Conclusion }
+@Begin
+@PP
+Since its public release in October 1991, the Basser Lout interpreter
+has been ported without incident to a wide variety of Unix systems and
+hardware.  It was tested extensively before release on its own
+documentation, and the few minor bugs which have emerged since then have
+all been fixed in the second release, scheduled to appear in mid-1992.
+@PP
+Seven substantial packages of definitions are distributed with Basser
+Lout.  The DocumentLayout package, and its variants ReportLayout and
+BookLayout, provide the standard features that all documents
+require:  pages, columns, paragraphs, headings, footnotes, floating
+figures and tables, chapters and sections, displays and lists, access
+to bibliographic databases, cross references, and so on
+[11].  The BookLayout package has extra features
+needed by books, including an automatically generated table of contents,
+Roman page numbers for the prefatory material, running page headers,
+odd and even page layouts, and a sorted index.  The Eq package formats
+equations, and Pas formats Pascal programs [10]; Tab
+formats tables [12]; and Fig draws figures
+[6].
+@PP
+The non-expert user who uses these packages perceives a system of a
+standard quite similar to other fully developed batch formatters,
+although the interface is considerably more coherent than, say, the troff
+family's [8].  The expert user perceives a system which
+is radically different from previous ones, in which a great deal can be
+achieved very quickly.  To take an extreme example, Pas was designed,
+implemented, tested, and documented in one afternoon.  Eq took about
+a week, but most of that time was spent in marshalling the vast
+repertoire of mathematical symbols, and fine-tuning the spacing.  Most
+of the effort seems to go into designing a good interface; most symbols
+are implemented in just one or a few lines of Lout.
+@PP
+A group of about 20 satisfied non-expert users has grown up within
+the author's department, mainly Honours students with no investment
+in older systems to hold them back.  Basser Lout has been advertised
+on the Internet news as available via anonymous {@I ftp}, so the
+extent of its outside user community is hard to gauge.  About 50
+people have mailed comments or questions to the author; many
+of these people have ported the program, written small definitions,
+and modified the standard packages.
+@PP
+Future work could usefully begin with the improvements suggested in this
+paper:  overlapping spanning columns, better semantics for available
+space, and especially horizontal galleys.  Support for non-European
+languages is also needed.  However, the main task is the development of
+an interactive document editor based on Lout.  A structure editor similar
+to Lilac [13], which already has objects and user-defined
+symbols, is envisaged; since cross references are easy when the whole
+document is available, the only major new problem is the treatment of
+galleys, including the expansion and retraction of receptive symbols.
+@LP
+@LP
+@B { Note. }  Since the above was written the author has completed a
+revised version of Basser Lout, in which the problem concerning
+available space mentioned in Section {@NumberOf style} has been resolved.
+@LP
+@LP
+@B { Acknowledgment. }  The author gratefully acknowledges many
+valuable discussions with Douglas W. Jones, especially during the
+development of the galley abstraction; and also many helpful comments on
+presentation by the anonymous referee.
+@DP
+@DP
+@Heading { References }
+@NumberedList
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91over
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91basser
+@LI @RefPrint furuta82
+@LI @RefPrint kernighan75
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91fig
+@LI @RefPrint reid80
+@LI @RefPrint ossanna76
+@LI @RefPrint knuth84
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91eq
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91begin
+@LI @RefPrint kingston91tab
+@LI @RefPrint brooks91
+@EndList
+@End @Section