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diff --git a/libbe/util/utility.py b/libbe/util/utility.py
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+# Copyright (C) 2005-2010 Aaron Bentley and Panometrics, Inc.
+#                         Gianluca Montecchi <gian@grys.it>
+#                         W. Trevor King <wking@drexel.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+# 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+
+"""
+Assorted utility functions that don't fit in anywhere else.
+"""
+
+import calendar
+import codecs
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import time
+import types
+
+import libbe
+if libbe.TESTING == True:
+    import doctest
+
+class InvalidXML(ValueError):
+    """Invalid XML while parsing for a `*.from_xml()` method.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    type : str
+        String identifying `*`, e.g. "bug", "comment", ...
+    element : :class:`ElementTree.Element`
+        ElementTree.Element instance which caused the error.
+    error : str
+        Error description.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, type, element, error):
+        msg = 'Invalid %s xml: %s\n  %s\n' \
+            % (type, error, ElementTree.tostring(element))
+        ValueError.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.type = type
+        self.element = element
+        self.error = error
+
+def search_parent_directories(path, filename):
+    """
+    Find the file (or directory) named filename in path or in any
+    of path's parents.  For example::
+
+         search_parent_directories("/a/b/c", ".be")
+
+    will return the path to the first existing file from::
+
+        /a/b/c/.be
+        /a/b/.be
+        /a/.be
+        /.be
+
+    or `None` if none of those files exist.
+    """
+    path = os.path.realpath(path)
+    assert os.path.exists(path)
+    old_path = None
+    while True:
+        check_path = os.path.join(path, filename)
+        if os.path.exists(check_path):
+            return check_path
+        if path == old_path:
+            return None
+        old_path = path
+        path = os.path.dirname(path)
+
+class Dir (object):
+    """A temporary directory for testing use.
+
+    Make sure you run :meth:`cleanup` after you're done using the
+    directory.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.path = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="BEtest")
+        self.removed = False
+    def cleanup(self):
+        if self.removed == False:
+            shutil.rmtree(self.path)
+            self.removed = True
+    def __call__(self):
+        return self.path
+
+RFC_2822_TIME_FMT = "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000"
+"""RFC 2822 [#]_ format string for :func:`time.strftime` and
+:func:`time.strptime`.
+
+.. [#] See `RFC 2822`_, sections 3.3 and A.1.1.
+.. _RFC 2822: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2822.html
+"""
+
+def time_to_str(time_val):
+    """Convert a time number into an RFC 2822-formatted string.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    time_val : float
+      Float seconds since the Epoc, see :func:`time.time`.
+      Note that while `time_val` may contain sub-second data,
+      the output string will not.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> time_to_str(0)
+    'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 +0000'
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str_to_time : inverse
+    handy_time : localtime string
+    """
+    return time.strftime(RFC_2822_TIME_FMT, time.gmtime(time_val))
+
+def str_to_time(str_time):
+    """Convert an RFC 2822-fomatted string into a time value.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    str_time : str
+      An RFC 2822-formatted string.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> str_to_time("Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 +0000")
+    0
+    >>> q = time.time()
+    >>> str_to_time(time_to_str(q)) == int(q)
+    True
+    >>> str_to_time("Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -1000")
+    36000
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    time_to_str : inverse
+    """
+    timezone_str = str_time[-5:]
+    if timezone_str != "+0000":
+        str_time = str_time.replace(timezone_str, "+0000")
+    time_val = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(str_time, RFC_2822_TIME_FMT))
+    timesign = -int(timezone_str[0]+"1") # "+" -> time_val ahead of GMT
+    timezone_tuple = time.strptime(timezone_str[1:], "%H%M")
+    timezone = timezone_tuple.tm_hour*3600 + timezone_tuple.tm_min*60
+    return time_val + timesign*timezone
+
+def handy_time(time_val):
+    """Convert a time number into a useful localtime.
+
+    Where :func:`time_to_str` returns GMT +0000, `handy_time` returns
+    a string in local time.  This may be more accessible for the user.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    time_val : float
+      Float seconds since the Epoc, see :func:`time.time`.
+    """
+    return time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M", time.localtime(time_val))
+
+def time_to_gmtime(str_time):
+    """Convert an RFC 2822-fomatted string to a GMT string.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    str_time : str
+      An RFC 2822-formatted string.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> time_to_gmtime("Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -1000")
+    'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 10:00:00 +0000'
+    """
+    time_val = str_to_time(str_time)
+    return time_to_str(time_val)
+
+def iterable_full_of_strings(value, alternative=None):
+    """Require an iterable full of strings.
+
+    This is useful, for example, in validating `*.extra_strings`.
+    See :attr:`libbe.bugdir.BugDir.extra_strings`
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    value : list or None
+      The potential list of strings.
+    alternative
+      Allow a default (e.g. `None`), such that::
+
+        iterable_full_of_strings(value=x, alternative=x) -> True
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> iterable_full_of_strings([])
+    True
+    >>> iterable_full_of_strings(["abc", "def", u"hij"])
+    True
+    >>> iterable_full_of_strings(["abc", None, u"hij"])
+    False
+    >>> iterable_full_of_strings(None, alternative=None)
+    True
+    """
+    if value == alternative:
+        return True
+    elif not hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+        return False
+    for x in value:
+        if type(x) not in types.StringTypes:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+def underlined(string, char='='):
+    """Produces a version of a string that is underlined.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    string : str
+      The string to underline
+    char : str
+      The character to use for the underlining.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> underlined("Underlined String")
+    'Underlined String\\n================='
+    """
+    assert len(char) == 1, char
+    return '%s\n%s' % (string, char*len(string))
+
+if libbe.TESTING == True:
+    suite = doctest.DocTestSuite()